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The Minority Small Business and Capital Ownership Development Program—commonly known as the "8(a) Program"—provides participating small businesses with training and technical assistance designed to enhance their ability to compete effectively in the | 0 |
The livelihood of cattle producers, such as cow-calf operators and feeders, depends fundamentally on the price they receive for their cattle and the cost to produce these cattle. Numerous supply and demand | 0 |
DOD’s policy is to ensure that eligible personnel and their families have access to affordable, quality housing facilities and services consistent with grade and dependent status, and that the housing should generally | 0 |
Beginning the summer 2013 through 2016, there were numerous reports in the media on sexual assault incidents in the U.S. armed services. In many cases, such reports were followed by questions on | 0 |
The last several years have seen renewed debate over the role that race plays in higher education—a debate over "affirmative action." A high-profile lawsuit challenging Harvard University's consideration of race in admitting | 0 |
FHWA and FTA fund and oversee highway and transit projects, respectively. FHWA funds highway projects through formula grants to state DOTs, provides technical expertise to state DOTs, and conducts oversight of highway | 0 |
The rapid growth of digital technologies in recent years has created new opportunities for U.S. consumers and businesses but also new challenges in international trade. For example, consumers today access e-commerce, social | 0 |
The child nutrition programs (listed in Table 1 ) support meals and snacks served to children in schools, child care, summer programs, and other institutional settings in all 50 states, the District | 0 |
EM’s cleanup sites and areas of cleanup work, EM’s status as a program, the history of EM’s requirements for operations activities, and key EM offices and DOE oversight bodies for EM’s cleanup | 0 |
The FMS program is intended to strengthen the security of the United States and partner countries. To accomplish this mission, DOD sells a variety of types of items and services to foreign | 0 |
Marine debris originates from multiple sources and types of materials, entering the marine environment in a variety of ways, as shown in figure 1. Most plastics do not biodegrade, that is, decay | 0 |
Although less visible than other transportation modes and not as vast as they are, inland waterways allow shippers to transport goods, particularly bulk commodities, in a relatively cost-effective and environmentally friendly method | 0 |
As the term is currently being discussed, surprise billing typically refers to situations where a consumer is unknowingly, and potentially unavoidably, treated by a provider outside of the consumer's health insurance plan | 0 |
T he Congressional Review Act (CRA) allows Congress to review certain types of federal agency actions that fall under the statutory category of "rules." Enacted in 1996 as part of the Small | 0 |
The MHS is a complex organization in which responsibility for health care delivery is shared among the military departments—the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force—and the Defense Health Agency (DHA), with | 0 |
The President issued two executive orders addressing border security and immigration enforcement on January 25, 2017. These orders direct executive branch agencies to implement a series of reporting, policy, and programmatic provisions | 0 |
The majority of illicit drugs consumed in the United States is produced in Mexico and South America and enters the United States across the southwest border or through the Caribbean. Among countries | 0 |
On March 8, 2018, President Trump issued two proclamations imposing tariffs on U.S. imports of certain steel and aluminum products, respectively, using presidential powers granted under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion | 0 |
Tariffs or duties are taxes assessed on imports of foreign goods, paid by the importer to the U.S. government, and collected by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). Current U.S. tariff rates | 0 |
The drug industry encompasses a variety of companies involved in the research, development, distribution, and payment for chemically synthesized and biologic drugs. For the purpose of our review, the drug industry includes | 0 |
The inventories of the selected Air Force and Navy fixed-wing aircraft in our review totaled 2,823 aircraft and required approximately $20 billion to operate and support in fiscal year 2016. The inventory, | 0 |
DOD started the F-35 program in 2001 to develop a fifth-generation fighter aircraft intended to replace a range of aging aircraft in the U.S. military services’ inventories and to provide enhanced capabilities | 0 |
HUD administers its public housing and HCV programs—which serve eligible low- and very-low income households, the elderly, and persons with disabilities—through local PHAs. PHAs are typically municipal, county, or state agencies created | 0 |
The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several programs to support small businesses, including loan guaranty programs to enhance small business access to capital; programs to increase small business opportunities in federal contracting; | 0 |
As shown in figure 2, a number of activities led up to OMB publishing the reform plan in June 2018, and subsequently OMB has provided updates on the proposals in the reform | 0 |
