title stringlengths 0 1.13k | abstract stringlengths 1 15.7k | PMID int64 22 36.5M |
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Obesity as a perceived social signal. | Fat accumulation has been classically considered as a means of energy storage. Obese people are theorized as metabolically 'thrifty', saving energy during times of food abundance. However, recent research has highlighted many neuro-behavioral and social aspects of obesity, with a suggestion that obesity, abdominal obesity in particular, may have evolved as a social signal. We tested here whether body proportions, and abdominal obesity in particular, are perceived as signals revealing personality traits. Faceless drawings of three male body forms namely lean, muscular and feminine, each with and without abdominal obesity were shown in a randomized order to a group of 222 respondents. A list of 30 different adjectives or short descriptions of personality traits was given to each respondent and they were asked to allocate the most appropriate figure to each of them independently. The traits included those directly related to physique, those related to nature, attitude and moral character and also those related to social status. For 29 out of the 30 adjectives people consistently attributed specific body forms. Based on common choices, the 30 traits could be clustered into distinct 'personalities' which were strongly associated with particular body forms. A centrally obese figure was perceived as "lethargic, greedy, political, money-minded, selfish and rich". The results show that body proportions are perceived to reflect personality traits and this raises the possibility that in addition to energy storage, social selection may have played some role in shaping the biology of obesity. | 18,784,836 |
Tumor growth decreases NK and B cells as well as common lymphoid progenitor. | It is well established that chronic tumor growth results in functional inactivation of T cells and NK cells. It is less clear, however, whether lymphopoeisis is affected by tumor growth. In our efforts of analyzing the impact of tumor growth on NK cell development, we observed a major reduction of NK cell numbers in mice bearing multiple lineages of tumor cells. The decrease in NK cell numbers was not due to increased apoptosis or decreased proliferation in the NK compartment. In addition, transgenic expression of IL-15 also failed to rescue the defective production of NK cells. Our systematic characterization of lymphopoeisis in tumor-bearing mice indicated that the number of the common lymphoid progenitor was significantly reduced in tumor-bearing mice. The number of B cells also decreased substantially in tumor bearing mice. Our data reveal a novel mechanism for tumor evasion of host immunity and suggest a new interpretation for the altered myeloid and lymphoid ratio in tumor bearing hosts. | 18,784,839 |
A new storage medium for an avulsed tooth. | The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of egg white in maintaining the viability of human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells on avulsed teeth. The experimental media were: egg white, milk, Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) as the positive control, and tap water as the negative control. The storage times were 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours. Extracted premolar teeth of healthy individuals were rinsed in the media. After trypsinization and subsequent treatment in collagenase, cell viability was determined using trypan blue staining. The two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical test was used to compare the results among different media. There was no difference in the cell viability between egg white and HBSS media, but there was a statistically significant difference between the viability of PDL cells in egg white medium in comparison with milk (P<0.05) and water (P<0.05). Egg white could be suggested as a suitable storage medium. Its principle advantage is its availability. | 18,784,856 |
The efficacy of distraction and counterstimulation in the reduction of pain reaction to intraoral injection by pediatric patients. | The aim of this clinical investigation was to determine the efficacy of distraction and counterstimulation in the reduction of pain during the administration of local anesthetics in pediatric dental patients. A total of 78 healthy children (male: 40, female: 38) ages four to five years (mean age: 4.72 years old) without any history of previous intraoral injection were included in the present study. The subjects had at least one carious primary molar. The subjects were randomly allocated into three groups. Group SA received topical anesthesia followed by an inferior alveolar nerve block (simple anesthesia). Group C+SA received counter stimulation using intraoral and extraoral finger vibration in addition to the Group SA protocol. Group CD+SA incorporated verbal distraction in addition to topical and local anesthesia and counterstimulation. A sound, eye, and motor (SEM) scale was used for quantification of pain reaction. Data were analyzed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA). The SEM values for Groups SA, C+SA, and CD+SA was 8.25, 5.07, and 3.41, respectively. According to the SEM scale a severe pain reaction was observed in Group SA but not in the other groups. The pain reaction for Group SA was significantly higher than the two other groups (P<0.05). Moreover, the subjects in Group CD+SA exhibited significantly less pain compared to those in Group C+SA. Both distraction and counterstimulation are effective in reducing pain reaction in a clinical setting. However, it may be more plausible to use both techniques simultaneously to achieve more favorable results with reference to a reduced pain reaction in pediatric dental patients. | 18,784,857 |
Squamous cell carcinoma arising in a residual cyst: a case report. | The purpose of this report is to present a case of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arising from a mandibular residual cyst. Although rare, SCC may arise in the epithelial lining of odontogenic cysts. The diagnosis of the development of carcinoma from the cyst lining can only be established by histopatologic examination. A case of SCC arising from a mandibular residual cyst in a 55-year-old man is presented along with a discussion of the critical elements needed for accurate diagnosis and treatment. The development of SCC from residual cysts is rare but should always be considered in the differential diagnosis. This case report clearly demonstrates the importance of clinician awareness of the malignant potential of apparently innocuous cystic lesions. It also underscores the importance of a careful histological examination and the necessity of obtaining biopsy materials from various areas to prevent a misdiagnosis of large-sized cysts. | 18,784,867 |
[The effects of epidermal growth factor on the wound repair of junctional epithelial cells and gingival epithelial cells in vitro]. | To study the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the proliferation and cellular fill of junctional epithelium (JE) and gingival epithelium (GE) by using an in vitro wound model. EGFR mRNA was semiquantitatively determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemistry was performed to measure EGFR expression. JE and GE cells were plated into 6 well tissue culture plates containing 22mm x 26mm sterile glass coverslips. After cells were grown to confluence, a 3mm wide wound was created at the center of the coverslips. The cells were incubated in medium containing EGF at a 20ng/mL concentration. Negative controls were incubated in keratinocyte serum-free medium. At 5, 9 and 12 days following wounding, the coverslips were removed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Quantification of percentage of cellular wound fill and PCNA positive nuclei was accomplished by using computer assisted histomorphometry.The data were analyzed with SAS6.12 software package. Densitometric scanning indicated that EGFR mRNA expression in GE cells was 1.2-fold higher than that in JE cells. EGFR protein was positive in GE and JE immunocytochemically. At 9 -day post-wounding, GE and JE demonstrated significantly greater proliferative responses to EGF when compared to negative controls (P<0.05). But there were no significant differences in the proliferative responses to EGF between the two cell types (P>0.05). At each time point, EGF stimulated the cellular fill of JE and GE compared with negative controls (P<0.05). However, GE displayed greater cellular fill significantly than JE at day 9 and 12 post-wounding (P<0.05). EGFR is present in the JE and GE cells. EGF may regulate the cell fill and proliferation of the two cell types in this in vitro model. | 18,784,880 |
[Expression and activity of Cdk5/p39 during rats Vc development]. | To evaluate the different expression of Cdk5 two activators, p35 and p39 throughout rats Vc development. The changes of Cdk5 activity, expression of Cdk5 and p39 in the development in spinal trigeminal subnucleus caudalis(Vc) were studied by Western blotting, immunoprecipitation and kinase assay. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS11.0 software package. Western blot showed that p39 expression was low at newborn, and highest at the 2-3 week-old rat Vc. In the adult rat Vc, expression declined to the same level as in newborn rat Vc. In contrast, the expression of Cdk5 was constant throughout the development rat Vc. Cdk5 activity in the newborn rat Vc(115.5 Kcpm),which was about 6 times higher than that in normal adult rat Vc(19.0 Kcpm). There was significant difference between each group(P<0.01). Expression of p35 and p39 is differentially distributed throughout rat Vc. Cdk5/p35 and Cdk5/p39 may play different roles in distinct brain regions during different states of the rat Vc development. | 18,784,888 |
[Significance of emissary veins in surgical treatment of temporal paragangliomas]. | With the surgical removal of temporal paraganglioma, possible changes of the cerebral blood pathways of the Circle of Willis should be considered. If the cerebral blood drains dominates unilaterally and the pathway of drainage over the Bulbus venae jugularis is inadequate due to vessel malformation or variations or by intraluminal tumor growth, as for instance of temporal paragangliomas, collateral emissary vessels can take over this function by an extraordinary large lumen extension. Ignorance of such a characteristic venous drainage can lead to hemorrhagic apoplexia when such originally redundant veins are sacrificed. A presurgical angiography is, therefore, indicated. In case of vessel malformations or variations the use of computer-assisted surgery could be helpful to preserve such native emissary veins at the bony skull base, such as the condylar emissary vein in the case of a transcondylar infralabyrinthine approach. | 18,784,910 |
Increased nitric oxide synthase activity and Hsp90 association in skeletal muscle following chronic exercise. | Exercise training results in dynamic changes in skeletal muscle blood flow and metabolism. Nitric oxide (NO) influences blood flow, oxidative stress, and glucose metabolism. Hsp90 interacts directly with nitric oxide synthases (NOS), increasing NOS activity and altering the balance of superoxide versus NO production. In addition, Hsp90 expression increases in various tissues following exercise. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that exercise training increases Hsp90 expression as well as Hsp90/NOS association and NOS activity in skeletal muscle. Male, Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to either a sedentary or exercise trained group (n = 10/group). Exercise training consisted of running on a motorized treadmill for 10 weeks at 30 m/min, 5% grade for 1 h. Western blotting revealed that exercise training resulted in a 1.9 +/- 0.1-fold increase in Hsp90 expression in the soleus muscle but no increase in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase, or endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Exercise training also resulted in a 3.4 +/- 1.0-fold increase in Hsp90 association with nNOS, a 2.3 +/- 0.4-fold increase association with eNOS measured by immunoprecipitation as well as a 1.5 +/- 0.3-fold increase in eNOS phosphorylation at Ser-1179. Total NOS activity measured by the rate of conversion of L-[(14)C]arginine to L-[(14)C]citrulline was increased by 1.42 +/- 0.9 fold in soleus muscle following exercise training compared to controls. In summary, a 10-week treadmill training program in rats results in a significant increase in total NOS activity in the soleus which may be due, in part, to increased NOS interaction with Hsp90 and phosphorylation. This interaction may play a role in altering muscle blood flow and skeletal muscle redox status. | 18,784,937 |
Ca(2+) signaling by T-type Ca(2+) channels in neurons. | Among the major families of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels, the low-voltage-activated channels formed by the Ca(v)3 subunits, referred to as T-type Ca(2+) channels, have recently gained increased interest in terms of the intracellular Ca(2+) signals generated upon their activation. Here, we provide an overview of recent reports documenting that T-type Ca(2+) channels act as an important Ca(2+) source in a wide range of neuronal cell types. The work is focused on T-type Ca(2+) channels in neurons, but refers to non-neuronal cells in cases where exemplary functions for Ca(2+) entering through T-type Ca(2+) channels have been described. Notably, Ca(2+) influx through T-type Ca(2+) channels is the predominant Ca(2+) source in several neuronal cell types and carries out specific signaling roles. We also emphasize that Ca(2+) signaling through T-type Ca(2+) channels occurs often in select subcellular compartments, is mediated through strategically co-localized targets, and is exploited for unique physiological functions. | 18,784,939 |
Identifying modifier genes of monogenic disease: strategies and difficulties. | Substantial clinical variability is observed in many Mendelian diseases, so that patients with the same mutation may develop a very severe form of disease, a mild form or show no symptoms at all. Among the factors that may explain these differences in disease expression are modifier genes. In this paper, we review the different strategies that can be used to identify modifier genes and explain their advantages and limitations. We focus mainly on the statistical aspects but illustrate our points with a variety of examples from the literature. | 18,784,943 |
Sesamin increases alpha-linolenic acid conversion to docosahexaenoic acid in atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) hepatocytes: role of altered gene expression. | In vitro cultivated Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), hepatocytes were incubated without or with a mixture of sesamin and episesamin in order to test for possible effects on lipid metabolism. Sesamin/episesamin exposure (0.05 mM, final concentration) led to increased elongation and desaturation of (14)C 18:3n-3 to docosahexaenoic acid ((14)C 22:6n-3, DHA, P < 0.01) and down regulated gene expression of Delta6 and Delta5 desaturases compared to control treatment. Sesamin/episesamin further increased the hepatocytes capacity for fatty acid beta-oxidation of (14)C 18:3n-3 (P < 0.01) to the (14)C acid soluble products, acetate, malate and oxaloacetate, in agreement with an increased gene expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I. Also the gene expression of cluster of differentiation 36 was upregulated and the expression of scavenger receptor type B, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma were downregulated. The amount of triacylglycerols secreted by the cells tended to be lower in the sesamin/episesamin incubated hepatocytes than the control cells. This study shows that sesamin has favourable effects on lipid metabolism leading to increased level of DHA, which may be of interest for aquaculture use. | 18,784,949 |
Operative modalities and exposure to pesticides during open field treatments among a group of agricultural subcontractors. | This paper reports the results of a field study of occupational pesticide exposure (respiratory and dermal) among a group of Italian agricultural subcontractors. These workers consistently use pesticides during much of the year, thus resulting in a high exposure risk. Ten complete treatments were monitored during spring/summer. Pesticides that were applied included azinphos-methyl, dicamba, dimethoate, terbuthylazine, and alachlor. Several observations were made on worker operative modalities and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during work. Total potential and actual exposure ranged from 14 to 5700 microg and from 0.04 to 4600 microg, respectively. Dermal exposure contributed substantially more than inhalation to the total exposure (93.9-100%). Hand contamination ranged from 0.04 to 4600 microg and was the major contributor to dermal exposure. Penetration through specific protective garments was less than 2.4% in all cases, although penetration through general work clothing was as high as 26.8%. The risk evaluation, based on comparison between acceptable daily intake and total absorbed doses, demonstrates that it is presumable to expect possible health effects for workers regularly operating without PPE and improper tractors. Comparisons between exposure levels and operative modalities highlighted that complete PPE and properly equipped tractors contributed to a significant reduction in total exposure to pesticides during agricultural activities. In conclusion, monitored agricultural subcontractors presented very different levels of pesticide exposure due to the high variability of operative modalities and use of PPE. These results indicate the need to critically evaluate the efficacy of training programs required for obtaining a pesticide license in Italy. | 18,784,953 |
