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the almoravid dynasty () was an imperial berber muslim dynasty centered in the territory of present-day morocco. it established an empire in the 11th century that stretched over the western maghreb and al-andalus, starting in the 1050s and lasting until its fall to the almohads in 1147. the dynasty emerged from a coali...
aloe (; also written aloë) is a genus containing over 650 species of flowering succulent plants. the most widely known species is aloe vera, or "true aloe". it is called this because it is cultivated as the standard source for assorted pharmaceutical purposes. other species, such as aloe ferox, are also cultivated or h...
alyattes (lydian language: ; ; reigned c. 635-585 bc), sometimes described as alyattes i, was the fourth king of the mermnad dynasty in lydia, the son of sadyattes, grandson of ardys, and great-grandson of gyges. he died after a reign of 57 years and was succeeded by his son croesus. alyattes was the first monarch who ...
the age of consent is the age at which a person is considered to be legally competent to consent to sexual acts. consequently, an adult who engages in sexual activity with a person younger than the age of consent is unable to legally claim that the sexual activity was consensual, and such sexual activity may be conside...
alypius of antioch was a geographer and a vicarius of roman britain, probably in the late 350s ad. he replaced flavius martinus after that vicarius' suicide. his rule is recorded is ammianus xxiii 1, 3. life he came from antioch and served under constantius ii and was probably appointed to ensure that nobody with weste...
amalasuintha (495 – 30 april 535) was a ruler of the ostrogothic kingdom from 526 to 535. initially serving as regent for her son athalaric, she became queen after his premature death. highly educated, amalasuintha was praised by both cassiodorus and procopius for her wisdom and her ability to speak three languages (gr...
amalric of bena (; ; died ) was a french theologian, philosopher and sect leader, after whom the amalricians are named. reformers such as martin luther considered him to be a proto-protestant. biography amalric was born in the latter part of the 12th century at bennes, a village between ollé and chauffours in the dioce...
afonso i of portugal (; 1106/1109/11111185), also called afonso henriques, nicknamed the conqueror () and the founder () by the portuguese, and el-bortukali (in arabic "the portuguese") and ibn-arrink or ibn arrinq (in arabic or "son of henry", "henriques") by the moors whom he fought, was the first king of portugal. h...
afonso ii (; english: alphonzo; archaic portuguese: affonso; portuguese-galician: alfonso or alphonso; latin: alphonsus; 23 april 118525 march 1223), nicknamed the fat (o gordo) or the leper (o gafo), was the third king of portugal and the second but eldest surviving son of sancho i of portugal and dulce of aragon. afo...
afonso iii (; rare english alternatives: alphonzo or alphonse), or affonso (archaic portuguese), alfonso or alphonso (portuguese-galician) or alphonsus (latin), the boulonnais (port. o bolonhês), king of portugal (5 may 121016 february 1279) was the first to use the title king of portugal and the algarve, from 1249. he...
afonso iv (; 8 february 129128 may 1357), called the brave (), was king of portugal from 1325 until his death in 1357. he was the only legitimate son of king denis of portugal and elizabeth of aragon. early life afonso, born in lisbon, was the rightful heir to the portuguese throne. however, he was not denis' favourite...
afonso v () (15 january 1432 – 28 august 1481), known by the sobriquet the african (), was king of portugal from 1438 until his death in 1481, with a brief interruption in 1477. his sobriquet refers to his military conquests in northern africa. early life afonso was born in sintra, the second son of king edward of port...
afonso vi (; 21 august 164312 september 1683), known as "the victorious" (), was the second king of portugal of the house of braganza from 1656 until his death. he was initially under the regency of his mother, luisa de guzmán, until 1662, when he removed her to a convent and took power with the help of his favourite, ...
there has not been a monarch known as alphonso or alfonso i of spain, the first king of that name of the unified spain being alfonso xii (1857–1885). several precursor kingdoms have had an alfonso i, including: alfonso i of asturias ( – 757) alfonso i of aragon and navarre ( – 1134), known as the battler alfonso ii of ...
alfonso ii of asturias (842), nicknamed the chaste (), was the king of asturias during two different periods: first in the year 783 and later from 791 until his death in 842. upon his death, nepotian, a family member of undetermined relation, attempted to usurp the crown in place of the future ramiro i. during his reig...
amarasimha (iast: , ) was a sanskrit grammarian and poet from ancient india, of whose personal history hardly anything is known. he is said to have been "one of the nine gems that adorned the throne of vikramaditya," and according to the evidence of xuanzang, this is the chandragupta vikramaditya (chandragupta ii) who ...
alfonso xii (alfonso francisco de asís fernando pío juan maría de la concepción gregorio pelayo de borbón y borbón; 28 november 185725 november 1885), also known as el pacificador (spanish: the peacemaker), was king of spain from 29 december 1874 to his death in 1885. after the glorious revolution of 1868 deposed his m...
