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In the field of retrieval systems, established approaches include: Data retrieval systems, such as database management systems, are well suitable for the storage and retrieval of structured data. Information retrieval systems, such as web search engines, are very effective in finding the relevant documents or web pages... | Wikipedia - Knowledge retrieval - Overview |
In the field of rhetoric, genre theorists usually understand genres as types of actions rather than types or forms of texts. On this perspective, texts are channels through which genres are enacted. Carolyn Miller's work has been especially important for this perspective. | Wikipedia - Text domain - Rhetoric |
Drawing on Lloyd Bitzer's concept of rhetorical situation, Miller reasons that recurring rhetorical problems tend to elicit recurring responses; drawing on Alfred Schütz, she reasons that these recurring responses become "typified" – that is, socially constructed as recognizable types. Miller argues that these "typifie... | Wikipedia - Text domain - Rhetoric |
Building off of Miller, Charles Bazerman and Clay Spinuzzi have argued that genres understood as actions derive their meaning from other genres – that is, other actions. Bazerman therefore proposes that we analyze genres in terms of "genre systems", while Spinuzzi prefers the closely related concept of "genre ecologies... | Wikipedia - Text domain - Rhetoric |
Combining rhetorical genre theory with activity theory, David Russell has proposed that standard English composition courses are ill-suited to teach the genres that students will write in other contexts across the university and beyond. Elizabeth Wardle contends that standard composition courses do teach genres, but th... | Wikipedia - Text domain - Rhetoric |
In the field of road transport, a turnaround is a type of junction that allows traffic traveling in one direction on a road to efficiently make a U-turn (to reverse course and travel the opposite direction) typically without backing up or making dangerous maneuvers in the middle of the traffic stream. While many juncti... | Wikipedia - Turnaround (road) - Summary |
In the field of road transport, an interchange (American English) or a grade-separated junction (British English) is a road junction that uses grade separations to allow for the movement of traffic between two or more roadways or highways, using a system of interconnecting roadways to permit traffic on at least one of ... | Wikipedia - Limited access ramp - Summary |
In the field of runtime analysis of algorithms, it is common to specify a computational model in terms of primitive operations allowed which have unit cost, or simply unit-cost operations. A commonly used example is the random-access machine, which has unit cost for read and write access to all of its memory cells. In ... | Wikipedia - Models of computation - Uses |
In the field of safety science, and especially in the study of human reliability, scientists have become increasingly interested in hermeneutic approaches. It has been proposed by ergonomist Donald Taylor that mechanist models of human behaviour will only take us so far in terms of accident reduction, and that safety s... | Wikipedia - Romantic hermeneutics - Safety science |
In the field of sanitation, the term "self supply" is not commonly used. However, a similar concept is that of community-led total sanitation. This is a behavior change approach which results in people abandoning open defecation and typically building and using pit latrines instead. Another approach which could be used... | Wikipedia - Self-supply of water and sanitation - Approaches for sanitation |
In the field of scale modeling (which includes model railroading, vehicle modeling, airplane modeling, military modeling, etc.), a prototype is the real-world basis or source for a scale model—such as the real EMD GP38-2 locomotive—which is the prototype of Athearn's (among other manufacturers) locomotive model. Techni... | Wikipedia - Prototype - Scale modeling |
In the field of search engine optimization (SEO), link building describes actions aimed at increasing the number and quality of inbound links to a webpage with the goal of increasing the search engine rankings of that page or website. Briefly, link building is the process of establishing relevant hyperlinks (usually ca... | Wikipedia - Link popularity - Summary |
In the field of second language acquisition, there are many theories about the most effective way for language learners to acquire new language forms. One theory of language acquisition is the comprehensible output hypothesis. Developed by Merrill Swain, the comprehensible output (CO) hypothesis states that learning ta... | Wikipedia - Comprehensible output hypothesis - Summary |
Although Swain does not claim that comprehensible output is solely responsible for all or even most language acquisition, she does claim that, under some conditions, CO facilitates second language learning in ways that differ from and enhance input due to the mental processes connected with the production of language. ... | Wikipedia - Comprehensible output hypothesis - Summary |