Isolation and biological activity of the multi-component sea lamprey migratory pheromone. | Migratory adult sea lampreys locate spawning streams by using a pheromone released by stream-resident conspecific larvae. It was recently reported that this pheromone is comprised of a mixture of three sulfated steroids: petromyzonamine disulfate (PADS), petromyzosterol disulfate (PSDS), and petromyzonol sulfate (PS). This manuscript reports in-depth details of pheromone isolation and provides new information on the olfactory potency of PADS and PSDS and the behavioral activity of synthesized PADS. Isolation was accomplished using bioassay-guided fractionation which included liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, electro-olfactogram recording (EOG), and behavioral assays. Both highly purified and synthesized PADS stimulated the olfactory system of adult lamprey and were attractive at concentrations of 10(-13) M. PSDS also had olfactory activity at 10(-13) M. Cross-adaptation studies with EOG recording demonstrated that PADS, PSDS, and PS are detected by independent olfactory receptor sites. Finally, the mixture of all three components was as attractive as larval water to adult sea lampreys in laboratory mazes. It is believed that these steroids are the principal components of the pheromone. | 18,784,958 |
CCN3: Doctor Jekyll and Mister Hyde. | CCN proteins are key regulators of signaling pathways that are essential for the control of normal life, from birth to death. As such, they make use of their unique mosaic structure to interact with several other regulatory proteins and ligands that control the fate of living cells. The various functions attributed to the CCN proteins may sometimes appear contradictory, but this situation reflects the complexity of the multimolecular scaffolds in which CCN proteins are engaged and the critical impact of the microenvironment that dictates the bioavailability of the elementary building blocks. CCN3 is one of the best examples of a CCN protein showing biological properties which may at first glance appear opposite or contradictory. Indeed, CCN3 acts both as a tumor suppressor and is associated with higher metastatic potential. Furthermore, the physical interaction of CCN3 with VEGF and its potential antiangionenic activity in glioma cells are in apparent contradiction with its proangiogenic activity in rabbit cornea. In this communication, I am revisiting the observations that led us to these apparent contradictions. After pointing out how the methodologies that were employed might have contributed to the confusion, I briefly discuss the dual biological activities of CCN3 in the context of tumor cell engineering and survival prognosis. | 18,784,988 |
High level of genetic diversity among the selected accessions of tea (Camellia sinensis) from abandoned tea gardens in western Himalaya. | To revive cultivation of the tea unique to the western Himalayan region, it is important to evaluate the seed-derived bushes available in the area's abandoned gardens. This study used quantitative leaf characters, catechin content, and AFLP markers to assess these China cultivar type bushes. Compared with other China cultivar germplasm, these accessions showed a higher level of diversity among themselves. Among the quantitative morphological characters, leaf length is important in distinguishing the accessions studied, with a high loading value in the principal component analysis. The catechins and AFLP markers displayed the genetic makeup of the accessions. Other than total catechins, the trihydroxylated catechins showed a high loading value in differentiating the accessions. The genetic control of the ratio of dihydroxylated and trihydroxylated catechins is found to be based on a correlation with AFLP markers. The genetic similarity between Kangra Asha and Kangra Jat suggests that Kangra Jat must be descended from Kangra Asha. Kangra Jat is well adapted to local environmental conditions, as is evident from its high catechin content. | 18,784,998 |
Differential induction of apoptosis and inhibition of the PI3-kinase pathway by saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in a colon cancer cell model. | Although numerous studies have shown that certain long chain fatty acids can induce apoptosis in cancer cells, the molecular mechanisms for this phenomenon are still poorly elucidated. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cell growth and can also contribute to tumorigenesis and cancer progression. The aims of the present study were three fold: (i) to investigate the potential chemopreventative/antiproliferative effect of various fatty acids in colon cancer cells (CaCo-2 cells) and normal colon epithelium cells (NCM460 cells); (ii) to investigate the mechanisms by which incubation with various fatty acids influences the PI3-kinase pathway in CaCo-2 cells; and (iii) to evaluate apoptosis in our cell model. Although all the fatty acids increased the viability of normal (NCM460) cells, only docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) significantly reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis in the cancer (CaCo-2) cells. Our results indicate that DHA is an effective chemotherapeutic agent to induce apoptosis in cancer cells and that this effect is mediated by the PI3-kinase signaling pathway. | 18,785,011 |
The Emergency Headache Center at the Lariboisière Hospital: 7 years with more than 70,000 patients. | After 7 years and 70,000 patients of whom two-thirds women and one-third men, 77% aged 20-50 years, 90% residing in Paris or the suburban areas, we report our experience at the Lariboisière hospital Emergency headache Center. About two-thirds of our patients complained of primary headache, i.e., migraine, but the number of patients with secondary headache has progressively increased to account for about 17.3% of our current recruitment. Vascular headache, particularly after meningeal bleeding has been prevalent leading to an increased number of orders for laboratory and radiological investigations as well as hospitalizations. | 18,785,014 |
Highly efficient regioselective synthesis of 5'-O-lauroyl-5-azacytidine catalyzed by Candida antarctica Lipase B. | Enzymatic regioselective acylation of 5-azacytidine with vinyl laurate was successfully conducted with an immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica type B (i.e., Novozym 435) for the first time. The acylation of 5-azacytidine took place at its primary hydroxyl group and the desired product 5'-O -lauroyl-5-azacytidine could be prepared with high reaction rate, high conversion, and excellent regioselectivity. The influences of several key variables on the enzymatic acylation were also systematically examined. Pyridine was found to be the best reaction medium. The optimum initial water activity, the molar ratio of vinyl laurate to 5-azacytidine and reaction temperature were 0.07, 30:1, and 50 degrees C, respectively. Under the optimized conditions described above, the initial reaction rate, the substrate conversion, and the regioselectivity were as high as 0.58 mM/min, 95.5%, and >99%, respectively, after a reaction time of around 5 h. | 18,785,019 |
Refolding of a staphylokinase variant y1-Sak by reverse dilution. | To develop more potent thrombolytic agents with fibrinolytic and antiplatelet aggregation activity, staphylokinase (Sak) variant Y1-Sak, a recombinant mutant of the Staphylococcus aureus protein Sak, was constructed. Y1-Sak formed an insoluble inclusion body when overexpressed in Escherichia coli strain JF1125. To obtain an optimized refolding process, dilution refolding was used to optimize refolding conditions. The results revealed that additive L: -arginine and refolding temperature played critical roles in the refolding of Y1-Sak. Subsequently, two refolding methods, gel filtration and reverse dilution, were investigated to refold Y1-Sak. The results indicated that the fibrinolytic activity and recovery of Y1-Sak from gel filtration were lower than those from reverse dilution. Reverse dilution refolding successfully reduced the side reaction of refolding with the help of L: -arginine, and the fibrinolytic activity and recovery of Y1-Sak were significantly improved. Functional analysis revealed that refolded Y1-Sak by reverse dilution possessed fibrinolytic and antiplatelet aggregation activities. Moreover, the immunogenicity of Y1-Sak was significantly reduced. | 18,785,020 |
Initial experience of 3-tesla apparent diffusion coefficient values in characterizing squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. | With the increased clinical use of 3-Tesla (3T) magnets, it becomes important to identify the potential applications of advanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques such as diffusion-weighted imaging in head and neck pathologies. To establish the 3T apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values for normal neck structures, and to examine the utility of ADC values in distinguishing head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) from normal neck anatomy. 3T diffusion-weighted imaging was performed on 10 normal volunteers and 10 patients with known HNSCC. In the volunteers, mean ADC was calculated in the parotid gland, submandibular gland, base of the tongue, pterygoid muscle, masseter muscle, paraspinal muscles, true vocal cord, thyroid gland, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and lymph nodes. The mean tumor ADC value was calculated from the 10 patients with HNSCC and compared with the normal ADC values from various neck structures. The mean ADC value measured in the HNSCC was 1.101 (+/-0.214) x 10(-3) mm(2)/s. This was significantly lower than ADC values of paraspinal muscles, pterygoid muscle, masseter muscle, thyroid gland, and base of the tongue (P=0.0006, 0.0002, 0.0001, 0.001, and 0.002, respectively). The tumor ADC values were not significantly different from ADC values of parotid and submandibular glands (P=0.057 and 0.14, respectively). 3T ADC values show potential for distinguishing HNSCC from normal extracranial head and neck structures. | 18,785,024 |
A validated HPLC method for separation and determination of promethazine enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations. | A simple, rapid, and validated method for separation and determination of promethazine enantiomers was developed. Promethazine was separated and quantitated on a Vancomycin Chirobiotic V column (250 x 4.6 mm), using a mixture of methanol, acetic acid, and triethylamine (100:0.1:0.1%, by volume) as a mobile phase at 20 degrees C and at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The UV-detector was set to 254 nm. Acetyl salicylic acid (Aspirin) was used as an internal standard. The applied HPLC method allowed separation and quantification of promethazine enantiomers with good linearity (r > .999) in the studied range. The relative standard deviations (RSD) were 0.29 and 0.36 for the promethazine enantiomers with accuracy of 100.06 and 100.08. The limit of detection and limit of quantification of promethazine enantiomers were found to be 0.04 and 0.07 microg/mL, respectively. The method was validated through the parameters of linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness. The HPLC method was applied for the quantitative determination of promethazine in pharmaceutical formulations. | 18,785,041 |
Exercise intensity and blood pressure during sleep. | Exercise, of appropriate intensity and duration, could help maintain normotension if post-exercise hypotension persists over subsequent everyday activities. Therefore, we monitored ambulatory blood pressure (BP) for 24 h following four separate exercise bouts which differed in intensity, duration and total work completed. At 08:00 h, six normotensive males completed a no exercise control and, in two further trials, 30 min of cycling at 70 % V O (2 peak) and 40 % V O (2 peak). A fourth trial involved cycling at 40 % V O (2 peak) for a time which equated total work with that in the most intense exercise trial. Between 20 min and 24 h after exercise, ambulatory BP, heart rate (HR) and wrist-activity were compared between trials using general linear models. Participants slept normally at night. Post-exercise changes in BP and HR were not affected by exercise intensity or total work completed from 20 min after exercise until nocturnal sleep-onset (p > 0.21). During sleep, mean arterial BP was lower following exercise at 70 % V O (2 peak) compared to the other trials (p = 0.03), including the 40 % V O (2 peak) trial equated for total work (90 % CI for difference = - 22.1 to - 0.1). We conclude that daytime exercise can elicit a physiologically meaningful lower BP during sleep and exercise intensity is the most important factor in this phenomenon. | 18,785,091 |
[From psychiatric symptoms to paraneoplastic syndrome]. | Two patients, a 38-year-old man and a 32-year-old woman, were admitted to a psychiatric ward. The first patient suffered from a mood disorder, personality changes and complained of several, hitherto unexplained physical symptoms. Finally the patient was diagnosed with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration associated with Hodgkin's disease. The second patient presented with psychosis and panic disorders, but the condition was later found to be caused by paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis due to ovarian teratomas. These cases illustrate that patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes may present with psychiatric symptoms which can hamper an early diagnosis. | 18,785,107 |
Fli-1 expression in malignant melanoma. | Friend leukemia integration site 1 (Fli-1) has been reported as the first nuclear marker of endothelial differentiation; it is expressed in leukocytes and recently demonstrated in melanomas. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 97 melanomas including 69 cases of primary and 28 metastatic melanomas were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Five melanoma cell lines were evaluated by Western blot and immunocytochemistry. Fli-1 expression was observed in all cell lines. Fli-1 expression was higher in metastatic than in primary tumors (r=0.208, p=0.041, Spearman correlation), it positively correlated with Ki-67 expression (r=0.233, p=0.022, Spearman correlation), and the presence of an ulcer in the primary tumor (r=0.267, p=0.030, Spearman correlation). Therefore, the expression of Fli-1 in malignant melanoma appears to be associated with biologically more aggressive tumors. | 18,785,112 |
Hepatocyte nuclear phenotype: the cross-talk between anabolic androgenic steroids and exercise in transgenic mice. | The growing and indiscriminate use of high doses of anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) among youth and athletes has raised serious concerns about its hepatotoxic effects. Herein, the influence of AAS in the nuclear phenotype of hepatocytes was investigated in sedentary and trained mice heterozygous for the human CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) transgene and for LDL-receptor null allele (CETP+/-LDLr+/-) by image analysis. Five groups were assayed comprising treadmill exercised (Ex) and sedentary (Sed) mice, administered mesterolone (AAS) or gum arabic (GA) and a sedentary blank control: G1(SedAAS), G2(SedGA), G3(ExAAS), G4(ExGA), and G5(SedBL). To assess nuclear phenotypes, the state of chromatin supraorganization, DNA content and fragmentation (TUNEL assay), area and perimeter of hepatocytes were determined in Feulgen-stained liver imprints. In addition, the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) hepatic transaminases were measured. SedAAS-G1 showed the lowest chromatin condensation and highest Feulgen-DNA content, polyploid nuclei frequency, nuclear area and perimeter, suggesting gene activation. Contrarily, ExAAS-G3 showed a highest chromatin condensation, and a significant decrease of Feulgen-DNA content and decreased frequency of polyploid nuclei, which suggest gene silencing. Image analysis of the nuclear phenotype offered a coherent descriptive picture of the changing patterns of chromatin organization, which were shown to be congruent with the levels of Feulgen-DNA content, geometric nuclear parameters and hepatocyte activity. In this study, the image analysis permitted the monitoring of the nuclear response to mesterolone and physical exercise action in liver cells, the molecular mechanism of which is in prospect. | 18,785,119 |
