title stringlengths 0 901 | abstract stringlengths 3 9.89k | PMID int64 22 25.3M | embedding listlengths 768 768 |
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Reduced sensitivity of the hepatic adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP system to glucagon during sustained hormonal stimulation. | Hormone-induced desensitization of hormonal regulation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) content has been described in a number of tissues. In the present study, we examined responses of rat liver to glucagon after periods of sustained exposure to the hormone in vivo and in vitro. In intact anesthetized rats infused with glucagon (50 ng/min) for 1 h or more and in liver slices incubated with the hormone (10 muM) for this period, hepatic cAMP responsiveness to glucagon was significantly blunted compared with that of tissue exposed to the hormone for shorter periods. The reduction in hepatic cAMP responsiveness to glucagon appeared to be fully expressed by 2 h. With the doses of hormone employed, the sequential alterations in hepatic responsiveness seemed to be limited to the cAMP system, since other parameters of glucagon action did not wane with time. Diminished hepatic cAMP responsiveness during sustained hormonal exposure could not be attributed to decreased glucagon availability, accelerated extracellular release of cAMP, hepatic ATP depletion, or enhanced phosphodiesterase activity. Studies in vitro suggested that modulation of the cAMP response occurred at the level of adenylate cyclase (AC). During sustained exposure of hepatic slices to glucagon, reductions in glucagon-responsive AC correlated temporally with those in cAMP and both changes were reversible. Alterations in glucagon-responsive AC were demonstrated over a wide range of ATP (10 muM-0.1 mM) and glucagon (10 nM-5 MM) concentrations in the cyclase reaction mixture, and appeared to be a noncompetitive phenomenon relative to glucagon. Maximal NaF-responsive AC did not fall concomitantly with time. Thus, the reduction in glucagon-responsive AC was probably not related to a reduction in the catalytic unit of the enzyme, but could have been due to an alteration in glucagon binding to its receptor sites, or in the coupling mechanism involved in transmission of the hormonal signal to the catalytic unit. | 176,180 | [
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Mechanism of activation adenylate cyclase in vitro by polymyxin-released, heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. | Heat-labile enterotoxic material released from Escherichia coli by polymyxin B activates the adenylate cyclase of pigeon erythrocyte ghosts in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The activation requires nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, adenosine triphosphate, and another component of the erythrocyte supernatant. The active species has a molecular weight of about 23,000-24,000 daltons, is inhibited by antibodies to the toxin of Vibrio cholerae, and is not irreversibly denatured by sodium dodecyl sulfate. Thus in many respects the active species from E. coli behaves the same as peptide A1 of cholera toxin. | 176,279 | [
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Unilateral multiple tumours of the parotid gland. | The occurrence of two morphologically distinct tumors in a single parotid gland is rare. Pathologic examination of a unilateral parotid mass removed from a 63-year-old male revealed the presence of a benign mixed tumor and an adenolymphoma. No other examples of this relationship were encountered in the literature. | 176,288 | [
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Extracellular cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase accelerates differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum. | Extracellular cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase accelerates the development of aggregation competence in Dictyostelium discoideum when present during the preaggregation stage. The effect on development appears to depend only on hydrolysis of extracellular cyclic AMP and not on other properties of the phosphodiesterase molecule. Extracellular cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase, as a promoter of differentiation, acts mainly throughout the first half of interphase. Our evidence supports the proposal that cyclic AMP oscillations control the rate and possibly the initiation of development. Since extracellular cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase acts from the beginning of interphase cyclic AMP oscillations may also occur from early interphase, at least in the presence of this enzyme. This would imply that the cyclic AMP oscillator is a determinant, but not a product, of the developmental programme. | 176,311 | [
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Morphological correlates of synaptic transmission in lamprey spinal cord. | The dye Procion brown was used to identify in the light and electron microscope, synaptic contacts made between monosynaptically coupled neurons in the lamprey spinal cord whose synaptic interaction had been recorded. Synaptic contacts were made on different dendrites of the postsynaptic cell at different distances from the soma. Some of the contacts were made on dentritic spines and some on the smooth shaft of the dentrites. Serial sections through synaptic contacts made on dendritic processess of the postsynaptic cells were used for three-dimensional reconstruction of the synapses using computer graphics techniques. The computer reconstructions and detailed examination of the serial EM micrographs revealed the large proliferation of membrane involved in making these en passant synapses as well as the morphological changes due to stimulation of the presynaptic axon. These changes include depletion of synaptic vesicles and formation of complex vesicles and synaptic cisternae. Besides chemical synaptic contacts, four electrotonic contacts were located, confirming the mixed electrochemical synaptic response recorded from the postsynaptic cell. The mean quantum content was estimated and compared with the estimate of the available transmitter pool, assuming the quantal release hypothesis applies at these synapses. The total transmitter pool was estimated by counting all synaptic vesicles in all synaptic contacts. It was estimated that about 6% of the total transmitter pool is available for release at these synapses. This compares with less than 1% at the neuromuscular junction and about 20% at sympathetic synapses. These results support the hypothesis that synaptic vesicles may be recycled as described by Heuser and Reese (22) at the neuromuscular junction. Ongoing studies are investigating the effect on a variety of synaptic junctions to stimulation for different periods of time of presynaptic axons. The methods described in this study can also be used to test the models of synaptic interaction on dendritic trees described by Rall (39) and Jack and Redman (24). | 176,330 | [
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Effect of LH on the release of cyclic AMP by the rabbit ovary perfused in vivo and in vitro. | After perfusion of 10 rabbit ovaries in vitro with a modified Krebs bicarbonate buffer containing dextran and glucose, the concentration of cAMP in the perfusion medium was significantly increased 2-5 min after stimulation with 10 mug LH/ml medium and was higher at 15 and 30 min. Intravenous injection of 100 mug LH/rabbit caused a significant increase of cAMP concentrations in the ovarian venous blood from 8 ovaries 10 min after the injection and the cAMP concentrations were higher after 15 and 30 min. The ovarian blood flow was not changed after the LH injection. It is concluded that perfusion techniques can be useful in analysis of the mechanisms and physiological significance of release of cAMP from the ovary after hormonal stimulation. | 176,357 | [
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Growth in semisolid agar medium of human cord leukocytes freshly transformed by Epstein-Barr virus. | The semisolid agar method for the selective growth of transformed cells was applied to investigations of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformation. When 1 X 10(5) HUMAn umbilical-cord blood leukocytes were seeded in agar medium immediately after EBV exposure, about 100 colonies developed in each dish. The occurrence of colonies correlated well with dilutions of EBV inoculum. These colonies were composed of lymphoblasts, were positive for EBV-determined nuclear antigen immunofluorescence, and consistently resulted in the establishment of cell lines. In cord leukocyte cultures exposed to EBV, cells capable of growing in semisolid agar medium appeared early and increased rapidly, though the total numbers of leukocytes and control cultures decreased during the first several days. | 176,377 | [
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Host-range properties of murine xenotropic and ecotropic type-C viruses. | Host-range properties of xenotropic (x-tropic) and ecotropic mouse type-C viruses were determined. NB-tropic viruses replicated only in mouse and rat cells, whereas x-tropic viruses, which do not exogenously infect mouse cells, grew in cells from various other mammalian species. Great variability in susceptibilities to x-tropic viruses was demonstrated in cells from heterologous species and in cells from a single species (human). Although rat cells were susceptible to both types of viruses, hamster cells were uniformly resistant. In addition, the x-tropic viruses crossed class barriers to infect cells of avian species but not insect, fish, or reptile cells. | 176,389 | [
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Effect of partial hepatectomy on tumor incidence and metabolism of mice fed thioacetamide. | Six-week-old male Swiss mice were given 0.03% thioacetamide (TAA) in the diet 24, 72, and 168 hours after partial hepatectomy. TAA-treated mice from all three groups were killed when they were 4, 9, and 13 months old. Intact and partially hepatectomized animals on normal diets served as controls. None of the controls evidenced neoplasms at any age. All three experimental groups developed liver tumors earlier than did intact mice treated with the TAA diet. Progressive metabolic studies on the livers or tumor tissues of treated mice showed that the levels of glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, and glycogen decreased significantly in the 4-month-old treated group when there was no significant alteration in liver histology. These parameters were lowest in the tumor tissues of treated mice. | 176,394 | [
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Epstein-Barr virus in an American patient with Burkitt's lymphoma: detection of viral genome in tumor tissue and establishment of a tumor-derived cell line (NAB). | Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA (17.7 genome equivalents/cell) was found in tumor tissue from an American patient with Burkitt's lymphoma who had never traveled outside the United States. A lymphoid cell line (NAB) containing the EBV genome was established from tumor tissue from this patient; characteristics of this cell line were described. Previous Burkitt's tumors found in Americans and examined by molecular hybridization were negative for EBV DNA. Our results suggested that EBV is associated with at least some American Burkitt's tumors. | 176,407 | [
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Neoplastic transformation in tissues of rats exposed to monocrotaline or dehydroretronecine. | Male Sprague-Dawley rats received sc injections biweekly of either the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline or its metabolite dehydroretronecine for 1 year. The animals were then observed for an additional 12 months for the induction of neoplasms. Of 60 rats that received dehydroretronecine, 39 developed rhabdomyosarcomas at the injection site, and 5 of these neoplasms metastasized. In the 60 monocrotaline-treated rats, 31 widely dispersed tumors of various cell types were recorded. The reason suggested for the variation in tissue response was that the metabolite dehydroretronecine is a proximate carcinogen, whereas monocrotaline must first be metabolized before its carcinogenic potential is realized. | 176,409 | [
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Effect of phosphonoacetate on Marek's disease virus replication. | Phosphonoacetate (PA), but not any of its analogues tested, effectively inhibited avian herpesvirus replication and viral DNA synthesis in cell cultures. At 100 mug/ml culture medium, PA completely inhibited the replication of Marek's disease virus (MDV), herpesvirus of turkeys, and owl herpesvirus, but had no measurable effect on normal cell growth. PA also inhibited DNA polymerases induced by these avian viruses. Enzyme inhibition was 50% at a PA concentration of 0.2 mug/ml. At a concentration of 3-6 mug/ml, the compound also effected a 50% inhibition of alpha (maxi) enzyme of the host DNA polymerase. It had no effect on the host beta (mini) enzyme. When administered to chickens, PA did not inhibit the replication of MDV, nor did it prevent the development of lymphoma. | 176,410 | [
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Rat sequences of the Kirsten and Harvey murine sarcoma virus genomes: nature, origin, and expression in rat tumor RNA. | Two murine sarcoma viruses, the Kirsten and the Harvey, were isolated by passage of mouse type C leukemia viruses through rats. These sarcoma viruses have genomes containing portions of their parental type C mouse leukemia virus genomes, in stable association with specific rat cellular sequences that we find to be quite likely not those of a rat type C leukemia virus. To determine if these murine sarcoma viruses provide a model relevant to the events occurring in spontaneous tumors, we have hybridized DNA and RNA prepared from rat tumors and normal rat tissues to [3H]DNA prepared from the Kirsten murine sarcoma virus. We have also hybridized these rat tissue nucleic acids to [3H]DNA prepared from a respresentative endogenous rat type C leukemia virus, the WFU (Wistar-Furth). Sarcoma-viral rat cellular sequences and endogenous rat leukemia viral sequences were detected in the DNA of both tumor and normal tissues, with no evidence of either gene amplification or additional sequences being present in tumor DNA. Sarcoma-viral rat cellular sequences and endogenous rat leukemia viral sequences were detected at elevated concentrations in the RNA of many rat tumors and in specific groups of normal tissues. | 176,419 | [