Swain defines three functions of output: Noticing function: Learners encounter gaps between what they want to say and what they are able to say, and so they notice what they do not know or only know partially in this language. Hypothesis-testing function: When a learner says something, there is always an at least tacit... | Wikipedia - Comprehensible output hypothesis - Summary |
In the field of security engineering, a pre-play attack is a cryptographic attack in which an attacker prepares for the attack in advance by carrying out a simulated transaction while pretending to be the device to be attacked, and then repeats the attack a second time with the real device at a time when it is likely t... | Wikipedia - Pre-play attack - Summary |
In the field of security engineering, an oracle attack is an attack that exploits the availability of a weakness in a system that can be used as an "oracle" to give a simple go/no go indication to inform attackers how close they are to their goals. The attacker can then combine the oracle with a systematic search of th... | Wikipedia - Oracle attack - Summary |
In a compression oracle attack the use of adaptive data compression on a mixture of chosen plaintext and unknown plaintext can result in content-sensitive changes in the length of the compressed text that can be detected even though the content of the compressed text itself is then encrypted. This can be used in protoc... | Wikipedia - Oracle attack - Summary |
In the field of selection principles, Tsaban devised the method of omission of intervals for establishing covering properties of sets of real numbers that have certain combinatorial structures. In nonabelian cryptology he devised the algebraic span method that solved a number of computational problems that underlie a n... | Wikipedia - Boaz Tsaban - Academic career |
In the field of ship design and design of other floating structures, a response amplitude operator (RAO) is an engineering statistic, or set of such statistics, that are used to determine the likely behavior of a ship when operating at sea. Known by the acronym of RAO, response amplitude operators are usually obtained ... | Wikipedia - Response amplitude operator - Summary |
In the field of simulation, a discrete rate simulation models the behavior of mixed discrete and continuous systems. This methodology is used to simulate linear continuous systems, hybrid continuous and discrete-event systems, and any other system that involves the rate-based movement or flow of material from one locat... | Wikipedia - Discrete rate simulation - Summary |
In the field of social media, the term live media refers to new media that use streaming technologies for creating networks of live multimedia shared among people, companies and organizations. Social media marketer Bryan Kramer describes livestreaming as an inexpensive "key marketing and communications tool that helps ... | Wikipedia - Live video streaming - Social media |
Live media can be shared through any Internet website or application; thus, when people browse a specific website, they may find live media streams relevant to them.Live media can include coverage of various events such as concerts or live news coverage viewed using a web browser or apps such as Snapchat. James Harden ... | Wikipedia - Live video streaming - Social media |
In the field of social psychology, illusory superiority is a condition of cognitive bias wherein a person overestimates their own qualities and abilities, in relation to the same qualities and abilities of other people. Illusory superiority is one of many positive illusions, relating to the self, that are evident in th... | Wikipedia - Illusory superiority - Summary |
The phenomenon is also known as the above-average effect, the superiority bias, the leniency error, the sense of relative superiority, the primus inter pares effect, and the Lake Wobegon effect, named after the fictional town where all the children are above average. The Dunning-Kruger effect is a form of illusory supe... | Wikipedia - Illusory superiority - Summary |
However, research that only investigates the effects in one specific population is severely limited as this may not be a true representation of human psychology. More recent research investigating self-esteem in other countries suggests that illusory superiority depends on culture. Some studies indicate that East Asian... | Wikipedia - Illusory superiority - Summary |
In the field of social work, proponents of intersectionality hold that unless service providers take intersectionality into account, they will be of less use for various segments of the population, such as those reporting domestic violence or disabled victims of abuse. According to intersectional theory, the practice o... | Wikipedia - Intersectional feminism - Social work |
There is a "silence" principle concerning the intersectionality of women and disability, which maintains an overall social denial of the prevalence of abuse among the disabled and leads to this abuse being frequently ignored when encountered. A paradox is presented by the overprotection of people with disabilities comb... | Wikipedia - Intersectional feminism - Social work |
In the field of sociology and mental health, ageing is seen in five different views: ageing as maturity, ageing as decline, ageing as a life-cycle event, ageing as generation, and ageing as survival. Positive correlates with ageing often include economics, employment, marriage, children, education, and sense of control... | Wikipedia - Ageing - Sociology |