[The diagnostic differences of asthma in the elderly]. | Asthma is a common disease among elderly persons. The prevalence of asthma in subjects aged over 65 years is 6.5-17%. The diagnosis of asthma is based on typical symptoms with confirmatory information gained from physical examination and laboratory studies. Respiratory symptoms are less specific in older people. Additionally the clinical manifestations of asthma is complicated by co-morbidities, polypragmasy, underreporting of symptoms, cognitive impairment. Moreover, elderly patients are sometimes unable to perform pulmonary function tests. Consequently, discriminating asthma from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is difficult in this group of patients. The difficulties in differential diagnosis of asthma in older adults entails that disease in the elderly is often underdiagnosed and inadequately treated. | 18,785,129 |
Pulmonary epithelioid haemangioendothelioma--interferon 2-alpha treatment--case report. | A 62-year-old, obese woman, smoking 10 pack/year was admitted to the National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute to diagnose small, round opacities revealed by routine chest X-ray examination. These lesions had been observed for 5 years. The patient had been treated for psoriasis, hypertension, and insulin-independent diabetes. On admission she was in good condition, complaining of a slight productive cough as well as intermittent osteoarticular pain. Physical examination revealed cutaneous psoriatic lesions, slight edema of the lower limbs, and clubbed fingers. Tuberculin test was positive. Chest Computer Tomography scanning showed partially calcified nodules (up to 1 cm in diameter) located in the middle and base areas of both lungs. No evidence of hilar nor mediastinal lymph node enlargement was seen. Lung specimens displayed intraalveolar and intravascular growth of neoplastic cells. Immunohistochemical expression of Factor VIII, CD31 and CD34 antigens was present. Pulmonary epithelioid haemangioendothelioma was diagnosed. After 6 months of observation, progression of the disease was shown. Interferon alpha treatment was introduced. During the therapy, a slight regression of pulmonary changes was noticed and since then stabilization of the disease was observed. | 18,785,134 |
A novel method for protein-ligand binding affinity prediction and the related descriptors exploration. | In this study, a novel method was developed to predict the binding affinity of protein-ligand based on a comprehensive set of structurally diverse protein-ligand complexes (PLCs). The 1300 PLCs with binding affinity (493 complexes with K(d) and 807 complexes with K(i)) from the refined dataset of PDBbind Database (release 2007) were studied in the predictive model development. In this method, each complex was described using calculated descriptors from three blocks: protein sequence, ligand structure, and binding pocket. Thereafter, the PLCs data were rationally split into representative training and test sets by full consideration of the validation of the models. The molecular descriptors relevant to the binding affinity were selected using the ReliefF method combined with least squares support vector machines (LS-SVMs) modeling method based on the training data set. Two final optimized LS-SVMs models were developed using the selected descriptors to predict the binding affinities of K(d) and K(i). The correlation coefficients (R) of training set and test set for K(d) model were 0.890 and 0.833. The corresponding correlation coefficients for the K(i) model were 0.922 and 0.742, respectively. The prediction method proposed in this work can give better generalization ability than other recently published methods and can be used as an alternative fast filter in the virtual screening of large chemical database. | 18,785,151 |
Differentiation of embryonic stem cells into cartilage cells. | Embryonic stem (ES) cells have complete potential to form all types of cells. Although these cells have indefinite capacity for self-renewal, the mechanisms that control their lineage-restricted differentiation are not well understood. Due to their potential to form all types of cells, these cells are expected to have applications in regenerative medicine to cure human diseases. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of articular cartilage of weight bearing joints. Approximately twenty million people suffer from this debilitating disease. Therefore, the induced differentiation of ES cells into cartilage-producing cells will have potential application to cure OA. This unit describes a system to induce differentiation of a high percentage of ES cells into mesenchymal cells that differentiate into chondrocytes, the cartilage-producing cells. A quantitative production of chondrocytes can be a powerful resource to alleviate the suffering of those patients with OA. Furthermore, this can be an excellent system to investigate the upstream events of cell-restricted differentiation during the inaccessible period of development. | 18,785,169 |
Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to cardiomyocytes by coculture with endoderm in serum-free medium. | Many of the applications envisaged for human embryonic stem cells (hESC) undergoing cardiomyogenesis require that the differentiation procedure is robust and high yield. For many hESC lines currently available this is a challenge; beating areas are often obtained but subsequent analysis shows only few (<1%) cardiomyocytes actually present. Here the authors provide a protocol based on serum-free coculture with a mouse endoderm-like cell line (END2), which yields cultures containing on average 25% cardiomyocytes for two widely available hESC lines, hES2 and hES3. The authors also provide a variant on the protocol based on growth of hESC aggregates/embryoid bodies in END2-conditioned medium and a method for dissociating beating aggregates without compromising cardiomyocyte viability so that they can be used for transplantation into animals or further (electrophysiological) analysis. | 18,785,170 |
Isolation of mononuclear cells from human cord blood by Ficoll-Paque density gradient. | When preparing stem cell specimens from cord blood, pre-enrichment of mononuclear cells is highly recommended to improve the recovery of rare stem cells. Mononuclear cells are easily isolated by density gradient centrifugation. In Ficoll-Paque density gradient centrifugation, anticoagulant-treated and diluted cord blood is layered on the Ficoll-Paque solution and centrifuged. During centrifugation, erythrocytes and granulocytes sediment to the bottom layer. Lower density lymphocytes, together with other slowly sedimenting cells such as platelets and monocytes, are retained at the interface between the plasma and Ficoll-Paque, where they can be collected and subjected to subsequent isolation of hematopoietic stem cells or to the culture of mesenchymal stem cells. | 18,785,173 |
Ultrasonographic swelling ratio in the diagnosis of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. | High-resolution ultrasound can demonstrate focal nerve enlargement in entrapment neuropathies. We hypothesized that a ratio between the nerve cross-sectional area at the site of maximal enlargement and at an unaffected site may improve diagnostic accuracy in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE), when compared to a single measurement at the site of maximal enlargement. Ultrasound was used to measure the cross-sectional area of the ulnar nerve at three sites in 30 normal, healthy controls and 26 individuals with UNE. In individuals with UNE, the ratio was 2.9:1 when the site of maximal swelling was compared with a distal ulnar nerve site and 2.8:1 when compared with a proximal site. This represented a significant increase compared with the ratio of 1.1:1 for both comparisons in controls (P < 0.0001). This type of ratio may be particularly useful for assessing entrapment in those with polyneuropathy or obesity, both of which can cause diffuse nerve enlargement. | 18,785,184 |
Characterization of humoral immune responses against p16, p53, HPV16 E6 and HPV16 E7 in patients with HPV-associated cancers. | The cellular tumor suppressor p16 is strongly overexpressed in cervical cancers and precancers. We have previously demonstrated that infiltrating T lymphocytes reactive against p16 can be found in cervical cancer patients. Here, we analyzed whether p16 induces humoral immune responses. Sera of patients with cervical cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, colorectal cancer and autoimmune disease were included. A total of 919 sera were analyzed, including 486 matched sera from a cervical cancer case control study. p16 antibodies were analyzed in Western blot and a newly developed peptide ELISA covering the complete p16 protein. In addition, a Luminex-based multiplex assay was used for simultaneous detection of antibodies directed against p16, p53, HPV16 E6 and HPV16 E7. In all entities, only low p16 antibody reactivity was observed. Epitope mapping revealed 2 predominant epitope regions of the p16 protein. No significant difference in p16 antibody frequency (OR = 0.9; 95% CI = 0.6-1.3) and p53 antibody frequency (OR = 0.6; 95% CI = 0.3-1.2) was found between patients and healthy controls in the cervical cancer case control study. Antibodies against the HPV16 oncoproteins E6 and E7 were detected more frequently in cervical cancer patients when compared with healthy controls (E6 OR = 27.8; 95% CI = 11.1-69.7, E7 OR = 5.7; 95% CI = 2.9-11.1). In conclusion, despite the strong expression of p16 and the observed induction of cellular immune responses, antibody reactivity against p16 was observed only at very low levels independent of the disease background. | 18,785,210 |
Amphiphilic branched polymers as antimicrobial agents. | Cationic amphiphilic polymers were prepared from PEI and functional ethylene carbonates bearing cationic, hydrophobic or amphiphilic groups. The polymers are designed to exhibit antimicrobial properties. In a one-step addition, different functional ethylene carbonates were added to react with the primary amine groups of PEI. The water soluble polymers were studied regarding their ability to form soluble aggregates. Their hydrodynamic radii, their inhibition potential against proliferation of E. coli and their hemolytic potential were determined. A structure-property relationship was established by analyzing the antimicrobial activity as a function of the ratio of alkyl to cationic groups, length of the alkyl chains, and molecular weight of the PEI. | 18,785,211 |
Isobutyl amides--potent compounds for controlling Diatraea saccharalis. | A dichloromethane-methanol extract of the seeds of Piper tuberculatum Jacq. (Piperaceae) and two isobutyl amides, 4,5-dihydropiperlonguminine (1) and pellitorine (2), which were isolated by chromatographic methods, were assayed for their lethality against the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis F. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Bioassays were carried out with fourth-instar caterpillars through topical application of test solutions to the dorsal surface of the prothorax, and dose-response correlations were determined. Significant insect mortalities were observed 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment at concentrations of >or= 100 microg insect(-1). The LD(50) and LD(90) values for compound 1 were 92.83 and 176.50 microg insect(-1), and for compound 2 they were 91.19 and 184.56 microg insect(-1). According to the LD(50) and LD(90) for compounds 1 and 2, it can be inferred that the values reflect an acute lethal response to both compounds, based on interaction(s) of the toxicants with a primary target or series of targets. Thus, the amides were demonstrated to have potential value in the control of the sugarcane borer. | 18,785,219 |
Germination requirements for 29 terrestrial and wetland wild plant species appropriate for phytotoxicity testing. | Species selected for phytotoxicity testing have been limited to a few standard crop species owing to restrictive recommendations at the regulatory level. However, guidelines by the Organisation for Economic Development and Cooperation (OECD) were recently amended in 2006 to include a list of herbaceous non-crop plant species suitable for testing. The objective of this study was to outline the optimum germination requirements for a selection of wild species for which seeds were readily available from commercial suppliers. Of the 29 herbaceous terrestrial and wetland species included in this study, all achieved 50% germination and 23 reached > 70% germination to meet the criterion outlined in the OECD guidelines. Most species attained their maximum germination within 14 days or less. Cold stratification of imbibed seeds improved germination for 14 species. Increasing sowing soil depth did not improve seed germination. The variance attained in this experiment between replicates was low, especially for species with > 70% germination (standard error approximately 5%). The present study showed that 23 of the 29 species tested required minimal pretreatments and produced consistent, reliable and uniform germination reaching at least 70%. The inclusion of wild plant species in regulatory testing should be given real consideration. | 18,785,223 |
Chorea-acanthocytosis: report of two Brazilian cases. | Chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by chorea, neuropsychiatric disturbances and acanthocytosis, caused by mutations of VPS13A. This gene produces the protein chorein which is absent in patients with ChAc on Western blot assay. We report the first two Brazilian patients with ChAc confirmed by chorein detection. Patient 1 is a 36-year-old man with chorea, epilepsy, myopathy, and suicidal ideation. Patient 2 is a 60-year-old woman with a 30 year history of psychiatric disturbances, epilepsy, choreic movements, and myopathy. Both patients had acanthocytosis, elevated creatine kinase (CK), and absence of chorein on Western blot analysis. The presence of chorea and neuropsychiatric disturbances associated with elevated CK levels, epilepsy, hyporeflexia, and acanthocytosis suggests the diagnosis of ChAc. Chorein assay of peripheral blood confirms the diagnosis. | 18,785,241 |
Embedding 3D models of biological specimens in PDF publications. | By providing two examples, the option for embedding 3D models in electronic versions of life science publications is presented. These examples, presumably representing the first such models published, are developmental stages of an evertebrate (Patella caerulea, Mollusca) and a vertebrate species (Psetta maxima, Teleostei) obtained from histological section series reconstruction processed with the software package Amira. These surface rendering models are particularly suitable for a PDF file because they can easily be transformed to a file format required and components may be conveniently combined and hierarchically arranged. All methodological steps starting from specimen preparation until embedding of resulting models in PDF files with emphasis on conversion of Amira data to the appropriate 3D file format are explained. Usability of 3D models in PDF documents is exemplified and advantages over 2D illustrations are discussed, including better explanation capabilities for spatial arrangements, higher information contents, and limiting options for disguising results by authors. Possibilities for additional applications reaching far beyond the examples presented are suggested. Problems such as long-term compatibility of file format and hardware plus software, editing and embedding of files, file size and differences in information contents between printed and electronic version will likely be overcome by technical development and increasing tendency toward electronic at the cost of printed publications. Since 3D visualization plays an increasing role in manifold disciplines of science and appropriate tools for the popular PDF format are readily available, we propose routine application of this way of illustration in electronic life science papers. | 18,785,246 |
The use of smell identification tests in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease in Brazil. | Smell identification tests may be of routine clinical value in the differential diagnosis of PD but are subject to cultural variation and have not been systematically evaluated in the Brazilian population. We have applied culturally adapted translations of the University of Pennsylvania 40-item smell identification test (UPSIT-40) and the 16-item identification test from Sniffin' Sticks (SS-16) to nondemented Brazilian PD patients and controls. Pearson's correlation coefficient between the test scores was 0.76 (95% CI 0.70-0.81, n = 204, P < 0.001). To calculate reliability measures for each test we used the diagnosis (either PD or control) as outcome variable for separate logistic regression analyses using the score in the UPSIT-40 or the SS-16 as a covariate. The SS-16 specificity was 89.0% with a sensitivity of 81.1% (106 PD and 118 controls). The UPSIT-40 specificity was 83.5% and its sensitivity 82.1% (95 PD and 109 controls). Regression curves were used to associate an individual's smell test score with the probability of belonging to the PD, as opposed to the control group. Our data provide support for the use of the UPSIT-40 and SS-16 to help distinguish early PD from controls. | 18,785,265 |