The Puget Sound basin—the southern half of the transboundary Salish Sea—consists of about 19 major watersheds, according to EPA, and spans much of western Washington State and portions of British Columbia, Canada, | 0 |
This section provides an overview of patenting in the United States, patent infringement litigation, and administrative proceedings for patent validity challenges. It also includes a brief history of court decisions that clarified | 0 |
Each major facilities project has a sponsoring office from within NSF’s seven research directorates. The sponsoring office assesses the scientific merit of a potential project, proposes projects for funding through NSF’s MREFC | 0 |
ODNI estimates that, as of October 1, 2015, approximately 4.2 million government and contractor employees were eligible to hold a security clearance. Personnel security clearances are required for access to certain national | 0 |
While HUD has primary responsibility for addressing lead paint hazards in federally-assisted housing, EPA also has responsibilities related to setting federal lead standards for housing. EPA sets federal standards for lead hazards | 0 |
In a 2006 report, we stated that there was no generally agreed-upon definition of insurance and most definitions in the private sector differed because they were developed for specific purposes or had | 0 |
Federal agencies’ fleets consist of many types of vehicles that support a variety of purposes. For example, federal vehicles may be used to carry staff and gear to remote, off-road locations to | 0 |
T his report describes selected health care-related provisions that are scheduled to expire during the first session of the 116 th Congress (i.e., during calendar year [CY] 2019). For purposes of this | 0 |
Cultivating a strong biological defense requires an understanding of a multitude of biological threats. The nature of these threats can be intentional, naturally occurring, or accidental and can be exacerbated by changes | 0 |
Major disaster declarations can trigger a variety of federal response and recovery programs for government and nongovernmental entities, households, and individuals. FEMA’s Office of Response and Recovery manages the PA grant program, | 0 |
Funding for university STEM research. The five federal agencies included in our analysis provide billions of dollars annually for university research in STEM fields, with HHS-NIH providing more than the other four | 0 |
Interior has oversight responsibility for the development of federal oil and gas resources located under more than 260 million surface onshore acres, 700 million subsurface onshore acres, and 1.7 billion offshore acres | 0 |
The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) of 1952, as amended by the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, authorizes the establishment of the H-2B visa category which allows U.S. employers to | 0 |
CERCLA established the Superfund program to clean up contaminated sites to protect human health and the environment from the effects of hazardous substances. CERCLA requires the President to establish procedures and standards | 0 |
This section outlines the legal framework under which agencies and federal labs license patents and general stages of the patent licensing process. Prior to 1980, federal agencies generally retained title to any | 0 |
Drawback refunds are a remittance of up to 99 percent of duties, taxes, or fees previously paid by an importer. CBP makes these refunds on imported goods on which the importer previously | 0 |
Cigarette use remains the leading cause of preventable death in the United States, claiming an estimated 480,000 lives or more each year. Further, between 2009 and 2012, cigarette smoking-attributable economic costs totaled | 0 |
The 116 th Congress began with 57 African American Members, the highest number ever at the beginning of a Congress. After the death of an African American House Member in October 2019, | 0 |
IRS Form 990-series return or notice must be filed by most organizations exempt from income tax under Internal Revenue Code section 501(a), and certain political organizations and nonexempt charitable trusts. TE/GE uses | 0 |
VA serves veterans of the U.S. armed forces and provides health, pension, burial, and other benefits. The department’s three operational administrations—VHA, Veterans Benefits Administration, and National Cemetery Administration—operate largely independently from one | 0 |
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a rapidly growing field of technology that is capturing the attention of commercial investors, defense intellectuals, policymakers, and international competitors alike, as evidenced by a number of recent | 0 |
In fiscal year 2017, about 13 billion pounds of cargo was transported on aircraft to the United States—over 5 billion pounds was transported on passenger aircraft (e.g., Delta and United Airlines), and | 0 |
Over the next 10 years, the Navy plans to continue developing critical technologies, complete detail design, and begin construction of the lead Columbia class submarine. In December 2017, we found that the | 0 |
The issue of who gets disciplined and why is complex. Studies we reviewed suggest that implicit bias—stereotypes or unconscious associations about people—on the part of teachers and staff may cause them to | 0 |
The majority of Americans receive their health coverage through private health insurance, either by purchasing health coverage directly or receiving coverage through their employer. Many of those with private coverage are enrolled | 0 |