Retirement, a common transition faced by the elderly, may have both positive and negative consequences. As cyborgs currently are on the rise some theorists argue there is a need to develop new definitions of ageing and for instance a bio-techno-social definition of ageing has been suggested.There is a current debate as... | Wikipedia - Ageing - Sociology |
In the field of sociology, cultural capital comprises the social assets of a person (education, intellect, style of speech, style of dress, etc.) that promote social mobility in a stratified society. Cultural capital functions as a social relation within an economy of practices (i.e. system of exchange), and includes t... | Wikipedia - Cultural capital - Summary |
In the field of software application development, service-oriented development of applications (or SODA) is a way of producing service-oriented architecture applications. Use of the term SODA was first used by the Gartner research firm.SODA represents one possible activity for company to engage in when making the trans... | Wikipedia - Service-oriented development of applications - Summary |
In the field of software development, an interceptor pattern is a software design pattern that is used when software systems or frameworks want to offer a way to change, or augment, their usual processing cycle. For example, a (simplified) typical processing sequence for a web-server is to receive a URI from the browse... | Wikipedia - Interceptor pattern - Summary |
Key aspects of the pattern are that the change is transparent and used automatically. In essence, the rest of the system does not have to know something has been added or changed and can keep working as before. To facilitate this, a predefined interface for extension has to be implemented, some kind of dispatching mech... | Wikipedia - Interceptor pattern - Summary |
In the field of software engineering, a profile diagram operates at the metamodel level to show stereotypes as classes with the «stereotype» stereotype, and profiles as packages with the «profile» stereotype. The extension relation (solid line with closed, filled arrowhead) indicates what metamodel element a given ster... | Wikipedia - Profile diagram - Summary |
In the field of software engineering, the interface segregation principle (ISP) states that no code should be forced to depend on methods it does not use. ISP splits interfaces that are very large into smaller and more specific ones so that clients will only have to know about the methods that are of interest to them. ... | Wikipedia - Interface segregation principle - Summary |
ISP is one of the five SOLID principles of object-oriented design, similar to the High Cohesion Principle of GRASP. Beyond object-oriented design, ISP is also a key principle in the design of distributed systems in general and microservices in particular. ISP is one of the six IDEALS principles for microservice design. | Wikipedia - Interface segregation principle - Summary |
In the field of software, SQL programming tools provide platforms for database administrators (DBAs) and application developers to perform daily tasks efficiently and accurately. Database administrators and application developers often face constantly changing environments which they rarely completely control. Many cha... | Wikipedia - SQL programming tool - Summary |
In the field of solid catalysis, the surface area of catalysts is an important factor in catalytic activity. Inorganic materials such as mesoporous silica and layered clay minerals have high surface areas of several hundred m2/g calculated by the BET method, indicating the possibility of application for efficient catal... | Wikipedia - BET theory - Catalysis |
In the field of solid mechanics, torsion is the twisting of an object due to an applied torque. Torsion is expressed in either the pascal (Pa), an SI unit for newtons per square metre, or in pounds per square inch (psi) while torque is expressed in newton metres (N·m) or foot-pound force (ft·lbf). In sections perpendic... | Wikipedia - Torsion (mechanics) - Summary |
For shafts of uniform cross-section unrestrained against warping, the torsion is: T = J T r τ = J T ℓ G φ {\displaystyle T={\frac {J_{\text{T}}}{r}}\tau ={\frac {J_{\text{T}}}{\ell }}G\varphi } where: T is the applied torque or moment of torsion in Nm. τ {\displaystyle \tau } (tau) is the maximum shear stress at the ou... | Wikipedia - Torsion (mechanics) - Summary |
For more accuracy, finite element analysis (FEA) is the best method. Other calculation methods include membrane analogy and shear flow approximation. | Wikipedia - Torsion (mechanics) - Summary |
r is the perpendicular distance between the rotational axis and the farthest point in the section (at the outer surface). ℓ is the length of the object to or over which the torque is being applied. φ (phi) is the angle of twist in radians. G is the shear modulus, also called the modulus of rigidity, and is usually give... | Wikipedia - Torsion (mechanics) - Summary |
