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In the field of philosophical logic he defended the ontological interpretation of the logical laws, on the basis of his personal belief on describing the world by these laws. In a straightforward opposition to the teachings by the fathers-founders of the twentieth-century European transcendentalism a German logician Go... | Wikipedia - Andrzej Grzegorczyk - Philosophy and ethics |
Particularly, in the book Logic – a human affair, by the style appropriate to Tarski, he discussed with anti-psychologism and presented the formal construction of the Universal Syntax which led him to the hypothesis to say that a sentence A is true is equivalent to the statement of this sentence relativized to the doma... | Wikipedia - Andrzej Grzegorczyk - Philosophy and ethics |
According to Grzegorczyk, independently on personal motivations for which one makes considerations, the criterion of the value of these considerations is logic, strictly speaking if a proof is logical, systematic, and self-conscious. Grzegorczyk approached logic as the morality of speech and thought, he sought in logic... | Wikipedia - Andrzej Grzegorczyk - Philosophy and ethics |
His model of rationalism is open to the realm of values, acquirable for a reliable knowledge, and advocates ethics in social relations, whereas logic appears therein as a pure attribute of a human mind – a rational European human. He fought for psychologism in logic, for him semantic relations are always relations for ... | Wikipedia - Andrzej Grzegorczyk - Philosophy and ethics |
Furthermore, he contributed a series of writings in philosophical anthropology and ethics in the methodological framework of philosophy which he named rationalism open for values, which was basically no more than a mixture of the Christian theology and the selected teachings of the Lwów–Warsaw school, and for which he ... | Wikipedia - Andrzej Grzegorczyk - Philosophy and ethics |
The ideological misuses of the word "scientific" in the context of Marxism-Leninism are well-known: "scientific world view" is equal to the Marxist world view, "scientific religion" is equal to the Marxist-Leninist atheism, "scientific art" is equal to socialist realism also known as socrealism, while "scientific philo... | Wikipedia - Andrzej Grzegorczyk - Philosophy and ethics |
He introduced three categories of philosophers: amateur, traditionalists and professionals, where the only latter one can be performed in the "scientific" way, that is with a help of natural science and mathematics, but he did not make a difference between a speculation attributed to amateurs and a theoretical approach... | Wikipedia - Andrzej Grzegorczyk - Philosophy and ethics |
From a general philosophical point of view, this book resorted to all the basic notions such like good and evil as the links of the first semantic chain, that is the central ontological notion of an object with the notion of a state of affairs, and his analysis went further precisely along the second ontological chain,... | Wikipedia - Andrzej Grzegorczyk - Philosophy and ethics |
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Meanwhile, in the matter of ethics, he claimed that in a mind cleaned from egoism and disciplined by logic there should appear elements of a general human axiology whose presence in a human expression needs a deep ethical shock, experience of either own or others' strong testimony. Particularly, he sought it in the con... | Wikipedia - Andrzej Grzegorczyk - Philosophy and ethics |
By his ethics, he manifestly argued against his own life choices and looked for psychological either self-defense or justification, particularly he claimed that scientists are employed in an intellectual circus whenever they do not try to think on what really is worthy to do, and, for this reason, in the isolated intel... | Wikipedia - Andrzej Grzegorczyk - Philosophy and ethics |
In his philosophy, a human condition is a free existence restricted by the various limitations. Accordingly, a human as an animal has the specific features, such like persistent enrichment of life quality, creation of an environment, sensitivity on values, spiritual sphere, investigating sainthood and transcendence, ab... | Wikipedia - Andrzej Grzegorczyk - Philosophy and ethics |
However, his psychologist approach collapses in absence of any of his determinants of a perfect human, what means that his philosophical system, including the psychologist logic, is case-dependent and applies to a selected group of humans by emergence on the basis of discrimination against intellectual features, often ... | Wikipedia - Andrzej Grzegorczyk - Philosophy and ethics |
state of Iowa to commemorate Pope John XXIII's the 1963 encyclical Pacem in terris (Peace on Earth) and in 1986 along with her husband got the Pope Paul VI Teacher of Peace Award by a Catholic peace organization Pax Christi USA. In particular, at the beginning of the Polish trade union federation Independent Self-gover... | Wikipedia - Andrzej Grzegorczyk - Philosophy and ethics |
