context
stringlengths
545
71.9k
questionsrc
stringlengths
16
10.2k
question
stringlengths
11
563
the end of the world y2k . the rapture . 2012 . for over a decade , speculation about the end of the world has run rampant—all in conjunction with the arrival of the new millennium . the same was true for our religious european counterparts who , prior to the year 1000 , believed the second coming of christ was imminen...
a pilgrimage to santiago de compostela was an expression of christian devotion and it was believed that it could purify the soul and perhaps even produce miraculous healing benefits . a criminal could travel the `` way of saint james '' as an act penance . for the everyday person , a pilgrimage was also one of the only...
are they just remnants of cultures long ago ( the way that current religious holidays correlate strongly with past pagan holidays ) , or perhaps just propagated by individuals who perceive a degradation of morals in their societies and desire divine judgement ?
the end of the world y2k . the rapture . 2012 . for over a decade , speculation about the end of the world has run rampant—all in conjunction with the arrival of the new millennium . the same was true for our religious european counterparts who , prior to the year 1000 , believed the second coming of christ was imminen...
a large pilgrimage church might be home to one major relic , and dozens of lesser-known relics . because of their sacred and economic value , every church wanted an important relic and a black market boomed with fake and stolen goods . accomodating crowds pilgrimage churches were constructed with some special features ...
or maybe its something more systemic with the age of the society ( or just cyclic , every generation needs their own judgement day ) ?
the end of the world y2k . the rapture . 2012 . for over a decade , speculation about the end of the world has run rampant—all in conjunction with the arrival of the new millennium . the same was true for our religious european counterparts who , prior to the year 1000 , believed the second coming of christ was imminen...
the end of the world y2k . the rapture .
only god can predict the end of the world , the question is when ?
the end of the world y2k . the rapture . 2012 . for over a decade , speculation about the end of the world has run rampant—all in conjunction with the arrival of the new millennium . the same was true for our religious european counterparts who , prior to the year 1000 , believed the second coming of christ was imminen...
the end of the world y2k . the rapture .
why would jesus ' return be an end ?
the end of the world y2k . the rapture . 2012 . for over a decade , speculation about the end of the world has run rampant—all in conjunction with the arrival of the new millennium . the same was true for our religious european counterparts who , prior to the year 1000 , believed the second coming of christ was imminen...
accomodating crowds pilgrimage churches were constructed with some special features to make them particularly accessible to visitors . the goal was to get large numbers of people to the relics and out again without disturbing the mass in the center of the church . a large portal that could accommodate the pious throngs...
can you give me a quote about the many people visiting relics ?
the end of the world y2k . the rapture . 2012 . for over a decade , speculation about the end of the world has run rampant—all in conjunction with the arrival of the new millennium . the same was true for our religious european counterparts who , prior to the year 1000 , believed the second coming of christ was imminen...
this meant the outer walls of the church had to be extra thick . it also meant that windows had to be small and few . when builders dared to pierce walls with additional or larger windows they risked structural failure .
also , how come you did not mention how relics had healing powers ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
opposite types of charge attract , and like types of charge repel . gravity has only one type : it only attracts , never repels . conductors and insulators conductors are made of atoms whose outer , or valence , electrons have relatively weak bonds to their nuclei , as shown in this fanciful image of a copper atom .
if gravity never cause a repulsion force then what is anti gravity ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
if you hear , `` the current across ... '' , it should sound odd . voltage to get our initial toehold on the concept of voltage , let 's look at an analogy : voltage resembles gravity for a mass $ m $ , a change of height $ h $ corresponds to a change in potential energy , $ \delta u = mg\delta h $ . for a charged part...
can someone please explain voltage ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
for electrons , we can guide electrons using wires and make them flow through electronic components —circuit design— and do interesting things along the way . we can express the voltage between two points mathematically as the change of energy experienced by a charge : $ v = \dfrac { \delta u } { q } $ that 's an intui...