alfonso xiii (spanish: alfonso león fernando maría jaime isidro pascual antonio de borbón y habsburgo-lorena; french: alphonse léon ferdinand marie jacques isidore pascal antoine de bourbon; 17 may 1886 – 28 february 1941), also known as el africano or the african due to his africanist views, was king of spain from his...
alfonso i (7 september 1134), called the battler or the warrior (), was king of aragon and navarre from 1104 until his death in 1134. he was the second son of king sancho ramírez and successor of his brother peter i. with his marriage to urraca, queen regnant of castile, león and galicia, in 1109, he began to use, with...
amaryllis () is the only genus in the subtribe amaryllidinae (tribe amaryllideae). it is a small genus of flowering bulbs, with two species. the better known of the two, amaryllis belladonna, is a native of the western cape region of south africa, particularly the rocky southwest area between the olifants river valley ...
alfonso iii (4 november 1265 – 18 june 1291), called the liberal (el liberal) and the free (also "the frank", from el franc), was king of aragon and valencia, and count of barcelona (as ) from 1285 until his death. he conquered the kingdom of majorca between his succession and 1287. life alfonso was the son of king pet...
alfonso iv, called the kind (also the gentle or the nice, ) (2 november 1299 – 24 january 1336) was king of aragon and count of barcelona (as alfons iii) from 1327 to his death. his reign saw the incorporation of the county of urgell, duchy of athens, and duchy of neopatria into the crown of aragon. biography alfonso w...
amasis ii ( ; ḥms) or ahmose ii was a pharaoh (reigned 570526 bce) of the twenty-sixth dynasty of egypt, the successor of apries at sais. he was the last great ruler of egypt before the persian conquest. life most of our information about him is derived from herodotus (2.161ff) and can only be imperfectly verified by m...
alfonso the magnanimous (alfons el magnànim in catalan) (139627 june 1458) was king of aragon and king of sicily (as alfonso v) and the ruler of the crown of aragon from 1416 and king of naples (as alfonso i) from 1442 until his death. he was involved with struggles to the throne of the kingdom of naples with louis iii...
amathus or amathous () was an ancient city and one of the ancient royal cities of cyprus until about 300 bc. some of its remains can be seen today on the southern coast in front of agios tychonas, about west of larnaca and east of limassol. its ancient cult sanctuary of aphrodite was the second most important in cyprus...
alphons (latinized alphonsus, adelphonsus, or adefonsus) is a male given name recorded from the 8th century (alfonso i of asturias, r. 739–757) in the christian successor states of the visigothic kingdom in the iberian peninsula. in the later medieval period it became a standard name in the hispanic and portuguese roya...
alfonso i may refer to: alfonso i of asturias (739–757), king of asturias afonso i of portugal (1094–1185), king of portugal alfonso i of aragon (1104–1134), known as alfonso the battler, king of aragon and navarre alfonso i, duke of gandia (1332–1412) alfonso v of aragon (1396–1458), king of naples as alfonso i afonso...
amati (, ) is the last name of a family of italian violin makers who lived at cremona from about 1538 to 1740. their importance is considered equal to those of the bergonzi, guarneri, and stradivari families. today, violins created by nicolò amati are valued at around $600,000. because of their age and rarity, amati in...
alfonso ii may refer to: alfonso ii of asturias (791–842) alfonso ii of aragon (1162–1196) alfonso ii, count of provence (1174–1209) afonso ii of portugal (1185–1223), "the fat" alfonso, count of poitou (1220–1271), jure uxoris alfonso ii, count of toulouse alfonso ii, duke of gandia (–1422) alfonso ii of naples (1448–...
alfonso iii may refer to: alfonso iii of asturias (866–910), surnamed "the great" afonso iii of portugal (1210–1279) alfonso iii of aragon (1285–1291) alfonso iii d'este, duke of modena and reggio (1628–1644) alfonso iii of kongo (1666–1667)
alfonso iv may refer to: alfonso iv of león (924–931) afonso iv of portugal (1291–1357) alfonso iv of aragon (1327–1336) alfonso iv of ribagorza (1332–1412) alfonso iv d'este (1634–1662), duke of modena and regg
in greek mythology, the amazons (ancient greek: , singular , via latin , ) are portrayed in a number of ancient epic poems and legends, such as the labours of heracles, the argonautica and the iliad. they were a group of female warriors and hunters, who were as skilled and courageous as men in physical agility, strengt...
alfonso v may refer to: alfonso v of león (999–1028) alfonso v of aragon (1416–1458), the magnanimous afonso v of portugal (1432–1481), the african
ambergris ( or , , ), ambergrease, or grey amber is a solid, waxy, flammable substance of a dull grey or blackish colour produced in the digestive system of sperm whales. freshly produced ambergris has a marine, fecal odor. it acquires a sweet, earthy scent as it ages, commonly likened to the fragrance of isopropyl alc...