In 1991, just after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Grzegorczyk was instrumental in organization of a symposium in Moscow dedicated to the nonviolence philosophy with participation of the Goss couple as well as a Canadian Catholic philosopher, theologian, and humanitarian Jean Vanier who was awarded by the 2013 Pa... | Wikipedia - Andrzej Grzegorczyk - Philosophy and ethics |
In the field of philosophy, Axiological ethics is concerned with the values by which people uphold ethical standards, and the investigation and development of theories of ethical behaviour. Axiological ethics investigates and questions what the intellectual bases for a system of values. Axiologic ethics explore the jus... | Wikipedia - Axiological ethics - Summary |
In the field of philosophy, Queer Theory falls under an adjacent category to Critical Disability Theory and Feminist theory for their similar approaches in defending communities discriminated against by questioning a societal status quo. Although all three are distinct fields of study, they all work towards a common ac... | Wikipedia - Queer Theory - Queer Theory in Philosophy |
In the field of photographic imaging, a photographic mosaic, also known under the term Photomosaic, is a picture (usually a photograph) that has been divided into (usually equal sized) tiled sections, each of which is replaced with another photograph that matches the target photo. When viewed at low magnifications, the... | Wikipedia - Photographic mosaic - Summary |
In the simpler kind, each part of the target image is averaged down to a single color. Each of the library images is also reduced to a single color. Each part of the target image is then replaced with one from the library where these colors are as similar as possible. | Wikipedia - Photographic mosaic - Summary |
In effect, the target image is reduced in resolution (by downsampling), and then each of the resulting pixels is replaced with an image whose average color matches that pixel. In the more advanced kind of photographic mosaic, the target image is not downsampled, and the matching is done by comparing each pixel in the r... | Wikipedia - Photographic mosaic - Summary |
This requires much more computation than the simple kind, but the results can be much better since the pixel-by-pixel matching can preserve the resolution of the target image. Originally, the term photomosaic referred to compound photographs created by stitching together a series of adjacent pictures of a scene. Space ... | Wikipedia - Photographic mosaic - Summary |
In the field of photography, a manual focus camera is one in which the user has to adjust the focus of the lens by hand. Before the advent of autofocus, all cameras had manually adjusted focusing; thus, the term is a retronym. The focus itself may be adjusted in a variety of ways. Larger view cameras and the like slide... | Wikipedia - Manual focus - Summary |
Other systems include levers on the lens or on the camera body. There are a number of ways in which focus may be determined. Simplest is using a distance scale and measuring or estimating distance to the subject. | Wikipedia - Manual focus - Summary |
Other methods include the rangefinder, which uses triangulation to determine the distance. On other cameras, the photographer examines the focus directly by means of a focusing screen. On the view camera, this ground glass is placed where the film will ultimately go, and is replaced by a sheet of film once focus is cor... | Wikipedia - Manual focus - Summary |
Twin lens reflex cameras use two lenses that are mechanically linked, one for focusing and the other to take the photograph. Single lens reflex cameras, meanwhile, use the same objective lens for both purposes, with a mirror to direct the light to either the focusing screen or the film.Focusing screens, in their simple... | Wikipedia - Manual focus - Summary |
Manual focus lenses can also be used on modern digital cameras with an adapter. Zeiss, Leica and Cosina Voigtländer are among current manufacturers who continue to make manual lenses in lens mounts native to modern cameras. == References == | Wikipedia - Manual focus - Summary |
In the field of photonics, optical chaos is chaos generated by laser instabilities using different schemes in semiconductor and fiber lasers. Optical chaos is observed in many non-linear optical systems. One of the most common examples is an optical ring resonators. | Wikipedia - Optical chaos - Summary |
In the field of photopharmacology, photoswitches are being investigated as a means to control activity. By including a photoswitch in a drug, the drug assumes several biological active states. Light can be used to switch between these states, resulting in remote control of a drug's activity. Photoswitches have also bee... | Wikipedia - Photoswitch - Photopharmacology |
In the field of physical chemistry, a nonthermal surface reaction refers to an elementary reaction between a thermally accommodated adsorbed surface species and a reactant which has not yet thermally accommodated to the surface. The two main mechanisms classified as nonthermal are the Eley-Rideal and hot atom mediated ... | Wikipedia - Nonthermal surface reaction - Summary |
