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in greek mythology, alcmene ( ; ) or alcmena ( ; ; ; meaning "strong in wrath") was the wife of amphitryon, by whom she bore two children, iphicles and laonome. she is best known as the mother of heracles, whose father was the god zeus. alcmene was also referred to as electryone (), a patronymic name as a daughter of e...
alcidamas (), of elaea, in aeolis, was a greek sophist and rhetorician, who flourished in the 5th-4th century bc . life he was the pupil and successor of gorgias and taught at athens at the same time as isocrates, to whom he was a rival and opponent. we possess two declamations under his name: on sophists (περὶ σοφιστῶ...
the aldine press was the printing office started by aldus manutius in 1494 in venice, from which were issued the celebrated aldine editions of the classics (latin and greek masterpieces, plus a few more modern works). the first book that was dated and printed under his name appeared in 1495. the aldine press is famous ...
ealdred (or aldred; died 11 september 1069) was abbot of tavistock, bishop of worcester, and archbishop of york in early medieval england. he was related to a number of other ecclesiastics of the period. after becoming a monk at the monastery at winchester, he was appointed abbot of tavistock abbey in around 1027. in 1...
alexander i of epirus (; c. 370 bc – 331 bc), also known as alexander molossus (), was a king of epirus (343/2–331 bc) of the aeacid dynasty. as the son of neoptolemus i and brother of olympias, alexander i was an uncle, and a brother-in-law, of alexander the great. he was also an uncle to pyrrhus of epirus. life neopt...
alexander i theopator euergetes, surnamed balas (), was the ruler of the seleucid empire from 150 bc to august 145 bc. picked from obscurity and supported by the neighboring roman-allied attalid kingdom, alexander landed in phoenicia in 152 bc and started a civil war against seleucid king demetrius i soter. backed by m...
alexander () was tyrant or despot of pherae in thessaly, ruling from 369 to c. 356 bc. following the assassination of jason, the tyrant of pherae and tagus of thessaly, in 370 bc, his brother polyphron ruled for a year, but he was then poisoned by alexander who assumed power himself. alexander governed tyrannically and...
alexander ii (greek: άλέξανδρος) was a king of epirus, and the son of pyrrhus and lanassa, the daughter of the sicilian tyrant agathocles. reign he succeeded his father as king in 272 bc, and continued the war which his father had begun with antigonus ii gonatas, whom he succeeded in driving from the kingdom of macedon...
alexander jagiellon (; ; 5 august 1461 – 19 august 1506) of the house of jagiellon was grand duke of lithuania from 1492 and king of poland from 1501 until his death in 1506. he was the fourth son of casimir iv jagiellon. he was elected grand duke of lithuania upon the death of his father and king of poland upon the de...
alexander iii (; 10 march 18451 november 1894) was emperor of russia, king of congress poland and grand duke of finland from 13 march 1881 until his death in 1894. he was highly reactionary in domestic affairs and reversed some of the liberal reforms of his father, alexander ii. this policy is known in russia as "count...
alexander i (medieval gaelic: alaxandair mac maíl coluim; modern gaelic: alasdair mac mhaol chaluim; c. 1078 – 23 april 1124), posthumously nicknamed the fierce, was the king of scotland from 1107 to his death. he succeeded his brother, king edgar, and his successor was his brother david. he was married to sybilla of n...
alexander ii (medieval gaelic: ; modern gaelic: ; 24 august 1198 – 6 july 1249) was king of scotland from 1214 until his death. he concluded the treaty of york (1237) which defined the boundary between england and scotland, virtually unchanged today. early life alexander was born at haddington, east lothian, the only s...
alexander i (; 14 august 187611 june 1903) reigned as the king of serbia from 1889 to 1903 when he and his wife, draga mašin, were assassinated by a group of royal serbian army officers, led by captain dragutin dimitrijević. accession alexander was born on 14 august 1876 to king milan and queen natalie of serbia. he be...
alexander iii (medieval ; modern gaelic: ; 4 september 1241 – 19 march 1286) was king of scots from 1249 until his death. he concluded the treaty of perth, by which scotland acquired sovereignty over the western isles and the isle of man. his heir, margaret, maid of norway, died before she could be crowned. life alexan...
alexander of greece (1893–1920) was king of greece from 1917 until his death. alexander of greece may also refer to: alexander of greece (rhetorician) () alexander the great (356–323 bc), ancient greek king and general see also alexander § people with the given name alexander
alexander of aphrodisias (; ad) was a peripatetic philosopher and the most celebrated of the ancient greek commentators on the writings of aristotle. he was a native of aphrodisias in caria and lived and taught in athens at the beginning of the 3rd century, where he held a position as head of the peripatetic school. he...