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Effect of medium of lowered NaCl concentration on virus release and protein synthesis in cells infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus. | When cultures producing reticuloendotheliosis virus were incubated for 24 h in medium of lowered NaCl concentration, virus production was inhibited. The extent of inhibition increased as the salt concentration of the medium was decreased. The inhibition was rapidly reversed by replacement of low-salt medium with normal medium. During the first hour after the inhibited cultures were returned to normal medium, virus was released at an accelerated rate, making the total amount of virus released by inhibited and control cultures the same. After 1 h in normal medium, the rate of virus production in the previously inhibited cultures was the same as in the control cultures. Incubation of infected cells in low-salt medium resulted in a 60% decrease in the overall rate of protein synthesis. Although returning the cells to normal medium rapidly reversed the inhibition of virus production, it did not rapidly increase the rate of protein synthesis. These results suggest that host cell-directed protein synthesis is preferentially inhibited by the low-ionic-strength medium, whereas that required for virus production continues. | 176,425 | [
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Persistent reovirus infection of CHO cells resulting in virus resistance. | We obtained a persistently infected line of Chinese hamster ovary cells by selection for resistance to reovirus infection. The cells were persistently infected by a population of viruses that were (i) cytopathic for parental chinese hamster ovary cells and (ii) similar to wild-type reovirus in molecular characteristics. The growth rate, plating efficiency, and morphology of the cells were altered. A large majority of the cells in the population were infected. There was no detectable interferon present in the medium. The cells were relatively resistant to a wide range of viruses. | 176,428 | [
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Genomic complexities of murine leukemia and sarcoma, reticuloendotheliosis, and visna viruses. | The genetic complexities of several ribodeoxyviruses were measured by quantitative analysis of unique RNase T1-resistant oligonucleotides from 60-70S viral RNAs. Moloney murine leukemia virus was found to have an RNA complexity of 3.5 x 10(6) daltons, whereas Moloney murine sarcoma virus had a significantly smaller genome size of 2.3 x 10(6). Reticuleondotheliosis and visna virus RNAs had complexities of 3.9 x 10(6), respectively. Analysis of RNase A-resistant oligonucleotides of Rous sarcoma virus RNA gave a complexity of 3.6 x 10(6), similar to that previously obtained with RNase T1-resistant oligonucleotides. Since each of these viruses was found to have a unique sequence genomic complexity near the molecular weight of a single 30-40S viral RNA subunit, it was concluded that ribodeoxyvirus genomes are at least largely polyploid. | 176,429 | [
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Hydrodynamic diameters of murine mammary, Rous sarcoma, and feline leukemia RNA tumor viruses: studies by laser beat frequency light-scattering spectroscopy and electron microscopy. | We have studied purified preparations of murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV; Prague strain), and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) by laser beat frequency light-scattering spectroscopy, ultra-centrifugation, and electron microscopy. The laser beat frequency light-scattering spectroscopy measurements yield the light-scattering intensity, weighted diffusion coefficients. The corresponding average hydrodynamic diameters, as calculated from the diffusion coefficients by the Stokes-Einstein equation for MuMTV, RSV, and FeLV, respectively, are: 144 +/- 6 nm, 147 +/- 7 nm, and 168 +/- 6 nm. Portions of the purified RSV and MuMTV preparations, from which light-scattering samples were obtained, and portions of the actual FeLV light-scattering samples were examined by negatively stained, catalase crystal-calibrated electron microscopy. The light-scattering intensity weighted averages of the electron micrograph size distributions were calculated by weighing each size by its theoretical relative scattering intensity, as obtained from published tables computed according to the Mie scattering theory. These averages and the experimentally observed hydrodynamic diameters agreed to within +/- 5%, which is the combined experimental error in the electron microscopic and light-scattering techniques. We conclude that the size distributions of singlet particles observed in the electron micrographs are statistically true representations of the sedimentation-purified solution size distributions. The sedimentation coefficients (S20, w) for MuMTV, RSV, and FeLV, respectively, are: 595 +/- 29S, 689 +/- 35S, and 880 +/- 44S. Virus partial specific volumes were taken as the reciprocals of the buoyant densities, determined in sucrose density gradients. The Svedberg equation was used to calculate particle weights from the measured diffusion and sedimentation coefficients. The particle weights for MuMTV, RSV, and FeLV, respectively, are: (3.17 +/- 0.32) x 10(8), (4.17 +/- 0.42) x 10(8), and (5.50 +/- 0.55) x 10(8) daltons. | 176,431 | [
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Kinetics of utilization of Sendai virus RNA and protein in the process of virion assembly. | The synthesis of the 50S genomic RNA and strucural proteins of Sendai virus was examined with respect to their utilization in virus assembly. It was found that during a single cycle of infection, 50S RNA was synthesized before the structural proteins and that both RNA and protein were synthesized 2 to 4 h before their appearance in released virions. Pulse-chase labeling indicated that the NP and P proteins synthesized early and the M and F proteins synthesized late were preferentially incorporated into virus relative to the other viral proteins. The kinetics of incorporation of pulse-labeled NP protein suggested that it was withdrawn from a relatively large pool whereas the M protein appeared to be present in a relatively small pool in the cytoplasm. Further, it was possible to chase pulse-labeled M protein, but not NP protein, from the cell during an 8-h time period. | 176,433 | [
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Regulatory mechanism of simian virus 40 gene expression in permissive and in nonpermissive cells. | Primary or continuous lines of mouse cells (3T3) are nonpermissive for simian virus 40 (SV40). Abortively infected cells synthesize tumor antigen (T antigen but not viral DNA and virus capsid protein (V antigen). V antigen, however, was obtained when SV40 DNA was injected into 3T3 cells. This late gene expression also appears to be correlated with the quantity of injected DNA molecules per 3T3 cell. T antigen formation can be detected after microinjection of only 1 to 2 DNA molecules, but the intensity of intranuclear T antigen fluorescence is significantly brighter with injection of higher concentrations of viral DNA. In permissive cells (TC7), early and late SV40 gene expression is directly related to the number of injected molecules. Microinjection of 1DNA molecule induced T and V antigen formation with the same efficiency as microinjection of 2,000 to 4,000 molecules. The question of weather late SV40 gene expression is directly related to the quantity of an early virus-specific product was approached by microinjection of early SV40 complementary RNA together with small amounts of viral DNA. V antigen was obtained in a high proportion of recipient 3T3 cells at conditions where microinjection of viral DNA alone induced T but not V antigen synthesis. | 176,449 | [
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... |
Analysis of structural proteins of purified murine cytomegalovirus. | Murine cytomegalovirus propagated in mouse embryo fibroblasts was purified by the following procedures. (i) Extracellular virus was concentrated by centrifugation at 100,000 x g for 90 min. (ii) The concentrated virus was passed through a Bio-Rad Bio-Gel A-15m column to eliminate contaminating materials smaller than 15 x 10(6) daltons. Most of the virus was recovered in the void volume of the column. (iii) Two consecutive centrifugations through 20 to 50% potassium tartrate gradients were performed. After the second tartrate gradient centrifugation, symmetrical, coinciding peaks of plaque titer, protein, and radioactivity were found at a density between 1.20 g/cm3 and 1.21 g/cm3. To establish purification criteria, virus was purified from two different mixtures: [35S]methionine-labeled extracellular virus, mixed with an equal volume of unlabeled normal culture fluid, and unlabeled extracellular virus mixed with an equal volume of [35S]methionine-labeled normal culture fluid. At the end of the procedure, the extent of purification, as judged by the ratio of cellular to viral radioactivity was at least 70-fold. Virus proteins were analyzed by electrophoresis on a 5 to 20% gradient polyacrylamide gel slab. After gel electrophoresis,, Coomassie brilliant blue staining profiles and autoradiograms of the purified virus preparations were compared. At least 33 virus structural protein bands were present. The molecular weights of these proteins ranged from 11,500 to 255,000. The sum of the molecular weights of the virus structural proteins was 2,462,000. Autoradiograms obtained from electrophoresis of purified [14C]glucosamine-labeled virus showed that at lease 6 of the 33 viral structural proteins were glycoproteins. | 176,450 | [
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Membrane proteins specified by herpes simplex viruses. I. Identification of four glycoprotein precursors and their products in type 1-infected cells. | Polypeptide precursors to the major glycoproteins specified by herpes simplex virus type 1 were identified in immunoprecipitation experiments using antisera that reacted specifically with the viral glycoproteins and their precursors. The results demonstrate that the major glycosylated proteins detected in infected cells are derived from four antigenically distinct polypeptides. Three of these polypeptides become glycosylated in two discrete stages, yielding partially glycosylated intermediates and fully glycosylated products. The final products are the predominant species detected in cytoplasmic virions and in plasma membranes. The fourth polypeptide precursor appears to acquire very little carbohydrate and differs in several respects from the other three precursors. | 176,453 | [
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Chemical modification of simian virus 40 DNA by reaction with a water-soluble carbodiimide. | Superhelical simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA I can be modified with N-cyclohexyl-N'-beta-(4 methylmorpholinium)ethylcarbodiimide (CMC). The reaction produces an increase in the sedimentation velocity of DNA I from 21 to 22.5S and a decrease in its buoyant density in CsCl from 1.694 to 1.688. A comparable shift in buoyant density is observed in a saturated ethidium bromide-cesium chloride gradient where form II, which has been exposed to CMC, shows no shift. The CsCl-buoyant density data allows us to estimate that 108 mol of CMC are bound per mol of SV40 DNA I. In the subsequent paper an alternative procedure has been used to locate CMC sites, and the extent of the regions available to bind CMC have been measured. | 176,461 | [
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Cell killing by simian virus 40: variation in the pattern of lysosomal enzyme release, cellular enzyme release, and cell death during productive infection of normal and simian virus 40-transformed simian cell lines. | Simian virus 40 (SV40) growth on rhesus kidney cells and on the T-22 line of SV40-transformed green monkey kidney (GMK) cells is largely limited by the low plating efficiency of SV40 on these cells. In addition, a fraction of the rhesus kidney and T-22 cells are resistant to infection by SV40. Nevertheless, 72-h viral yields per infected rhesus kidney and T-22 cell are nearly equivalent to that obtained on normal GMK cells and are independent of the multiplicity of infection. Despite the production of high viral yields, infected rhesus kidney and T-22 cells are killed slowly by SV40. Monolayers of these cells are also refractory to plaque formation by SV40. SV40 induces the release of lysosomal N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase into the cytoplasmic fractions of rhesus kidney and T-22 cells to an extent equal to that observed during infection of rapidly killed normal GMK cells. In contrast, damage to the plasma membrane, as indicated by the release of the cellular enzymes lactic dehydrogenase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase into the overlay media, occurred to a much greater extent in the normal GMK cells than in the rhesus kidney or T-22 cells. Neither a lysosomal hydrolase mechanism nor viral release appear to be responsible for this phenomenon. The different rates and extents of the SV40 cytocidal process on these cells do not result from the differences in the viral plating efficiency on them. | 176,470 | [