In the field of physical security, security lighting is lighting that intended to deter or detect intrusions or other criminal activity occurring on a property or site. It can also be used to increase a feeling of safety. Lighting is integral to crime prevention through environmental design. A 2019 study in New York Ci... | Wikipedia - Security lighting - Summary |
In the field of physics concerning condensed matter, a Kohn anomaly (also called the Kohn effect) is an anomaly in the dispersion relation of a phonon branch in a metal. It is named for Walter Kohn. For a specific wavevector, the frequency (and thus the energy) of the associated phonon is considerably lowered, and ther... | Wikipedia - Kohn anomaly - Summary |
In extreme cases (that can happen in low-dimensional materials), the energy of this phonon is zero, meaning that a static distortion of the lattice appears. This is one explanation for charge density waves in solids. The wavevectors at which a Kohn anomaly is possible are the nesting vectors of the Fermi surface, that ... | Wikipedia - Kohn anomaly - Summary |
The electron phonon interaction causes a rigid shift of the Fermi sphere and a failure of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation since the electrons do not follow any more the ionic motion adiabatically. In the phononic spectrum of a metal, a Kohn anomaly is a discontinuity in the derivative of the dispersion relation that... | Wikipedia - Kohn anomaly - Summary |
The expression for the real part Re ( ε ( q , ω ) ) {\textstyle \operatorname {Re} (\varepsilon (\mathbf {q} ,\omega ))} of the reciprocal space dielectric function obtained following the Lindhard theory includes a logarithmic term that is singular at q = 2 k F {\textstyle \mathbf {q} =2\mathbf {k} _{\rm {F}}} , wher... | Wikipedia - Kohn anomaly - Summary |
In the field of physics, engineering, and earth sciences, advection is the transport of a substance or quantity by bulk motion of a fluid. The properties of that substance are carried with it. Generally the majority of the advected substance is also a fluid. The properties that are carried with the advected substance a... | Wikipedia - Advection equation - Summary |
An example of advection is the transport of pollutants or silt in a river by bulk water flow downstream. Another commonly advected quantity is energy or enthalpy. Here the fluid may be any material that contains thermal energy, such as water or air. | Wikipedia - Advection equation - Summary |
In general, any substance or conserved, extensive quantity can be advected by a fluid that can hold or contain the quantity or substance. During advection, a fluid transports some conserved quantity or material via bulk motion. The fluid's motion is described mathematically as a vector field, and the transported materi... | Wikipedia - Advection equation - Summary |
Advection requires currents in the fluid, and so cannot happen in rigid solids. It does not include transport of substances by molecular diffusion. Advection is sometimes confused with the more encompassing process of convection, which is the combination of advective transport and diffusive transport. In meteorology an... | Wikipedia - Advection equation - Summary |
In the field of physics, the adjective covariant is often used informally as a synonym for invariant. For example, the Schrödinger equation does not keep its written form under the coordinate transformations of special relativity. Thus, a physicist might say that the Schrödinger equation is not covariant. In contrast, ... | Wikipedia - Covariant vector - Informal usage |
Thus, a physicist might say that these equations are covariant. Despite this usage of "covariant", it is more accurate to say that the Klein–Gordon and Dirac equations are invariant, and that the Schrödinger equation is not invariant. Additionally, to remove ambiguity, the transformation by which the invariance is eval... | Wikipedia - Covariant vector - Informal usage |
In the field of political game theory, Farquharson's main contribution was his exposition of the Condorcet paradox regarding the sincerity of voters. The problem was initially raised by Pliny the Younger and then picked up again in the political pamphlets of Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Lewis Carroll), who was a ... | Wikipedia - Robin Farquharson - Theory of Voting |
Although written in 1958, when his doctorate was awarded, it was eventually published in 1969, by Yale University Press. The main reason given for the delay in publication is that Farquharson insisted that the logical choice diagrams be printed in colour, which they eventually were, in black, white and red. The book wo... | Wikipedia - Robin Farquharson - Theory of Voting |
In the field of political geography, regions tend to be based on political units such as sovereign states; subnational units such as administrative regions, provinces, states (in the United States), counties, townships, territories, etc.; and multinational groupings, including formally defined units such as the Europea... | Wikipedia - Region - Political regions |