The federal government, states, colleges, students and their families all play important roles in financing higher education costs. Under Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended, the federal | 0 |
This report describes selected health care-related provisions that are scheduled to expire during the second session of the 116 th Congress (i.e., during calendar year [CY] 2020). For purposes of this report, | 0 |
The U.S. strategic nuclear deterrent is spread among three legs, as depicted in figure 1. DOD has continued to reinforce the high priority of the Columbia class program to the nation’s long-term | 0 |
This section provides an overview of FMD, as well as information on the potential impact of an outbreak in the United States; USDA activities to respond to outbreaks of diseases, including FMD; | 0 |
Congress has been active in establishing federal policy for the agricultural sector on an ongoing basis since the 1930s. Over the years, as economic conditions and technology have evolved, Congress has regularly | 0 |
The organization that is now FAMS was created in 1961 to counter hijackers. The Aviation and Transportation Security Act, enacted in November 2001, established TSA as the agency responsible for civil aviation | 0 |
L and management is a principal mission for four federal agencies: the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), and the National Park Service (NPS), all in the | 0 |
The Air Force operates several types of RPAs: the MQ-9 Reaper; RQ-4 Global Hawk; and RQ-170 Sentinel. The MQ-9 Reaper RPA community has about four times the number of pilots and eight | 0 |
This report discusses twenty criminal law cases the United States Supreme Court decided during its 2018 term (Term). Twelve of the cases addressed sentencing issues: capital punishment, violent crime enhancements, supervised release, | 0 |
Misconduct can occur in any workplace. When employee misconduct happens, an agency may incur a number of direct and indirect costs depending on how the agency chooses to address misconduct. For the | 0 |
Since early 2018, certain foreign nations have targeted U.S. food and agricultural products with retaliatory tariffs (for more on tariffs, see Box 1 ) in response to U.S. Section 232 tariffs on | 0 |
VA serves veterans of the U.S. armed forces and provides health, pension, burial, and other benefits. The department’s three operational administrations—VHA, Veterans Benefits Administration, and National Cemetery Administration—operate largely independently from one | 0 |
The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA; P.L. 114-95 ) amended the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) to add a new Part E to Title I entitled "Flexibility for Equitable Per-Pupil Spending." | 0 |
Signed into law on May 9, 2014, the DATA Act expands on previous federal transparency legislation. It requires a greater variety of data related to federal spending by agencies, such as budget | 0 |
The federal disaster workforce is designed to scale up or down depending on the timing and magnitude of disasters. Specifically, FEMA has the authority to augment its permanent full-time staff with temporary | 0 |
Territorial governments issue debt securities and receive loans for a variety of purposes, including to finance long-term investments, such as infrastructure projects, and to fund government operating costs. For the purposes of | 0 |
Trade promotion authority (TPA), sometimes called "fast track," refers to the process Congress has made available to the President for limited periods to enable legislation to approve and implement certain international trade | 0 |
The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) was enacted in 1970 to regulate and facilitate the use of controlled substances, including certain prescription drugs such as opioid pain relievers, for legitimate medical, scientific, research, | 0 |
American Samoa consists of five volcanic islands and two coral atolls in the South Pacific, about 2,600 miles southwest of Hawaii (see fig. 1). American Samoa has a combined land area of | 0 |
In 2017, three major hurricanes made landfall in the United States and historic wildfires struck California. According to FEMA, the 2017 hurricanes and wildfires collectively affected 47 million people—nearly 15 percent of | 0 |
Federal agencies carry out a variety of missions, including protecting and defending government buildings, public lands, and natural resources, as well as federal employees, elected officials, and visitors to federal sites. Agencies | 0 |
Several U.S. agencies have roles and responsibilities related to the screening and vetting of NIV applicants, as shown in table 1. Key Visa Adjudication Process Terms Validity period: The length of time | 0 |
USPS has the mission of providing prompt, reliable, and efficient universal postal service, and federal law requires USPS to “provide postal services to bind the Nation together through the personal, educational, literary, | 0 |
Energy markets across the United States, Canada, and Mexico are extensively integrated. For example, Canada and Mexico—respectively, the largest and fourth largest foreign suppliers of crude oil to the United States—together supply | 0 |
U nder the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA or the Act), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS ) and the National Marine Fisheries Service (together, the Services) determine which species | 0 |
OPA amended the Clean Water Act and established provisions expanding and consolidating the federal government’s authority to prevent and respond to oil spills. This includes providing the federal government with the authority | 0 |