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Antigenic activity of human urothelial tissue. | Partially purified extracts from 71 human urothelial tumors and from 75 human urothelial non-tumor tissues were used as competing antigens in competition radioimmunoassay in an effort to detect the presence of 1 of the structural components of type C-ribonucleic and viruses, the p30 core protein. Testing of the tissue extracts was carried out by homologous and heterologous assay systems using 125I-labeled murine (Friend) and feline (Rickard) p30 antigens and anti-feline and anti-murine p30 antisera. The homologous assays were designed to detect the presence of p30 antigens in the human tissue extracts having similar characteristics to the p30 antigens of either the feline or murine type C viruses. The heterologous assay system was designed to detect interspecies antigenic determinants common to murine and feline viruses and also primate viruses. A competing antigen present in 28 per cent of the tissue extracts assayed demonstrated an antigenic protein that competed with the viral p30 protein used in the heterologous radioimmunoassay system and to a lesser extent in the homologous feline radioimmunoassay system. Antigenic competitor proteins were found in tumor and non-tumor tissue. These data suggest that some human urothelial tissues contain at least part of the genome of 1 or more type C viruses. Those tissues that are positive only in the heterologous assay system behave like viral p30 antigens already identified in tissues of several other primates. Those tissues that are positive in the heterologous assay system and the homologous system indicate that the p30 antigenic activity is closely related to that p30 present in feline C-type viruses. Further purification and more detailed characterization of those competing proteins are now under study. | 176,474 | [
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MBK neuropathy among spray painters. | It has been suggested that the solvent methyl N-butyl ketone (MBK) may cause peripheral neuropathy in humans. An investigation was undertaken after two cases of peripheral neuropathy among spray painters at one work site were reported to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Twenty-six painters were interviewed and examined. Two were found to have definite peripheral neuropathy and one had a probable case. Although one of these men had been exposed to lead in the past, there are strong reasons to believe that MBK was responsible for his neuropathy. There was nothing to suggest excessive lead absorption in the other two men. | 176,479 | [
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[Diurnal profiles of plasma aldosterone, cortisol, renin, angiotensinogen and angiotensinases in normal subjects (author's transl)]. | Plasma cortisol and renin were estimated in 1 h intervals, plasma aldosterone, angiotensinogen and angiotensinases in 3 h intervals over periods of 24 h in six normal volunteers (age 20-26) under control conditions and subsequently under suppression of ACTH release by dexamethasone. Highest cortisol levels were found around 7 a.m., minimum levels between 9 p.m. and 1 a.m. Dexamethasone reduced cortisol to constantly low concentrations. Aldosterone was highest around 4 a.m. under control conditions and under dexamethasone, and showed lowest concentrations between 4 and 10 p.m. There were no significant differences between mean aldosterone concentrations at corresponding time points of the control and the dexamethasone period. Similar to aldosterone, renen showed peak values around 4 a.m. All mean values at corresponding time points between 7 a.m. and 11 p.m. and the 24 hour mean values of each subject were significantly increased under the influence of dexamethasone. No evidence could be achieved for the existence of circadian rhythms of angiotensinogen and angiotensinases. Dexamethasone did not cause significant changes of these parameters. | 176,503 | [
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The effect of transformation-defective avian oncornavirus mutants on tumor antigen expression. | The recent isolation of conditional (temperature sensitive) and nonconditional transformation-defective mutants of avian sarcoma virus strains has facilitated the investigation of the effect of virus transformation on the cell's phenotype, e.g., with respect to morphology, growth pattern, or cell surface antigenicity. Special emphasis was laid on elucidating the correlation between transformed phenotype and tumor antigen expression. All of the tested nontransforming deletion mutants and the majority of the temperature-sensitive mutants were unable to induce tumor antigens in phenotypically untransformed cells. However, 3 temperature-sensitive mutants were found which were able to support the expression of tumor specific surface antigens even at restrictive temperature, when cells otherwise exhibited a normal phenotype. The theoretical and practical implications of this association between normal phenotype and tumor antigen expression are discussed. | 176,534 | [
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Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: radiographic aspects. | Because of consistent and unique radiographic features of JNA, it is not necessary, nor is it advisable, to biopsy these tumors to establish a diagnosis. In addition, the carotid arteriograms show the major feeding vessels to the lesion and also completely delineate the periphery of the tumor, thus establishing operability versus non-operability. If a JNA is treated by radiotherapy, the changes effected can be followed by carotid arteriography. | 176,543 | [
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[Angiographic findings of tentorial branches of the internal carotid artery in gliomas infiltrating the tentorium (author's transl)]. | The tentorial branches, originating from the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery, showed pathological findings in two cases of brain tumors infiltrating the tentorium: a glioblastoma multiforme of the temporooccipital and basal regions and a medulloblastoma diffusely involving the cerebellar hemisphere, vermis brachium pontis and pons. The value and importance of the tentorial branches are emphasized in the diagnosis of glioma infiltrating the tentorium. The percentage of the visualization and the measurements of the visualized segment of these branches were described using selective internal carotid angiograms by the transfemoral catheter technic on 50 presumably normal adults. The percentage of the visualization of the tentorial branches was 24 percents and the average visualized segment measured 15 mm with a range of 5 to 30 mm on conventional angiograms. | 176,605 | [
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The relationship between the rate of rise of isometric tension and motor unit recruitment in a human forearm muscle. | The recruitment properties of single motor units from the human extensor indicis muscle were investigated during voluntary isometric contractions of different rate of rise but equal amplitude. Both the electrical and the contractile events associated with recruitment were analyzed. The threshold force of recruitment (measured as the total muscle force at firing onset) decreased with increasing rate of rise of isometric tension. This was consistently found for all units. Differences between low and high threshold units indicating a preferential tonic or phasic mode of activation were not observed. The contractile events associated with recruitment were analyzed analoguously to the electrical events. For this purpose, muscle force was measured at the time of the first twitch as it was measured at the time of the first spike. This separate measurement of the electrical and mechanical recruitment of a unit is necessary, because during a change of muscle force, force is different at firing onset and during the subsequent twitch contraction. Muscle tension at the time of the peak of the first twitch contraction was calculated from measurements of the twitch concentration time of the single motor units. In contrast to firing onset, the peak of the first twitch of a motor unit occurs at approximately the same muscle tension no matter how fast the contraction is performed. This is the consequence of the result that the average decrease of the threshold force of recruitment at successively faster contraction has the same value as the corresponding increase of total muscle force during the mean contraction time of the motor units. On the basis of this precise matching between these two changes, the mechanical recruitment of motor units occurs at approximately the same force level irrespective of the rate of rise of tension. | 176,624 | [
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[Leucaemoid reaction due to cytomegalovirus infection in a new born infant (author's transl)]. | A newborn infant with low birth weight, jaundice, petechiae of the skin and enlargement of spleen and liver is presented. His general condition was severe and progressive aggravation of it was noticed. Bilirubin levels was up to 44 mg/100 ml, most of it indirect and severe anaemia was present. Furthermore leucaemoid reaction of the white cells was developed. Inclusion bodies in the urine and increased title of complement fixation antibodies in the peripheral blood were detected. The diagnosis of cytomegalovirus disease was established. The patient, when he was forty days old, seemed to be fairly well, but mental retardation was noticed, which persisted at the fifth month of his age. | 176,629 | [
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Thyrotropin-ganglioside interactions and their relationship to the structure and function of thyrotropin receptors. | Gangliosides inhibit 125I-labeled thyrotropin binding to the thyrotropin receptors on bovine thyroid plasma membranes, on guinea pig retro-orbital tissue plasma membranes, and on human adipocyte membranes. This inhibition by gangliosides is critically altered by the number and location of the sialic acid residues within the ganglioside structure, the efficacy of inhibition having the following order: GD1b greater than GT1 greater than GM1 greater than GM2 = GM3 greater than GD1a. The inhibition results from the interaction of thyrotropin and gangliosides, rather than the interaction of membrane and gangliosides. Fluorescence studies show that the inhibition is associated with a distinct conformational change of the thyrotropin molecule and that the progression from a "noninhibitory conformation" to an "inhibitory conformation" parallels exactly the order of effectiveness in inhibiting 125I-labeled thyrotropin binding. The ganglioside inhibition of 125I-labeled thyrotropin binding appears to be hormonally specific in that it is not affected by albumin, glucagon, insulin, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, or corticotropin. The possibility that a ganglioside or ganglioside-like structure is a component of the thyrotropin receptor is suggested by the finding that gangliosides more complex than N-acetylneuraminylgalactosylglucosylceramide are present in bovine thyroid membranes in much higher quantities than have been previously found in extraneural tissue. The finding that the B component of cholera toxin, which also interacts with gangliosides, has a peptide sequence in common with the beta subunit of thyrotropin, suggests that thyrotropin and cholera toxin may be analogous in their mode of action on the membrane. | 176,657 | [
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[Malignant synovialoma (author's transl)]. | Based upon 351 cases of malignant synovialoma from the literature and 12 own observations clinical and roentgenographic findings, differential diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis are discussed. Because of early recurrencies and metastases early diagnosis is most important for therapeutic results. By means of radical surgery and subsequent intensive irradiation of the previous tumor site and the draining lymphatics a 5-years survival rate of 30-50% can be achieved. | 176,684 | [
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REM sleep induction by physostigmine infusion during sleep. | Physostigmine (an anticholinesterase agent that increases acetylcholine at the synapse), in a dose of 0.5 milligram, was given intravenously to seven normal human volunteers. When injected during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, physostigmine woke the subjects, and when injected during non-REM sleep, it induced REM sleep. This result suggests that cholinergic mechanisms play a role in the induction of REM sleep and in modulating cortical arousal mechanisms. | 176,724 | [
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[A propos of 210 emergency endoscopies in upper digestive hemorrhage]. | The authors report their experience of 210 fiber endoscopies carried out as an emergency for upper digestive hemorrhage. They emphasize the necessity of early examination and only consider here examinations carried out within 12 hours from the start of the hemorrhage. In 91.4 % of cases, a correct diagnosis was possible. More than 20% of the patients had at least two lesions liable to cause hemorrhage. In cirrhosis, esophageal varices were the cause of hemorrhage in only 50% of cases. | 176,729 | [
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[Routine gastric fiber endoscopy in severe head injuries]. | Gastric lesions in severe cranial trauma are almost constant, whether the patients have bled or not. Routine fiber endoscopy in 63 cases permited the authors to discover various types of lesion, some in association, whether diffuse or localised, e.g. oedema or congestion, viz. congestion, purpura, various sized ulcers, usually situated high up in the stomach, sometimes in the antrum ; their course, whether rapid or not, was often intermittent. Endoscopy is the best method of diagnosis permitting appropriate treatment. | 176,731 | [