In the field of political leadership, the Chinese doctrine of the Mandate of Heaven postulated the need for rulers to govern justly, and the right of subordinates to overthrow emperors who appeared to lack divine sanction.Pro-aristocracy thinkers have postulated that leadership depends on one's "blue blood" or genes.Mo... | Wikipedia - Leadership skills - Historical views |
Leadership is a matter of intelligence, trustworthiness, humaneness, courage, and discipline... Reliance on intelligence alone results in rebelliousness. Exercise of humaneness alone results in weakness. Fixation on trust results in folly. | Wikipedia - Leadership skills - Historical views |
Dependence on the strength of courage results in violence. Excessive discipline and sternness in command result in cruelty. | Wikipedia - Leadership skills - Historical views |
When one has all five virtues together, each appropriate to its function, then one can be a leader. Machiavelli's The Prince, written in the early-16th century, provided a manual for rulers ("princes" or "tyrants" in Machiavelli's terminology) to gain and keep power. Prior to the 19th century, the concept of leadership... | Wikipedia - Leadership skills - Historical views |
The Oxford English Dictionary traces the word "leadership" in English only as far back as 1821. Historically, industrialization, opposition to the ancien regime, and the phasing out of chattel slavery meant that some newly developing organizations (nation-state republics, commercial corporations) evolved a need for a n... | Wikipedia - Leadership skills - Historical views |
Starting in the 19th century, the elaboration of anarchist thought called the whole concept of leadership into question. One response to this denial of élitism came with Leninism—Lenin (1870–1924) demanded an élite group of disciplined cadres to act as the vanguard of a socialist revolution, which was to bring into exi... | Wikipedia - Leadership skills - Historical views |
The doctrines of Caesaro-papism have recurred and had their detractors over several centuries. Christian thinking on leadership has often emphasized stewardship of divinely-provided resources—human and material—and their deployment in accordance with a Divine plan. Compare this with servant leadership.For a more genera... | Wikipedia - Leadership skills - Historical views |
In the field of power tools, Makita offers classic tools (drilling and stemming hammers, drills, planers, saws, cutting and angle grinders), gardening equipment (electric lawnmowers, high-pressure cleaners, blowers), and measuring tools (rangefinders, rotating lasers). | Wikipedia - Makita - Power tools |
In the field of precision engineering (especially high-precision motion control), flexures have several key advantages. High precision alignment tasks might not be possible when friction or stiction are present. Additionally, conventional bearings or linear slides often exhibit positioning hysteresis due to backlash an... | Wikipedia - Flexure - Design aspects |
This makes flexures a critical design feature used in optical instrumentation such as interferometers. Due to their mode of action, flexures are used for limited range motions and cannot replace long-travel or continuous-rotation adjustments. Additionally, special care must be taken to design the flexure to avoid mater... | Wikipedia - Flexure - Design aspects |
In the field of process management the notion of process, according to Mitchell (2016), can be characterized by: Why become a project management professional? Comprehensive program management.These concepts provides management with the following: A way of thinking systematically about the behavior of people at work in ... | Wikipedia - Process management (project management) - The notion of process |
In the field of production automation, IPH focuses on artificial intelligence, distributed systems, and the use of wireless communication on production sites. Since the beginning of the new millennium, the IPH has been researching the use of methods of artificial intelligence in industrial engineering. The company’s ma... | Wikipedia - Institut für Integrierte Produktion Hannover - Production automation |
As a result of a project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF), an electric tool log was developed. In another research project funded by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG), intelligent diamond cutting discs... | Wikipedia - Institut für Integrierte Produktion Hannover - Production automation |
To fight the production of counterfeit medications, a new method of integrating RFID tags and antennas into drug packages was developed as part of the EZ pharm project (www.ez-pharm.de). Lately, the Zigbee technology has been applied to an abrasive sheet during a cutoff grinding process. Recent research in the field of... | Wikipedia - Institut für Integrierte Produktion Hannover - Production automation |
In the field of professional broadcasting, an end-to-end workflow (from ingest to playout) is called tapeless when part, or all of it, is made without any use of audio tape recorders or videotape machines; video and audio sources being ingested, recorded, edited and played out entirely on digital video systems. Digital... | Wikipedia - Tapeless production - Summary |
