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albert iii may refer to: albert iii, count of namur (1048–1102) albert iii, count of habsburg (died 1199) albert iii, margrave of brandenburg-salzwedel (–1300) albert iii, duke of saxe-lauenburg (1281–1308) albert iii, prince of anhalt-zerbst (died 1359) albert iii, count of gorizia (died 1374) albert iii, duke of aust...
albert ii (; 28 march 15228 january 1557) was the margrave of brandenburg-kulmbach (brandenburg-bayreuth) from 1527 to 1553. he was a member of the franconian branch of the house of hohenzollern. because of his bellicose nature, albert was given the cognomen bellator ("the warlike") during his lifetime. posthumously, h...
albert the bear (; 1100 – 18 november 1170) was the first margrave of brandenburg from 1157 to his death and was briefly duke of saxony between 1138 and 1142. life albert was the only son of otto, count of ballenstedt, and eilika, daughter of magnus billung, duke of saxony. he inherited his father's valuable estates in...
albert of brandenburg (; 28 june 149024 september 1545) was a german cardinal, elector, archbishop of mainz from 1514 to 1545, and archbishop of magdeburg from 1513 to 1545. through his notorious sale of indulgences, he became the catalyst for martin luther's reformation and its staunch opponent. biography career born ...
albert of prussia (; 17 may 149020 march 1568) was a german prince who was the 37th grand master of the teutonic knights and, after converting to lutheranism, became the first ruler of the duchy of prussia, the secularized state that emerged from the former monastic state of the teutonic knights. albert was the first e...
events pre-1600 19 – the roman general germanicus dies near antioch. he was convinced that the mysterious illness that ended in his death was a result of poisoning by the syrian governor gnaeus calpurnius piso, whom he had ordered to leave the province. 766 – emperor constantine v humiliates nineteen high-ranking offic...
aachen ( , ; ; french and traditional english: aix-la-chapelle ) is the 13th-largest city in north rhine-westphalia and the 27th-largest city of germany, with around 249,000 inhabitants. it is the westernmost city in germany, and borders belgium and the netherlands to the west, the triborder area. it is located between...
agate () is the banded variety of chalcedony, which comes in a wide variety of colors. agates are primarily formed within volcanic and metamorphic rocks. the ornamental use of agate was common in ancient greece, in assorted jewelry and in the seal stones of greek warriors, while bead necklaces with pierced and polished...
aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (asa), is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (nsaid) used to reduce pain, fever, and/or inflammation, and as an antithrombotic. specific inflammatory conditions which aspirin is used to treat include kawasaki disease, pericarditis, and rheumatic fever. aspirin is also used...
in the hebrew bible, abner ( ) was the cousin of king saul and the commander-in-chief of his army. his name also appears as "abiner son of ner", where the longer form abiner means "my father is ner". biblical narrative abner is initially mentioned incidentally in saul's history, first appearing as the son of ner, saul'...
ahmed i ( ; ; 18 april 1590 – 22 november 1617) was the sultan of the ottoman empire from 1603 to 1617. ahmed's reign is noteworthy for marking the first breach in the ottoman tradition of royal fratricide; henceforth, ottoman rulers would no longer systematically execute their brothers upon accession to the throne. he...
ahmed ii ( aḥmed-i sānī) (25 february 1643 or 1 august 1642 – 6 february 1695) was the sultan of the ottoman empire from 1691 to 1695. early life ahmed ii was born on 25 february 1643 or 1 august 1642, the son of sultan ibrahim and muazzez sultan. on 21 october 1649, ahmed, along with his brothers mehmed and suleiman w...
ahmed iii (, aḥmed-i sālis; 30 december 16731 july 1736) was sultan of the ottoman empire and a son of sultan mehmed iv (r. 1648–1687). his mother was gülnuş sultan, originally named evmania voria, who was an ethnic greek. he was born at hacıoğlu pazarcık, in dobruja. he succeeded to the throne in 1703 on the abdicatio...
the ainu are an ethnic group of related indigenous people native to northern japan, as well as the land surrounding the sea of okhotsk, including hokkaido island, northeast honshu island, sakhalin island, the kuril islands, the kamchatka peninsula, and the khabarovsk krai; they have occupied these areas since before th...
an acropolis was the settlement of an upper part of an ancient greek city, especially a citadel, and frequently a hill with precipitous sides, mainly chosen for purposes of defense. the term is typically used to refer to the acropolis of athens, yet every greek city had an acropolis of its own. acropolises were used as...
acupuncture is a form of alternative medicine and a component of traditional chinese medicine (tcm) in which thin needles are inserted into the body. acupuncture is a pseudoscience; the theories and practices of tcm are not based on scientific knowledge, and it has been characterized as quackery. there is a range of ac...
vipera berus, the common european adder, is a snake found in europe and northern asia. adder may also refer to: aa-12 adder, a russian air-to-air missile adder (electronics), an electronic circuit designed to do addition adder technology, a manufacturing company armstrong siddeley adder, a late 1940s british turbojet e...