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[Intermittent thrombolytic treatment. Results during severe, chronic arterial diseases]. | 38 patients with severe chronic arteritis of the lower limbs were treated with streptokinase intermittently. All had been refused for surgical operation. One patient died, 4 others had early interruption of treatment. Eleven of the 38 patients had efficient thrombolysis confirmed by arteriography. The facts confirm the possibility of thrombolysis during chronic arterial disease. The fact that the aggravation was recent was favourable factor in prognosis. The eleven patients improved, had severe aggravation of symptomes for less than 2 months. Thus thrombolytic treatment has a place of choice in the treatment of severe arterial disease where surgery is impossible, or dangerous, owing to the uncertain state of the vascular bed below the lesion. Efficacious, it permits reconstructive surgery in cases where it had been at first refused. The use of intermittent treatment, apart from advantages of confort and cost, seems to increase the efficacy of treatment. | 176,733 | [
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Ascorbate inhibition of 6-aminonicotinamide teratogenesis in chicken embryos. | Chicken eggs of 4 or 6 days of incubation were injected with 10 mug 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) or 6-AN plus various doses of sodium ascorbate, calcium ascorbate, or ascorbic acid; 11-day embryos were examined grossly and histologically. 6-AN-treated embryos had various degrees of micromelia and were reduced in overall size. All three ascorbates inhibited 6-AN teratogenesis but not completely. The extent of inhibition was dose related. Increased amounts of intercellular matrix and decreased necrosis of chondrocytes in the limb cartilage of protected embryos correlated with the gross findings. | 176,744 | [
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Effect of chilling on platelet cyclic adenosine 3:5-monophosphate and adenylate cyclase activity. | Exposure of platelets to 1 C led to a transient increase in cyclic AMP levels (determined either by a protein binding method or by radioimmunoassay) within five to ten minutes reaching a maximum 10 to 15 minutes after chilling was begun and returning subsequently to baseline values. Addition of EDTA to the platelet suspension medium prevented this increase. Rewarming at 37 C produced a sudden reduction in platelet cyclic AMP. To determine whether the cold-induced increase in cyclic AMP was due to a transient stimulation of platelet adenylate cyclase or a rapid inhibition of phosphodiesterase, these enzymes were assayed in ruptured platelet suspensions. Platelet adenylate cyclase activity was found to possess certain characteristics similar to those of the enzyme derived from other sources but there was a marked potentiation of fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity by 0.001 M EDTA. This effect was limited to low EDTA concentrations. Exposure of platelets to 1 C for up to 60 minutes did not increase adenylate cyclase activity but lowered it substantially compared with controls kept at room temperature. Phosphodiesterase activity at 1 C was depressed sooner and to a greater extent than was adenylate cyclase. The transient rise in cyclic AMP levels in chilled platelets appears to be due to a disproportionate reduction of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity. | 176,753 | [
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[Reduction of oily substances in rabbit lungs (author's transl)]. | Artificial fat embolism in rabbits was caused by injection of olive oil and Lipiodol Ultrafluid into the ear vein. Electron-microscopic and histochemical observations of the lung were made. The content of nonspecific esterase was evaluated. Serious defects of blood vessels and pneumocytes as well as an increase in alveolar macrophages and capillary thrombosis were noted. The endothelial cells became considerably larger and necrosis of endothelial cells and capillary destruction even occurred. Fat appeared interstially and in the alveolus. Tissue reaction is much greater in olive oil than in contrast medium. This is due to their different chemical composition. The strong tissue reaction in olive oil is caused by glycerol and unsaturated fatty acids occurring in hydrolysis. Fat emboli are primarily eliminated by enzymatic splitting. Normally alveolar macrophages and endothelial cells contain little nonspecific esterase. After application of fatty fluids they react with an increase in the content of esterase. Alveolar epithelium seems to participate in enzymatic fat splitting. | 176,773 | [
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Concentric nuclear inclusions. | Membrane bound concentric lamellar inclusions were found in the nuclei of pancreatic acinar cells of a patient with multiple primary neoplasms and in the parotid acinar cells of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. It is proposed that these inclusions form from rough cisternae sequestered in the nucleus. | 176,776 | [
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[The potentiating effects of azathioprine and azapropazone on the enzyme activity in experimental inflammation]. | The influence of prednisolone, azathioprine, and azapropazone on the activity of collagen peptidase, acid phosphatase (complete), and the lactate dehydrogenase of granulation tissue was studied using a model of proliferative inflammation i.e. the cotton-granuloma in rats. The authors observed significant decreases in the activities of the collagen peptidase and acid phosphatase during treatment with prednisone and under combined treatment with azathioprine and azapropazone. In contrast, administration of either azathioprine or azapropazone by itself caused no changes in these enzyme activities as compared with a control group. These studies suggest that the last mentioned drugs potentiate each other in their inhibiting effect upon these enzyme activities. Whether or not these findings are of importance in the clinical treatment of chronic bacterial inflammations must be studied in further trials. | 176,844 | [
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Utilization of dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulphate for oestrogen production by pregnant baboons (Papio papio). | The effect of varying maternal circulating 3beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one (D) and its sulphate (DS) on urinary oestrogen (Oe) excretion by baboons was determined between 65 and 174 days gestation (term = 184 days). Oe (mainly oestrone) was determined by radioimmunoassay after enzymic hydrolysis of conjugates. Increments in Oe were estimated from the difference between Oe during 5 days pre- and post-treatment. Oestradiol-17beta (5 mg in 5.0 ml saline-ethanol, 1:1) administered iv increased (P less than 0.001) Oe by 2.46 +/- 0.71, 7 (mean, mg +/- SD, number of experiments). The response to 100 mg D (3.20 +/- 1.50, 7) was greater (P less than 0.001) than that due to 100 mg DS (0.03 +/- 0.75, 7). The response to DS was not different from that due to saline-ethanol alone (-0.05 +/- 0.27, 5). Betamethasone (9alpha-fluoro-11beta,17,21-trihydroxy-16beta-methyl-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione) administration (3 mg bi-daily, im) caused an approximately 90% reduction in Oe within 4 days. In animals treated chronically with betamethasone the response due to 100 mg D (2.74 +/- 1.04, 5) was again greater (P less than 0.001) that that due to 100 mg DS (0.10 +/- 0.09, 5). ACTH (8 U or 40 U, im, N = 11) produced a variable but not significant mean change in Oe at either dose level. Metyrapone (300 mg every 4 h for 6 doses) increased (P less than 0.005) Oe (0.77 +/- 0.48, 5). It is concluded that in normal pregnant animals and those treated with betamethasone, in which endogenous levels of D and DS are presumably reduced, D is preferentially used over DS for oestrogen produced. Variations in DS availability do not produce marked changes in oestrogen production. This suggest that rapid increases in oestrogen production, as occur for example close to term, may result from increased availability of D rather than DS. The variable responses to ACTH and the increase in Oe following metyrapone administration are compatible with significant foetal contributions of oestrogen precursors, the production of which is under ACTH control. | 176,856 | [
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Effects of viral and mycoplasma infections on ultrastructure and enzyme activities in human skeletal muscle. | The effect on skeletal muscle of acute viral and mycoplasma infections in thirteen men of ages ranging between 20-42 years has been studied. Comparisons are made with eight healthy men in the age group 22-29 years who were confined to bed for periods of time of lengths similar to the confinement to bed of the patients. Muscle samples were taken from the thigh. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (triosephosphate) dehydrogenase (TPD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), citrate synthetase (CS) and cytochrome oxidase (cytox) activities were measured and the ultrastructure of the muscle specimens was studied by electron microscopy. Immobilization of the healthy persons induced decreased activities of CS, but those of TPD, LDH and cytox remained unaffected. Return to normal life restored the CS activity. The activities of the four enzymes were lower in the patients than in the healthy subjects after immobilization. During normal life, the activities slowly rose to levels as those seen in the healthy subjects. In connection with the acute disease, focal ultrastructural changes within the muscle were found. The changes were similar to those reported to occur in other, more specific muscle diseases. | 176,868 | [
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Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in cultured minimal deviations hepatoma 7288 C cells. | Minimal Deviation Hepatoma 7288 C cells were cultured in confluent layer with labeled linoleic, alpha-linolenic, eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic and stearic acids. The cells in culture preserved their ability to convert stearic acid to oleic acid. They also synthesized arachidonic acid from linoleic acid or eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid. The conversion was very low with linoleic acid and high with eicosatrienoic acid. Eicosapentaenoic acid and other homologs of the alpha-linolenic acid family were synthesized from alpha-linolenic acid. The biosynthetic patterns were the cells was modified by the fatty acid composition of the media. | 176,870 | [
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Phosphopyridoxal complexes with histamine and histidine. (4) The kinetics of complex formation between histidine and pyridoxal 5' -phosphate in the presence of bacterial histidine decarboxylase. | The dynamics of the complex formation between pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) and histidine in the presence of bacterial histidine decarboxylase was examined. Since PLP is able to form a cyclic product with histidine and histamine, the possibility of complex formation between PLP and histamine formed during a decarboxylation reaction was examined too. It was found that the cyclization reaction between PLP and histidine is equimolecular and the rate of cyclic product formation is not significantly influenced by the presence of enzyme. In the presence of bacterial histidine decarboxylase both the cyclization reaction and cyclic product formation were observed. Predominance of histamine or cyclic product formation was dependent on pH and substrate concentration. In the presence of histidine and enzymatic protein, histamine formed during the decarboxylation reaction was unable to form a cyclic product with PLP. | 176,880 | [
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Case report. Clostridium perfringens septicemia with detection of phospholipase C activity in the serum. | Clostridium perfringens septicemia with massive hemolysis is described in an elderly woman with refractory anemia. This case is highly unusual in that (1) the diagnosis was made during life by discovery of the organisms on a routine peripheral blood film, and that (2) phospholipase C activity was detected in the serum. | 176,888 | [
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The value of arteriography in the diagnosis and treatment of insulinomas. | Six arteriograms were performed in five patients with insulinoma. The method showed with precision the size and location of the tumor in five instances, whereas in one instance the method was unsuccessful. Arteriography was performed again with more refinements in technic, but was adequate in locating only the largest tumor. Since diagnostic accuracy of arteriography depends on the size of the tumor, and nonpalpable tumors are only occasionally located, the main problems in surgical treatment of insulinomas are unresolved. | 176,896 | [
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Infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast in the postpubertal adolescent: a case report. | Infiltrating ductal carcinoma is an extremely rare neoplasm in the teenage or pre-teenage child. Routine pediatric physical examination should include careful examination of the breast and all palpable masses should be excised. Carcinoma occurring in the prepubertal child carries an improved prognosis particularly if the tumor stains PAS-positive. Carcinoma occurring in the postpubertal teenager probably carries the same prognosis as that in the adult and should be treated in a similar manner. The authors discuss such a case occurring in a 13-year-old girl. | 176,911 | [
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Role of ionophores in energy coupling. | If, as we deem inevitable, the principles of energy coupling are universal, then the necessity for charge-separating devices will apply across the board to all bioenergetic systems. Since, apart from the elctron transfer chain, ionophores are the only charge-separating devices available in bioenergetic systems, model of energy coupling that does not feature this central role of ionophores can be taken seriously. The ionophore approach thus opens the royal highway to the ultimate solution of all bioenergetic problems. | 176,915 | [