Patency and Agile capsules. | Small bowel strictures can be missed by current diagnostic methods. The Patency capsule is a new non-endoscopic dissolvable capsule which has as an objective of checking the patency of digestive tract, in a non-invasive manner. The available clinical trials have demonstrated that the Patency capsule is a good tool for assessment of the functional patency of the small bowel, and it allows identification of those patients who can safely undergo a capsule endoscopy, despite clinical and radiographic evidence of small-bowel obstruction. Some cases of intestinal occlusion have been reported with the Patency capsule, four of them needed surgery. So, a new capsule with two timer plugs (Agile capsule) has been recently developed in order to minimize the risk of occlusion. This new device stars its dissolution process earlier (30 h after ingestion) and its two timer plugs have been designed to begin the disintegration even when the device is blocked in a tight stricture. | 18,785,278 |
Halothane hepatitis in Iran: a review of 59 cases. | To study halothane hepatitis (HH) in Iran and its associated risk factors. We retrospectively studied files of all cases diagnosed with HH referred to three referral hospitals and four private centers in Iran from April 1994 to September 2006. Information on age at surgery, gender, medications history, obesity, history of previous exposure, previous reaction to halothane, familial history, type of surgery, perioperative hypoxia or sepsis, morbidity and mortality were recorded and analyzed. A total of 59 cases were identified. Forty-eight (81%) were women. The median age at the time of surgery was 44 years (range, 18 to 80 years). Sixty percent of patients were above 40-year-old. Obesity was observed in 22.2%. Previous history of exposures to halothane was noted in 61% of which 50% had history of post-exposure reaction. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), cholecystectomy, and cosmetic surgeries (mainly weight reduction) were the most frequent surgeries. The mortality rate was 12.2%. In patients developing encephalopathy, it was as high as 50%. HH remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in centers still using this anesthetic. However, a large percentage of these cases could have been avoided. To lessen occurrence of further cases of HH, the authors suggest that in female patients having a history of surgery (or delivery) with general anesthesia, the use of halothane should be absolutely avoided. Utilization of proper substitutes in adults' anesthesia is advocated. | 18,785,286 |
Effect of music on procedure time and sedation during colonoscopy: a meta-analysis. | To integrate results from different studies in examining the effectiveness of music in reducing the procedure time and the amount of sedation used during colonoscopic procedure. An electronic search in various databases was performed to identify related articles. Study quality was evaluated by the Jadad's scale. The random effect model was used to pool the effect from individual trials and the Cohen Q-statistic was used to determine heterogeneity. Egger's regression was used to detect publication bias. Eight studies with 722 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. The combined mean difference for the time taken for the colonoscopy procedure between the music and control groups was -2.84 with 95% CI (-5.61 to -0.08), implying a short time for the music group. The combined mean difference for the use of sedation was -0.46 with 95%CI (-0.91 to -0.01), showing a significant reduction in the use of sedation in the music group. Heterogeneity was observed in both analyses but no publication bias was detected. Listening to music is effective in reducing procedure time and amount of sedation during colonoscopy and should be promoted. | 18,785,289 |
Effect of mutant p27(kipl) gene on human cholangiocarcinoma cell line, QBC(939). | To investigate the effects of exogenously mutated p27(kipl) (p27) on proliferation and apoptosis of human cholangiocarcinoma cell line, QBC(939)in vivo. Adenviral vectors were used to transfect mutated p27 cDNA into human QBC(939)cell line. Expression of p27 was detected by RT-PCR. Western blot. Cell growth, morphological change, cell cycle, apoptosis and cloning formation were determined by MTT assay and flow cytometry. The expression of p27 protein and mRNA was increased significantly in QBC(939) cell line transfected with Ad-p27mt. The transfer of Ad-p27mt could significantly inhibit the growth of QBC(939) cells, decrease the cloning formation rate and induce apoptosis. p27 over expression caused cell cycle arrest at G(0)/G(1)phase 72 h after infection with Ad-p27mt. p27 may cause cell cycle arrest at G(0)/G(1)phase and subsequently lead to apoptosis. Recombinant adenovirus expressing mutant p27 may be potentially useful in gene therapy for cholangiocarcinoma. | 18,785,290 |
Functional polymorphisms of folate-metabolizing enzymes in relation to homocysteine concentrations in systemic lupus erythematosus. | To determine if functional polymorphisms of folate/homocysteine pathway enzymes are associated with homocysteine concentrations and/or coronary artery calcification (CAC) scores in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and controls. We investigated 163 SLE patients and 160 controls. Functional polymorphisms in 6 genes in the folate/homocysteine pathway were genotyped: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C>T, MTHFR 1298A>C, cystathionine ss-synthase (CBS) 844ins68, methionine synthase (MTR) 2756A>G, methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) 66A>G, thymidylate synthase (TYMS) 1494del6, and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) c.86+60_78. Homocysteine levels were higher in African American SLE patients than Caucasian patients and African American controls. Genotype distributions were significantly different in African American and Caucasian controls for 6 of the 7 polymorphisms. Genotype distributions for each polymorphism did not differ significantly between SLE patients and controls even after stratification by race. Glomerular filtration rate was strongly negatively correlated to homocysteine levels, and was therefore adjusted for as a covariate in the models of the effects of the polymorphisms on homocysteine levels. In SLE patients none of the 7 polymorphisms was associated with homocysteine concentrations. In Caucasian controls only MTHFR 677C>T and 1298A>C showed effects on homocysteine similar to what would be expected from the literature. There were no genotypic associations with median CAC scores in SLE patients or controls with and without stratification by race. Polymorphisms in folate/homocysteine metabolizing enzymes do not predict higher homocysteine levels or CAC scores in patients with SLE. | 18,785,313 |
Dismissing the disgruntled: Swedish patient complaints management. | Over the past decade the Swedish system for dealing with patient complaints has come under increasingly intense scrutiny from both healthcare providers and consumers. This article summarizes contemporary Swedish viewpoints on the debate by using sociological theory combined with anthropological field data. Its purpose is to prompt radical reappraisal of some attitudes underlying the current handling of patient complaints in Sweden and perhaps elsewhere. The material presented here is partly a collation of literature and contemporary debate articles. A number of cases are explored including material taken from ongoing anthropological fieldwork among patients who are or have lodged complaints. Fieldwork was begun in May 2006 and consists of in-depth, semi-structured interviews, thus far with six patients, about their experiences lodging complaints. Contact with patients is ongoing as their stories continue to unfold. Interviews have also been conducted with representatives of patient support organizations and medico-legal specialists. The material is analyzed using recent sociological theory concerned with trust. Patients who lodge complaints about their care are interested in achieving moral redress and trust restoration. The major authorities dealing with patient complaints in this case may, however, be mistrusted by those who have experience of them: practitioners and patients alike. In general, they seem to fail to fulfill patients' expectations of guaranteeing ethical standards within healthcare and they are felt to act as a disincentive to honest reporting of adverse incidents by practitioners. This study is case specific and the particular findings are not readily generalizable to other countries. However, themes concerned with trust reparation that become evident pose questions about situations elsewhere that are analogous though not identical. Conclusions drawn are, therefore, intended not necessarily to be extrapolated but rather to provoke reflection about similar issues in other cases. If practices and healthcare regulation structures are to become increasingly sensitive to patients' experience then it is essential that patients' stories and struggles are aired in those forums that influence decision makers' attitudes. This article attempts to bring patients' rights, expectations and perspectives to the fore in discussion about healthcare quality assurance. By presenting patients as subject rather than object, the article intends to engage the reader in the patient's quest for moral reparation when trust is breached. The use of anthropological method helps give the perspectives or experience of those who are relatively disempowered their rightful place at the heart of discussions about healthcare quality. | 18,785,347 |
Comparison of the effects of a home-based and group-based resistance training program on functional ability in older adults. | To compare the effectiveness of home- and group-based, progressive resistance training programs and a group walking program in improving functional performance in older adults. A quasi-experimental trial, in which retirement villages were assigned to one of three groups: home-based resistance training, group-based resistance training, and group-based walking. One hundred sixty-seven retirement village residents aged 65 to 96 years. Nine resistance training exercises, using graded exercise bands and body weight, two balance exercises, and 10 stretches. Home-based participants were given an exercise booklet, 8 hours of instruction, and telephone support. Instructors supervised the group-based resistance training and walking programs. Each group exercised twice weekly for 20 weeks. Functional performance (strength, aerobic endurance, flexibility, and agility/ dynamic balance) was assessed using the Senior Fitness Test. Intervention effects were evaluated using mixed-model, repeated measures analysis of variance. Significant between-group differences were observed only for the lower-body flexibility test. Group resistance training participants improved, but home resistance training and walking participants did not. However, strength, lower-body flexibility, and agility/dynamic balance improved in the group-based resistance training participants, and strength and upper-body flexibility improved in the home-based participants. No improvements were observed in the walking group. Findings support the implementation of both home- and group-based resistance training programs in retirement villages. Encouraging residents to adopt and maintain a resistance training program remains a research priority. | 18,785,369 |
Tobacco use assessment: what exactly is your patient using and why is it important to know? | This article was presented as part of the 2007 International Society on Hypertension in Blacks (ISHIB) lifestyle modification workshop focusing on smoking cessation. The three objectives addressed included 1) identification of the known and little-known health effects of cigarette smoking (eg, endocrine effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and gonadal and reproductive function), 2) examination of the growing trends of nontraditional forms of tobacco, (cigar and water pipe smoking), and 3) identification of the importance of assessing your patients' tobacco use by asking additional tobacco screening questions of all patients, but particularly with youth and young adults. In addition, clinicians and practitioners are encouraged to increase educational efforts that address the myths that alternative forms of tobacco use, such as cigars and water pipes, are safe alternatives to cigarettes. | 18,785,400 |
Safety and efficacy of intra-articular sodium hyaluronate (Hyalgan) in a randomized, double-blind study for osteoarthritis of the ankle. | The potential benefit of hyaluronans in alleviating pain associated with osteoarthritis (OA) in joints other than the knee is of increasing interest. This double-blind, randomized, controlled study examined the safety and efficacy of intraarticular sodium hyaluronate (Hyalgan) in the treatment of pain associated with ankle OA. Thirty consecutive patients with ankle OA documented by X-ray were randomized to treatment with five weekly injections of either sodium hyaluronate 2 mL (HYL) or phosphate-buffered saline 2 mL (control) in the tibiotalar joint. The primary endpoint was pain on movement and weightbearing using the Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale (AOS) 3 months after injection (a 100-mm visual analog scale [VAS]). Additional measures included the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) OA Index and patient global assessment through 6 months; the Short Form-12 (SF-12) Health Survey at 3 months and 6 months; and all reported adverse events (AEs). The study groups differed only in age, baseline WOMAC pain, and AOS total scores; 80% of the HYL and 73% of the control patients completed the study. At Month 3, the primary endpoint of the study, the HYL group demonstrated a significantly greater improvement from baseline in AOS total score than did the control group (HYL: -17.4 +/- 5.0 mm; -5.1 +/- 4.0 mm; p = 0.0407). The incidence of AEs was low, with no significant differences between the groups. There were no post-injection flares. Our study suggests that sodium hyaluronate may be a safe and effective option for pain associated with ankle OA, although larger studies are needed. | 18,785,414 |
Acute and overuse injuries correlated to hours of training in master running athletes. | The goal of the study was to determine the rate of running-associated tendinopathy in light of the amount of time training and other risk factors. 291 elite runners (average age 42 +/- 9 years) who ran an average of 65.2 +/- 28.3 km/week were included with an overall distance of 9,980,852 km (34,416 km/athlete). Descriptive statistics with Chi2-Test, Fisher-Exact-Test and Mann-Whitney-Test were used to calculate relative risks (RR). The overall injury rate was 0.08/1000 km (2.93/athlete). Overuse injuries (0.07/1000 km) were more frequent than acute injuries (0.01/1000 km). Achilles tendinopathy was the predominant injury (0.02/1000 km) followed by anterior knee pain (0.01/1000 km), and shin splints (0.01/1000 km). Achilles tendon rupture was rarely encountered (0.001/1000 km). At some time, 56.6% of the athletes had an Achilles tendon overuse injury, 46.4% anterior knee pain, 35.7% shin splints, and 12.7% had plantar fasciitis. Mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy was more common (0.01/1000 km) than insertional (0.005/1000 km). An asphalt running surface decreased mid-portion tendinopathy risk (RR 0.47, p = 0.02). In contrast, sand increased the relative risk for mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy tenfold (RR 10, CI 1.12 to 92.8, p = 0.01). Runners with more than 10 years experience had an increased risk (RR 1.6, p = 0.04) for Achilles tendinopathy. Achilles tendinopathy is the most common running-associated tendinopathy followed by runner's knee and shin splints. | 18,785,416 |
Changes in length of the first ray with two different first MTP fusion techniques: a cadaveric study. | First metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP) fusions are performed as salvage procedures for a variety of conditions ranging from osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, hallux valgus, and failed first MTP arthroplasty. A number of bone preparation techniques have been described to fuse the first MTP joint, with varying degrees of success. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the average shortening of the first ray with a conical reamer fusion technique versus flat bone cut technique. Six paired cadaver feet were divided into two groups with one foot from each pair in each group. Preoperative first ray lengths were measured radiographically. Each group then underwent arthrodesis of first MTP joint with one of two different bone cut techniques: flat cuts or conical reaming. The postoperative lengths of the first rays were measured and the data analyzed using a two-tailed Student's t-tests. The average shortening that occurred in both groups after the procedure was 7.1 mm for the flat cut group (Group I) and 5.7 mm for the machined conical reaming group (Group II). Comparing both groups, there was no statistically significant difference in the shortening between the groups. Both flat bone cut and conically reamed techniques caused shortening of the first ray after first MTP fusion. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the postprocedure lengths of the first ray between the two groups. Neither technique is more likely to lead to transfer metatarsalgia since the shortening was similar. | 18,785,423 |