is voltage expressed as v or v ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
current is the rate of flow of charge , and voltage measures the energy transferred per unit of charge . we can insert these definitions into the equation for power : $ \text { power } = \dfrac { \text du } { \text dt } = \dfrac { \text du } { \text dq } \cdot \dfrac { \text dq } { \text dt } = v \ , i $ electrical pow...
why is it written as v under `` voltage resembles gravity , '' but v in the equation v= ( du/dq ) ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
this is a very old historical convention . can current be carried by positive charges ? yes .
what 's the difference between charges and electron/proton ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities .
if water is a poor conductor of electricity , why do we get electrocuted if we stand in water and electricity is introduced ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
the details of semiconductor operation are governed by our understanding of quantum mechanics . current current is the flow of charge . charge flows in a current .
why is i the symbol for current ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
the details of semiconductor operation are governed by our understanding of quantum mechanics . current current is the flow of charge . charge flows in a current .
are current and amps the same thing ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
the details of semiconductor operation are governed by our understanding of quantum mechanics . current current is the flow of charge . charge flows in a current .
is amperage the measure of current ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
for both the ball and the electron , the trip down the hill happens spontaneously . the ball and electron move towards a lower energy state all by themselves . on the trip down , there can be things in the way of the ball , like trees or bears to bounce off .
i am still confused about voltage , i ca n't understand why the eletron moves towards a lower energy state ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
the source of this force has been given the name charge . a very noticeable thing about electric force is that it is large , far greater than the force of gravity . unlike gravity , however , there are two types of electric charge .
is electric force a vector quantity or a scalar quantity ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
unlike gravity , however , there are two types of electric charge . opposite types of charge attract , and like types of charge repel . gravity has only one type : it only attracts , never repels .
if like charges repel , why do n't the electrons flowing around a circuit repel each other and flow in opposite directions ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
we can insert these definitions into the equation for power : $ \text { power } = \dfrac { \text du } { \text dt } = \dfrac { \text du } { \text dq } \cdot \dfrac { \text dq } { \text dt } = v \ , i $ electrical power is the product of voltage times current . in units of watts . summary these mental models for current ...
what is 960 watts in coulombs ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together .
why do we feel electrical shock when we touch ac source ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
what is the speed of current ? we do n't talk very often about the speed of current . answering the question , `` how fast is the current flowing ? ''
why do n't we feel while touching a dc ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
table salt is sodium chloride , nacl . the salt dissolves in water , into free-floating na $ ^+ $ and cl $ ^- $ ions . both ions respond to electric force and move through the saltwater solution , in opposite directions .
since it is a measure of potential , can voltage be thought of the diameter of a water hose and the charge as the amount of water flowing through it ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
station yourself near the boundary and count the number of charges passing by . report how much charge passed through the boundary in one second . we assign a positive sign to current corresponding to the direction a positive charge would be moving .
of charge moving in one meter ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
unlike gravity , however , there are two types of electric charge . opposite types of charge attract , and like types of charge repel . gravity has only one type : it only attracts , never repels .
what is the need of storing charge ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities .
can someone describe voltage and current with some different examples ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
for a charged particle $ q $ , a voltage $ v $ corresponds to a change in potential energy , $ \delta u = qv $ . voltage in an electric circuit is analogous to the product of $ g\cdot \delta h $ . where $ g $ is the acceleration due to gravity and $ \delta h $ is the change of height .
what is the role of battery/ voltage source in a circuit ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
when discussing current , terms like through and in make a lot of sense . current flows through a resistor ; current flows in a wire . if you hear , `` the current across ... '' , it should sound odd .
if current is the amount of charge passing by in an arbitrary amount of time and not necessarily the speed of the electrons , does that mean that a thicker wire would have a higher current than a thinner wire , even if the electrons were travelling at the same speed , because the thicker wire has more electrons per cro...