Federal agencies and our nation’s critical infrastructures rely on information technology systems that are highly complex and dynamic, technologically diverse, and often geographically dispersed. This complexity increases the difficulty in identifying, managing, | 0 |
Congressional interest in small business access to capital has increased in recent years because of concerns that small businesses might be prevented from accessing sufficient capital to enable them to start, continue, | 0 |
Many Indo-Pacific nations have responded to China's growing willingness to exert its influence in the region and globally âas well as to the perception that the United States' commitment to the region | 0 |
This section provides an overview of (1) the legal framework governing mixed HLW, (2) the status of EM’s IWTU reengineering project, (3) EM’s requirements for capital asset projects and operations activities, (4) | 0 |
The technology sector has major employment hubs across the country, including the San Francisco Bay area, the greater New York City region, and the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria region (see fig. 1). In addition, technology | 0 |
The FMS program provides support to over 150 foreign partners, with sales totaling $416 billion between fiscal years 2007 and 2017. Annual sales were over $30 billion in each of these years | 0 |
Securing U.S. borders is the responsibility of DHS, in collaboration with other federal, state, local, and tribal entities. CBP, a component within DHS, is the lead agency for U.S. border security, and | 0 |
The increasing complexity and automation of flight control systems pose a challenge to federal policy regarding aircraft certification and pilot training. Over the past 30 years, pilot confusion in the face of | 0 |
Poverty can adversely affect academic and other outcomes in profound ways. Specifically, living in poverty is linked with negative conditions for children at home, in schools, and in neighborhoods and communities, and | 0 |
Federal agencies are dependent on computerized (cyber) information systems and electronic data to carry out operations and to process, maintain, and report essential information. Cybersecurity—the security of these systems and data—is vital | 0 |
Generally, Congress provides budget authority to agencies through the passage of appropriations acts each fiscal year. Appropriations allow agencies to incur obligations and make payments for specified purposes. When an appropriation expires, | 0 |
President Jimmy Morales, then a relative political newcomer, ran in 2015 on a platform of governing transparently and continuing to root out corruption. He is now being investigated for corruption himself. During | 0 |
This section discusses (1) the history and status of the MOX project; (2) the roles of DOE, NNSA, and the contractor in managing and overseeing the MOX project; (3) project management lessons | 0 |
Established in 1953, the Small Business Administration's (SBA's) origins can be traced to the Great Depression of the 1930s and World War II, when concerns about unemployment and war production were paramount. | 0 |
Federal law and regulations require that contractors receiving a contract with a value greater than the simplified acquisition threshold must ensure that small businesses have the “maximum practical opportunity” to receive subcontracting | 0 |
IT systems supporting federal agencies are inherently at risk. These systems are highly complex and dynamic, technologically diverse, and often geographically dispersed. This complexity increases the difficulty in identifying, managing, and protecting | 0 |
The Columbia River Basin is the fourth largest river basin in the United States and covers parts of seven states and British Columbia, Canada. It provides drainage for hundreds of rivers, creeks, | 0 |
VAPIHCS provides comprehensive health care to eligible veterans who reside in Hawaii and the three U.S. territories in the Pacific— American Samoa, Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. According | 0 |
Federal land management decisions influence the U.S. economy, environment, and social welfare. These decisions determine how the nation's federal lands will be acquired or disposed of, developed, managed, and protected. Their impact | 0 |
T he Constitution gives no direct role to Congress in conducting federal law enforcement. While Congress enjoys the legislative power under Article I of the Constitution, which includes substantial authority to investigate | 0 |
Congress maintains an ongoing interest in the pace of U.S. innovation and technological advancement due to its influence on the economy, national security, public health, and other national goals. Historically, the federal | 0 |
Established by the National Housing Act, FHA’s single-family mortgage insurance program helps home buyers obtain financing by providing insurance on single-family mortgage loans. The mortgage insurance allows FHA-approved private lenders to provide | 0 |
For over 20 years, Congress has enacted various laws, and federal agencies have issued guidance, that call for agencies to perform workforce planning activities to help ensure the timely and effective acquisition | 0 |
South Africa is a majority black, multiracial country of nearly 58 million people. South African President Cyril Ramaphosa was elected by the parliament in February 2018 after his predecessor, Jacob Zuma, resigned. | 0 |
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