It is also common on mid-to-high end portable voice recorders, which record to formats such as MP3 or ATRAC. In the 30 years from the mid-1980s to 2015, tapeless production has moved from being an expensive high-end niche application to being the default workflow for professional production. The availability of low cos... | Wikipedia - Tapeless production - Summary |
It is generally believed that digital tapeless recording is the most robust and easy-to-manage solution for audio and video production. Nevertheless, particularly within the audio world, there has been significant demand for returning to all-analog, even vintage, recording equipment, to achieve a softer, "warmer" sound... | Wikipedia - Tapeless production - Summary |
In the field of programming a data transfer object (DTO) is an object that carries data between processes. The motivation for its use is that communication between processes is usually done resorting to remote interfaces (e.g., web services), where each call is an expensive operation. Because the majority of the cost o... | Wikipedia - Data transfer object - Summary |
In the field of psychology, cognitive dissonance is the perception of contradictory information and the mental toll of it. Relevant items of information include a person's actions, feelings, ideas, beliefs, values, and things in the environment. Cognitive dissonance is typically experienced as psychological stress when... | Wikipedia - Cognitive dissonance - Summary |
According to this theory, when two actions or ideas are not psychologically consistent with each other, people do all in their power to change them until they become consistent. The discomfort is triggered by the person's belief clashing with new information perceived, wherein the individual tries to find a way to reso... | Wikipedia - Cognitive dissonance - Summary |
They tend to make changes to justify the stressful behavior, either by adding new parts to the cognition causing the psychological dissonance (rationalization) or by avoiding circumstances and contradictory information likely to increase the magnitude of the cognitive dissonance (confirmation bias).Coping with the nuan... | Wikipedia - Cognitive dissonance - Summary |
In the field of psychology, nativism is the view that certain skills or abilities are "native" or hard-wired into the brain at birth. This is in contrast to the "blank slate" or tabula rasa view, which states that the brain has inborn capabilities for learning from the environment but does not contain content such as i... | Wikipedia - Psychological nativism - Summary |
For example, one might argue that some moral intuitions are innate or that color preferences are innate. A less established argument is that nature supplies the human mind with specialized learning devices. This latter view differs from empiricism only to the extent that the algorithms that translate experience into in... | Wikipedia - Psychological nativism - Summary |
In the field of psychology, the Belmont Report has been supplemented by the American Psychological Association's (APA) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. As of 2018, the APA's guidelines include the basics provided in the originally published Belmont Report, but also enhance and reinforce those es... | Wikipedia - Belmont Report - Psychology |
The principle of integrity furthers this concept into honesty and accuracy throughout all professional psychological endeavors.Another area where APA guidelines move beyond the Belmont report is in the setting of standards. The APA establishes standards for all reputable members of the psychology community (particularl... | Wikipedia - Belmont Report - Psychology |
One of the most important standards detailed in the APA manual is the one that requires the induction of an institutional review board (IRB), which serves the same purpose as outlined in the Belmont Report. An IRB is responsible for interpreting the established principles and ensuring the ethicality of research done on... | Wikipedia - Belmont Report - Psychology |
In the field of psychology, the broader definition of tokenism is a situation in which a member of a distinctive category is treated differently from other people. The characteristics that make the person of interest a token can be perceived as either a handicap or an advantage, as supported by Václav Linkov. In a posi... | Wikipedia - Token character - In psychology |
In the field of psychometrics, the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing place standards about validity and reliability, along with errors of measurement and issues related to the accommodation of individuals with disabilities. The third and final major topic covers standards related to testing applicatio... | Wikipedia - Standardized assessment - Testing standards |
In the field of public administration working hypotheses are used as a conceptual framework for exploratory, applied, empirical research. Research projects that use working hypotheses use a deductive reasoning or logic of inquiry. In other words, the problem and preliminary theory are developed ahead of time and tested... | Wikipedia - Working hypothesis - Application |
