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Our experience has shown that the key elements needed to make progress in high-risk areas are top-level attention by the administration and agency leaders grounded in the five criteria for removal from | 0 |
The National Security Strategy released in December 2017 states that the U.S. government has a national security interest in addressing conflict and instability in fragile and failing nations. The strategy commits to | 0 |
MDA is responsible for developing a number of systems, known as elements, with the purpose of defending against ballistic missile attacks. MDA’s mission is to combine these elements into an integrated system- | 0 |
The World Health Organization (WHO) first declared COVID-19 a world health emergency in January 2020. Since the virus was first diagnosed in Wuhan, China, it has been detected in over 190 countries | 0 |
The Constitution grants Congress authority to impeach and remove the President, Vice President, and other federal "civil Officers" for treason, bribery, or "other high Crimes and Misdemeanors." Impeachment is one of the | 0 |
Under the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act of 1993 (referred to hereafter as the “Brady Act”) and implementing regulations, the FBI and designated state and local criminal justice agencies use NICS to | 0 |
This report identifies selected current major trade issues for U.S. agriculture that may be of interest to the 116 th Congress. It provides background on individual trade issues and attempts to bring | 0 |
(William L. Painter; February 28, 2019) Congress at times has sought to ascertain how much the government spends on securing the homeland, either in current terms or historically. Several factors compromise the | 0 |
The 116 th Congress, in both its legislative and oversight capacities, faces numerous trade policy issues related to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) renegotiations and the proposed United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement | 0 |
Following terrorist attacks against the U.S. embassy in Beirut, Lebanon, in 1983, State began an embassy construction program—known as the Inman program—to protect U.S. personnel. However, as we’ve previously reported, State completed | 0 |
Throughout history, new technologies have transformed societies. Many technological advances, ranging from the steam engine to electricity and personal computers, have enhanced productivity and improved societal standards of living. At the same | 0 |
The United States has more than 19,000 airports, which vary substantially in size and the type of aviation services they support. Of these, roughly 3,300 airports are designated by FAA as part | 0 |
Over 4 million people in the United States identified as Native American based on 2016 United States Census estimates, of which 29 percent were youth. As of June 2018, there were 573 | 0 |
The BSA established reporting, recordkeeping, and other AML requirements for financial institutions. By complying with BSA/AML requirements, U.S. financial institutions assist government agencies in the detection and prevention of money laundering and | 0 |
The Clean Water Act (CWA) authorizes the principal federal program to aid municipal wastewater treatment plant construction and related eligible activities. Congress established this program in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act | 0 |
While no commonly accepted definition of a community bank exists, they are generally smaller banks that provide banking services to the local community and have management and board members who reside in | 0 |
The purpose of this report is to provide information and analysis for Congress on Afghanistan and the nearly two-decade U.S. project there. Topics covered include U.S. military engagement and security dynamics; the | 0 |
R ecent high-profile data breaches and privacy violations have raised national concerns over the legal protections that apply to Americans' electronic data. While some concern over data protection stems from how the | 0 |
This section provides information on water infrastructure in Indian country, federal programs that provide drinking water and wastewater infrastructure assistance to Indian tribes, and our prior work on interagency collaboration. The 573 | 0 |
In the Santa Cruz River Basin and Tijuana River Valley watersheds, which straddle portions of the 1,954-mile U.S.-Mexico border, water flows north from higher elevations in Mexico into the United States. Both | 0 |
HUD created REAC in 1997 to obtain consistent information on, among other things, the physical condition of its public and multifamily properties. REAC generally inspects properties every 1 to 3 years, using | 0 |
Agent Orange is composed of two different chemical components—the n- butyl ester forms of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (hereinafter referred to as n-butyl 2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (hereinafter referred to as n-butyl 2,4,5-T)—that are | 0 |
The F-35 Lighting II program is a joint, multinational acquisition program intended to develop and field a family of next-generation strike fighter aircraft for the U.S. Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps | 0 |
The process of resolving the legislative differences that arise between the House of Representatives and the Senate is one of the most critical stages of the legislative process. It is also potentially | 0 |
In the United States, HHS is the lead federal agency responsible for public health. Its responsibilities include preparing for, mitigating, responding to, and recovering from public health emergencies. Within HHS, ASPR and | 0 |