In the field of solid state physics, the electron affinity is defined differently than in chemistry and atomic physics. For a semiconductor-vacuum interface (that is, the surface of a semiconductor), electron affinity, typically denoted by EEA or χ, is defined as the energy obtained by moving an electron from the vacuu... | Wikipedia - Electron gain enthalpy - "Electron affinity" as defined in solid state physics |
For example, a silicon crystal surface has electron affinity 4.05 eV, whereas an isolated silicon atom has electron affinity 1.39 eV. The electron affinity of a surface is closely related to, but distinct from, its work function. The work function is the thermodynamic work that can be obtained by reversibly and isother... | Wikipedia - Electron gain enthalpy - "Electron affinity" as defined in solid state physics |
While the work function of a semiconductor can be changed by doping, the electron affinity ideally does not change with doping and so it is closer to being a material constant. However, like work function the electron affinity does depend on the surface termination (crystal face, surface chemistry, etc.) and is strictl... | Wikipedia - Electron gain enthalpy - "Electron affinity" as defined in solid state physics |
In certain circumstances, the electron affinity may become negative. Often negative electron affinity is desired to obtain efficient cathodes that can supply electrons to the vacuum with little energy loss. The observed electron yield as a function of various parameters such as bias voltage or illumination conditions c... | Wikipedia - Electron gain enthalpy - "Electron affinity" as defined in solid state physics |
In the field of spaceflight verification standards are developed by DoD, NASA and the ECSS, among others. Large aerospace corporations may also developed their own internal standards. These standards exist in order to specify requirements for the verification of a space system product, such as: the fundamental concepts... | Wikipedia - Verification (spaceflight) - Overview |
In the field of stable isotope geochemistry, isotopologues of simple molecules containing rare heavy isotopes of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur are used to trace equilibrium and kinetic processes in natural environments and in Earth's past. | Wikipedia - Isotopologue - Geochemical applications |
In the field of statistical learning theory, matrix regularization generalizes notions of vector regularization to cases where the object to be learned is a matrix. The purpose of regularization is to enforce conditions, for example sparsity or smoothness, that can produce stable predictive functions. For example, in t... | Wikipedia - Matrix regularization - Summary |
When the system is described by a matrix rather than a vector, this problem can be written as min X ‖ A X − Y ‖ 2 + λ ‖ X ‖ 2 , {\displaystyle \min _{X}\|AX-Y\|^{2}+\lambda \|X\|^{2},} where the vector norm enforcing a regularization penalty on x {\displaystyle x} has been extended to a matrix norm on X {\displaystyle ... | Wikipedia - Matrix regularization - Summary |
In the field of statistics, the Neyman–Pearson lemma states that the most powerful way to distinguish between the two distributions P {\displaystyle P} and Q {\displaystyle Q} based on an observation Y {\displaystyle Y} (drawn from one of them) is through the log of the ratio of their likelihoods: log P ( Y ) − log ... | Wikipedia - Kullback–Leibler divergence - Statistics |
In the field of stellar evolution, a blue loop is a stage in the life of an evolved star where it changes from a cool star to a hotter one before cooling again. The name derives from the shape of the evolutionary track on a Hertzsprung–Russell diagram which forms a loop towards the blue (i.e. hotter) side of the diagra... | Wikipedia - Blue loop - Summary |
Many pulsating variable stars such as Cepheids are blue loop stars. Stars on the horizontal branch are not generally referred to as on a blue loop even though they are temporarily hotter than on the red giant or asymptotic giant branches. Loops occur far too slowly to be observed for individual stars, but are inferred ... | Wikipedia - Blue loop - Summary |
In the field of strategy, the concept is sometimes understood to apply to assets, infrastructure or capabilities needed to support the successful commercialization and marketing of a technological innovation, other than those assets fundamentally associated with that innovation. The term was first coined by David Teece... | Wikipedia - Complementary assets - Strategy |
In the field of superconductivity, Anderson's theorem states that superconductivity in a conventional superconductor is robust with respect to (non-magnetic) disorder in the host material. It is named after P. W. Anderson, who discussed this phenomenon in 1959, briefly after BCS theory was introduced.One consequence of... | Wikipedia - Anderson's theorem (superconductivity) - Summary |
Also, it does not apply to unconventional superconductors. In fact, strong suppression of Tc with increasing defect scattering, thus non-validity of Anderson's theorem, is taken as a strong indication for superconductivity being unconventional. == References == | Wikipedia - Anderson's theorem (superconductivity) - Summary |
In the field of surface analysis, it is usual to distinguish static SIMS and dynamic SIMS. Static SIMS is the process involved in surface atomic monolayer analysis, or surface molecular analysis, usually with a pulsed ion beam and a time of flight mass spectrometer, while dynamic SIMS is the process involved in bulk an... | Wikipedia - Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry - Static and dynamic modes |