The role of expectations in patient assessments of hospital care: an example from a university hospital network, Turkey. | The aim of this paper is to document a study, in which the SERVQUAL scale was used to evaluate hospital services, conducting a preliminary assessment of patient attitudes regarding the important aspects of service dimensions. The SERVQUAL scale was implemented into routine use at the Baskent University Hospitals Network in Baskent, Turkey. The study consisted of 550 randomly chosen patients who presented to any member hospital in that network during January and February 2006 and received treatment as inpatients or outpatients at those healthcare facilities. The SERVQUAL scale was utilised to evaluate hospital services. A questionnaire was completed by a total of 472 (86.0 per cent) patients. The perceived scores of the patients were higher than expected for an ordinary hospital but lower than expected for a high-quality hospital. The highest difference between the perceived service score and the expected service score was found at the Alanya Application and Research Center in Alanya, Turkey. The paper demonstrates the use of the SERVQUAL scale in measuring the functional quality of the hospitals assessed. | 18,785,460 |
[Construction of RevS gene knock-out mutant of Streptococcus suis serotype 2]. | To construct a gene knock-out mutant of response regulator named RevS in Streptococcus suis serotype 2 virulent strain 05ZYH33, and to investigate the effects of its deletion on the biological characters of this pathogen and the pathogenesis to mice and piglets. Recombinant gene knock-out vector consisting of Spc(r) cassette was constructed and flanking was constructed consisting of Spc(r) cassette with flanking homology regions to the RevS genes while the isogenic RevS-deficient mutant was screened by allelic replacement. The effects of RevS deletion on the basic biological characters of 05ZYH33 including growth stability, colonial morphology, haemolysis, Gram staining, growth curve and protein expression were examined in vitro. The mice and piglets were infected with 10(8) CFU wild virulent and mutant isolates. PCR analysis confirmed that the coding genes of RevS were replaced completely by Spc(r) cassette and the basic biological characters of 05ZYH33 did not undergo any apparent change. Balb/c mice infection assay indicated that RevS play a role in the pathogenesis of Streptococcus suis infections, while no remarkable difference was observed in the piglets' pathogenesis infection rates between mutant isolates deltaA05ZYH33 and wild-type isolates 05ZYH33. The mutant of Streptococcus suis 05ZYH33 response regulator was successfully constructed, while the mutation did not obviously affect the bacterial biological characters, while the knock-out mutant of RevS was shown to be attenuated in pathogenesis to mice and piglets. | 18,785,481 |
[Comparison of ultrasound biomicroscopy and CT in diagnosis of anterior segment intraocular foreign body]. | To report the appearance of anterior segment intraocular foreign body in ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and CT. To investigate the advantage and disadvantage of these two imaging methods and to evaluate the value of combining application of these methods in the diagnosis of anterior segment intraocular foreign body. It was a comparative study. Forty-four cases of suspected anterior segment intraocular foreign body were simultaneously examined by UBM and CT from July 2000 to May 2007, the results were compared with the operation results. In 44 cases examined by CT, foreign bodies in 40 cases showed high density shadows, including iron, copper, stone and other foreign bodies; 2 cases showed slightly high density shadow, which were identified as plastics; in 2 cases, the foreign bodies could not be detected by CT, which were bamboo pick and Chinese chestnut sting. It was difficulty to locate the foreign body exactly and to detect the complications of anterior segment intraocular foreign body by using CT. All 44 cases of anterior segment intraocular foreign body showed strong echo spot with acoustic shadow in the UBM. UBM could provide the exact location of foreign body and could detect all complications. But the examining procedure of UBM was complicated, the examining screen was relatively narrow and the examination was time-consuming. In suspected anterior segment intraocular foreign body, CT examination should be performed first to detect the position and the nature of foreign body, then UBM could be used to obtain the exact position of foreign body and to detect the complications. | 18,785,546 |
[Clinical analysis of 73 cases of macrodactyly]. | To analyze the clinical characteristics of 73 cases of macrodactyly. Review the incidence, distribution, characteristic, X-rays, pathogenesis and treatment of involved digits on the base of the clinical documents of 73 macrodactyly which were treated from 1965 to 2006. Twenty-eight cases had been followed-up. Unilateral involved 71 cases, bilateral involved 2 cases. In upper deformities, the most involved digit was the index finger, followed by thumb and middle finger enlargement. In lower deformities, the second toes were affected more. There were 12 cases of static macrodactyly, which were all presented at or soon after birth. Sixty-one cases were progressive macrodactyly: 39 cases presented at birth; 17 cases occurred at about 2 years old; 5 cases were found after age 2. Thirty-seven cases of progressive type presented digital deviation; 3 cases associated with syndactyly; 16 cases complicated with thenar eminence hypertrophy; 8 cases of multiple-digit involved combined with palm and forearm hyperplasia. Macrodactyly in hand has a preference for the median nerve territory, mainly involving index, thumb and middle finger. Pedal macrodactyly prefers medial plantar nerve territory, the second toe is the most commonly affected. The progressive macrodactyly is more common than static. It may present at birth and combine with syndactyly, digital deviation, thenar eminence hypertrophy, palm and forearm hyperplasia. | 18,785,561 |
[Injuries after lobectomy: a prospective randomized comparison of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and mini-thoracotomy]. | To compare the differences of injuries and recovery between video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and mini-thoracotomy (MT) in patients with clinical early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after lobectomy. From March 2004 to December 2006, 47 consecutive patients with early stage NSCLC with a diameter of tumor less than 6 cm were recruited and randomized to VATS group and MT group. Incision length, duration of operation and intraoperative blood loss were recorded. Postoperative pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale before operation and daily for the first 7 days after operation. The serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured by cytometric bead array before operation and at 4, 24, and 48 h after operation. Karnofsky performance status (KPS) was assessed before operation and daily for the first 7 days after operation. Incision length was (6.0 +/- 0. 9) cm in the VATS group and (12.5 +/- 1.5) cm in the MT group. There was no significant difference in duration of operation and intraoperative blood loss between the VATS group and the MT group. Postoperative pain was significantly less in the VATS group in the 5th to 7th day postoperatively (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference of serum concentrations of IL-6 and IL-10 between the VATS group and the MT group at 4, 24, and 48 h after operation. KPS score was significantly higher in the VATS group on 2nd to 7th day postoperatively (P < 0.05). Compared with MT, VATS for lobectomy has less postoperative pain, faster recovery, but can't reduce postoperative release of cytokines. | 18,785,569 |
[Acute mesenteric venous thrombosis: experience of 27 cases]. | To summarize the diagnostic and therapeutic experiences of acute mesenteric venous thrombosis (MVT). The clinical data of 27 cases of acute MVT treated between 1983 and July 2007 were analyzed retrospectively. The courses of disease were from 1 to 14 days (mean, 6.1 days). Eighteen cases (66.7%) had the history of portal hypertension, deep vein thrombosis, acute MVT or other hypercoagulability. The diagnostic sensitivity of ultrasonography, CT, angiography and serum D-Dimer level were 70.6% (12/17), 75.0% (6/8), 100% (6/6), 100% (6/6), respectively. Bowel necrosis occurred in all the 16 cases with bloody ascites. The thrombolytic and anticoagulation therapy are effective in 36.4% of cases (4/11). Twenty-two cases received operation, and resection of necrotic bowel was performed in all and thrombectomy in 3 cases. The main postoperative complications included 3 cases of deep vein thrombosis, 1 acute cardiac infarction, 3 short bowel syndrome. MVT recurred in 4 cases within a week after operation. Eight patients died within a month after confirmed with acute MVT, in which 7 patients died after operation. Anticoagulation medication was implemented in all the 19 survived patients. Fifteen patients were followed-up for 1-120 months (mean, 39.2 months), 7 of them continued the anticoagulation therapy during this period. The determination of serum D-Dimer level and such adjuvant examinations as ultrasonography, CT and angiography are important diagnostic means for acute MVT. Anticoagulation and thrombolysis should be considered firstly if there is no active bleeding and bowel necrosis. We recommend laparotomy when bowel necrosis is suspected. | 18,785,575 |
Molecular phylogeny of pneumocystis based on 5.8S rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacers of rRNA gene sequences. | To clarify the phylogenetic relationships and species status of Pneumocystis, the 5.8S rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacers (ITS, 1 and 2) of Pneumocystis rRNA derived from rat, gerbil and human were amplified, cloned and sequenced. The genetic distance matrix of six Pneumocystis species compared with other fungi like Taphrina and Saccharomyces indicated that the Pneumocystis genus contained multiple species including Pneumocystis from gerbil. The phylogenetic tree also showed that Pneumocystis from human and monkey formed one group and four rodent Pneumocystis formed another group. Among the four members, Pneumocystis wakefieldiae was most closely related to Pneumocystis murina and Pneumocystis carinii, and was least related to gerbil Pneumocystis. | 18,785,590 |
Study on the interaction between palladium(II)-lincomycin chelate and erythrosine by absorption, fluorescence and resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra and its analytical applications. | In pH 5.0-5.4 HAc-NaAc buffer solution, lincomycin (Linco) reacted with Pd(II) to form 1:1 cationic chelate, which could further react with erythrosine (Ery) to form 1:1 ion-association complexes (Pd-Linco)Ery. As a result, not only were the absorption and fluorescence spectra changed, but also the resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) intensity was greatly enhanced. These phenomena offered useful means for the determination of Linco by spectrophotometry, fluorescence and RRS methods. The linear range and detection limit of Linco were 0.20-3.00 microg/mL and 0.057 microg/mL, 0.20-4.80 microg/mL and 0.061 microg/mL, 0.05-2.70 microg/mL and 0.015 microg/mL for the spectrophotometric, fluorescence quenching and RRS methods, respectively. Among these, the RRS method obtained the highest sensitivity. Therefore, the optimum reaction conditions and the influences of coexisting substances were investigated using the RRS method. A simple, sensitive and rapid method has been developed for the determination of Linco in either the pharmaceutical form or human body fluids, and the reasons for RRS enhancement are discussed. | 18,785,616 |
Effectiveness of saliva collection and enzyme-immunoassay for the quantification of cortisol in socially housed baboons. | Circulating cortisol levels are often used to assess the biological stress response in captive primates. Some methods commonly used to collect blood samples may alter the stress response. As such, noninvasive means to analyze cortisol levels are increasingly being developed. We adapted an existing collection method to simultaneously obtain saliva from multiple socially living hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas hamadryas) and validated an enzyme-immunoassay kit to quantify cortisol within the saliva samples. Over a period of 12 months, saliva samples were regularly collected from approximately half of the 18-member colony, representing younger monkeys who were more willing to participate. The assay met the four criteria typically used to assess the effectiveness of a new analytical technique: parallelism, precision, accuracy, and sensitivity. Cortisol levels were also proportional to those expected given published plasma levels of cortisol in baboons. Further, salivary cortisol levels increased in individuals following significant stress-related events, such as removal from the group, indicating biological validation. The technique provided a reliable and effective means to assess a physiological indicator of stress in a social group without initiating a stress response owing to handling or sedation, and provided a real-time assessment of cortisol levels and reactivity. | 18,785,637 |
Using the CORE-R battery in group psychotherapy. | This article applies and illustrates the American Group Psychotherapy Association (AGPA) revised CORE battery to daily practice. The CORE can assist practitioners in periodically or continuously monitoring outcome and process factors to determine patient status (e.g., improved, deteriorated, or no change), and ruptures in the therapeutic relationships. The CORE-R provides group therapists with a tool kit of measures for assessing the effectiveness of their groups and includes three classes of measures: selection, process, and outcome. We provide a summary of each class of measures along with specific instruments. | 18,785,650 |
Retracted: A catechol type siderophore, bacillibactin: biosynthesis, regulation and transport in Bacillus subtilis. | Retraction: The following article from the Journal of Basic Microbiology, "A catechol type siderophore, bacillibactin: biosynthesis, regulation and transport in Bacillus subtilis" by Waseem Raza, Hongsheng Wu, Muhammad Ali Abdullah Shah and Qirong Shen, published online on 11 September 2008 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor-in-Chief, Erika Kothe, and the publisher Wiley-VCH. The retraction has been agreed due to substantial overlap of the content of this article with previously published articles in other journals.The Journal of Basic Microbiology apologises to our readership. | 18,785,660 |
Molecular mechanisms causing anomalously high thermal expansion of nanoconfined water. | Anomalously high thermal expansion is measured in water confined in nanoscale pores in amorphous silica and the molecular mechanisms are identified by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using an accurate dissociative water potential. The experimentally measured coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of nanoconfined water increases as pore dimension decreases. The simulations match this behavior for water confined in 30 A and 70 A pores in silica. The cause of the high expansion is associated with the structure and increased CTE of a region of water approximately 6 A thick adjacent to the silica. The structure of water in the first 3 A of this interface is templated by the atomically rough silica surface, while the water in the second 3 A just beyond the atomically rough silica surface sits in an asymmetric potential well and displays a high density, with a structure comparable to bulk water at higher pressure. | 18,785,675 |
The role of crystallization parameters for the synthesis of germanosilicate with UTL topology. | The investigation of the critical synthesis parameters of germanosilicate of UTL topology, possessing 14- and 12-rings, has been carried out in detail. (6R,10S)-6,10-Dimethyl-5-azoniaspiro[4.5]decane hydroxide was used as the structure-directing agent (SDA). The kinetics of the synthesis, the role of the Si/Ge ratio in the synthesis mixture, and the effect of the calcination procedure were investigated in relation to the crystallinity and textural properties of the synthesized material. The optimum synthesis time was found to be six days for Si/Ge and (Si+Ge)/SDA molar ratios of 2 and 1.7, respectively. The UTL zeolite crystallizes as small sheets of 10 mum in size. The micropore volume of the best crystals is 0.22 cm(3) g(-1) with a micropore diameter of 1.05 nm, based on DFT and Saito-Foley analyses of adsorption data. | 18,785,677 |