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0.0134864... |
Inhibition of herpesvirus deoxyribonucleic acid and protein synthesis by tilorone hydrochloride. | Tilorone hydrochloride at a concentration of 10 mug/ml very efficiently inhibited herpes simplex virus growth in BSC1 cells when the virus is infected at a low multiplicity of infection. The adsorption of the virus was not affected by the drug, and the penetration of the deoxyribonucleic acid of the input virus into the cytoplasm and nuclei proceeded normally when tilorone hydrochloride was present. However, newly synthesized viral deoxyribonucleic acid was not detectable under these conditions, there was a remarkable decrease in the rate of viral polypeptide synthesis, and virus particles were not formed. The inhibition of herpesvirus growth by tilorone hydrochloride was absolutely dependent on the presence of the drug in the cultures. Pretreatment of the cells with the drug did not result in resistance to herpesvirus infection after the removal of the drug. | 176,928 | [
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Inhibition of Clostridium perfringens by an antibiotic substance produced by Bacillus licheniformis in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic mice: effect on other bacteria from the digestive tract. | A strain of Bacillus licheniformis, established in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic mice, inhibited the subsequent establishment of a Clostridium perfringens strain ingested by the animals. This inhibitory effect depended on the in vivo production by B. licheniformis of an antibiotic substance having a number of the characteristics of bacitracin. If C. perfringens was the first to become established in the digestive tract of the gnotobiotic mice, B. licheniformis also became established but did not produce any antibiotic. Mutants of C. perfringens resistant to the antibiotic substance were not observed when the antibiotic was produced in situ by B. licheniformis, but were rapidly selected when the Bacillus culture filtrate or bacitracin was administered per os. B. licheniformis was also capable of eliminating from the digestive tract 5 of the 13 additional bacterial strains tested. | 176,929 | [
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Use of sodium polyanethol sulfonate to selectively inhibit aminoglycoside and polymyxin antibiotics in a rapid blood level antibiotic assay. | Sodium polyanethol sulfonate inhibits aminoglycoside and polymyxin classes of antibiotics in direct proportion to its concentration. Aminoglycoside and polymyxin class antibiotics are selectively inactivated; penicillin, including the semisynthetic penicillins, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and vancomycin are not inhibited. By incorporating sodium polyanethol sulfonate directly into the test medium it is possible, in a 4-h antibiotic blood level assay, to selectively obviate the activity of the aminoglycosides and polymyxins to determine the concentration of other antibiotics present in the same serum sample. | 176,933 | [
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In vitro susceptibility of varicella zoster virus to adenine arabinoside and hypoxanthine arabinoside. | The in vitro susceptibility of varicella zoster (VZ) isolates to adenine arabinoside (ara-A) and hypoxanthine arabinoside (ara-Hx) was determined in human skin fibroblasts. Using a system in which deamination was inhibited, and using a modified plaque reduction method, the antiviral activities of ara-A and ara-Hx were separated. The plaque inhibitory concentration of ara-A for all VZ isolates tested was 1 to 2 mug/ml and 80 to 100 mug/ml for ara-Hx. A comparison of antiviral activity based upon total plaque suppression gave a rate of 40 to 50:1, in favor of ara-A. | 176,937 | [
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Benign liver cell adenoma associated with use of oral contraceptive agents. | A benign hepatic adenoma in a young woman taking oral contraceptives for 7 years is reported. The diagnosis must be suspected in any young woman taking oral contraceptive agents who develop signs and symptoms of acute cholecystitis with hepatomegaly or mass, or when signs and symptoms of non-traumatic intraabdominal hemorrhage are present. Rupture of the tumor is a life-threatening complication. Treatment should be either hepatic lobectomy or wide local resection. | 176,959 | [
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Cystosarcoma phyllodes metastatic to a brenner tumor of the ovary. | A patient had cytosarcoma phyllodes that developed metastases to bone and to a Brenner tumor of the ovary. The original breast tumor was reported as benign, but the patient died of metastases four months following mastectomy. The rapid growth in the ovary may have been due to estrogenic stroma in the Brenner tumor. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of cystosarcoma phyllodes metastasizing to another tumor. | 176,963 | [
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[Study of cortico-melanotropic activities in the anterior pituitary of an anencephalic and a normal newborn]. | Immunofluorescence studies by-means of anti-beta (1-24) corticotropin, anti-alpha (17-39) ACTH; anti-beta-MSH were performed on the anterior pituitary of an at-term anencephalic newborn. They showed small and rare cortico-melanotropic cells, as compared to those seen in the anterior pituitary of newborns. The comparison of these data with experimental observations suggest a possible autonomy of corticotropin function, although under hypothalamus control. | 176,960 | [
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0.0... |
[Morphofunctional state of pulmonary macrophages and their biological protection during phagocytosis of toxic elements]. | Studies of a morphofunctional state of macrophages of the lungs of rats in phagocytosis of quartz (size of particles 1-2 mum) and against the background of prophylactic administration of polyvinylridine-N-oxyde (PVNO) were carried out using the method of quantitative cytochemistry (interference microscopy and cytometry) and electron-microscopy techniques (raster and transmissive). It was established that administration of PVNO led to intensification of the phagocytic activity of macrophages, increase in the content of RNA and dry weight (total proteins) therein, enlargement of the sizes of cells. The electron-microscopy investigation showed a good preservation of organelles of macrophages. | 176,981 | [
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0.09... |
Neurologic manifestations of glomus tumors in the head and neck. | In 75 patients with glomus tumors in the head and neck region, 57 tumors arose from the jugular bulb region, 11 from the middle ear, and seven from the vagus nerve. Thirty-seven percent (28 patients) had cranial nerve paralysis, and 14.6% (11) had intracranial tumor extension. The jugular foramen syndrome was associated with a 50% (two of four patients) incidence, and hypoglossal nerve paralysis with a 75% (three of four) incidence of posterior fossa tumor invasion. Horner syndrome and labyrinthine destruction had a 50% (two of four) incidence of a middle cranial fossa tumor invasion. The incidence of central nervous system (CNS) invasion with cranial nerve paralysis (excluding the seventh nerve) was 52% (11 of 21). Otologic findings and seventh nerve paralysis did not correlate with CNS tumor extension. | 176,982 | [
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0.356862,
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0.1666031,
0... |
The oncogenic potential of some avian adenoviruses causing diseases in chickens. | The oncogenic potentials of three different strains of avian adenoviruses (the Tipton strain of the inclusion body hepatitis virus, the DPI-2, and the Indiana C viruses) were investigated in newborn hamsters. Animal inoculations were via two routes, subcutaneous and intracerebral. All three viruses proved nononcogenic for the hamsters observed over a period of 225 days. However, lesions of hepatitis similar to those of inclusion body hepatitis of chickens were seen in three hamsters inoculated with the DPI-2 virus. | 176,986 | [
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Expression of the human adenylate kinase isozymes, phosphopyruvate hydratase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglucomutase-1 in man-rodent somatic cell hybrids. | The expression of the adenylate kinase isozymes and of phosphopyruvate hydratase was studied in man-mouse and man-hamster hybrid clones. Concordant segregation of the loci coding for AK-2 and PPH was observed in 54 of 55 primary hybrid clones, and these loci were demonstrated to be synthetic with the loci specifying PGM-1 and PGD. The pattern of expression of the four enzymes in discordant clone suggests the gene order 1pter-(PGD, PPH)-AK-2-PGM-1-centromere. In addition, AK-1 was found to be expressed independently of AK-2. | 176,998 | [
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Regulation of mitochondrial protein turnover by thyroid hormone(s). | 1. The effect of thyroidectomy on turnover rates of liver, kidney and brain mitochondrial proteins was examined. 2. In the euthyroid state, liver and kidney mitochondria show a synchronous turnover with all protein components showing more or less identical half-lives compared with the whole mitochondria. The brain mitochondrial proteins show asynchronous turnover, the soluble proteins having shorter half-lives. 3. Mitochondrial DNA (m-DNA) of liver and kidney has half-lives comparable with that of whole mitochondria from these tissues. 4. Thyroidectomy results in increased half-lives of liver and kidney mitochondria, with no apparent change in the half-life of brain mitochondria. 5. A detailed investigation of the turnover rates of several protein components revealed a significant decrease in the turnover rates of mitochondrial insoluble proteins from the three tissues under study. 6. The turnover rates of m-DNA of liver and kidney show a parallel decrease. 7. Thus it is apparent that thyroid hormone(s) may have a regulatory role in maintaining the synchrony of turnover of liver and kidney mitochondria in the euthyroid state. Turnover of brain mitochondria may perhaps be regulated by some other factor(s) in addition to thyroid hormone(s). 8. It seems likely that during mitochondrial turnover m-DNA and insoluble proteins may constitute a major unit. 9. The mitochondrial protein contents of the three tissues are not affected by thyroidectomy. 10. No correlation was seen between the turnover rate of mitochondria and cathepsin activity in any of the tissues under study in normal or thyroidectomized animals. 11. On the other hand, mitochondrial proteinase activity shows good correlation with the turnover rates of mitochondria in normal animals, and a parallel decrease in activity comparable with the decreased rates of turnover is observed after thyroidectomy. 12. It is concluded that mitochondrial proteinase activity may play a significant role in their protein turnover. | 177,002 | [
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Analysis of metabolic changes in revertants of antibiotic-resistant micobacteria. | In the present report evaluation of the possible metabolic changes in partially revertants of M. tuberculosis var. hominis, reisolated from strains at high levels of drug-resistance after treatment with mutagenic agents, was reported. Based on the data presented here, it must be concluded that no significant biological and biochemical differences in mycobacterial cells revertant from high mutants mono-resistant to four aminoglycosides (Sm, Kana, Vio, Neo) and p-aminonasalicylic acid (PAS) are to be found. | 177,028 | [
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On the use of the spin labeling technique in the study of erythrocyte membranes. | ESR spectra and scanning electron micrographs of human erythrocytes spin labeled with the conventional stearic acid nitroxide substituted at the 5-position have been obtained over a range of label-to-lipid ratios. While morphological changes as previously reported (Bieri, V. G., Wallach, D. F. H. and Lin, P. S. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 71, 4797-4801) are reproduced, it is shown that at label-to-lipid ratios of 1:10 or less the basic ESR spectrum is not significantly affected. At low label concentrations the spin labeling technique is a viable one and can be used to investigate membrane properties. | 177,059 | [
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[Autoradiographic study of human scirrhous gastric carcinoma during cultivation in diffusion chambers]. | The growth of the epithelial and connective tissue cells was noted in cultivation of human schirrous carcinoma of the stomach in diffuse chambers. In difference to the initial tissue of the tumour in vitro in which no incorporation of thymidine-H3 into the connective tissue cells was noted, these cells proved to be labeled under conditions of growth in the chambers. One hour after the administration of thymidine-H3 the percentage of cells with labeled nuclei averaged 25.1% this considerably exceeding the value of the label index determined under conditions of incubation in vitro of the initial tumour tissue (6.6%). Under conditions of cultivation there was revealed a rapidly proliferating subpopulation of cells with the mitotic cycle duration of 14.8 hours. | 177,125 | [
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In vitro colony-forming cells in the marrow of leukemic and preleukemic mice. | In vitro colony-forming cells (CFUc) were evaluated in preleukemic and leukemic AK mice. Increased concentrations of CFUc were found in normal appearing marrow of superinfected animals 2-3 wk prior to the onset of lymphoma. CFUc were present in marrows of mice with virus-accelerated, spontaneous, and transplanted lymphoma. CFUc concentration was often increased in mice with advanced disease and marrow replacement by lymphoblasts. When calculated on the basis of CFUc per normal marrow cells, this increase was marked. The colonies developed only in the presence of added colony-stimulating activity (CSA) and had the morphologic features of colonies from normal marrow. Leukemic cells did not form colonies. Lymphoma cells, from virus accelerated, spontaneous and transplanted lymphoma, did not produce CSA in feeder layers or conditioned medium. Leukemic and nonleukemic AK bone were found to produce similar small amounts of CSA. These studies showed that the preleukemic state as well as marrow replacement by lymphoblasts resulted in increased marrow CFUc's. No evidence for increased local production of CSA by lymphoblasts or the marrow microenvironment was found to account for this. | 177,133 | [