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
when discussing current , terms like through and in make a lot of sense . current flows through a resistor ; current flows in a wire . if you hear , `` the current across ... '' , it should sound odd .
when electrons passes through the resistor they losses 30 volt electrical potential energy , which means they have now 0 volts , so why we get current or shock then ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
they usually act like insulators , but we can make them act like conductors under certain circumstances . the most well-known semiconductor material is silicon ( atomic number $ 14 $ ) . our ability to finely control the insulating and conducting properties of silicon allows us to create modern marvels like computers a...
does the number of valence electrons directly correlate with the conductivity of the material ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
station yourself near the boundary and count the number of charges passing by . report how much charge passed through the boundary in one second . we assign a positive sign to current corresponding to the direction a positive charge would be moving .
why we need at least one resistor to complete circuit ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature .
are power and voltage the same thing ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
the positive nuclei in metal atoms are fixed in place and do not contribute to current . even though electrons have a negative charge and do almost all the work in most electric circuits , we still define a positive current as the direction a positive charge would move . this is a very old historical convention .
is there a reason why proton 's charge is called positive and electron 's charge is called negative ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
current is the rate of flow of charge , and voltage measures the energy transferred per unit of charge . we can insert these definitions into the equation for power : $ \text { power } = \dfrac { \text du } { \text dt } = \dfrac { \text du } { \text dq } \cdot \dfrac { \text dq } { \text dt } = v \ , i $ electrical pow...
question : in i=dq/dt , what does the i , q , & t mean ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
in this case , the current is composed of moving atoms , both positive and negative ions , not just loose electrons . inside our bodies , electrical currents are moving ions , both positive and negative . the same definition of current works : count the number of charges passing by in a fixed amount of time .
what is inside these resistors ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
the details of semiconductor operation are governed by our understanding of quantum mechanics . current current is the flow of charge . charge flows in a current .
why it is difficult to measure the rate of change of current ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
these forces come from electric and magnetic fields , which in turn come from the position and motion of other charges . what is the speed of current ? we do n't talk very often about the speed of current .
about the topic discussed above `` what is the speed of current ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
requires understanding of a complex physical phenomenon and is not often relevant . current usually is n't about meters per second , it 's about charge per second . more often , we answer the question `` how much current is flowing ? ''
`` , if current is charge per second , ca n't we know , given a certain distance ( d ) of wire and seeing how long a certain amount of charge takes to move that distance calculate the velocity of each individual charge ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
this is a very old historical convention . can current be carried by positive charges ? yes .
( velocity=d/t ) also if we ca n't do that , could we assume that currents with higher values , where more charges pass a single section in each sec , have current moving faster through them ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
table salt is sodium chloride , nacl . the salt dissolves in water , into free-floating na $ ^+ $ and cl $ ^- $ ions . both ions respond to electric force and move through the saltwater solution , in opposite directions .
if we are talking about saltwater ( with dissolved na+ ions , cl- ions ) , do the ions flow through the wire to the terminals of the battery ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
the details of semiconductor operation are governed by our understanding of quantum mechanics . current current is the flow of charge . charge flows in a current .
is there anything wrong with exchanging `` charge flows in a current '' into `` electrons flow in a current '' ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
the details of semiconductor operation are governed by our understanding of quantum mechanics . current current is the flow of charge . charge flows in a current .
i know that current is a flow of electrons , but what makes them actually flow from atom to atom ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
the details of semiconductor operation are governed by our understanding of quantum mechanics . current current is the flow of charge . charge flows in a current .
in the formulas of current and power , what does the `` d '' represent ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature .
if power changes , then how are voltage and current affected by it and by how much ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
unlike gravity , however , there are two types of electric charge . opposite types of charge attract , and like types of charge repel . gravity has only one type : it only attracts , never repels .
it does n't repel but fails to attract ( thank god ) creating a weird harmony , does electricity have a similar effect ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
in units of watts . summary these mental models for current and voltage will get us started on all sorts of interesting electric circuits . if you want to reach beyond this intuitive description of voltage you can read this more formal mathematical description of electric potential and voltage .
what is the difference between 'voltage ' and 'electric potential ' ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
an electron at the top of a voltage `` hill '' travels `` downhill '' through wires and elements of a circuit . it gives up its potential energy , doing work along the way . when the electron is halfway down the hill , it has given up , or `` dropped '' , half of its potential energy .