marcus aurelius severus alexander (1 october 208 – 21/22 march 235), also known as alexander severus, was a roman emperor, who reigned from 222 until 235. he was the last emperor from the severan dynasty. he succeeded his slain cousin elagabalus in 222. alexander himself was eventually assassinated, and his death marke...
alexander is a male given name of greek origin. the most prominent bearer of the name is alexander the great, the king of the ancient greek kingdom of macedonia who created one of the largest empires in ancient history. variants listed here are aleksandar, aleksander and aleksandr. related names and diminutives include...
alexander i may refer to: alexander i of macedon, king of macedon from 495–454 bc alexander i of epirus (370–331 bc), king of epirus pope alexander i (died 115), early bishop of rome pope alexander i of alexandria (died 320s), patriarch of alexandria alexander i of scotland ( – 1124), king of scotland aleksandr mikhail...
alexander ii may refer to: alexander ii of macedon, king of macedon from 370 to 368 bc alexander ii of epirus (died 260 bc), king of epirus in 272 bc alexander ii zabinas, king of the greek seleucid kingdom in 128–123 bc alexander (912–913), eastern roman emperor pope alexander ii of alexandria, ruled in 702–729 patria...
alexander iii may refer to: alexander iii of macedon (356 bc – 323 bc), also known as alexander the great alexander (byzantine emperor) (870–913), byzantine emperor pope alexander iii (1100s–1181) , grand duke of vladimir (1328–1331), prince of suzdal alexander iii of scotland (1241–1286), king of scotland alexander ii...
alexander aetolus (, ἀléxandros ὁ aἰtōlós) was a greek poet and grammarian, the only known representative of aetolian poetry. life alexander was the son of satyrus (σάτυρος) and stratocleia (στρατόκλεια), and was a native of pleuron in aetolia, although he spent the greater part of his life at alexandria, where he was ...
alexander jannaeus ( ; yannaʾy; born jonathan ) was the second king of the hasmonean dynasty, who ruled over an expanding kingdom of judaea from 103 to 76 bce. a son of john hyrcanus, he inherited the throne from his brother aristobulus i, and married his brother's widow, queen salome alexandra. from his conquests to e...
alexander iv may refer to: pope alexander iv (1199 or –1261) alexander iv of macedon (323 bc–309 bc), son of alexander the great alexander iv of imereti (died 1695), of the bagrationi dynasty, king of imereti (western georgia)
alexander v may refer to: alexander v of macedon (died 294 bce) antipope alexander v (–1410) alexander v of imereti (–1752)
the alexandrists were a school of renaissance philosophers who, in the great controversy on the subject of personal immortality, adopted the explanation of the de anima given by alexander of aphrodisias. according to the orthodox thomism of the catholic church, aristotle rightly regarded reason as a facility of the ind...
alexios i komnenos (, 1057 – 15 august 1118; latinized alexius i comnenus) was byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118. although he was not the first emperor of the komnenian dynasty, it was during his reign that the komnenos family came to full power and initiated a hereditary succession to the throne. inheriting a collap...
alexis (; c. 375 – c. 275 bc) was a greek comic poet of the middle comedy period. he was born at thurii (in present-day calabria, italy) in magna graecia and taken early to athens, where he became a citizen, being enrolled in the deme oion () and the tribe leontides. it is thought he lived to the age of 106 and died on...
alexios ii komnenos (; 14 september 1169september 1183), latinized alexius ii comnenus, was byzantine emperor from 1180 to 1183. he ascended to the throne as a minor. for the duration of his short reign, the imperial power was de facto held by regents. biography early years born in the purple at constantinople, alexios...
alexios iii angelos (greek: άλέξιος άγγελος; 1211), latinized as alexius iii angelus, was byzantine emperor from march 1195 to 17/18 july 1203. he reigned under the name alexios komnenos (greek: άλέξιος κομνηνός), associating himself with the komnenos dynasty (from which he was descended matrilineally). a member of the...
alexios v doukas (; – december 1204), in latinised spelling alexius v ducas, was byzantine emperor from february to april 1204, just prior to the sack of constantinople by the participants of the fourth crusade. his family name was doukas, but he was also known by the nickname mourtzouphlos or murtzuphlus (), referring...
grand duke alexei petrovich of russia (28 february 1690 – 26 june 1718) was a russian tsarevich. he was born in moscow, the son of tsar peter i and his first wife, eudoxia lopukhina. alexei despised his father and repeatedly thwarted peter's plans to raise him as successor to the throne, to continue his policies. his b...
andrew jackson (march 15, 1767 – june 8, 1845) was an american lawyer, planter, general, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the united states from 1829 to 1837. before being elected to the presidency, he gained fame as a general in the u.s. army and served in both houses of the u.s. congress. although...