They are often used as ways to investigate a problem in a particular city or public agency.These projects are a type of case study and use multiple methods of evidence collection. The working hypotheses are used as a device to direct evidence collection. As a result, working hypotheses are generally organized using sub... | Wikipedia - Working hypothesis - Application |
In the field of quality control for industry, ADCIS has developed a specific measurement software product to analyze printed circuit board in the field of electronics. Aphelion has also been used to analyze and read documents, as well as detecting defects on printed documents. In the field of cosmetics, Aphelion has be... | Wikipedia - Aphelion (software) - Quality control and inspection |
Other quality control applications have been developed by ADCIS such as the automatic classification of argentic grains on films. In optics field, ADCIS was involved in two projects, one to develop an innovative technique to cut lenses for glasses and one to model rigid scleral contact lenses in the 3D space, and then ... | Wikipedia - Aphelion (software) - Quality control and inspection |
In the field of quantum computing, pulsed EPR is used to control the state of electron spin qubits in materials such as diamond, silicon and gallium arsenide. | Wikipedia - Electron spin resonance spectroscopy - Other applications |
In the field of quantum mechanics, there exists another form of the virial theorem, applicable to localized solutions to the stationary nonlinear Schrödinger equation or Klein–Gordon equation, is Pokhozhaev's identity, also known as Derrick's theorem. Let g ( s ) {\displaystyle g(s)} be continuous and real-valued, with... | Wikipedia - Virial Theorem - Pokhozhaev's identity |
In the field of quantum sciences, microcoils play an increasing role for fast spin control in nanoscale devices as multi-qubit spin registers and quantum memories or for the actuation of single nuclear spins e.g. around a Nitrogen-vacancy center. In contrast to traditional NMR, microcoils are used here as an actuator o... | Wikipedia - Microcoil - Spin control |
In the field of radio frequency (RF) and microwave engineering, by far and away the most common transmission line standard is 50 Ω coaxial cable (coax), which is an unbalanced line. 50 Ω first arose as a nominal impedance during World War II work on radar and is a compromise between two requirements. This standard was ... | Wikipedia - 75 Ω - 50 Ω and 75 Ω |
The first requirement is for minimum loss. The loss of coaxial cable is given by, α ≈ R 2 Z 0 {\displaystyle \alpha \approx {\frac {R}{2Z_{0}}}} nepers/metrewhere R is the loop resistance per metre and Z0 is the characteristic impedance. Making the diameter of the inner conductor larger will decrease R and decreasing R... | Wikipedia - 75 Ω - 50 Ω and 75 Ω |
On the other hand, Z0 depends on the ratio of the diameters of outer and inner conductors (Dr) and will decrease with increasing inner conductor diameter thus increasing the loss. There is a specific value of Dr for which the loss is a minimum and this turns out to be 3.6. For an air dielectric coax this corresponds to... | Wikipedia - 75 Ω - 50 Ω and 75 Ω |
The second requirement is for maximum power handling and was an important requirement for radar. This is not the same condition as minimum loss because power handling is usually limited by the breakdown voltage of the dielectric. However, there is a similar compromise in terms of the ratio of conductor diameters. | Wikipedia - 75 Ω - 50 Ω and 75 Ω |
Making the inner conductor too large results in a thin insulator which breaks down at a lower voltage. On the other hand, making the inner conductor too small results in higher electric field strength near the inner conductor (because the same field energy is accumulated around smaller conductor surface) and again redu... | Wikipedia - 75 Ω - 50 Ω and 75 Ω |
The 50 Ω impedance is the geometric mean of these two figures; 50 ≈ 30 × 77 Ω {\displaystyle 50\approx {\sqrt {30\times 77}}\mathrm {\ } \Omega } and then rounding to a convenient whole number.Wartime production of coax, and for a period afterwards, tended to use standard plumbing pipe sizes for the outer conductor and... | Wikipedia - 75 Ω - 50 Ω and 75 Ω |
Cable with 75 Ω nominal impedance has been in use from an early period in telecommunications for its low loss characteristic. According to Stephen Lampen of Belden Wire & Cable 75 Ω was chosen as the nominal impedance rather than 77 Ω because it corresponded to a standard AWG wire size for the inner conductor. For coax... | Wikipedia - 75 Ω - 50 Ω and 75 Ω |
In the field of rail transport equipment, Langen was co-owner and engineer of the Cologne Waggonfabrik van der Zypen & Charlier. He started the suspension railway system in Wuppertal in 1894. | Wikipedia - Eugen Langen - Railway equipment |