In the field of survey research, measures are taken from individual attitudes, values, and behavior using questionnaires as a measurement instrument. As all other measurements, measurement in survey research is also vulnerable to measurement error, i.e. the departure from the true value of the measurement and the value... | Wikipedia - Numerical measure - Survey research |
In the field of system reliability orthogonal redundancy is that form of redundancy where the form of backup device or method is completely different from the prone to error device or method. The failure mode of an orthogonally redundant back-up device or method does not intersect with and is completely different from ... | Wikipedia - Orthogonal subspaces - System reliability |
In the field of systems and software engineering numerous specific function and functional models and close related models have been defined. Here only a few general types will be explained. | Wikipedia - Functional model - Related types of models |
In the field of technology, Tsinghua Unigroup invests mainly in Integrated Circuit design and information and communication infrastructure. Tsinghua Unigroup is the controlling shareholder of dozens of technology enterprises such as Unis, UNISOC, Guoxin Micro, Linxens, etc. | Wikipedia - Tsinghua Unigroup - Subsidiaries |
In the field of telecommunications, "data retention" generally refers to the storage of call detail records (CDRs) of telephony and internet traffic and transaction data (IPDRs) by governments and commercial organisations. In the case of government data retention, the data that is stored is usually of telephone calls m... | Wikipedia - Data retention - Implementation |
By analysing the retained data, governments can identify the locations of individuals, an individual's associates and the members of a group such as political opponents. These activities may or may not be lawful, depending on the constitutions and laws of each country. In many jurisdictions, access to these databases m... | Wikipedia - Data retention - Implementation |
In the field of telecommunications, a Clos network is a kind of multistage circuit-switching network which represents a theoretical idealization of practical, multistage switching systems. It was invented by Edson Erwin in 1938 and first formalized by the American engineer Charles Clos in 1952. By adding stages, a Clos... | Wikipedia - Clos network - Summary |
A Clos network topology (diagrammed below) is parameterized by three integers n, m, and r: n represents the number of sources which feed into each of r ingress stage crossbar switches; each ingress stage crossbar switch has m outlets; and there are m middle stage crossbar switches. Circuit switching arranges a dedicate... | Wikipedia - Clos network - Summary |
When the Clos network was first devised, the number of crosspoints was a good approximation of the total cost of the switching system. While this was important for electromechanical crossbars, it became less relevant with the advent of VLSI, wherein the interconnects could be implemented either directly in silicon, or ... | Wikipedia - Clos network - Summary |
In the field of telecommunications, weighting filters are widely used in the measurement of electrical noise on telephone circuits, and in the assessment of noise as perceived through the acoustic response of different types of instrument (handset). Other noise-weighting curves have existed, e.g. DIN standards. The ter... | Wikipedia - Frequency weighting - Telecommunications |
In the field of telephony, quality of service was defined by the ITU in 1994. Quality of service comprises requirements on all the aspects of a connection, such as service response time, loss, signal-to-noise ratio, crosstalk, echo, interrupts, frequency response, loudness levels, and so on. A subset of telephony QoS i... | Wikipedia - Quality of service - Definitions |
For example, a required bit rate, delay, delay variation, packet loss or bit error rates may be guaranteed. Quality of service is important for real-time streaming multimedia applications such as voice over IP, multiplayer online games and IPTV, since these often require fixed bit rate and are delay sensitive. Quality ... | Wikipedia - Quality of service - Definitions |
A network or protocol that supports QoS may agree on a traffic contract with the application software and reserve capacity in the network nodes, for example during a session establishment phase. During the session it may monitor the achieved level of performance, for example the data rate and delay, and dynamically con... | Wikipedia - Quality of service - Definitions |
A best-effort network or service does not support quality of service. An alternative to complex QoS control mechanisms is to provide high quality communication over a best-effort network by over-provisioning the capacity so that it is sufficient for the expected peak traffic load. The resulting absence of network conge... | Wikipedia - Quality of service - Definitions |