Adsorption and structure of water on kaolinite surfaces: possible insight into ice nucleation from grand canonical monte carlo calculations. | Grand canonical Monte Carlo calculations are used to determine water adsorption and structure on defect-free kaolinite surfaces as a function of relative humidity at 235 K. This information is then used to gain insight into ice nucleation on kaolinite surfaces. Results for both the SPC/E and TIP5P-E water models are compared and demonstrate that the Al-surface [(001) plane] and both protonated and unprotonated edges [(100) plane] strongly adsorb at atmospherically relevant relative humidities. Adsorption on the Al-surface exhibits properties of a first-order process with evidence of collective behavior, whereas adsorption on the edges is essentially continuous and appears dominated by strong water lattice interactions. For the protonated and unprotonated edges no structure that matches hexagonal ice is observed. For the Al-surface some of the water molecules formed hexagonal rings. However, the a o lattice parameter for these rings is significantly different from the corresponding constant for hexagonal ice ( Ih). A misfit strain of 14.0% is calculated between the hexagonal pattern of water adsorbed on the Al-surface and the basal plane of ice Ih. Hence, the ring structures that form on the Al-surface are not expected to be good building-blocks for ice nucleation due to the large misfit strain. | 18,785,690 |
Spectroscopic characterization of phenazinium dye aggregates in water and acetonitrile media: effect of methyl substitution on the aggregation phenomenon. | Absorption, fluorescence, and fluorescence excitation spectral studies of two planar, cationic phenazinium dyes, namely, phenosafranin (PSF) and safranin-T (ST), have been performed in protic and aprotic polar solvents. The studies reveal the formation of both J- and H-aggregates in concentrated solutions. The planarity of the phenazinium skeleton and the presence of a positive charge are attributed to be the driving force for this aggregation behavior. The aggregates are established to be dimers only. The positive inductive effect of the methyl substituents in safranin-T augments the aggregation process. The experiments reveal that for both dyes, the polar protic solvent favors the aggregation process more than the aprotic solvent. | 18,785,692 |
Study of film structure and adsorption kinetics of polyelectrolyte multilayer films: effect of pH and polymer concentration. | The alternate adsorption of polycation poly(allylamine hydrochloride)(PAH) and the sodium salt of the polymeric dye poly(1-[ p-(3'-carboxy-4'-hydroxyphenylazo)benzenesulfonamido]-1,2-ethandiyl)(PCBS) on quartz crystals coated with silica was studied to understand the structural properties and adsorption kinetics of these films using a combination of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), absorbance, and ellipsometry measurements. In-situ deposition of the polycation PAH on QCM crystals was monitored, followed by rinsing with water and then deposition of the polyanion PCBS. The effects of polymer concentration and pH on film structure, composition and adsorption kinetics were probed. The polymers were adsorbed at neutral pH conditions and at elevated pH conditions where PAH was essentially uncharged to obtain much thicker films. The change in the resonant frequency, Deltaf, of the QCM-D showed a linear decrease with the number of bilayers, a finding consistent with absorbance and ellipsometric thickness measurements which showed linear growth of film thickness. By using the Delta f ratios of PCBS to PAH, the molar ratios of repeat units of PCBS to PAH in the bilayer films as determined by QCM-D were approximately 1:1 at polyelectrolyte concentrations 5-10 mM repeat unit, indicating complete dissociation of the ionic groups. The frequency and dissipation data from the QCM-D experiments were analyzed with the Voigt model to estimate the thickness of the hydrated films which were then compared with thicknesses of dry films measured by ellipsometry. This led to estimates of the water content of the films to be approximately 45 wt %. In addition to the QCM-D, some films were also characterized by a QCM which measures only the first harmonic without dissipation monitoring. For the deposition conditions studied, the deposited mass values measured by the QCM's first harmonic were similar to the results obtained using higher harmonics from QCM-D, indicating that the self-assembled polyelectrolyte films were rigid. | 18,785,708 |
Raman enhancement of azobenzene monolayers on substrates prepared by Langmuir-Blodgett deposition and electron-beam lithography techniques. | Nanostructured metallic platforms for Raman enhancement were fabricated using Langmuir-Blodgett and electron beam (e-beam) lithography techniques. The gold platforms were inscribed on thin glass slides with the purpose of using them in a transmission geometry experimental setup under a confocal microscope. The plasmon frequency of the gold nanostructures was determined in the visible-near-infrared range for various pattern sizes prepared by Langmuir-Blodgett transfer and e-beam lithography. The surface Raman enhancement factors were determined for a monolayer of azobenzene molecules adsorbed on gold through thiol bonding and compared for both LB transfer and e-beam samples for nanostructures of comparable geometries. | 18,785,712 |
Mannose-based molecular patterns on stealth microspheres for receptor-specific targeting of human antigen-presenting cells. | The targeting of antigen-presenting cells has recently gained strong attention for both targeted vaccine delivery and immunomodulation. We prepared surface-modified stealth microspheres that display various mannose-based ligands at graded ligand densities to target phagocytic C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) on human dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Decoration of microspheres with carbohydrate ligands was achieved (i) by electrostatic surface assembly of mannan onto previously formed adlayers of poly( l-lysine) (PLL) or a mix of PLL and poly( l-lysine)- graft-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-PEG), or (ii) through assembly of PLL-PEG equipped with small substructure mannoside ligands, such as mono- and trimannose, as terminal substitution of the PEG chains. Microspheres carrying mannoside ligands were also studied in combination with an integrin-targeting RGD peptide ligand. Because of the presence of a mannan or PEG corona, such microspheres were protected against protein adsorption and opsonization, thus allowing the formation of specific ligand-receptor interactions. Mannoside density was the major factor for the phagocytosis of mannoside-decorated microspheres, although with limited efficiency. This strengthens the recent hypothesis by other authors that the mannose receptor (MR) only acts as a phagocytic receptor when in conjunction with yet unidentified partner receptor(s). Analysis of DC surface markers for maturation revealed that neither surface-assembled mannan nor mannoside-modified surfaces on the microspheres could stimulate DC maturation. Thus, phagocytosis upon recognition by CLRs alone cannot trigger DC activation toward a T helper response. The microparticulate platform established in this work represents a promising tool for systematic investigations of specific ligand-receptor interactions upon phagocytosis, including the screening for potential ligands and ligand combinations in the context of vaccine delivery and immunomodulation. | 18,785,716 |
Electrochemical synthesis of silver polyhedrons and dendritic films with superhydrophobic surfaces. | Single-crystalline Ag dendrites are grown on a Ni/Cu substrate by using a simple templateless, surfactantless electrochemical technique. Controlling only the applied potential causes a change in the deposited silver morphology from polyhedrons to dendrites. Microstructure characterization suggests that preferential growth along the 211 directions by the oriented attachment of Ag nanocrystals leads to the formation of Ag dendrites, which are composed of trunks, branches, and leaves. Modifying as-grown Ag dendritic film with a thickness of about 10 microm with a self-assembled monolayer of n-dodecanethiol yields a superhydrophobic surface with a contact angle of 154.5 +/- 1.0 degrees and a tilt angle lower than 2 degrees. | 18,785,717 |
Self-associative behavior and drug-solubilizing ability of poloxamine (tetronic) block copolymers. | The incidence of the structural features on the self-assembly of different poloxamines (the conventional sequential Tetronic 304, 901, 904, 908, 1107, 1301, and 1307; a reverse-sequential counterpart Tetronic 150R1; and a chemically modified derivative, N-methylated Tetronic 1107) was thoroughly studied in 10 mM HCl by means of pi-A isotherm, surface tension, and pyrene fluorescence measurements. The size and size distribution of the aggregates were investigated by dynamic and static light scattering, and the morphology was probed by transmission electron microscopy. The abilities of the different derivatives to solubilize the drug simvastatin were also evaluated. Poloxamines with both higher PO/EO ratio and molecular weight (T1301 and T150R1) led to micelles with larger and more hydrophobic cores, particularly adequate for hosting hydrophobic molecules and protecting the labile lactone form of simvastatin from hydrolysis. On the other hand, the hydroxy acid form of simvastatin interacted with the central ethylenediamine group under alkaline pH (T304) or when a permanent positive charge due to methylation was present. Micelles of long poloxamine molecules containing large PPO blocks (with 23-29 units, namely, T1301, T1307, and T150R1), particularly the one that also has long PEO blocks, were the most physically stable toward dilution. | 18,785,722 |
In vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with an alphavbeta6 specific peptide radiolabeled using 18F-"click" chemistry: evaluation and comparison with the corresponding 4-[18F]fluorobenzoyl- and 2-[18F]fluoropropionyl-peptides. | Numerous radiolabeled peptides have been utilized for in vivo imaging of a variety of cell surface receptors. For applications in PET using [(18)F]fluorine, peptides are radiolabeled via a prosthetic group approach. We previously developed solution-phase (18)F-"click" radiolabeling and solid-phase radiolabeling using 4-[(18)F]fluorobenzoic and 2-[(18)F]fluoropropionic acids. Here we compare the three different radiolabeling approaches and report the effects on PET imaging and pharmacokinetics. The prosthetic groups did have an effect; metabolites with significantly different polarities were observed. | 18,785,727 |
Discovery of inhibitors of Escherichia coli methionine aminopeptidase with the Fe(II)-form selectivity and antibacterial activity. | Methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP) is a promising target to develop novel antibiotics, because all bacteria express MetAP from a single gene that carries out the essential function of removing N-terminal methionine from nascent proteins. Divalent metal ions play a critical role in the catalysis, and there is an urgent need to define the actual metal used by MetAP in bacterial cells. By high throughput screening, we identified a novel class of catechol-containing MetAP inhibitors that display selectivity for the Fe(II)-form of MetAP. X-ray structure revealed that the inhibitor binds to MetAP at the active site with the catechol coordinating to the metal ions. Importantly, some of the inhibitors showed antibacterial activity at low micromolar concentration on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Our data indicate that Fe(II) is the likely metal used by MetAP in the cellular environment, and MetAP inhibitors need to inhibit this metalloform of MetAP effectively to be therapeutically useful. | 18,785,729 |
Decarboxylative allylation using sulfones as surrogates of alkanes. | Alpha-sulfonyl functional groups are traceless activating groups that facilitate catalytic decarboxylative allylations in high yield yet can be cleaved to allow the synthesis of simple allylated alkanes. Substrate studies suggest that decarboxylation to form an alpha-sulfonyl anion is rate-limiting. Furthermore, the anion is formed regiospecifically under formally neutral conditions. | 18,785,744 |
A novel beta-defensin structure: a potential strategy of big defensin for overcoming resistance by Gram-positive bacteria. | Big defensin is a 79-residue peptide derived from hemocytes of the Japanese horseshoe crab. It has antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. The amino acid sequence of big defensin can be divided into an N-terminal hydrophobic half and a C-terminal cationic half. Interestingly, the trypsin cleaves big defensin into two fragments, the N-terminal and C-terminal fragments, which are responsible for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, respectively. To explore the antimicrobial mechanism of big defensin, we determined the solution structure of mature big defensin and performed a titration experiment with DPC micelles. Big defensin has a novel defensin structure; the C-terminal domain adopts a beta-defensin structure, and the N-terminal domain forms a unique globular conformation. It is noteworthy that the hydrophobic N-terminal domain undergoes a conformational change in micelle solution, while the C-terminal domain remains unchanged. Here, we propose that the N-terminal domain achieves its antimicrobial activity in a novel fashion and explain that big defensin has developed a strategy different from those of other beta-defensins to suppress the growth of Gram-positive bacteria. | 18,785,751 |
Direct probe-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry of cross-linked copolymers and copolymer blends. | Complex copolymers are heated to slowly increasing temperatures on a direct probe (DP) inside the plasma of the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source of a quadrupole ion trap. Slow heating allows for temporal separation of the thermal degradation products according to the stabilities of the bonds being cleaved. The products released from the DP are identified in situ by APCI mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. DP-APCI experiments on amphiphilic copolymers provide conclusive information about the nature of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic components present and can readily distinguish between copolymers with different comonomer compositions as well as between cross-linked copolymers and copolymer blends with similar physical properties. The dependence of DP-APCI mass spectra on temperature additionally reveals information about the thermal stability of the different domains within a copolymer. | 18,785,760 |
Rhodotorula infection. A systematic review of 128 cases from literature. | Rhodotorula is an emerging opportunistic pathogen, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Many cases of fungemia associated with catheters, endocarditis, peritonitis, meningitis, and endophthalmitis are infections incited by this yeast. The main purpose of this study was to review all cases of Rhodotorula infection reported in the literature and to describe risk factors, underlying conditions and outcome. From 128 cases, 79% were fungemia (103 cases), 7% eye infections (nine cases) and 5% (six cases) peritonitis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Eighty seven percent of Rhodotorula infections are associated with underlying immunosuppression or cancer. The most common isolated risk factor associated with Rhodotorula infection was the use of a central venous catheter, which was found in 83.4% of Rhodotorula fungemia (86 cases). Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was the most common species of fungemia (74% of cases), followed by Rhodotorula glutinis with 7.7%. The species was not identified in 17% of the cases of fungemias. Amphotericin was the drug of choice in the treatment of fungemia and most of the eye infections were treated with topical amphotericin, although all patients lost their vision. All peritonitis cases associated with continous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis needed to have the Tenckoff catheter changed. The overall mortality of Rhodotorula infection was 12.6%. | 18,785,780 |
Occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins in corn silage, Jalisco State, Mexico. | The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, mold count and mycotoxin contamination of corn silage collected during a six month-period. The results indicated that the chemical composition and the physicochemical parameters evaluated did not show significant variation during the sampling time. Fungal count on RBC ranged from 1.7 x 10(3) to 9 x 10e8 CFU/g. Mucor, Penicillium and Aspergillus spp. were the most frequent fungal species in the corn silage. Fusarium count ranged from 1.6 x 10(3) to 1.6 x 10e8 CFU/g in Nash Snyder culture media. Aflatoxin B, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, ochratoxin B, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone were detected throughout the period of corn silage maintenance (100% positive samples). However, only deoxynivalenol levels were higher than the maximum limit recommended by the FDA. | 18,785,791 |