This section provides information on translating research into new products or services, the federal government’s role in supporting research, and OSTP’s role in fostering collaboration among the various entities. It also provides | 0 |
Colombia is the world’s largest producer of cocaine and also continues to be a source of heroin and marijuana. After declining most years since 2000, coca cultivation and cocaine production increased again | 0 |
Congress is currently considering legislation for a long-term reauthorization of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). The last long-term reauthorization of the NFIP was by the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of | 0 |
Economics is largely the study of making the most efficient use of scarce resources. According to mainstream economic theory, trade occurs because it is mutually enriching and can leave both trade partners | 0 |
Under the U.S. Constitution, Congress exercises the "power of the purse." This power is expressed through the application of several provisions. The power to lay and collect taxes and the power to | 0 |
Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Palau are among the smallest countries in the world. In fiscal year 2017, the three FASs had a combined resident population of approximately 175,000 (102,622 in Micronesia; | 0 |
NIST carries out its measurement services and documentary-standards development activities across several agency laboratories. NIST’s standards activities include participation in private-sector standards development organizations that conduct most standards development in the United | 0 |
This section provides an overview of the (1) San Francisco Bay Delta watershed, (2) multiple water demands in the watershed, (3) selected laws and agreements related to restoration efforts in the watershed, | 0 |
MDA is responsible for developing a number of systems, known as elements, with the purpose of defending against ballistic missile attacks. MDA’s mission is to combine these elements into an integrated system- | 0 |
Many observers consider sanctions to be a central element of U.S. policy to counter Russian malign behavior. This includes Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2014, election interference and cyberattacks, human rights abuses, | 0 |
With 33 countriesâranging from the Caribbean nation of St. Kitts and Nevis, one of the world's smallest states, to the South American giant of Brazil, the world's fifth-largest countryâthe Latin American and | 0 |
On January 21, 2019, Venezuela's government-aligned Supreme Court issued a ruling declaring the National Assembly illegitimate and its rulings unconstitutional. (See " Lead-Up to Maduro's January 2019 Inauguration and Aftermath ," below.) | 0 |
The FSM and the RMI are independent countries located about 3,000 miles southwest of Hawaii (see fig. 1). The FSM is a federation of four semiautonomous states—Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Yap—whose population | 0 |
In fall 2015, almost 20 million students were enrolled in over 4,500 2- and 4-year postsecondary institutions, according to IPEDS data. Postsecondary institutions vary in terms of their funding, the length and | 0 |
Within CBP, Border Patrol is responsible for securing U.S. borders and apprehending individuals arriving at the border between ports of entry. Also within CBP, OFO is responsible for inspecting travelers and cargo | 0 |
Many of the disputes involving public education and school choice stem from a fundamental question of whether education is a public or private good. While education has historically been considered a public | 0 |
Our experience has shown that the key elements needed to make progress in high-risk areas are top-level attention by the administration and agency leaders grounded in the five criteria for removal from | 0 |
The NDAA requires DHS to develop and implement 43 border security metrics in four domains—between POEs, at POEs, the maritime border, and air and marine security in the land environment. Within DHS, | 0 |
This report provides background information on the types of water supply and wastewater treatment projects traditionally funded by the federal government and the several existing programs to assist communities with water supply | 0 |
Colombia, one of the oldest democracies in the Western Hemisphere and the third most populous Latin American country, has endured a multisided civil conflict for more than five decades until President Juan | 0 |
FinCEN oversees the administration of the Bank Secrecy Act and related AML regulations, and has authority to enforce BSA, including through civil money penalties. FinCEN issues regulations and interpretive guidance, provides outreach | 0 |
In addition to improving the government-wide acquisition of IT, FITARA was intended to assist Congress in holding covered agencies accountable for their progress towards reducing duplication and achieving cost savings. The act | 0 |
The Office of Federal Student Aid (FSA) within the U.S. Department of Education (ED) is the primary entity responsible for the administration and oversight of the federal student aid programs authorized under | 0 |
Offshore aquaculture is generally defined as the rearing of marine organisms in ocean waters beyond significant coastal influence, primarily in the federal waters of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Currently, marine aquaculture | 0 |
Investments in federal IT have the potential to make agencies more efficient in fulfilling their missions. However, as we have previously reported, these investments too often result in failed projects that incur | 0 |
