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As the technological needs of an increasingly mobile society increase, the choices in how and when we use energy are growing. An increase in the power requirements for smaller and smaller devices | 0 |
FEMA’s mission is to help people before, during, and after disasters. It provides assistance to those affected by emergencies and disasters by supplying immediate needs (e.g., ice, water, food, and temporary housing) | 0 |
The purpose of federal banking supervision is to help ensure that depository institutions throughout the financial system operate in a safe and sound manner and comply with federal laws and regulations for | 0 |
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Section 501 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 mandate that all federal personnel decisions be made without discrimination on the basis of | 0 |
The GDPs were constructed in the 1940s and 1950s and were used to enrich uranium for the U.S. military as well as the nation’s domestic nuclear power industry. The GDPs are located | 0 |
Illegal aliens have exploited asylum loopholes at an alarming rate. Over the last five years, DHS has seen a 2000 percent increase in aliens claiming credible fear (the first step to asylum), | 0 |
CBP facilitates trade and travel, and enforces immigration and customs laws at the nation’s 167 land border crossings along the northern and southern border. CBP’s OFO is responsible for inspecting and processing | 0 |
President Trump and various U.S. lawmakers have expressed concerns about U.S. reliance on critical mineral imports and the vulnerability to critical mineral disruptions of supply chains for various end uses, including defense | 0 |
The federal government has played a role in subsidizing housing construction and providing homeownership and rental assistance for lower-income households since the 1930s. Today, Congress funds a number of programs to help | 0 |
The Social Security Administration’s (SSA) Disability Insurance (DI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) programs are the two largest federal programs providing cash assistance to people with disabilities. The DI program, established in | 0 |
Fraud and “fraud risk” are distinct concepts. Fraud—obtaining something of value through willful misrepresentation—is a determination to be made through the judicial or other adjudicative system, and that determination is beyond management’s | 0 |
The BSA established reporting, recordkeeping, and other AML requirements for financial institutions. As the delegated administrator of the BSA, FinCEN has issued implementing regulations. In complying with BSA/AML requirements, U.S. financial institutions | 0 |
Long Island Sound is an estuary, a body of water where fresh water from rivers draining from the land mixes with salt water from the ocean, in this case the Atlantic Ocean. | 0 |
In a traditional auction, the intent is for multiple buyers to bid against one another by submitting bids to purchase a good or service that is for sale. Generally speaking, the bidder | 0 |
Since the founding, the federal courts have played a critical role in adjudicating legal disputes, including ones involving executive action. As the Supreme Court stated in Marbury v. Madison , "where a | 0 |
The DOD nuclear enterprise includes strategic and nonstrategic nuclear forces and the supporting infrastructure and personnel to build, maintain, and control these assets. The strategic nuclear forces include a triad of Air | 0 |
The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers programs to support small businesses, including loan guaranty programs to encourage lenders to provide loans to small businesses "that might not otherwise obtain financing on reasonable | 0 |
The issue of the President and Vice President's term of office is generally regarded as an accepted constitutional norm that arouses little controversy in the 21 st century. Both the four-year term | 0 |
This section provides information on select agent regulations and program roles, responsibilities, and requirements; and the history of the Select Agent Program. The Select Agent Program is fragmented because oversight responsibility is, | 0 |
The ASD(HA) serves as the principal advisor for all DOD health policies and programs. The ASD(HA) has the authority to issue DOD instructions, publications, and memorandums that implement policy approved by the | 0 |
The Freedom of Information Act establishes a legal right of access to government information on the basis of the principles of openness and accountability in government. Before FOIA’s enactment in 1966, an | 0 |
F irearms have a unique significance in American society. Millions own or use firearms for numerous lawful purposes, such as hunting and protecting themselves in the home. Still, firearms annually cause tens | 0 |
According to international and U.S. government sources, climate change poses serious risks to many of the physical and ecological systems upon which society depends, although the exact details of these impacts are | 0 |
Within DHS, ICE is responsible for immigration enforcement and removal operations. This entails, among other duties, identifying, arresting, and detaining foreign nationals for the administrative purpose of facilitating their appearance during removal | 0 |
Medicare is a federal insurance program that pays for covered health care services of most individuals aged 65 and older and certain disabled persons. Medicare serves approximately one in six Americans and | 0 |
This report summarizes and analyzes selected forest management provisions enacted in the 115 th Congress and compares them with prior law or policy. These provisions were enacted through two legislative vehicles The | 0 |
Each year, the House and Senate armed services committees take up national defense authorization bills. The House of Representatives passed its version of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 | 0 |
Some observers argue the COVID-19 pandemic could be a world-changing event with potentially profound and long-lasting implications for the international security environment and the U.S. role in the world. Other observers are | 0 |