In the field of real analysis, he discovered the Riemann integral in his habilitation. Among other things, he showed that every piecewise continuous function is integrable. Similarly, the Stieltjes integral goes back to the Göttinger mathematician, and so they are named together the Riemann–Stieltjes integral. | Wikipedia - Bernhard Riemann - Real analysis |
In his habilitation work on Fourier series, where he followed the work of his teacher Dirichlet, he showed that Riemann-integrable functions are "representable" by Fourier series. Dirichlet has shown this for continuous, piecewise-differentiable functions (thus with countably many non-differentiable points). Riemann ga... | Wikipedia - Bernhard Riemann - Real analysis |
He also proved the Riemann–Lebesgue lemma: if a function is representable by a Fourier series, then the Fourier coefficients go to zero for large n. Riemann's essay was also the starting point for Georg Cantor's work with Fourier series, which was the impetus for set theory. He also worked with hypergeometric different... | Wikipedia - Bernhard Riemann - Real analysis |
In the field of recorded music, a hidden track (sometimes called a ghost track, secret track or unlisted track) is a song or a piece of audio that has been placed on a CD, audio cassette, LP record, or other recorded medium, in such a way as to avoid detection by the casual listener. In some cases, the piece of music m... | Wikipedia - Hidden track - Summary |
It is occasionally unclear whether a piece of music is 'hidden.' For example, "Her Majesty," which is preceded by fourteen seconds of silence, was originally unlisted on The Beatles' Abbey Road but is listed on current versions of the album. That song and others push the definition of the term, causing a lack of consen... | Wikipedia - Hidden track - Summary |
In the field of regional economic development, local multiplier effect refers to the spillover effect the presence of a particular type of job has on additional local economic activity. Current scholarly debate around local multipliers center around the magnitude of the effect from different industries and sectors on l... | Wikipedia - Local multiplier effect - Use in regional economic development |
In the field of reinforcement learning, a softmax function can be used to convert values into action probabilities. The function commonly used is: where the action value q t ( a ) {\displaystyle q_{t}(a)} corresponds to the expected reward of following action a and τ {\displaystyle \tau } is called a temperature parame... | Wikipedia - Softmax activation function - Reinforcement learning |
In the field of relational database design, normalization is a systematic way of ensuring that a database structure is suitable for general-purpose querying and free of certain undesirable characteristics—insertion, update, and deletion anomalies that could lead to loss of data integrity. A standard piece of database d... | Wikipedia - Database design - Normalization |
The more normalized the design is, the less data redundancy there is (and therefore, it takes up less space to store), however, common data retrieval patterns may now need complex joins, merges, and sorts to occur – which takes up more data read, and compute cycles. Some modeling disciplines, such as the dimensional mo... | Wikipedia - Database design - Normalization |
A document that is stored in such a database, typically would contain more than one normalized data unit and often the relationships between the units as well. If all the data units and the relationships in question are often retrieved together, then this approach optimizes the number of retrieves. It also simplifies h... | Wikipedia - Database design - Normalization |
Another consideration is that reading and writing a single document in such databases will require a single transaction – which can be an important consideration in a Microservices architecture. In such situations, often, portions of the document are retrieved from other services via an API and stored locally for effic... | Wikipedia - Database design - Normalization |
In the field of remote sensing the geotagging goal is to store coordinates of every pixel in the image. One approach is used with the orthophotos where we store coordinates of four corners and all the other pixels can be georeferenced by interpolation. The four corners are stored using GeoTIFF or World file standards. ... | Wikipedia - Geotagging - Remote sensing data |
In the field of representation theory in mathematics, a projective representation of a group G on a vector space V over a field F is a group homomorphism from G to the projective linear group where GL(V) is the general linear group of invertible linear transformations of V over F, and F∗ is the normal subgroup consisti... | Wikipedia - Projective representation - Summary |
If it is possible to choose a particular representative ρ ( g ) ∈ ρ ~ ( g ) {\displaystyle \rho (g)\in {\tilde {\rho }}(g)} in each family of operators in such a way that the homomorphism property is satisfied on the nose, rather than just up to a constant, then we say that ρ ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {\rho }}} can be "... | Wikipedia - Projective representation - Summary |
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