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The effects of long term feeding of Solanum glaucophyllum to growing rats on Ca, Mg, P and bone metabolism. | The effects of the long term ingestion of Solanum Glaucophyllum leaves (SG) by the rat was investigated in two series of experiments; the animals were fed a normal (for 8 weeks) or a low Ca diet (for 5 weeks). With both diets, the intestinal absorption of Ca was increased and the endogenous fecal Ca excretion was decreased by SG treatment. Added to a normal Ca diet, SG increased the urinary excretion of Ca, Mg and P and reduced the excretion of hydroxyproline and pyrophosphate. At the histological level, SG induced a higher rate of bone tissue synthesis on trabecular and endosteal surfaces. The bone content of hydroxyproline and citrate increased significantly. The total alkaline phosphatase activity of plasma decreased as a function of SG intake due to a decreased in the activity of the intestinal isoenzyme, which was not compensated by the increase in the bone isoenzyme activity. The Mg absorption was decreased by SG inducing lower Mg balances and lower plasma Mg levels. Added to a low Ca diet, SG increased the severity of the secondary hyperparathyroidism induced by the diet. The urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and the plasma alkaline phosphatase activity (both isoenzymes) were significantly increased. The Na and K content of bone decreased as a function of SG intake. 45Ca kinetic experiments revealed that SG increased the rate of Ca resorption and the rate constant of the fast exchangeable Ca pool, in both diets. | 177,152 | [
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Comparative ultrastructure of selected oral streptococci: thin-sectioning and freeze-etching studies. | The ultrastructure of Streptococcus mutans, serotypes a-e, S. sanguis, S. mitis, and S. salivarius HHT, were examined by the techniques of thin-sectioning and freeze-etching. The cell walls varied in width between 15 and 46 nm and were covered with an electron-dense fibrillar or fuzz layer. The cytoplasmic membrane was in close association with numerous mesosomes which were, in turn, either closely associated or in contact with the bacterial chromosome. In freeze-etch replicas, the outermost layer of the cell wall was fibrous, and the cytoplasmic membrane was covered with particles composed of several subunits. Both particle-clusters and particle-free areas occurred on the surfaces of the cytoplasmic membrane, as well as a crystalline array in the ground plasm of the cell. | 177,163 | [
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Primary intracranial Burkitt's lymphoma in an infant. | A case of intracranial Burkitt's lymphoma is reported in a child whose symptoms began at 3 months of age with a definite histologic diagnosis established at 18 months. Serologic studies demonstrated high antibody titers to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the patient and in four out of five members of the immediate family. The patient also demonstrated immunity to antigens derived from African Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines. The autopsy findings strongly support the case for the primary intracranial origin of the neoplasm and a perinatal infection with EBV is probable in this case. | 177,169 | [
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Mediastinoscopy: a diagnostic aid in metastatic carcinoma of the breast. | Six patients with metastatic carcinoma of the breast underwent mediastinoscopy to obtain tissue for estrogen receptor analysis and pathologic confirmation of metastatic tumor. The indication for mediastioxcopy was an abnormal mediastinal accumulation of gallium in five patients, only two of whom had an abnormality noted on tomography. All six patients had tumor recovered by mediastinoscopy as demonstrated by pathologic examination and/or estrogen receptor assay, Therefore, the diagnosis of mediastinal metastases in breast cancer may be suggested by either chest roentgenograms, mediastinal tomography, or gallium scintigraphy. Mediastinoscopy is a safe, effective procedure capable of establishing the diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma of the breast and of procuring sufficient tissue for estrogen receptor analysis in patients without more readily accessible sites of metastases. | 177,183 | [
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Hepatocellular carcinoma in the Malaysian Orang Asli. | Necropsies were performed on 285 consecutively unclaimed Orang Asli bodies from Gombak Orang Asli Hospital during an eight-year period from May 1967 to April 1975. Of the 25 malignant neoplasms, hepatocellular carcinoma was by far the commonest (36%). The nine patients with this neoplasm had coexistant macronodular cirrhosis. There were 20 cases of cirrhosis; 45% of these had coexistant hepatocellular carcinoma. The 53,000 Orang Aslis living in West Malaysia comprise three tribes, the Negrito, Senoi, and Melayu Asli (Proto Malays). The Sinoi appear to have a high predilection for liver cancer, all our nine cases occurring in this group. These aboriginal people live in the jungles where they practice shifting cultivation and maintain their own dietary and social customs. Detailed studies of their dietary habits may provide a clue to the etiology of liver cancer in these people. | 177,187 | [
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Alanosine toxicity in Novikoff rat hepatoma cells due to inhibition of the conversion of inosine monophosphate to adenosine monophosphate. | 2-Amino-3-(hydroxynitrosoamino)propionic acid (alanosine), at a concentration as low as 2.7 muM, completely inhibits the incorporation of hypoxanthine into adenosine triphosphate by cultured Novikoff rat hepatoma cells. Alanosine inhibits the first step in the conversion of inosine monophosphate to adenosine monophosphate because inosine monophosphate, but not adenylosuccinate, accumulates in treated cells. However, the alanosine inhibition is not prevented by aspartic acid, even at a concentration of 1 mM. Alanosine treatment results in the inhibition of cell division, DNA synthesis, RNA and protein synthesis (in this order), and a depletion of the cells of adenosine triphosphate. Some of the cells accumulate in late G2 or M, but the remainder become arrested in other stages of the cell cycle. All effects are due to the inhibition of adenosine monophosphate synthesis and the consequent depletion of the adenosine triphosphate pool since they are completely prevented or reversed by addition of adenine, but not hypoxanthine, to the medium. Pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis is not significantly inhibited by alanosine, since the uridine triphosphate pool is not affected and uridine fails to reverse the cytotoxicity of alanosine. Alanosine also inhibits the transport of aspartic acid, but has a much lower affinity for this transport system than aspartic acid. | 177,207 | [
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Vincristine (NSC-67574) in the treatment of small-cell anaplastic carcinoma of the lung. | In a phase II trial the effect of vincristine as a single agent was evaluated in patients with small-cell anaplastic carcinoma of the lung. The dosage of vincristine was 1.5 mg/m2/week given iv for 4 weeks, followed by 1.5 mg/m2 given every other week with dose modifications according to neurologic tolerance. Nineteen of 27 patients included in the study were evaluable. Objective response was observed in eight patients (42%) including three who were not previously treated and five who were previously treated. The median duration of response was 60 days (range, 21-182 days) with the response always occurring within 4 weeks. This study demonstrates that vincristine is an active agent for small-cell anaplastic carcinoma without cross resistance to CCNU, cyclophosphamide, or methotrexate. | 177,209 | [
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[The mode of action of bacteriocin N5 purified from Clostridium perfringens]. | The purified bacteriocin N5 produced by Clostridium perfringens BP6K inhibited simultaneously the syntheses of DNA, RNA and protein in sensitive cells, without DNA degradation. Bacteriocin N5 inhibited the accumulation of leucin and caused the exit of the previously accumulated amino acid. The effects of bacteriocin N5 are very similar to those observed for colicins E1, K, A and I. | 177,225 | [
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Increased serum calcitonin levels in bronchogenic cancer. | A study of 26 men with bronchogenic cancer demonstrated high serum calcitonin levels in 62 percent (16). Levels were particularly high in patients with small-cell cancer and adenocarcinoma. Two varieties of hypercalcitonemia have been encountered: (1) ectopic hypercalcitonemia, in which the hormone is secreted by the tumor, and (2) thyroidal hypercalcitonemia, in which the high values emanate from the thyroid gland. In several patients, serum calcitonin levels decreased following therapy for the cancer. Further studies are needed to evaluate the diagnostic value and clnical utility of serum calcitonin levels as a marker substance in bronchogenic cancer. | 177,250 | [
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[Ultrastructure of the lymphocytic nucleus under the effect of phytohemagglutinin stimulation]. | The author presents a review of the literature, in which he describes the blast transformation of lymphocytes, induced by lectines, as a proper model for examining the metabolic and connected with them morphological changes in cellular activation. The literature connected with the basic achievements in examining the ultrastructure of the interphase nucleus is also described. The author presents his studies on the dynamic changes, occuring in the nucleus in the course of the blast transformation, induced by phytohemagglutinin. The author found early changes in the nuclear chromatin, discovered within the first hour, using together with the ordinary double staining and the method for visualization of RNA structures (EDTA method of W. Bernar) and the method of G. Moyne for establishing DNA. It was established by means of nuclear morphometry that within the first hour the reduction of dense chromatin on account of the dispersed chromatin was 7,7%, the 24th hour was 26,0% and on the 48th hour was 26,3%. On the basis of the morphometric examination the author found also that the largest was the number of perichromatin granules in nontransformed lymphocytes of PHA-cultures. The supposition that these were B-lymphocytes was supported by analogous morphometric examination on lymphocytes obtained from the thymus and bursa Fabricius of newly shelled chickens and it was established that this number in the bursa was more than twice larger. There were three types of arrangement of the interchromatin granules: in groups, diffuse and in chains and it was found that the last type was connected with the largest number of perichromatin granules. The author discusses the possibility for a transfer of whole perichromatin granules through the nuclear pores in cases under strong stimulation such as that of phytohemagglutinin. | 177,261 | [
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Basal and dibutyryl cyclic AMP-stimulated release of newly synthesized and stored growth hormone from perifused rat pituitaries. | The basal rate of pre-labeled stored 14C-labeled rat growth hormone ([14C]rGH) release from perifused rat pituitary explants is a constant fraction of pituitary GH content, suggesting random release from the storage pool. Basal release of newly synthesized [3H]rGH occurs in two phases: 1) immediate and associated with [3H]rGH synthesis, and 2) late (delayed by 60 min) and independent of concurrent [3H]rGH synthesis. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (10(-2)M)-stimulated release of stored [14C]rGH is characterized by an initial acute rise followed by a second phase of continuous rapid release. Immediate and late release of new [3H]rGH is increased by dibutyryl cyclic AMP, and the late phase of [3H]rGH is less delayed. Simultaneous exposure of pituitary explants to [3H]alanine and [14C]leucine resulted in the release of immunoprecipitable rGH whose ratio of incorporated 3H and 14C varied with time. The observed changes suggest that after it is synthesized, a GH molecule may either be released directly or be processed into the somatotroph's storage compartment. In addition, stored GH is composed of two pools, one of which is immediately releasable. The differential incorporation of [3H]alanine and [14C]leucine into "big" and "small" rGH, together with the ability to differentially displace 3H-labeled "big" and 14C-labeled "small" rGH from the GH antibody suggest that "big" rGH is a heterogenous molecule including "small" rGH and another peptide rather than simply a dimer of "small" rGH. | 177,264 | [