as well as , what is the difference between 'potential difference ' and 'electric potential ' ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
the details of semiconductor operation are governed by our understanding of quantum mechanics . current current is the flow of charge . charge flows in a current .
what is exact definition of current is it flow of electron ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature .
how can i draw a chart with voltage , resistance and power ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
the details of semiconductor operation are governed by our understanding of quantum mechanics . current current is the flow of charge . charge flows in a current .
why does current flow the opposite direction of the flow of electrons ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
the details of semiconductor operation are governed by our understanding of quantum mechanics . current current is the flow of charge . charge flows in a current .
whould n't current flow be the same direction as the electrons ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
inside our bodies , electrical currents are moving ions , both positive and negative . the same definition of current works : count the number of charges passing by in a fixed amount of time . what causes current ?
how does an alternator works ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
this is a very old historical convention . can current be carried by positive charges ? yes .
what is the positive charges ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
summary these mental models for current and voltage will get us started on all sorts of interesting electric circuits . if you want to reach beyond this intuitive description of voltage you can read this more formal mathematical description of electric potential and voltage .
is there any difference between voltage and potential difference ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
glass , plastic , stone , and air are insulators . even for insulators , though , electric force can always be turned up high enough to rip electrons away—this is called breakdown . that 's what is happening to air molecules when you see a spark .
why ammeter is always connected in series and voltmeter is always connected parellely ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities .
what is the difference between rheostat and variable resistance ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
both ions respond to electric force and move through the saltwater solution , in opposite directions . in this case , the current is composed of moving atoms , both positive and negative ions , not just loose electrons . inside our bodies , electrical currents are moving ions , both positive and negative .
why in the case of refraction , when incident ray falls on the normal it deflects back at 0degree ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
if you hear , `` the current across ... '' , it should sound odd . voltage to get our initial toehold on the concept of voltage , let 's look at an analogy : voltage resembles gravity for a mass $ m $ , a change of height $ h $ corresponds to a change in potential energy , $ \delta u = mg\delta h $ . for a charged part...
how does voltage affect the gravity of an object which have potential energy ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
what causes current ? charged objects move in response to electric and magnetic forces . these forces come from electric and magnetic fields , which in turn come from the position and motion of other charges .
and how would you know the differences between different objects ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
it gives up its potential energy , doing work along the way . when the electron is halfway down the hill , it has given up , or `` dropped '' , half of its potential energy . for both the ball and the electron , the trip down the hill happens spontaneously .
if there is nothing in the circuit ( shortcut ) , will the electron still lose half of its potential energy when halfway ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
both ions respond to electric force and move through the saltwater solution , in opposite directions . in this case , the current is composed of moving atoms , both positive and negative ions , not just loose electrons . inside our bodies , electrical currents are moving ions , both positive and negative .
so , current does n't only consist of electrons , but also positive , and negative ions , right ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities .
what does d mean in the formulas ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
so is saltwater . there are also poor conductors . tungsten—a metal used for light bulb filaments—and carbon—used in graphite form in pencils—are relatively poor conductors because their electrons are less prone to move .
why graphite is a poor conductor ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities .
what does the d mean ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
when an electric force is applied , the electron clouds around the atom stretch and deform in response to the force , but the electrons do not depart . glass , plastic , stone , and air are insulators . even for insulators , though , electric force can always be turned up high enough to rip electrons away—this is calle...
do insulators attract to magnets ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
modest electric forces are not able to pull these electrons free . when an electric force is applied , the electron clouds around the atom stretch and deform in response to the force , but the electrons do not depart . glass , plastic , stone , and air are insulators .
this is just a more general question , but when electrons jump from atom to atom as described in the second section , what happens to the atom that loses an electron ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities .
what do your variables in the equations represent ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
insulators are materials whose outer electrons are tightly bound to their nuclei . modest electric forces are not able to pull these electrons free . when an electric force is applied , the electron clouds around the atom stretch and deform in response to the force , but the electrons do not depart .
do heat conduction and electricity conduction ruled by the same mechanics ( the free movement of electrons ) ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
a very small electric force can make the electron swarm move . copper , gold , silver , and aluminum are good conductors . so is saltwater .