QoS is sometimes used as a quality measure, with many alternative definitions, rather than referring to the ability to reserve resources. Quality of service sometimes refers to the level of quality of service, i.e. the guaranteed service quality. High QoS is often confused with a high level of performance, for example ... | Wikipedia - Quality of service - Definitions |
QoS is sometimes used in application layer services such as telephony and streaming video to describe a metric that reflects or predicts the subjectively experienced quality. In this context, QoS is the acceptable cumulative effect on subscriber satisfaction of all imperfections affecting the service. Other terms with ... | Wikipedia - Quality of service - Definitions |
In the field of textual scholarship and the editing of historic texts, the term "normalization" implies a degree of modernization and standardization – for example in the extension of scribal abbreviations and the transliteration of the archaic glyphs typically found in manuscript and early printed sources. A normalize... | Wikipedia - Text normalization - Textual scholarship |
In the field of the Internet of Things and sensor networks, the concept of value of information (VoI) has started to attract attention recently. In their paper of 2022, Alawad and Kraemer discussed the definitions of VoI in the context of sensor networks, as well as its applications and use cases. Their work shed some ... | Wikipedia - Value of information - Definitions in other domains |
In the field of the psychology of consciousness, Eberhard Scheiffele explored the altered state of consciousness experienced by actors and improvisers in his scholarly paper Acting: an altered state of consciousness. According to G. William Farthing in The Psychology of Consciousness comparative study, actors routinely... | Wikipedia - Improv comedy - Psychology |
In the growing field of Drama Therapy, psychodramatic improvisation, along with other techniques developed for Drama Therapy, are used extensively. The "Yes, and" rule has been compared to Milton Erickson's utilization process and to a variety of acceptance-based psychotherapies. Improv training has been recommended fo... | Wikipedia - Improv comedy - Psychology |
In the field of theoretical computer science the computability and complexity of computational problems are often sought-after. Computability theory describes the degree to which problems are computable, whereas complexity theory describes the asymptotic degree of resource consumption. Computational problems are theref... | Wikipedia - Physical limits to computing - Abstract limits in computer science |
The arithmetical hierarchy and polynomial hierarchy classify the degree to which problems are respectively computable and computable in polynomial time. For instance, the level Σ 0 0 = Π 0 0 = Δ 0 0 {\displaystyle \Sigma _{0}^{0}=\Pi _{0}^{0}=\Delta _{0}^{0}} of the arithmetical hierarchy classifies computable, partial... | Wikipedia - Physical limits to computing - Abstract limits in computer science |
In the field of theoretical computer science, lazy initialization (also called a lazy array) is a technique to design data structures that can work with memory that does not need to be initialized. Specifically, assume that we have access to a table T of n uninitialized memory cells (numbered from 1 to n), and want to ... | Wikipedia - Lazy initialization - Theoretical computer science |
This can be used to handle queries in the following fashion: when we look up cell T for some k, we can check if k is in the range {1, ..., m}: if it is not, then T is uninitialized. Otherwise, we check V], and verify that the first component of this pair is equal to k. If it is not, then T is uninitialized (and just ha... | Wikipedia - Lazy initialization - Theoretical computer science |
In the field of theoretical neuroscience, random matrices are increasingly used to model the network of synaptic connections between neurons in the brain. Dynamical models of neuronal networks with random connectivity matrix were shown to exhibit a phase transition to chaos when the variance of the synaptic weights cro... | Wikipedia - Empirical singular values distribution - Theoretical neuroscience |
In the field of thermodynamics the Bejan number is the ratio of heat transfer irreversibility to total irreversibility due to heat transfer and fluid friction: B e = S ˙ g e n , Δ T ′ S ˙ g e n , Δ T ′ + S ˙ g e n , Δ p ′ {\displaystyle \mathrm {Be} ={\frac {{\dot {S}}'_{\mathrm {gen} ,\,\Delta T}}{{\dot {S}}'_{\mathrm... | Wikipedia - Bejan number - Thermodynamics |
In the field of time–frequency analysis, several signal formulations are used to represent the signal in a joint time–frequency domain.There are several methods and transforms called "time-frequency distributions" (TFDs), whose interconnections were organized by Leon Cohen. The most useful and popular methods form a cl... | Wikipedia - Transformation between distributions in time–frequency analysis - Summary |
The spectrogram has the advantage of being positive and is easy to interpret, but also has disadvantages, like being irreversible, which means that once the spectrogram of a signal is computed, the original signal can't be extracted from the spectrogram. The theory and methodology for defining a TFD that verifies certa... | Wikipedia - Transformation between distributions in time–frequency analysis - Summary |