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Dog thyroid cells in monolayer tissue culture: adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate response to thyrotropic hormone. | A simple, rapid, and efficient method is described for establishing dog thyroid cells in tissue culture. Thyroid cell yield from a small amount of tissue (1 g) is high and viability is excellent. The adenosine 3',5-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) response to thyrotropin (TSH) was investigated in these thyroid cells. Peak cAMP values were achieved after 10-15 min of TSH stimulation (in the presence of 0.5 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine, MIX), with a subsequent decline to about half the maximal value after approximately 4 hours. This decline in cAMP concentration was associated with the development of refractoriness to TSH stimulation. Half-maximal stimulation of thyroid cell cAMP content was observed at a TSH concentration of between 1 and 2 mU/ml. Maximal cAMP values achieved were approximately 30-fold greater than basal values in the presence of MIX. The threshold of sensitivity of the cAMP response to TSH was very low, with significant stimulation being observed at a TSH concentration of 5-10 muU/ml. As determined by double reciprocal plots, the net cAMP response to TSH appeared to represent a single function over the entire TSH concentration range tested. | 177,275 | [
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Metabolism of very low density lipoproteins in hyperlipidaemia: studies of apolipoprotein B kinetics in man. | The metabolism of very low density lipoprotein-B (VLDL-B) peptide was studied in nineteen subjects with endogenous hypertriglyceridaemia (Types V, IV and IIb), three patients with heterozygous familial hyperbetalipoproteinaemia (Type IIa) and eight healthy subjects, by reinjecting autologous radioiodinated VLDL. The kinetics of VLDL-B peptide were followed. The mean turnover rate of VLDL-B peptide was significantly higher in the hypertriglyceridaemic group than in the control group but a considerable overlap in turnover rate was found between these groups. The patients with heterozygous familial hyperbetalipoproteinaemia had a normal turnover rate of VLDL-B peptide. A significant positive correlation was found between the turnover rate of VLDL-B peptide and VLDL-triglyceride concentration in the whole series. It is concluded that the underlying defect in endogenous hypertriglyceridaemia is heterogeneous. Overproduction of VLDL is a major determining factor in some patients whereas a reduced clearance is the determining factor in others. | 177,296 | [
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Central dopaminergic neurons: effects of alterations in impulse flow on the accumulation of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. | Stimulation of the nigro-neostriatal or mesolimbic dopamine pathway results in a stimulus dependent increase in the accumulation of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the neostriatum and olfactory tubercles, respectively. A block of impulse flow induced pharamacologically by administration of gamma-butyrolactone or by placement of a lesion in the dopamine pathway results in a decrease in the steady state levels of DOPAC. Drugs which have previously been shown to alter impulse flow in central dopaminergic neurons also produce a predictable change in the brain levels of DOPAC. Drugs which increase impulse flow in nigro-neostriatal or mesolimbic dopamine neurons increase DOPAC levels in the striatum and olfactory tubercles and drugs which reduce impulse flow cause a reduction in DOPAC. Pargyline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, causes a rapid depletion of striatal DOPAC suggesting that this metabolite is rapidly cleared from the brain. Administration of benztropine, a potent inhibitor of dopamine reuptake, causes a significant decrease in striatal DOPAC and partially prevents the stimulus-induced increase in the accumulation of DOPAC. These observations together with the finding that about 85% of the DOPAC in the striatum disappears when the dopamine neurons in the nigro-neostriatal pathway are destroyed suggests that the majority of striatal DOPAC is formed within the dopaminergic neurons and may reflect the metabolism of dopamine which has been released and recaptured. We conclude that short-term changes in brain levels of DOPAC appear to provide a useful index of alterations in the functional activity of central dopaminergic neurons. | 177,297 | [
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[Epidemiology of human and animal brucellosis in western Africa. The results of six studies in the Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, and Nigeria]. | Brucellosis has a two-fold importance in public health: the transmission of the disease to man by contact with animals or ingestion of raw milk is of direct importance; of indirect importance is the loss of animal protein. The authors have carried out ten epidemiological investigations in different bio-climatic zones of West Africa. More than 120 villages were evaluated. In each village, 100 persons were chosen at random and all or part of the animal population was also studied. Three tests were used for man: the melitin intradermal reaction, the sero-agglutination test of Wright and the complement fixation test. Three tests were used for the animals, the "ring-test" and the same serologic tests used for humans. The results indicated that brucellosis in animals exists in all regions but with varying rates. The bovine species seems to be the most contaminated. The enzooty becomes more widespread towards the South. Human brucellosis was not found to be of great importance in the regions mainly populated by farmers. Shepherds and their families in these zones, however, were found to have been infected. The highest percentage of infected humans was found in the sahelian zone (in Dori 30% of the intradermal reactions and 10% of serologies were positive for humans) in spite of a rather low infection rate among animals (6%-8% ring-tests positive among cattle). The majority of the population are shepherds and close cohabitation with animals is common. A basic dietary constituent is milk, which is often consumed raw (variable according to ethnic group), and provides the principal source of animal protein. Adults were found to have a significantly higher intradermal reaction rate in most of the regions studied. The positivity rate was higher in men than in women. In non-pastoral areas the shepherds and their families had a singificantly higher positivity rate than the general population. Ethnic differences were found. Also considered in this paper are intradermal reaction sizes, the relation between intradermal and serologic results, the modes of human transmission of the disease, and the relationship between human and animal forms of brucellosis. | 177,324 | [
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Institutional dependence is reversible. | A project is described whereby in 12 months, 105 long-stay psychiatric patients were able to be discharged to the homes of private individuals to become members of a 'family', to whom they were not related. The task necessitated a change in attitudes of the whole hospital staff--as resistance to change was encountered in staff at all levels. A consultant psychiatrist and a social worker interviewed all the long-stay patients in the wards and with the charge nurse decided whether they could live outside the hospital given an appropriate environment. In achieving success it was calculated that the time spent on interviews, assessing placements, discussing after-care and being available to answer the many enquiries from all concerned, amounted to 1 1/2 weeks work for each patient. However, this must be considered in relation to the hours spent by professional and other hospital staff over the years spent as an inpatient. | 177,334 | [
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Quantitation of estradiol receptors employing a sensitive radioimmunoassay. | A method aimed at the identification and quantitation of estradiol receptors has been developed. The test is based on competitive binding reaction between solubilized cell receptors and anti-estradiol antibodies bound to acrylamide beads, for 3H-estradiol. The technique can be employed both for estradiol radioimmunoassay and quantitation of specific receptors in tissues and appears to be a sensitive, specific and reproducible method which can be applied to the evaluation of any hormone and its receptor. | 177,356 | [
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Use of cryopreserved virus-infected target cells in a lymphocytotoxicity 51Cr release microassay for cell-mediated immunity to cytomegalovirus. | A new 51Cr-release microassay is described for the measurement of cell-mediated immunity to cytomegalovirus, using cryopreserved target cells acutely infected with cytomegalovirus. | 177,371 | [
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Plasmid-determined alcohol dehydrogenase activity in alkane-utilizing strains of Pseudomonas putida. | We have identified an alcohol dehydrogenase activity in Pseudomonas putida strains carrying the CAM-OCT degradative plasmid that were grown on octane. The activity is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide independent, sediments at 48,000 x g, and shows 20-fold greater activity with octanol rather than butanol as substrate. The enzyme is inducible by unoxidized alkane and is present only in strains that have the OCT plasmid genes for alkane degradation with a wild-type alcO locus. No analogous chromosomal dehydrogenase could be detected. Wild-type and actanol-negative mutants (alcA-) without plasmids both contain a constitutive nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked soluble alcohol dehydrogenase activity. This means that alcA- mutants are cryptic for octanol oxidation and suggests that the particulate plasmid-coded alcohol dehydrogenase activity is active on surface- or membrane-bound substrate. | 177,405 | [
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Nuclear magnetic relaxation studies of the conformation of adenosine 5'-triphosphate on pyruvate kinase from rabbit muscle. | The conformation of adenosine 5'-triphosphate in the manganese complex of pyruvate kinase from rabbit muscle was determined from six metal to nucleus distances derived by nuclear magnetic relaxation techniques. On the enzyme, no direct metal-ATP coordination exists. The phosphorous atoms of ATP are 4.9 to 5.1 A away from manganese, a distance which indicates either a predominantly (greater than or equal to 94%) second sphere complex or, less likely, a highly distorted inner sphere complex. Thus, water ligands or ligands from the protein might intervene between the ATP molecule and the divalent metal ion and facilitate their interaction. The metal-gammaP distance of 5 A for pyruvate kinase-bound ATP is equal to that found for the phosphorous atom of phosphoenolpyruvate and cobalt(II) on pyruvate kinase (Melamud, E., and Mildvan, A. S. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 8193-8201), which is consistent with the overlap in space of the P-enolpyruvate-phosphorus and the gammaP of ATP at the active site. This observation explains the competitive binding of these two substrates to the enzyme, as detected by NMR and by early kinetic studies. From the phosphorus data and from measurements of the relaxation rates of 3 protons of ATP in the pyruvate kinase-metal-ATP complex, the conformation of ATP was characterized as extended with distances of 6.0, 9.1, and 7.5 A from manganese to the H8, H2, and H'1 protons, respectively. The torsion angle about the glycosidic bond (chi) which defines the conformation of the enzyme-bound riboside and adenine rings was determined to be 30 degrees. In contrast, the conformation of the binary Mn(II)-ATP complex in solution is folded around the metal with direct manganese coordination of the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-phosphorus atoms, and with metal to proton distances of 4.5, 6.4, and 6.2 A for the H8, H2, and H'1 protons, suggesting a second sphere manganese-adenine interaction. The chi angle equals 90 degrees for the binary complex primarily because of the metal-base interaction. Thus, a profound change in the conformation and structure of Mn(II)-ATP from a folded chelate to an extended second sphere complex results when the nucleotide binds to pyruvate kinase. | 177,414 | [
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The reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-activated phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from Pseudomonas MA. Correlation of allosteric properties with changes in the sedimentation behavior. | Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from Pseudomonas MA, grown on methylamine as a sole carbon source, has been studied with respect to some of its regulatory properties. The enzyme shows both negative and positive cooperativity with respect to the substrate phosphoenolpyruvate (Hill coefficients of 0.5 and 1.75). The enzyme requires a divalent cation for activity. Either magnesium or manganous ion is effective. While magnesium shows normal kinetics, manganous ion shows positive cooperativity with a Hill coefficient of 1.4. The enzyme is activated 50-fold by 0.2 mM NADH at 1 mM phosphoenolpyruvate. This activation is hysteretic, showing a lag of 2 to 3 min. Both NADH and Mn2+ induce a change in the sedimentation coefficient of the enzyme from 12.4 to 8.5 as measured by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. High concentrations of phosphate or sulfate are capable of producing this effect on sedimentation, but neither will activate more than 3-fold. Thus, if NADH is an indicator of the total energy level of the cell, the enzyme appears to be susceptible to control by factors which reflect this total energy level. The importance of this control with respect to hypothetical pathways of carbon utilization in the organism is discussed. | 177,419 | [