and why are copper and silver the good conductors for electricity conduction as well as for heat conduction ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
for a charged particle $ q $ , a voltage $ v $ corresponds to a change in potential energy , $ \delta u = qv $ . voltage in an electric circuit is analogous to the product of $ g\cdot \delta h $ . where $ g $ is the acceleration due to gravity and $ \delta h $ is the change of height .
is it possible to have a circuit in which the p.d across the terminals of a battery in the circuit is zero ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
copper , gold , silver , and aluminum are good conductors . so is saltwater . there are also poor conductors .
how is saltwater a conducter ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
voltage to get our initial toehold on the concept of voltage , let 's look at an analogy : voltage resembles gravity for a mass $ m $ , a change of height $ h $ corresponds to a change in potential energy , $ \delta u = mg\delta h $ . for a charged particle $ q $ , a voltage $ v $ corresponds to a change in potential e...
if 'u ' is potential energy , 'q ' is charge , and 't ' is time what is 'd ' ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
there are lots of examples . current is carried by both positive and negative charges in saltwater : if we put ordinary table salt in water , it becomes a good conductor . table salt is sodium chloride , nacl .
is the sun a good conductor of energy ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
for a charged particle $ q $ , a voltage $ v $ corresponds to a change in potential energy , $ \delta u = qv $ . voltage in an electric circuit is analogous to the product of $ g\cdot \delta h $ . where $ g $ is the acceleration due to gravity and $ \delta h $ is the change of height .
what is a series and parallel circuit ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
a ball at the top of the hill rolls down . when it is halfway down , it has given up half of its potential energy . an electron at the top of a voltage `` hill '' travels `` downhill '' through wires and elements of a circuit . it gives up its potential energy , doing work along the way . when the electron is halfway d...
when an electron travels through a wire due to voltage , does the electrical potential energy also turns into kinetic energy ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
the positive nuclei in metal atoms are fixed in place and do not contribute to current . even though electrons have a negative charge and do almost all the work in most electric circuits , we still define a positive current as the direction a positive charge would move . this is a very old historical convention .
and if it does , when the electrons move through an empty wire and arrive back at the positive end of the battery , does it heat up the battery ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
the details of semiconductor operation are governed by our understanding of quantum mechanics . current current is the flow of charge . charge flows in a current .
hey , why electric current is a flow ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
this is a very old historical convention . can current be carried by positive charges ? yes .
what is common between fluids and charges ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
if you hear , `` the current across ... '' , it should sound odd . voltage to get our initial toehold on the concept of voltage , let 's look at an analogy : voltage resembles gravity for a mass $ m $ , a change of height $ h $ corresponds to a change in potential energy , $ \delta u = mg\delta h $ . for a charged part...
what is the actual meaning of voltage ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
semiconductor materials fall between insulators and conductors . they usually act like insulators , but we can make them act like conductors under certain circumstances . the most well-known semiconductor material is silicon ( atomic number $ 14 $ ) .
can certain currents actually stop at a certain length ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
insulators are materials whose outer electrons are tightly bound to their nuclei . modest electric forces are not able to pull these electrons free . when an electric force is applied , the electron clouds around the atom stretch and deform in response to the force , but the electrons do not depart .
i read somewhere that ionosphere has a high concentration of ions and free electrons.so what will happen if a man somehow is dropped in that region and is stuck ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
if you hear , `` the current across ... '' , it should sound odd . voltage to get our initial toehold on the concept of voltage , let 's look at an analogy : voltage resembles gravity for a mass $ m $ , a change of height $ h $ corresponds to a change in potential energy , $ \delta u = mg\delta h $ . for a charged part...
how much voltage can a computer have ?