In the field of topology, a Fréchet–Urysohn space is a topological space X {\displaystyle X} with the property that for every subset S ⊆ X {\displaystyle S\subseteq X} the closure of S {\displaystyle S} in X {\displaystyle X} is identical to the sequential closure of S {\displaystyle S} in X . {\displaystyle X.} Fréche... | Wikipedia - Fréchet–Urysohn space - Summary |
Fréchet–Urysohn spaces are the most general class of spaces for which sequences suffice to determine all topological properties of subsets of the space. That is, Fréchet–Urysohn spaces are exactly those spaces for which knowledge of which sequences converge to which limits (and which sequences do not) suffices to compl... | Wikipedia - Fréchet–Urysohn space - Summary |
In the field of topology, a circle is not limited to the geometric concept, but to all of its homeomorphisms. Two topological circles are equivalent if one can be transformed into the other via a deformation of R3 upon itself (known as an ambient isotopy). | Wikipedia - List of specially named circles - Topological definition |
In the field of topology, the signature is an integer invariant which is defined for an oriented manifold M of dimension divisible by four. This invariant of a manifold has been studied in detail, starting with Rokhlin's theorem for 4-manifolds, and Hirzebruch signature theorem. | Wikipedia - Signature (topology) - Summary |
In the field of topology, the thalweg can be described as a parametrised curve. If the elevation of the valley floor at some position with coordinates (x, y) is represented by a surface z(x, y), then the negative gradient vector field -∇z(x, y) equips each position (x, y) with a vector pointing downhill in the directio... | Wikipedia - Thalweg - Mathematics |
In the field of translation studies a bitext is a merged document composed of both source- and target-language versions of a given text. Bitexts are generated by a piece of software called an alignment tool, or a bitext tool, which automatically aligns the original and translated versions of the same text. The tool gen... | Wikipedia - Parallel corpora - Bitext |
In the field of translation, a translation unit is a segment of a text which the translator treats as a single cognitive unit for the purposes of establishing an equivalence. It may be a single word, a phrase, one or more sentences, or even a larger unit. When a translator segments a text into translation units, the la... | Wikipedia - Translation unit - Summary |
In the field of transmission electron microscopy, phase-contrast imaging may be employed to image columns of individual atoms. This ability arises from the fact that the atoms in a material diffract electrons as the electrons pass through them (the relative phases of the electrons change upon transmission through the s... | Wikipedia - Phase imaging - Transmission electron microscopy |
Deconvolving the contrast seen in an HR image to determine which features are due to which atoms in the material can rarely, if ever, be done by eye. Instead, because the combination of contrasts due to multiple diffracting elements and planes and the transmitted beam is complex, computer simulations are used to determ... | Wikipedia - Phase imaging - Transmission electron microscopy |
Phase-contrast images are formed by removing the objective aperture entirely or by using a very large objective aperture. This ensures that not only the transmitted beam, but also the diffracted ones are allowed to contribute to the image. Instruments that are specifically designed for phase-contrast imaging are often ... | Wikipedia - Phase imaging - Transmission electron microscopy |
Whereas analytical TEMs employ additional detectors attached to the column for spectroscopic measurements, HRTEMs have little or no additional attachments so as to ensure a uniform electromagnetic environment all the way down the column for each beam leaving the sample (transmitted and diffracted). Because phase-contra... | Wikipedia - Phase imaging - Transmission electron microscopy |
In the field of transmission planning, radials are evenly spaced points (vectors) along evenly spaced lines (bearings) from a common point on a map, which are used to determine the average elevation above mean sea level (AMSL) within a radio station's broadcast range (including broadcast stations and cellphone base sta... | Wikipedia - Radial (radio) - Radials for transmission planning |
In the field of transpersonal psychology, the "participatory turn" endorsed by Jorge Ferrer suggests that transpersonal phenomena are participatory and co-creative events. Ferrer defines these events as "emergences of transpersonal being that can occur not only in the locus of an individual, but also in a relationship,... | Wikipedia - Participatory theory - The "participatory turn" in transpersonal theory |
Ferrer's vision includes a spiritual reality that is plural and multiple, and a spiritual power that may produce a wide range of revelations and insights, which in turn may be overlapping, or even incompatible. Criticism Ken Wilber argues that participatory epistemology is limited in its appropriate scope to observing ... | Wikipedia - Participatory theory - The "participatory turn" in transpersonal theory |
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