Improved splicing of adeno-associated viral (AAV) capsid protein-supplying pre-mRNAs leads to increased recombinant AAV vector production. | Adeno-associated viral (AAV) capsid proteins, thought to be a rate-limiting step in the production of recombinant AAV (rAAV), are translated from spliced mRNAs. Improvement of the native AAV nonconsensus donor sequence increases splicing yet leaves the relative levels of VP1- and VP2/3-encoding mRNAs unchanged, and thus provides a means to increase delivery of correct ratios of AAV capsid proteins. This effect is independent of the AAV serotype used, and occurs whether the rep and cap genes supplied in trans are on the same or separate expression vectors. In the split-vector system, replacement of the more traditionally used cytomegalovirus promoter with that of the AAV5 P41 promoter allowed for even greater levels of splicing, and together with an improved intron donor, led to a 10- to 15-fold increase in the levels of splicing, rAAV production, and transduction compared with levels achieved by traditional cotransfection methods. Thus, the enhancement of splicing presents a useful method to enhance rAAV production via transient transfection. | 18,785,816 |
Evolution of intracellular pathogens. | The evolution of intracellular pathogens is considered in the context of ambiguities in basic definitions and the diversity of host-microbe interactions. Intracellular pathogenesis is a subset of a larger world of host-microbe interactions that includes amoeboid predation and endosymbiotic existence. Intracellular pathogens often reveal genome reduction. Despite the uniqueness of each host-microbe interaction, there are only a few general solutions to the problem of intracellular survival, especially in phagocytic cells. Similarities in intracellular pathogenic strategies between phylogenetically distant microbes suggest convergent evolution. For discerning such patterns, it is useful to consider whether the microbe is acquired from another host or directly from the environment. For environmentally acquired microbes, biotic pressures, such as amoeboid predators, may select for the capacity for virulence. Although often viewed as a specialized adaptation, the capacity for intracellular survival may be widespread among microbes, thus questioning whether the intracellular lifestyle warrants a category of special distinctiveness. | 18,785,836 |
Cell biology of HIV-1 infection of macrophages. | HIV infection of macrophages is a critically important component of viral pathogenesis and progression to AIDS. Although the virus follows the same life cycle in macrophages and T lymphocytes, several aspects of the virus-host relationship are unique to macrophage infection. Examples of these are the long-term persistence of productive infection, sustained by the absence of cell death, and the ability of progeny virus to bud into and accumulate in endocytic compartments designated multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Recently, the hypothesis that viral exploitation of the macrophage endocytic machinery is responsible for perpetuating the chronic state of infection unique to this cell type has been challenged in several independent studies employing a variety of experimental strategies. This review examines the evidence supporting and refuting the canonical hypothesis and highlights recently identified cellular factors that may contribute to the unique aspects of the HIV-macrophage interaction. | 18,785,842 |
Study of autonomic nervous activity of night shift workers treated with laser acupuncture. | The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of laser acupuncture on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) of the night shift worker. Many articles have demonstrated that levels of affective disorders and stress are high in night shift workers. We applied laser energy to the Neiguan point (PC6) to examine the impact of laser acupuncture on the ANS of 45 healthy young males who were night shift workers and evaluated their heart-rate variability (HRV). The laser group (n = 15) received laser acupuncture (9.7 J/cm(2), 830 nm) for 10 min, and the placebo group (n = 15) received sham laser treatment. The effects before and after this intervention on the HRV of the subjects were assessed, along with those seen after 30 min of lying down. After treatment and after the 30-min rest period, the independent-sample t-test showed that both groups exhibited statistically significant differences in high-frequency (HF) HRV, low-frequency (LF) HRV, and the LF:HF ratio of HRV (p < 0.05). Compared with the placebo group, the paired-samples t-test showed that after laser treatment the treatment group had a statistically significant improvement in HF HRV (p = 0.001), LF HRV (p = 0.001), and the LF:HF HRV ratio (p = 0.02). Laser acupuncture stimulation applied to the Neiguan point increased vagal activity and suppression of cardiac sympathetic nerves. This effect was positive and could be used to help patients who have circadian rhythm disorders. | 18,785,846 |
Angiotensin II modulates CD40 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. | The signalling pathway CD40/CD40L (CD40 ligand) plays an important role in atherosclerotic plaque formation and rupture. AngII (angiotensin II), which induces oxidative stress and inflammation, is also implicated in the progression of atherosclerosis. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that AngII increases CD40/CD40L activity in vascular cells and that ROS (reactive oxygen species) are part of the signalling cascade that controls CD40/CD40L expression. Human CASMCs (coronary artery smooth muscle cells) in culture exposed to IL (interleukin)-1beta or TNF-alpha (tumour necrosis factor-alpha) had increased superoxide generation and enhanced CD40 expression, detected by EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) and immunoblotting respectively. Both phenomena were abolished by previous incubation with membrane-permeant antioxidants or cell transfection with p22(phox)antisense. AngII (50-200 nmol/l) induced an early and sustained increase in CD40 mRNA and protein expression in CASMCs, which was blocked by treatment with antioxidants. Increased CD40 expression led to enhanced activity of the pathway, as AngII-treated cells stimulated with recombinant CD40L released higher amounts of IL-8 and had increased COX-2 (cyclo-oxygenase-2) expression. We conclude that AngII stimulation of vascular cells leads to a ROS-dependent increase in CD40/CD40L signalling pathway activity. This phenomenon may be an important mechanism modulating the arterial injury observed in atherosclerosis-related vasculopathy. | 18,785,879 |
Role of hydrogen peroxide in competition and cooperation between Streptococcus gordonii and Actinomyces naeslundii. | In dental plaque alpha-haemolytic streptococci, including Streptococcus gordonii, are considered beneficial for oral health. These organisms produce hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) at concentrations sufficient to kill many oral bacteria. Streptococci do not produce catalase yet tolerate H(2)O(2). We recently demonstrated that coaggregation with Actinomyces naeslundii stabilizes arginine biosynthesis in S. gordonii. Protein arginine residues are sensitive to oxidation by H(2)O(2). Here, the ability of A. naeslundii to protect S. gordonii against self-produced H(2)O(2) was investigated. Coaggregation with A. naeslundii enabled S. gordonii to grow in the absence of arginine, and promoted survival of S. gordonii following growth with or without added arginine. Arginine-replete S. gordonii monocultures contained 20-30 microM H(2)O(2) throughout exponential growth. Actinomyces naeslundii did not produce H(2)O(2) but synthesized catalase, removed H(2)O(2) from coaggregate cultures and decreased protein oxidation in S. gordonii. On solid medium, S. gordonii inhibited growth of A. naeslundii; exogenous catalase overcame this inhibition. In coaggregate cultures, A. naeslundii cell numbers were >90% lower than in monocultures after 24 h. These results indicate that coaggregation with A. naeslundii protects S. gordonii from oxidative damage. However, high cell densities of S. gordonii inhibit A. naeslundii. Therefore, H(2)O(2) may drive these organisms towards an ecologically balanced community in natural dental plaque. | 18,785,881 |
Tolterodine immediate release improves sexual function in women with overactive bladder. | Quality of life studies indicate that overactive bladder (OAB) has a greater negative impact on everyday life than other serious conditions such as diabetes. The detrimental effect of OAB on female sexual health is more prominent than urinary incontinence. We know that tolterodine immediate release (IR) has a beneficial effect on urinary symptoms in OAB. To evaluate the impact of tolterodine IR on sexual function in patients with OAB. A total of 30 sexually active women with OAB from 20 to 52 years were included. All patients filled out the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ) and the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX) before treatment with tolterodine IR and at the end of each month of treatment until 3 months. Expected outcomes were improvements in the ICIQ and ASEX total score. All ASEX items were expected to improve individually. These improvements indicate better sexual function after treatment. Results. The mean of the total ASEX score improved relative to baseline in the first (P<0.01), second (P<0.01), and third (P<0.01) follow-up. The mean of scores for sexual desire, arousal, vaginal lubrication, orgasm, and orgasm satisfaction improved significantly (P<0.01) with each follow-up. Tolterodine IR significantly improves sexual function of women with OAB. Improvement is seen in all domains of sexual function. | 18,785,896 |
Sulfur starvation in rice: the effect on photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and oxidative stress protective pathways. | Sulfur-deficient plants generate a lower yield and have a reduced nutritional value. The process of sulfur acquisition and assimilation play an integral role in plant metabolism, and response to sulfur deficiency involves a large number of plant constituents. Rice (Oryza sativa) is the second most consumed cereal grain, and the effects of sulfur deprivation in rice were analyzed by measuring changes in photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and antioxidants. The photosynthetic apparatus was severely affected under sulfur deficiency. The Chl content was reduced by 49% because of a general reduction of PSII and PSI and the associated light-harvesting antenna. The PSII efficiency was 31% lower at growth light, and the ability of PSI to photoreduce NADP+ was decreased by 61%. The Rubisco content was also significantly reduced in the sulfur-deprived plants. The imbalances between PSII and PSI, and between photosynthesis and carbon fixation led to a general over-reduction of the photosynthetic electron carriers (higher 1-q(P)). Chromatographic analysis showed that the level of monosaccharides was lower and starch content higher in the sulfur-deprived plants. In contrast, no changes in metabolite levels were found in the tricarboxylic acid or Calvin cycle. The level of the thiol-containing antioxidant, GSH, was 70% lower and the redox state was significantly more oxidized. These changes in GSH status led to an upregulation of the cytosolic isoforms of GSH reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase. In addition, alternative antioxidants like flavonoids and anthocyanins were increased in the sulfur-deprived plants. | 18,785,901 |
Tradition in transition--intergenerational relations with focus on the aged and their family members in a South African context. | This study describes the intergenerational relations influence on the care of the aged in a transitional period expressed by a group of aged South Africans and their family members. Focused ethnographic research was carried out from 2001 to 2006 in a semi-rural area in central South Africa. Twenty-nine participants representing 16 families took part in multiple group interviews. The data was supplemented through individual interviews with 10 of the participants as well as home visits, participation in community activities, notes and video recording. The transcribed interview texts were analysed using qualitative content analysis. The study shows aspects of tradition in transition as reciprocal care between generations, the significance of traditional values and the impact of modernization on care. The findings reveal the on going transition in Africa influencing the role of the aged as well as the reciprocal care within the extended family. The study also discloses that in reciprocal relationships, family members do not necessarily have a biological bond and that revaluing of traditions can be seen as a response to social and economic change and as a tool to maintain influence. This ethnographic study contributes knowledge in the field of gerontological care, by illuminating the impact of transition on the role of aged as well as the caring of the aged in the extended family an important issue for health professionals caring for a growing number of older persons in Southern Africa and in countries with a large representation of minority groups from developing countries. | 18,785,915 |
Non-enzymatic developmental functions of acetylcholinesterase--the question of redundancy. | Despite in vitro demonstrations of non-enzymatic morphogenetic functions in acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the AChE knockout phenotype is milder than might be expected, casting doubt upon the relevance of such functions in vivo. Functional redundancy is a possible explanation. Using in vitro findings that AChE is able to bind to laminin-111, together with detailed information about the interaction sites, as well as an epitope analysis of adhesion-inhibiting anti-AChE mAbs, we have used molecular docking and bioinformatics techniques to explore this idea, investigating structurally similar molecules that have a comparable spatiotemporal expression pattern in the embryonic nervous system. On this basis, molecules with which AChE could be redundant are the syndecans, glypicans, perlecan, the receptor tyrosine kinase Mer, and the low-density lipoprotein receptor. It is also highly likely that AChE may be redundant with the homologous neuroligins, although there is no evidence that the latter are expressed before synaptogenesis. AChE was observed to dock with Gas6, the ligand for Mer, as well as with apolipoprotein E3 (but not apolipoprotein E4), both at the same site as the laminin interaction. These findings suggest that AChE may show direct functional redundancy with one or more of these molecules; it is also possible that it may itself have a unique function in the stabilization of the basement membrane. As basement membrane molecules are characterized by multiple molecular interactions, each contributing cumulatively to the construction and stability of the network, this may account for AChE's apparently promiscuous interactions, and also for the survival of the knockout. | 18,785,927 |
Characterization of inhibitory mechanism and antifungal activity between group-1 and group-2 phytocystatins from taro (Colocasia esculenta). | Tarocystatin from Colocasia esculenta, a group-2 phytocystatin, is a defense protein against phytopathogenic nematodes and fungi. It is composed of a highly conserved N-terminal region, which is homological to group-1 cystatin, and a repetitive peptide at the C-terminus. The purified recombinant proteins of tarocystatin, such as full-length (FL), N-terminus (Nt) and C-terminus (Ct) peptides, were produced and their inhibitory activities against papain as well as their antifungal effects were investigated. Kinetic analysis revealed that FL peptide exhibited mixed type inhibition (K(ia) = 0.098 microM and K(ib) = 0.252 microM) and Nt peptide showed competitive inhibition (K(i) = 0.057 microM), whereas Ct peptide possessed weak papain activation properties. A shift in the inhibitory pattern from competitive inhibition of Nt peptide alone to mixed type inhibition of FL peptide implied that the Ct peptide has an regulatory effect on the function of FL peptide. Based on the inhibitory kinetics of FL (group-2) and Nt (group-1) peptides on papain activity, an inhibitory mechanism of group-2 phytocystatins and a regulatory mechanism of extended Ct peptide have each been proposed. By contrast, the antifungal activity of Nt peptide appeared to be greater than that of FL peptide, and the Ct peptide showed no effect on antifungal activity, indicating that the antifungal effect is not related to proteinase inhibitory activity. The results are valid for most phytocystatins with respect to the inhibitory mechanism against cysteine proteinase. | 18,785,929 |