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities . we will also talk about power , which is what happens when voltage and current act together . charge the concept of electricity arises from an observation of nature . we obser...
voltage and current are the cornerstone concepts in electricity . we will create our first mental models for these basic electrical quantities .
so if a car is electricity , then its speed is current , fuel is voltage and friction is resistance ?
in david 's neo-classical era , still life was considered the least important subject type . only minor artists bothered with what was then seen as the most purely decorative and trivial of painting subjects . the hierarchy of subjects went roughly from the most important—historical and religious themes ( often very la...
but is it a full description of the the experience of human sight ? cézanne 's still life suggests that it is not . if a renaissance painter set out to render cézanne 's still life objects ( not that they would , mind you ) , that artist would have placed himself in a specific point before the table and taken great pai...
how life - like is the scene ?
key points : dna cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of dna , such as a gene . in a typical cloning experiment , a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of dna called a plasmid . the plasmid is introduced into bacteria via process called transformation , and bact...
in a typical cloning experiment , a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of dna called a plasmid . the plasmid is introduced into bacteria via process called transformation , and bacteria carrying the plasmid are selected using antibiotics . bacteria with the correct plasmid are used to make more plasmid dna o...
do the bacteria ever make mistakes in the replication process ?
key points : dna cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of dna , such as a gene . in a typical cloning experiment , a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of dna called a plasmid . the plasmid is introduced into bacteria via process called transformation , and bact...
methods like restriction enzyme digestion and pcr are commonly used to check the plasmids . 3 . protein production once we have found a bacterial colony with the right plasmid , we can grow a large culture of plasmid-bearing bacteria .
in section 3 on protein production it says humans and bacteria share the same genetic code ... how on earth is that possible ?
key points : dna cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of dna , such as a gene . in a typical cloning experiment , a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of dna called a plasmid . the plasmid is introduced into bacteria via process called transformation , and bact...
gene therapy . in some genetic disorders , patients lack the functional form of a particular gene . gene therapy attempts to provide a normal copy of the gene to the cells of a patient ’ s body .
and do we share that genetic code with other organisms as well ?
key points : dna cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of dna , such as a gene . in a typical cloning experiment , a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of dna called a plasmid . the plasmid is introduced into bacteria via process called transformation , and bact...
bacteria without a plasmid will die , while bacteria carrying a plasmid can live and reproduce . each surviving bacterium will give rise to a small , dot-like group , or colony , of identical bacteria that all carry the same plasmid . not all colonies will necessarily contain the right plasmid .
are identical twins also clones ?
key points : dna cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of dna , such as a gene . in a typical cloning experiment , a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of dna called a plasmid . the plasmid is introduced into bacteria via process called transformation , and bact...
key points : dna cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of dna , such as a gene . in a typical cloning experiment , a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of dna called a plasmid .
what is meant by totipotency and pleuripotency ?
key points : dna cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of dna , such as a gene . in a typical cloning experiment , a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of dna called a plasmid . the plasmid is introduced into bacteria via process called transformation , and bact...
instead , we must collect dna from several colonies and see whether each one contain the right plasmid . methods like restriction enzyme digestion and pcr are commonly used to check the plasmids . 3 .
why plasmids can replicate independantly of the chromosomes ?
key points : dna cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of dna , such as a gene . in a typical cloning experiment , a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of dna called a plasmid . the plasmid is introduced into bacteria via process called transformation , and bact...
during transformation , specially prepared bacterial cells are given a shock ( such as high temperature ) that encourages them to take up foreign dna . a plasmid typically contains an antibiotic resistance gene , which allows bacteria to survive in the presence of a specific antibiotic . thus , bacteria that took up th...
if we place a bacteria containing rdna and another with the normal plasmid in an antibiotic medium , what will happen ?
key points : dna cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of dna , such as a gene . in a typical cloning experiment , a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of dna called a plasmid . the plasmid is introduced into bacteria via process called transformation , and bact...
for instance , the human insulin gene is expressed in e. coli bacteria to make insulin used by diabetics . steps of dna cloning dna cloning is used for many purposes . as an example , let 's see how dna cloning can be used to synthesize a protein ( such as human insulin ) in bacteria .
in `` steps of dna cloning '' step 2 , how can a plasmid be transformed into bacteria ?
key points : dna cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of dna , such as a gene . in a typical cloning experiment , a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of dna called a plasmid . the plasmid is introduced into bacteria via process called transformation , and bact...