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Membrane behavior of exocytic vesicles. II. Fate of the trichocyst membranes in Paramecium after induced trichocyst discharge. | A specific exocytic process, the discharge of spindle trichocyts of Paramecium caudatum, was examined by means of the electron microscope. This exocytosis is induced by an electric shock simultaneously in nearly all of the trichocysts (ca. 6,000-8,000) of a single cell. Single paramecia were subjected to the shock and then fixed at defined times after the shock so that the temporal sequence of the pattern of changes of the trichocyst membranes after exocytosis could be studied. The trichocyst vacuoles fuse with the plasma membrane only for the length of time required for expulsion to take place. After exocytosis, the membrane of the vacuole does not become incorporated into the plasma membrane; rather, the collapsed vacuole is pinched off and breaks up within the cytoplasm. The membrane vesiculates into small units which can no longer be distinguished from vesicles of the same dimensions that exist normally within the cell's cytoplasm. The entire process is completed within 5-10 min. These results differ from the incorporation of mucocyst membranes into the plasma membrane as proposed for Tetrahymena. | 177,429 | [
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Receptor-active growth hormone in Laron dwarfism. | The hepatic radioreceptor assay for hGH has been applied to the detection of hGH in the sera of patients with high growth hormone dwarfism (Laron dwarfism). Substantial quantities of receptor-active hGH were found in the sera of all 7 patients studied. In one patient, arginine infusion elicited a prompt increase in both immunoactive and receptor-active hGH. These observations suggest that circulating hGH in Laron dwarfism is biologically active and support the concept that the disease may be caused by a generalized defect in hGH receptors. | 177,445 | [
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Exposure of thyroid slices to thyroid-stimulating hormone induces refractoriness of the cyclic AMP system to subsequent hormone stimulation. | These studies evaluated the influence of an initial exposure of thyroid slices to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) on the subsequent responsiveness to the hormone. Bovine thyroid slices were incubated with or without 50 mU/ml TSH for varying periods and then incubated in hormone-free medium for varying periods. Subsequently, slices were incubated for 20 min with 10 mM theophylline and with or without TSH. Cylic AMP was measured after the third incubation. Phosphodiesterase and adenylate cylase were assayed in homogenates prepared from slices after the second incubation. In some experiments prostaglandin E1, puromycin, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine and propylthiouracil were included in the media. In other experiments, low does of TSH (1 AND 10 mU/ml) were used instead of 50 mU/ml. Slices previously exposed to TSH have decreased responsiveness of the adenylate cyclase-cylic AMP system. Such refractoriness is hormone specific since initial exposure to prostaglandin E1 decreases the subsequent response to this substance but not to TSH. Refractoriness to TSH develops only when the first incubation is at least 30 min. It is not reversed by 5 h of incubation without hormone. Incubation of thyroid slices with puromycin does not eliminate refractoriness. The decreased response to TSH cannot be explained by release of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, or iodide from the slices. Phosphodiesterase activity is not increased during the refractory period. The decreased cyclic AMP response to TSH is associated with diminished response of adenylate cyclase activity to the hormone. Guanosine triphosphate (1 mM) increased adenylate cyclase activity in both control and TSH treated tissue, but the effect was significantly less in the latter. Although with guanosine triphosphate, TSH increased adenylate cyclase activity in TSH treated tissue, the enzyme activity was still less than that present in control tissue incubated with guanosine triphosphate and TSH. NaF caused an equivalent stimulation of adenylate cyclase in both control and TSH treated tissue. These results suggest that the refractoriness represents an alteration in hormone binding or the coupling of the bound hormone to the adenylate cyclase activity rather than any modification of the catalytic site of the enzyme. | 177,452 | [
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Femtomole sensitive radioimmunoassay for cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP after 2'0 acetylation by acetic anhydride in aqueous solution. | The sensitivity of radioimmunoassays for cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP has been markedly improved to readily detect femtomole (10-15) amounts in tissue extracts by acetylating the cyclic nucleotides at the 2'0 position with acetic anhydride. Acetylation of cyclic nucleotides by acetic anhydride in aqueous solution proceeds more rapidly than the hydrolysis of acetic anhydride to acetic acid thus yielding 100% acetylated cyclic nucleotide. 2'0 substituted cyclic nucleotides have greater affinity for the antibody than the parent cyclic nucleotides because the antibody has been made to a protein conjugate coupled at the 2'0 position. This simple acetylation technique makes it possible to measure cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in minute quantities of tissue without purification or concentration of the sample. | 177,461 | [
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PGE1-mediated cyclic AMP refractoriness: effects of cycloheximide and indomethacin. | Human synoviocytes in culture respond to prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) by increasing their intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP. Readdition of PGE1 to cells previously treated with PGE1 elicits no change in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP. This refractory state is partially prevented by the inhibitors of protein synthesis, puromycin (PM) and cycloheximide (CH). Indomethacin (IM), which reduces angiotensin tachyphylaxis, does not prevent the occurrence of refractoriness to PGE1 with respect to accumulation of cyclic AMP. This agent does alter the release of cyclic AMP from human synovial cells. We postulate that other factors, independent of new protein synthesis, are necessary for the development of the complete PGE1 refractory state in these cells. | 177,463 | [
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Modulation of platelet cyclic nucleotide content by PGE1 and the prostaglandin endoperoxide PGG2. | The effects of prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin G2, the prostaglandin endoperoxide, on platelet cyclic nucleotide concentrations were measured in platelet rich plasma (PRP), and in washed intact platelets. PGE1 was found to be a potent stimulator of platelet cAMP levels in both PRP and washed cells, and to inhibit aggregation in both systems. PGE1 did not change platelet cGMP levels in either PRP or washed cells. PGG2 which is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation, did not affect either the basal cAMP or the basal cGMP concentration. However, PGG2 was found to antagonize the increases in cAMP content in response to PGE1 in both PRP and washed platelets. The addition to our system of a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhbitor, theophylline, did not change our findings. It is suggested that PGG2 may induce platelet aggregation by inhibiting PGE1-stimulated cAMP accumulation. | 177,467 | [
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The stability of the serotypes of Bordetella pertussis with particular reference to serotype 1,2,3,4. | Strains of Bordetella pertussis in which all the organisms contain agglutinogens 1 and 3 or 1,2 and 4 are easy to identify as serotypes 1,0,3,0 and 1,2,0,4 respectively; and similarly, stable strains of serotype 1,0,3,4 are occasionally found. During repeated subcultures, passage in vivo, and lyophilization and preservation for many years, these serotypes do not change. Mixing 1,0,3,0 and 1,2,0,4 serotypes and culturing them together in vivo and in vitro produces cultures from which organisms of the same two serotypes can be isolated. In contrast, strains which type as 1,2,3,4 are often a heterogeneous group. We have attempted to classify these as "stable", "variable" and "mixed" cultures. Some strains comprise organisms all of which contain the four agglutinogens and are as easy to type as the strains described above. These we have called "stable" 1,2,3,4 strains. Other 1,2,3,4 strains are made up of colonies possessing all four agglutinogens, as shown by agglutinin production, but in amounts varying from day to day so that direct typing is inconsistent. These we have called "variable" 1,2,3,4 strains. The last category, "mixed", is made up of organisms most of which give rise to stable 1,2,3,4 cultures; a few of the component organisms, however, have one or two of the four agglutinogens missing. The importance of the "variable" cultures is emphasized for work on apparent change of serotype, e.g. during infection. | 177,704 | [
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Characterization of the minor polypeptides in the foot-and-mouth disease particle. | In addition to the four major polypeptides VP1 and VP4, foot-and-mouth disease virus particles contain two minor polypeptides, mol. wt. 40 X 10(3) (P40) and 52 X 10(3) (P52). Extensive purification procedures failed to remove these minor polypeptides from the virus particles. Polypeptide P40 co-electrophoresed in SDS-polyacrylamide gels with VP0, the probable precursor of VP2 and VP4 and was inaccessible to iodination in situ. The second minor polypeptide, P52, co-electrophoresed with the virus infection associated (VIA) antigen found in large amounts in harvests of the virus grown in BHK 21 cells. Polypeptide P52 was shown to be located near the surface of the virus particle by iodination experiments and by its removal on incubating the particles with trypsin or chymotrypsin. Pactamycin mapping showed that this polypeptide was not a precursor of the structural polypeptides. About one copy of P52 and 4 copies of P40 were found in the virus particles sedimenting at 146S. However a larger number of copies was found in those virus particles sedimenting faster than the 146S peak. | 177,728 | [
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Anticonvulsant activity and selective inhibition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent oxidations by 10-(2-arylimino-3-acetylamino-4-thiazolidonyl) phenothiazines. | Several Several 10-(1-acetyl-4-arylthiosemicarbazido) phenothiazines and their corresponding cyclized 10-(2-arylimino-3-acetylamino-4-thiazolidonyl)phenothiazines were synthetized and characterized by their sharp melting points and elemental analyses. All compounds inhibited nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent oxidation of pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate selectively, whereas NAD-independent oxidation of succinate remained unaltered. All phenothiazine derivatives exhibited anticonvulsant activity, which was reflected by the 20-60% protection observed against pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions in mice. The ability of substituted thiosemicarbazidophenothiazines to inhibit cellular respiratory activity was reduced considerably by cyclization to the corresponding substituted thiazolidinophenothiazines. On the other hand, cyclization generally resulted in increased anticonvulsant activity. Thus, the anticonvulsant activity possessed by these substituted phenothiazines bore no relationship with their ability to inhibit selectively the NAD-dependent oxidations. Selective inhibition of NAD-dependent oxidation of pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate in isolated rat brain mitochondria by some 10-(1-acetyl-4-arylthiosemicarbazido) phenothiazines was concentration dependent and competitive in nature. | 177,750 | [
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The attitudes of nursing students and others about mental illness. | Student nurses tend to report somewhat moderate attitudes toward mental illness in that they appear to be less radical than psychology students, but less conservative than teacher-students in education. The student nurses' attitudes are similar to those of psychiatric residents, but more radical than psychiatric nurses. | 177,762 | [
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The "herd approach" to bovine reproductive disorders. Part I: The diagnosis and management of infectious infertility. | The authors describe the methods employed by the Artificial Insemination Section of the Division of Veterinary Services in collaboration with the Reproduction and Bacteriology Section of the Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepoort when herds are examined for infertility. A "herd" rather than an "individual animal" approach is advocated and certain infectious causes of infertility are discussed. | 177,780 | [
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Mouse mammary tumor virus as a model for viral carcinogenesis. | Evidence is presented suggesting that genetic control may be the limiting factor in mammary tumor virus (MTV) positive mammary oncogenesis. Studies with hybrid mice involving high and low MTV-expressing murine strains suggest that expression of MTV in milk may not be as important in tumorigenesis as previously thought. The usefulness of the murine MTV model in the study of mammary malignancy is discussed. | 177,786 | [
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Mammary gland as a morphological end point in carcinogenesis studies. | The murine mammary tumor system is characterized by the presence of intermediate preneoplastic mammary cell populations. The intermediate mammary cell populations are characterized as either alveolar hyperplasias or ductal hyperplasias. The most frequently encountered preneoplastic cell population is the hyperplastic alveolar nodule, which has been extensively characterized with respect to its biological and hormonal properties. While the alveolar hyperplasias are seen predominantly in mice infected with the mammary tumor virus, ductal hyperplasias are seen primarily in mice treated with chemical carcinogens. Both types of lesions can serve as morphological end points for carcinogenesis studies in the mammary gland. | 177,787 | [
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