The U.S. government implements export controls to manage risks associated with exporting sensitive items while ensuring that legitimate trade can still occur, and to advance U.S. national security and foreign policy objectives. | 0 |
T he Second Amendment states that "[a] well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed." | 0 |
Many older Americans are retired and rely on different parts of the U.S. retirement system for their financial security. The U.S. retirement system is often described as being composed of Social Security, | 0 |
Priority Enforcement Program. Under PEP, which was in effect from January 5, 2015 until February 20, 2017, DHS personnel were directed to, among other things, prioritize the apprehension, detention, and removal from | 0 |
The Inspector General Act of 1978, as amended, provides that the IG may receive and investigate complaints or information from an employee concerning the possible existence of an activity constituting a violation | 0 |
In October 2014, VA modified its existing contracts with two TPAs that were administering another VA community care program to add certain administrative responsibilities associated with the Choice Program. For the Choice | 0 |
All depository institutions that have federal deposit insurance have a federal prudential regulator, which generally may issue regulations and take enforcement actions against institutions within its jurisdiction (see table 1). The securities | 0 |
Transnational criminal organizations and terrorist organizations use a variety of money laundering schemes to disguise the origin and destination of their illicit proceeds and integrate their assets in legitimate financial entities. According | 0 |
In 1994, Executive Order 12898 directed each federal agency to develop an environmental justice strategy that identifies and addresses disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects of its programs, policies, | 0 |
The majority of Latin American and Caribbean countries are functional democracies, but institutional weaknesses and widespread public corruption in many of these countries have undermined effective governance and sparked protest and demands | 0 |
T he prices paid by consumers for prescription drugs have been a recent area of significant congressional interest. Several committees in the House and Senate have held hearings this year on drug | 0 |
DOD’s policy is to ensure that eligible personnel and their families have access to affordable, quality housing facilities and services consistent with grade and dependent status, and that the housing generally reflects | 0 |
The Settlement Act, enacted on December 22, 1974, was intended to provide for the final settlement of a land dispute between the Navajo and Hopi tribes that originated nearly a century ago. | 0 |
The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) contains various provisions intended to protect the interests of plan participants and beneficiaries in workplace retirement plans. These protections include requirements related to | 0 |
This report provides background information and potential oversight issues for Congress on the Columbia-class program, a program to design and build a class of 12 new ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) to replace | 0 |
Over the years, the federal intergovernmental system of governance has been characterized by many scholars as becoming increasingly centralized and coercive, with the federal government using federal grants, federal mandates, and federal | 0 |
The federal government supports the charitable sector by providing charitable organizations and donors with favorable tax treatment. A primary source of support is allowing a tax deduction for charitable contributions made by | 0 |
The broadband loan and grant programs at RUS are intended to accelerate the deployment of broadband services in rural America. "Broadband" refers to high-speed internet access and advanced telecommunications services for private | 0 |
CSPF is a defined benefit multiemployer pension plan. Multiemployer plans are often created and maintained through collective bargaining agreements between labor unions and two or more employers, so that workers who move | 0 |
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the primary agency of the federal government charged with performing and supporting biomedical and behavioral research. It has major roles in training biomedical researchers and | 0 |
As we have previously reported, transportation systems and facilities are vulnerable and difficult to secure given their size, easy accessibility, large number of potential targets, and proximity to urban areas. TSA’s mission | 0 |
The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) is an interagency committee that serves the President in overseeing the national security implications of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the economy. | 0 |
Federal agencies can respond to a disaster when effective response and recovery are beyond the capabilities of the affected state and local governments. In such cases, the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief | 0 |
The national pipeline system consists of more than 2.7 million miles of networked pipelines transporting oil, natural gas, and other hazardous liquids. Hazardous liquid and natural gas pipelines—primarily buried underground in the | 0 |
This section describes DOE’s M&O contracts, incentives in those contracts, general requirements for DOE’s M&O contractor performance evaluation processes, and contracting and performance challenges involving DOE’s M&O contracts that have been identified | 0 |