Discontinuous drug combination therapy in autoimmune ocular disorders. | This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a steroid-sparing immunosuppressive treatment (IST) protocol in the control of severe or steroid-resistant autoimmune ocular inflammatory diseases. We carried out a prospective, non-randomized clinical study. Patients presenting with ocular inflammations that failed to respond adequately to steroids alone after monotherapy for a mean period of 9 +/- 2 months (internal control) were offered the option to switch to a combined IST. The protocol consisted of different immunosuppressive drugs added in a stepladder sequence, where each drug (including the steroids) was administered discontinuously. Main outcome measures were control of inflammation, visual acuity and safety of treatment. A total of 76 subjects (121 affected eyes) enrolled in the IST protocol. Mean length of follow-up was 43 +/- 15 months. Complete control of inflammation was achieved in 86% of patients. During the first year of IST, the rate of inflammatory recurrences/patient was 0.78 +/- 1.13. This ratio diminished further during succeeding follow-up. Mean best corrected visual acuity improved from 0.31 logMAR to 0.24 logMAR (p < 0.001). Blood pressure and uric acid blood levels significantly altered for the worse in the study group. Immunosuppressive treatment was effective in achieving inflammatory quiescence in a large majority of patients. The study also demonstrated the longterm safety of the protocol and its steroid-sparing effect. | 18,785,963 |
Serum thymus and activation regulated chemokine levels post-lung transplantation as a predictor for the bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. | The main reason for mortality after lung transplantation is the bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), which represents chronic rejection. As soluble CD30, which is produced mainly by activated T helper 2 (Th2) cells, was shown to be related to development of BOS, we aimed to investigate the relation between development of BOS and Th2 chemoattractant thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17). In 54 patients we measured serum TARC levels prior to transplantation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and in 44 of these patients sera were analysed at months 1, 2 and 3 after lung transplantation. In addition, longitudinal measurements were performed in sera from eight healthy controls and 14 patients, the latter taken over a period of 2 years post-transplantation from seven patients developing BOS plus seven clinically matched BOS-free patients. Median serum TARC levels post-transplantation of patients who developed BOS were significantly lower than those of the matched BOS-free patients (P = 0.05). A receiver operating characteristics analysis (area under the curve 0.77), together with a Kaplan-Meyer analysis, showed that serum TARC levels below 325 pg/ml in the first month post-transplantation can predict development of BOS post-transplantation (P = 0.001). In contrast, pretransplant serum TARC levels were not significantly different between patients developing BOS, BOS-free patients or healthy controls. In conclusion, pretransplantation serum TARC levels do not predict the development of BOS post-transplantation, but measurement of the serum TARC levels in the first month directly after transplantation can provide us with a tool to identify the group at risk of developing BOS. | 18,785,972 |
Attenuation of monocyte proinflammatory cytokine responses to Neisseria meningitidis in children by erythropoietin. | Meningococcal disease is a leading infectious cause of death in children in industrialized countries. The induction of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Neisseria meningitidis-related multi-organ failure. Here, we demonstrate that N. meningitidis serotypes A and B induce significantly higher levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha positive cells in vitro in infants and young children compared with adults (serotype A/B; infants: 64.9%/63.9%; children: 77.8%/64.3% versus adults: 27.7%/32%; P < 0.005). Serotype A induces also higher levels of interleukin (IL)-6 positive cells in neonates and infants compared with adults (serotype A; newborn 55.4%; infants 58.8% versus adults 49%; P < 0.05). Treatment with human recombinant erythropoietin in vitro resulted in significant attenuation of the N. meningitidis-induced proinflammatory response in all age groups (reduction rate of erythropoietin for IL-6 after stimulation with serotype B: newborn 28%, infants 15%, children 23% and adults 28% and for TNF-alpha after stimulation with serotype B: newborn 27%, infants 22%, children 20% and adults 28%; P < 0.05). We conclude that (i) Neisseria meningitidis induces a higher TNF-alpha response in infants and children compared with adults and (ii) erythropoietin was able to attenuate IL-6 and TNF-alpha production in all investigated age groups. These data may explain the high incidence of meningococcal infection in infants and makes erythropoietin a potentially attractive candidate for interventional strategies in an otherwise devastating course of the disease. | 18,785,973 |
Irritable bowel syndrome and dyspepsia among women veterans: prevalence and association with psychological distress. | The burden of functional GI disorders and their associations with psychological distress in women veterans is unclear. To examine 1-year prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and dyspepsia symptoms and their associations with anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among women veterans receiving primary care at a Veteran Affairs Medical Center Women's Clinic. Irritable bowel syndrome, dyspepsia and psychological distress were assessed using the validated self-administered Bowel Disorder Questionnaire, the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, as well as the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire. We enrolled 248 women (84% participation rate). Ninety-three (38%) reported IBS and 51 (21%) dyspepsia symptoms. Women with IBS and dyspepsia reported higher mean scores of anxiety (IBS: 24 vs. 12, P < 0.0005 and dyspepsia: 26 vs. 12, P < 0.0005), depression (IBS: 22 vs. 11, P = 0.0005 and dyspepsia: 23 vs. 11, P < 0.0005) and PTSD (IBS: 87 vs. 69, P < 0.001 and dyspepsia: 86 vs. 69, P < 0.0005). Age- and ethnicity-adjusted logistic regression analyses showed a 3- to 46-fold increase in odds of IBS and dyspepsia among women with anxiety, depression or PTSD. Women veterans have high prevalence of IBS and dyspepsia symptoms, both of which are highly associated with presence of depression, anxiety and PTSD. | 18,785,989 |
Dynamic behavior of Salmonella-induced membrane tubules in epithelial cells. | Salmonella Typhimurium is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes acute gastroenteritis in man. Intracellular Salmonella survive and replicate within a modified phagosome known as the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). The onset of intracellular replication is accompanied by the appearance of membrane tubules, called Salmonella-induced filaments (Sifs), extending from the SCV. Sifs are enriched in late endosomal/lysosomal membrane proteins such as lysosome-associated membrane protein 1, but their formation and ability to interact with endosomal compartments are not characterized. In this study, we use live cell imaging techniques to define the dynamics of Sif formation in infected epithelial cells. At early time-points, Sifs are simple tubules extending from the surface of SCVs. These tubules are highly dynamic and exhibit bidirectional, microtubule-dependent movement. At the distal ends of individual Sif tubules, furthest from the SCV, a distinct 'leader' domain was often observed. At later times, Sifs develop into highly complex tubular networks that extend throughout the cell and appear less dynamic than nascent Sifs; however, individual tubules continue to display bidirectional dynamics. Sifs can acquire endocytic content by fusion, indicating a sustained interaction with the endocytic pathway. Together, these results show that these Salmonella-induced tubules form a highly dynamic network that involves both microtubule-dependent motility and interactions with endosomal compartments. | 18,785,994 |
Function of von Willebrand factor in haemostasis and thrombosis. | The physiological protection against bleeding is secured by platelet adhesion to the site of injury and sealing of the defect. The first step involves the arrest of platelets that have adhered to subendothelial structures, primarily collagen, at the site of injury. Under conditions of low shear rates, platelet adhesion to the damaged vessel wall is mediated by several proteins, including von Willebrand factor (VWF). However, under conditions of high shear, aggregation occurs only in the presence of soluble VWF. In solution, VWF becomes immobilized via its A3 domain on the fibrillar collagen of the vessel wall and acts as an intermediary between collagen and the platelet receptor glycoprotein Ibalpha (GPIbalpha), which is the only platelet receptor that does not require prior activation for bond formation. After GPIbalpha binds to the A1 domain of its main ligand VWF, further activation of the platelet via intracellular signalling occurs, allowing other receptors to engage VWF and collagen and thereby reinforcing permanent adhesion. On this first layer of adherent platelets, soluble VWF binds and uncoils, thereby attracting more platelets. Platelet interaction with immobilized and soluble VWF may also generate platelet-derived microparticles that exhibit pro-coagulant activity. Full growth of a multilayered platelet aggregate comprises binding of the platelet receptor integrin alphaIIbbeta3 to VWF and fibrinogen. In addition, the surface of the activated platelets accelerates the coagulation cascade, which, by its end product fibrin, stabilizes the growing platelet thrombus. This article summarizes the characteristics and role of VWF in the coagulation cascade. | 18,786,007 |
Caregiver burden among dementia patient caregivers: a review of the literature. | To identify current evidence of factors influencing dementia-related caregiver burden (CB), describe patient and caregiver characteristics associated with CB, and describe evidence-based interventions designed to lessen the burden of caregiving. Comprehensive literature review of Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, MEDLINE, and Psych Info was performed for the years 1996-2006 of peer-reviewed journals using keywords CB and dementia. Dementia caregiving has been associated with negative effects on caregiver health and early nursing home placement for dementia patients. Many factors influence the impact of the caregiving experience such as gender, relationship to the patient, culture, and personal characteristics. Although various interventions have been developed with the goal of alleviating CB, evidence suggests that individually developed multicomponent interventions including a diversity of services will decrease burden, improve quality of life, and enable caregivers to provide at-home care for longer periods prior to institutionalization. The ability to properly assess the dementia patient-caregiver dyad related to CB is critical to decreasing its negative physical and psychological health outcomes. Appropriately tailored interventions can improve the health and well-being of both caregiver and patient. | 18,786,017 |
Body mass index and nutritional intake in patients with HIV and chronic diarrhea: a secondary analysis. | The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in nutritional intake and body mass index (BMI) in HIV patients with chronic diarrhea via secondary analysis of patients' nutritional diaries. A secondary purpose was to evaluate the quality of diets against national dietary guidelines. Seventy-five ambulatory patients with HIV were included in this study. Patients were categorized using baseline BMI as normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m2), and obese (BMI >or=30.0 kg/m2). Seven-day nutritional diaries were used to estimate diet in terms of dietary fats, cholesterol, fiber, protein, and sugar. A one-way analysis of variance was conducted to evaluate the relationship between BMI and mean nutritional intake from fat, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, cholesterol, fiber, and sugar. 39.7% and 13.3% of participants were overweight and obese, respectively. The mean intake of fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol was higher than the recommended levels by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), while the mean intake of monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, and fiber was below the NCEP guideline. Although the results were not statistically different between groups, grams of fiber intake were lowest for individuals with BMI >or=30.0 kg/m2. Advanced practice nurses should encourage increased physical activity and healthy diets at each visit for individuals living with HIV. The continued use of nutritional supplements to boost weight should also be reviewed at each visit to prevent the consumption of unnecessary calories. | 18,786,023 |
Epidemiological characteristics of the 2002 outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the Republic of Korea. | The Republic of Korea experienced a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak during May-June 2002. The present study describes epidemiological characteristics of the 2002 FMD outbreak in Korea, including the pattern of the outbreak in both time and space, transmission routes among infected farms, and control measures. One of the notable features of the 2002 FMD epidemic in Korea was that the virus infected mostly pigs [15 of 16 infected premises (IPs)], despite the presence of other susceptible animals on infected and neighbouring farms. The epidemic showed temporal clustering at 8-9 day intervals, suggesting five generations of infection during the outbreak, and 13 of 16 (81.3%) IPs were located within a 10 km-radius of the index case. The clinical signs that prompted notification of infection included vesicles around hooves and snouts. The age of lesions was significantly less among cases reported by farmers compared with veterinarians. The high awareness of farmers from an earlier FMD outbreak greatly helped the animal hygiene authority in efforts associated with disease control and eradication. The outbreak was eradicated within <2 months as a result of the intensive control efforts of the animal hygiene authorities and the cooperation of the Korean people. Although the outbreak was a costly lesson for the Korean people, the experience gained will contribute to future efforts in the prevention and control of animal infectious diseases. | 18,786,074 |
Development of a self-management package for people with diabetes at risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). | Kidney disease progression in diabetes can be slowed by strict blood pressure and blood sugar control, prescription of medicines that modify the renin-angiotensin system and lifestyle changes, such as smoking cessation. This paper describes the development of a self-management package for people with diabetes at risk of kidney damage. This multi-method study entailed a literature review, case-finding of all patients with diabetes and microalbuminuria in six family practitioner (FP) surgeries and interviews with 15 patients at high-risk of progressive kidney disease. Results identified 23% of the study population (n = 1946) at risk of kidney damage, within a population with 3.14% incidence of diabetes. The most important finding from the interviews was that although most people had some understanding of the possible risk of kidney disease, they had little idea of exactly how they could control the condition themselves. This study highlights the importance of incorporating self-management tools in the care and management of patients with diabetes in primary care. | 18,786,082 |
Combating the illegal trade in African elephant ivory with DNA forensics. | International wildlife crime is burgeoning in this climate of global trade. We contend that the most effective way to contain this illegal trade is to determine where the wildlife is being removed. This allows authorities to direct law enforcement to poaching hot spots, potentially stops trade before the wildlife is actually killed, prevents countries from denying their poaching problems at home, and thwarts trade before it enters into an increasingly complex web of international criminal activity. Forensic tools have been limited in their ability to determine product origin because the information they can provide typically begins only at the point of shipment. DNA assignment analyses can determine product origin, but its use has been limited by the inability to assign samples to locations where reference samples do not exist. We applied new DNA assignment methods that can determine the geographic origin(s) of wildlife products from anywhere within its range. We used these methods to examine the geographic origin(s) of 2 strings of seizures involving large volumes of elephant ivory, 1 string seized in Singapore and Malawi and the other in Hong Kong and Cameroon. These ivory traffickers may comprise 2 of the largest poaching rings in Africa. In both cases all ivory seized in the string had common origins, which indicates that crime syndicates are targeting specific populations for intense exploitation. This result contradicts the dominant belief that dealers are using a decentralized plan of procuring ivory stocks as they became available across Africa. Large quantities of ivory were then moved, in multiple shipments, through an intermediate country prior to shipment to Asia, as a risk-reduction strategy that distances the dealer from the poaching locale. These smuggling strategies could not have been detected by forensic information, which typically begins only at the shipping source. | 18,786,100 |
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