this process relies on restriction enzymes ( which cut dna ) and dna ligase ( which joins dna ) . transform the plasmid into bacteria . use antibiotic selection to identify the bacteria that took up the plasmid .
should n't it be `` insert the plasmid into bacteria '' ?
key points : dna cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of dna , such as a gene . in a typical cloning experiment , a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of dna called a plasmid . the plasmid is introduced into bacteria via process called transformation , and bact...
for instance , the human insulin gene is expressed in e. coli bacteria to make insulin used by diabetics . steps of dna cloning dna cloning is used for many purposes . as an example , let 's see how dna cloning can be used to synthesize a protein ( such as human insulin ) in bacteria .
is there any example of how dna cloning affect the environment ?
key points : dna cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of dna , such as a gene . in a typical cloning experiment , a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of dna called a plasmid . the plasmid is introduced into bacteria via process called transformation , and bact...
this process relies on restriction enzymes ( which cut dna ) and dna ligase ( which joins dna ) . transform the plasmid into bacteria . use antibiotic selection to identify the bacteria that took up the plasmid .
hey , is it possible to cut something out of the bacteria before you add ?
key points : dna cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of dna , such as a gene . in a typical cloning experiment , a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of dna called a plasmid . the plasmid is introduced into bacteria via process called transformation , and bact...
the basic steps are : cut open the plasmid and `` paste '' in the gene . this process relies on restriction enzymes ( which cut dna ) and dna ligase ( which joins dna ) . transform the plasmid into bacteria . use antibiotic selection to identify the bacteria that took up the plasmid .
maybe change the bacteria 's color by cutting out the existing color dna and putting a new color strand in the plasmid ?
key points : dna cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of dna , such as a gene . in a typical cloning experiment , a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of dna called a plasmid . the plasmid is introduced into bacteria via process called transformation , and bact...
for instance , the human insulin gene is expressed in e. coli bacteria to make insulin used by diabetics . steps of dna cloning dna cloning is used for many purposes . as an example , let 's see how dna cloning can be used to synthesize a protein ( such as human insulin ) in bacteria .
what are some of the biochemical techniques that can be used to purify a target protein after dna cloning and transformation ?
key points : dna cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of dna , such as a gene . in a typical cloning experiment , a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of dna called a plasmid . the plasmid is introduced into bacteria via process called transformation , and bact...
bacterial transformation and selection plasmids and other dna can be introduced into bacteria , such as the harmless e. coli used in labs , in a process called transformation . during transformation , specially prepared bacterial cells are given a shock ( such as high temperature ) that encourages them to take up forei...
if prepared bacterial cells were given a cold shock instead of a heat shock , would transformation occur ?
key points : dna cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of dna , such as a gene . in a typical cloning experiment , a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of dna called a plasmid . the plasmid is introduced into bacteria via process called transformation , and bact...
bacterial transformation and selection plasmids and other dna can be introduced into bacteria , such as the harmless e. coli used in labs , in a process called transformation . during transformation , specially prepared bacterial cells are given a shock ( such as high temperature ) that encourages them to take up forei...
the reason why only some cells take the plasmids is because they have different permeability or is it something else ?
key points : dna cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of dna , such as a gene . in a typical cloning experiment , a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of dna called a plasmid . the plasmid is introduced into bacteria via process called transformation , and bact...
the basic steps are : cut open the plasmid and `` paste '' in the gene . this process relies on restriction enzymes ( which cut dna ) and dna ligase ( which joins dna ) . transform the plasmid into bacteria . use antibiotic selection to identify the bacteria that took up the plasmid .
do the plasmid used to carry the dna fragment to the bacteria come from human cells ?
key points : dna cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of dna , such as a gene . in a typical cloning experiment , a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of dna called a plasmid . the plasmid is introduced into bacteria via process called transformation , and bact...
the purified protein can be used for experiments or , in the case of insulin , administered to patients . uses of dna cloning dna molecules built through cloning techniques are used for many purposes in molecular biology . a short list of examples includes : biopharmaceuticals .
there are the uses of dna cloning , but what are some of the disadvantages that come with this process ?