in greco-roman mythology, aeneas ( , ; from ) was a trojan hero, the son of the trojan prince anchises and the greek goddess aphrodite (equivalent to the roman venus). his father was a first cousin of king priam of troy (both being grandsons of ilus, founder of troy), making aeneas a second cousin to priam's children (...
events pre-1600 1111 – henry v is crowned holy roman emperor. 1204 – constantinople falls to the crusaders of the fourth crusade, temporarily ending the byzantine empire. 1601–1900 1612 – samurai miyamoto musashi defeats sasaki kojirō in a duel at funajima island. 1613 – samuel argall, having captured pocahontas in pas...
amaranthus is a cosmopolitan genus of annual or short-lived perennial plants collectively known as amaranths. some amaranth species are cultivated as leaf vegetables, pseudocereals, and ornamental plants. catkin-like cymes of densely packed flowers grow in summer or fall. amaranth varies in flower, leaf, and stem color...
agapanthus africanus, or the african lily, is a flowering plant from the genus agapanthus found only on rocky sandstone slopes of the winter rainfall fynbos from the cape peninsula to swellendam. it is also known as the lily-of-the-nile in spite of only occurring in south africa. description the plant is a rhizomatous ...
in greek mythology, agamemnon (; agamémnōn) was a king of mycenae who commanded the greeks during the trojan war. he was the son (or grandson) of king atreus and queen aerope, the brother of menelaus, the husband of clytemnestra, and the father of iphigenia, iphianassa, electra, laodike, orestes and chrysothemis. legen...
aga khan i ( or ) or hasan ali shah () (1804–1881) was the governor of kirman, the 46th imam of the nizari ismaili muslims, and a prominent muslim leader in iran and later in the indian subcontinent. he was the first nizari imam to hold the title aga khan. early life and family the imam hasan ali shah was born in 1804 ...
sir sultan mahomed shah, aga khan iii (2 november 187711 july 1957) was the 48th imam of the nizari ismaili sect of islam. he was one of the founders and the first permanent president of the all-india muslim league (aiml). his goal was the advancement of muslim agendas and the protection of muslim rights in british ind...
agasias was the name of several different people in classical history, including two different greek sculptors. agasias of arcadia, a warrior mentioned by xenophon agasias, son of dositheus, ephesian sculptor of the borghese gladiator agasias, son of menophilus (), ephesian sculptor greek masculine given names masculin...
alexander emmanuel rodolphe agassiz (december 17, 1835march 27, 1910), son of louis agassiz and stepson of elizabeth cabot agassiz, was an american scientist and engineer. biography agassiz was born in neuchâtel, switzerland, and immigrated to the united states with his parents, louis and cecile (braun) agassiz, in 184...
agathon (; ; ) was an athenian tragic poet whose works have been lost. he is best known for his appearance in plato's symposium, which describes the banquet given to celebrate his obtaining a prize for his first tragedy at the lenaia in 416. he is also a prominent character in aristophanes' comedy the thesmophoriazusae...
agesilaus ii (; ; 445/4 – 360/59 bc) was king of sparta from c. 400 to c. 360 bc. generally considered the most important king in the history of sparta, agesilaus was the main actor during the period of spartan hegemony that followed the peloponnesian war (431–404 bc). although brave in combat, agesilaus lacked the dip...
agis or agis may refer to: people agis i (died 900 bc), spartan king agis ii (died 401 bc), spartan king agis iii (died 331 bc), spartan king agis iv (265–241 bc), spartan king agis (paeonian) (died 358 bc), king of the paeonians agis of argos, ancient greek poet maurice agis (1931–2009), british sculptor and artist ot...
antonio agliardi (4 september 1832 – 19 march 1915) was an italian roman catholic cardinal, archbishop, and papal diplomat. biography agliardi was born at cologno al serio, in what is now the province of bergamo. he studied theology and canon law, and after acting as parish priest in his native diocese for twelve years...
agnes of merania (1175 – july 1201) was queen of france by marriage to king philip ii. she is called marie by some of the french chroniclers. biography agnes maria was the daughter of berthold, duke of merania and agnes of rochlitz. in june 1196, agnes married philip ii of france, who had repudiated his second wife ing...