The marketplace for primary and secondary ticketing services consists of several types of participants, including primary market ticketing companies, professional ticket brokers, secondary market ticket exchanges, and ticket aggregators (see table 1). | 0 |
Table 1 provides an overview of tax-time financial products based on information gathered during our review. The tax-time financial products industry consists of four main groups of participants: banks, paid providers of | 0 |
DOD’s acquisition of weapon system programs has been on our High Risk List since 1990 because DOD programs consistently fall short of cost, schedule, and performance expectations. Congress and DOD have long | 0 |
Federal agency IT systems provide essential services that are critical to the health, economy, and defense of the nation. However, federal agencies increasingly rely on aging legacy systems that can be costly | 0 |
Through its investigative powers, Congress gathers information it considers necessary to oversee the implementation of existing laws or to evaluate whether new laws are necessary. This "power of inquiry" is essential to | 0 |
The U.S. electric grid comprises three distinct functions: generation and storage, transmission, and distribution (see fig. 1). Generation and Storage. Power plants generate electric power by converting energy from other forms—chemical, mechanical | 0 |
The United States historically has maintained close ties to Central America and played a role in the region’s political and economic development because of geographic proximity and common interests. The United States | 0 |
Numerous natural disastersâincluding the 2017 hurricane season and devastating wildfires in Californiaâserved as catalysts for significant recent changes in federal emergency management policy. Most of these policy changes were included in the | 0 |
A variety of issues related to housing were active during the 115 th Congress, including issues related to housing finance, housing-related tax provisions, housing assistance and grant programs (including in response to | 0 |
In March 2011, antigovernment protests broke out in Syria, which has been ruled by the Asad family for more than four decades. The protests spread, violence escalated (primarily but not exclusively by | 0 |
According to Education, 50.3 million students were enrolled in more than 98,000 public elementary and secondary schools nationwide in the 2014- 2015 school year. These individual public schools are overseen by approximately | 0 |
The Secret Service plays a critical role in protecting the President, Vice President, their immediate families, and national leaders, among others. In addition, the component is responsible for safeguarding the nation’s currency | 0 |
Uranium is a naturally occurring radioactive element that is enriched to fuel nuclear power plants and that can also be used to meet certain national security purposes. Natural uranium is comprised of | 0 |
The 116 th Congress continues its interest in U.S. research and development (R&D) and in evaluating support for federal R&D activities. The federal government has played an important role in supporting R&D | 0 |
IT systems supporting federal agencies and our nation’s critical infrastructures are inherently at risk. These systems are highly complex and dynamic, technologically diverse, and often geographically dispersed. This complexity increases the difficulty | 0 |
In 2017, three major hurricanes made landfall in the United States and historic wildfires struck California. According to FEMA, the 2017 hurricanes and wildfires collectively affected 47 million people—nearly 15 percent of | 0 |
The 116 th Congress continues its interest in U.S. research and development (R&D) and in evaluating support for federal R&D activities. The federal government has played an important role in supporting R&D | 0 |
In recent years, policymakers, industry stakeholders, and educational institutions have shown an interest in the federal government increasing financial support to individuals who pursue training and postsecondary education in non-degree instructional and | 0 |
The issue of executive discretion has been at the center of constitutional debates in liberal democracies throughout the twentieth century. How to balance a commitment to the rule of law with the | 0 |
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX) provides an avenue of legal relief for victims of sexual abuse and harassment committed by professors, teachers, coaches, and others at educational | 0 |
Unmanned systems provide DOD with capabilities for conducting a range of military operations, including environmental sensing and battlespace awareness; chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear detection; counter-improvised explosive device capabilities; port security; precision | 0 |
The Department of Defense (DOD) obligates more than $300 billion annually to pay for goods and services (including research and development). Most of these acquisitions are governed by numerous statutes and regulations | 0 |
This report presents background information and issues for Congress concerning the Navy's force structure and shipbuilding plans. The current and planned size and composition of the Navy, the rate of Navy ship | 0 |
The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) authorizesâand in some cases requiresâthe Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to detain non-U.S. nationals (aliens) arrested for immigration violations that render them removable from the United | 0 |
In passing the NVRA in 1993, Congress found that unfair registration laws and procedures can have a direct and damaging effect on voter participation in federal elections. The NVRA was intended, in | 0 |
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