andrew johnson (december 29, 1808july 31, 1875) was the 17th president of the united states, serving from 1865 to 1869. he assumed the presidency following the assassination of abraham lincoln, as he was vice president at that time. johnson was a democrat who ran with lincoln on the national union party ticket, coming ...
aleksandr isayevich solzhenitsyn (11 december 1918 – 3 august 2008) was a russian writer. a prominent soviet dissident, solzhenitsyn was an outspoken critic of communism and helped to raise global awareness of political repression in the soviet union, in particular the gulag system. solzhenitsyn was born into a family ...
aberdeen (; ; ; ) is a city in north east scotland, and is the third most populous scottish city. aberdeen is one of scotland's 32 local government council areas (as aberdeen city), and has a population estimate of for the city of aberdeen, and for the local council area making it the united kingdom's 39th most populou...
events pre-1600 30 bc – after the successful invasion of egypt, octavian executes marcus antonius antyllus, the eldest son of mark antony, and caesarion, the last king of the ptolemaic dynasty of egypt and only child of julius caesar and cleopatra. 79 – mount vesuvius begins stirring, on the feast day of vulcan, the ro...
events pre-1600 367 – gratian, son of roman emperor valentinian i, is named co-augustus at the age of eight by his father. 394 – the graffito of esmet-akhom, the latest known inscription in egyptian hieroglyphs, is written. 410 – the visigoths under king alaric i begin to pillage rome. 1185 – sack of thessalonica by th...
an antipope () is a person who claims to be bishop of rome and leader of the catholic church in opposition to the legitimately elected pope. between the 3rd and mid-15th centuries, antipopes were supported by factions within the church itself and secular rulers. sometimes it was difficult to distinguish which of two cl...
aquaculture (less commonly spelled aquiculture), also known as aquafarming, is the controlled cultivation ("farming") of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, algae and other organisms of value such as aquatic plants (e.g. lotus). aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater, brackish water and saltwate...
in algorithmic information theory (a subfield of computer science and mathematics), the kolmogorov complexity of an object, such as a piece of text, is the length of a shortest computer program (in a predetermined programming language) that produces the object as output. it is a measure of the computational resources n...
“hymn to proserpine” is a poem by algernon charles swinburne, published in poems and ballads in 1866. the poem is addressed to the goddess proserpina, the roman equivalent of persephone, but laments the rise of christianity for displacing the pagan goddess and her pantheon. the epigraph at the beginning of the poem is ...
"the triumph of time" is a poem by algernon charles swinburne, published in poems and ballads in 1866. it is in adapted ottava rima and is full of elaborate use of literary devices, particularly alliteration. the theme, which purports to be autobiographical, is that of rejected love. the speaker deplores the ruin of hi...
events pre-1600 224 – the battle of hormozdgan is fought. ardashir i defeats and kills artabanus v effectively ending the parthian empire. 357 – emperor constantius ii enters rome for the first time to celebrate his victory over magnus magnentius. 1192 – assassination of conrad of montferrat (conrad i), king of jerusal...
alfred the great (also spelled ælfred; – 26 october 899) was king of the west saxons from 871 to 886, and king of the anglo-saxons from 886 until his death in 899. he was the youngest son of king æthelwulf and his first wife osburh, who both died when alfred was young. three of alfred's brothers, æthelbald, æthelberht ...
alessandro algardi (july 31, 1598 – june 10, 1654) was an italian high-baroque sculptor active almost exclusively in rome. in the latter decades of his life, he was, along with francesco borromini and pietro da cortona, one of the major rivals of gian lorenzo bernini, in rome. he is now most admired for his portrait bu...
alger of liège (1055–1131), known also as alger of cluny and algerus magister, was a learned clergyman and canonist from liège, author of several notable works. alger was first deacon and scholaster of church of st bartholomew in his native liège and was then appointed () as a canon in st. lambert's cathedral. moreover...
algiers ( ; ; , ) is the capital and largest city of algeria. the city's population at the 2008 census was 2,988,145 and in 2020 was estimated to be around 4,500,000. algiers is in the north-central part of algeria. algiers is situated on the west side of the bay of algiers, in the mediterranean sea. the modern part of...
ḥasan ibn al-haytham (latinized as alhazen; ; full name ; ) was a medieval mathematician, astronomer, and physicist of the islamic golden age from present-day iraq. referred to as "the father of modern optics", he made significant contributions to the principles of optics and visual perception in particular. his most i...
alessandro di cristofano di lorenzo del bronzino allori (florence, 31 may 153522 september 1607) was an italian painter of the late mannerist florentine school. biography in 1540, after the death of his father, allori was brought up and trained in art by a close friend, often referred to as his 'uncle', the mannerist p...