(vipsania) agrippina the elder (also, in latin, , "germanicus's agrippina"; – ad 33) was a prominent member of the julio-claudian dynasty. she was the daughter of marcus vipsanius agrippa (a close supporter of the first roman emperor, augustus) and augustus' daughter, julia the elder. her brothers lucius and gaius caes...
julia agrippina (6 november ad 15 – 23 march ad 59), also referred to as agrippina the younger, was roman empress from 49 to 54 ad, the fourth wife and niece of emperor claudius, and the mother of nero. agrippina was one of the most prominent women in the julio-claudian dynasty. she was the daughter of the roman genera...
american chinese cuisine is a cuisine derived from chinese cuisine that was developed by chinese americans. the dishes served in many north american chinese restaurants are adapted to american tastes and often differ significantly from those found in china. history chinese immigrants arrived in the united states seekin...
ahenobarbus (latin, 'red-beard', literally 'bronze-beard'), also spelled aenobarbus or ænobarbus, may refer to: gnaeus domitius ahenobarbus (disambiguation), romans lucius domitius ahenobarbus (disambiguation), romans lucius domitius ahenobarbus, birth name of nero, roman emperor 54–68 frederick barbarossa, known in la...
ahmad shāh durrānī (; ), also known as ahmad shāh abdālī (), was the founder of the durrani empire and is regarded as the founder of the modern afghanistan. in june 1747, ahmad shah was appointed as king of the afghans by a loya jirga in kandahar, where he set up his capital. primarily with the support of the pashtun t...
arthur aikin (19 may 177315 april 1854) was an english chemist, mineralogist and scientific writer, and was a founding member of the chemical society (now the royal society of chemistry). he first became its treasurer in 1841, and later became the society's second president. life he was born at warrington, lancashire i...
ailanthus (; derived from ailanto, an ambonese word probably meaning "tree of the gods" or "tree of heaven") is a genus of trees belonging to the family simaroubaceae, in the order sapindales (formerly rutales or geraniales). the genus is native from east asia south to northern australasia. selected species the number ...
aimoin of fleury (; ), french chronicler, was born at villefranche-de-longchat, southwestern france about 960. early in his life he entered the monastery of fleury, where he became a monk and then passed the greater part of his life. between c. 980 and 985 aimoin wrote about st. benedict in abbey of fleury-sur-loire. h...
the akkadian empire () was the first ancient empire of mesopotamia, succeeding the long-lived civilization of sumer. centered on the city of akkad () and its surrounding region, the empire would unite akkadian and sumerian speakers under one rule and exercised significant influence across mesopotamia, the levant, and a...
ajax ( aias means "of the earth".) was a greek mythological hero, son of oileus, the king of locris. he was called the "lesser" or "locrian" ajax, to distinguish him from ajax the great, son of telamon. he was the leader of the locrian contingent during the trojan war. he is a significant figure in homer's iliad and is...
ajax () or aias (; , aíantos; archaic ) is a greek mythological hero, the son of king telamon and periboea, and the half-brother of teucer. he plays an important role in the trojan war, and is portrayed as a towering figure and a warrior of great courage in homer's iliad and in the epic cycle, a series of epic poems ab...
ajax may refer to: greek mythology and tragedy ajax the great, a greek mythological hero, son of king telamon and periboea ajax the lesser, a greek mythological hero, son of oileus, the king of locris ajax (play), by the ancient greek tragedian sophocles, about ajax the great arts and entertainment fictional characters...
alaric i (; , , "ruler of all"; c. 370 – 411 ad) was the first king of the visigoths, from 395 to 410. he rose to leadership of the goths who came to occupy moesia—territory acquired a couple of decades earlier by a combined force of goths and alans after the battle of adrianople. alaric began his career under the goth...
alaric ii (, , "ruler of all"; ; – august 507) was the king of the visigoths from 484 until 507. he succeeded his father euric as king of the visigoths in toulouse on 28 december 484; he was the great-grandson of the more famous alaric i, who sacked rome in 410. he established his capital at aire-sur-l'adour (vicus jul...
albertus magnus ( – 15 november 1280), also known as saint albert the great or albert of cologne, was a german dominican friar, philosopher, scientist, and bishop. later canonized as a catholic saint, he was known during his lifetime as doctor universalis and doctor expertus and, late in his life, the sobriquet magnus ...
alboin (530s – 28 june 572) was king of the lombards from about 560 until 572. during his reign the lombards ended their migrations by settling in italy, the northern part of which alboin conquered between 569 and 572. he had a lasting effect on italy and the pannonian basin; in the former his invasion marked the begin...
afonso de albuquerque, 1st duke of goa ( – 16 december 1515), was a portuguese general, admiral, and statesman. he served as viceroy of portuguese india from 1509 to 1515, during which he expanded portuguese influence across the indian ocean and built a reputation as a fierce and skilled military commander. albuquerque...
alcaeus of mytilene (; , alkaios ho mutilēnaios; – bc) was a lyric poet from the greek island of lesbos who is credited with inventing the alcaic stanza. he was included in the canonical list of nine lyric poets by the scholars of hellenistic alexandria. he was a contemporary of sappho, with whom he may have exchanged ...
alcamenes () was an ancient greek sculptor of lemnos and athens, who flourished in the 2nd half of the 5th century bc. he was a younger contemporary of phidias and noted for the delicacy and finish of his works, among which a hephaestus and an aphrodite of the gardens were conspicuous. pausanias says that he was the au...