ambiorix (gaulish "king of the surroundings", or "king-protector") ( 54–53 bc) was, together with cativolcus, prince of the eburones, leader of a belgic tribe of north-eastern gaul (gallia belgica), where modern belgium is located. in the nineteenth century ambiorix became a belgian national hero because of his resista...
august wilhelm ambros (17 november 181628 june 1876) was an austrian composer and music historian of czech descent. life he was born in mýto, rokycany district, bohemia. his father was a cultured man, and his mother was the sister of raphael georg kiesewetter (1773–1850), the musical archaeologist and collector. ambros...
the amazon river (, ; , ) in south america is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and the disputed longest river system in the world in comparison to the nile. the headwaters of the apurímac river on nevado mismi had been considered for nearly a century the amazon basin's most distant source un...
beverley, alfred of (d. c. 1154 x c. 1157), chronicler, and sacrist of the collegiate church of st john the evangelist and st john of beverley wrote a history of britain and england in nine chapters (c. 1148- c.1151) from its supposed foundation by the trojan brutus, down to the death of henry i in 1135. alfred's chief...
events pre-1600 1500 – portuguese navigator pedro álvares cabral lands in brazil. 1519 – spanish conquistador hernán cortés establishes a settlement at veracruz, mexico. 1529 – treaty of zaragoza divides the eastern hemisphere between spain and portugal along a line 297.5 leagues () east of the moluccas. 1601–1900 1809...
events pre-1600 1056 – after a sudden illness a few days previously, byzantine empress theodora dies childless, thus ending the macedonian dynasty. 1057 – abdication of byzantine emperor michael vi bringas after just one year. 1218 – al-kamil becomes sultan of the ayyubid dynasty. 1314 – king haakon v of norway moves t...
autpert ambrose (ambroise) () (ca. 730 – 784) was a frankish benedictine monk. an abbot of san vincenzo al volturno in south italy in the time of desiderius, king of the lombards, autpert wrote a considerable number of works on the bible and religious subjects generally. among these are commentaries on the apocalypse, ...
abū bakr ʿabd allāh ibn ʿabī quḥāfa (; 27 october 573 – 23 august 634) was the senior companion and was, through his daughter aisha, a father-in-law of the islamic prophet muhammad, as well as the first caliph of the rashidun caliphate. he is known with the honorific title al-siddiq by sunni muslims. abu bakr was born ...
ambrogio traversari, also referred to as ambrose of camaldoli (138620 october 1439), was an italian monk and theologian who was a prime supporter of the papal cause in the 15th century. he is honored as a saint by the camaldolese order. biography traversari was born near forlì, in the village of portico di romagna in 1...
ambrosians are members of one of the religious brotherhoods which at various times since the 14th century have sprung up in and around milan, italy. in the 16th century, a sect of anabaptist ambrosians was founded. orders only the oldest of the catholic ambrosians, the fratres s. ambrosii ad nemus, had anything more th...
ambrosiaster or pseudo-ambrose is the name given to the unknown author of a commentary on the epistles of saint paul, written some time between 366 and 384ad. the name "ambrosiaster" in latin means "would-be ambrose". various conjectures have been made as to ambrosiaster's true identity, and several other works have be...
ambrosius aurelianus (; anglicised as ambrose aurelian and called aurelius ambrosius in the historia regum britanniae and elsewhere) was a war leader of the romano-british who won an important battle against the anglo-saxons in the 5th century, according to gildas. he also appeared independently in the legends of the b...
ammon (ammonite: 𐤏𐤌𐤍 ʻamān; ; ) was an ancient semitic-speaking kingdom occupying the east of the jordan river, between the torrent valleys of arnon and jabbok, in present-day jordan. the chief city of the country was rabbah or rabbat ammon, site of the modern city of amman, jordan's capital. milcom and molech are n...
ammonius hermiae (; ; – between 517 and 526) was a greek philosopher from alexandria in the eastern roman empire during late antiquity. a neoplatonist, he was the son of the philosophers hermias and aedesia, the brother of heliodorus of alexandria and the grandson of syrianus. ammonius was a pupil of proclus in roman a...
ammonius saccas (; ; 175 ad242 ad) was a hellenistic platonist self-taught philosopher from alexandria, generally regarded as the precursor of neoplatonism and/or one of its founders. he is mainly known as the teacher of plotinus, whom he taught from 232 to 242. he was undoubtedly the most significant influence on plot...
the book of amos is the third of the twelve minor prophets in the old testament (tanakh) and the second in the greek septuagint tradition. amos, an older contemporary of hosea and isaiah, was active c. 750 bc during the reign of jeroboam ii (788–747 bc) of samaria (aka. northern israel), making amos the first prophetic...