Foreign students interested in studying in the United States must first be admitted to an SEVP-certified school or university before applying for a nonimmigrant visa at a U.S. embassy or consulate overseas | 0 |
An estimated 481,000 workers were employed in the animal slaughtering and processing industry in 2016, according to the Current Population Survey, which is jointly sponsored by DOL’s Bureau of Labor Statistics and | 0 |
The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several types of programs to support small businesses, including direct disaster loan programs for businesses, homeowners, and renters to assist their recovery from natural disasters; loan | 0 |
The nuclear power industry is facing severe economic challenges in the United States. High capital costs, low electricity demand growth, and competition from cheaper sources of electricity such as natural gas and | 0 |
This section describes (1) U.S. climate risks and related impacts, (2) enhancing climate resilience using a risk management strategy, (3) GAO’s Disaster Resilience Framework, and (4) benefits and costs of climate resilience | 0 |
Approximately 51,000 drinking water systems and 15,000 public wastewater systems provide clean and safe water to communities nationwide. About 9,000 drinking water systems provide service to 92 percent of the total population, | 0 |
The primary source of federal aid in support of elementary and secondary education is the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)âparticularly its Title I-A program, which authorizes federal aid for the education | 0 |
Information on consumers is exchanged through a consumer reporting process that includes consumers, CRAs, furnishers of consumer information, and users of consumer reports (see fig. 1). Consumers are individuals whose information is | 0 |
Multiple federal departments and agencies—including DOD—have responsibilities as part of their missions to assess the threat of biological agents and carry out key biodefense roles as delineated in Homeland Security Presidential Directive | 0 |
Different types of organizations can serve as representative payees, from residential facilities where beneficiaries live, to organizations that only manage individuals’ Social Security retirement, disability, or other benefits. SSA’s organizational payees include | 0 |
O ne of the core purposes of the First Amendment's Free Speech Clause is to foster "an uninhibited marketplace of ideas," testing the "truth" of various ideas "in the competition of the | 0 |
TSA is the primary federal agency responsible for implementing and overseeing the security of the nation’s civil aviation system and is responsible for ensuring that all passengers and property transported by commercial | 0 |
The United States and the People's Republic of China (PRC or China) are involved in a prolonged stand-off over trade, and in competition that is spilling from political and military areas into | 0 |
According to OMB, federal agencies reported that they operated 432 data centers in 1998, 2,094 in July 2010, and 9,995 in August 2016. Operating such a large number of centers has been, | 0 |
The site of the ancient Bronze Age civilization of Dilmun, Bahrain was a trade hub linking Mesopotamia and the Indus valley until a drop in trade from India caused the Dilmun civilization | 0 |
Several entities are involved with, and pay different prices for, prescription drugs as they move from the manufacturer to the beneficiary (a system referred to as the prescription drug supply chain). In | 0 |
The electricity operation and delivery system—collectively referred to as the grid—in the United States and Canada includes four functions: generation, transmission, distribution, and system operations (see fig. 1). Electricity is generated at | 0 |
Federal agencies are dependent on information technology (IT) systems and electronic data to carry out operations and to process, maintain, and report essential information. These systems are highly complex and dynamic, technologically | 0 |
In the primary market, lenders originate mortgage loans to borrowers to purchase homes. To evaluate the creditworthiness of a potential borrower (called underwriting), the lender considers the borrower’s credit scores and history, | 0 |
The United States has many international agreements that require treaty partners to provide certain information to IRS, which can help prevent the use of foreign bank accounts to facilitate tax evasion. FATCA | 0 |
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation of seven emirates (principalities): Abu Dhabi, the oil-rich federation capital; Dubai, a large commercial hub; and the five smaller and less wealthy emirates of | 0 |
IRS began posting information on the internet in the 1990s. In the early 2000s, IRS launched its first two interactive services which allowed taxpayers to (1) check on the status of a | 0 |
According to the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs report concerning PMIAA, the purpose of PMIAA is to improve program and project management in certain larger federal agencies. The act | 0 |
The Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides that "[n]o person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand | 0 |
This section discusses DOE’s use of management and operating (M&O) and non-M&O contracts, DOE’s contracting structure, and federal and DOE requirements for oversight of contractors’ subcontract management. Since World War II, DOE | 0 |
GSA’s existing government-wide telecommunications program is called Networx. As part of this program, in 2007 GSA awarded two sets of Networx contracts, which had an estimated combined value of $20 billion. These | 0 |
Relations between the United States and Russia have shifted over timeâsometimes reassuring and sometimes concerningâyet most experts agree that Russia is the only nation that poses, through its arsenal of nuclear weapons, | 0 |
DHS has 15 components involved in achieving its broad strategic goals of countering terrorism and homeland security threats, securing U.S. borders and sovereignty, securing cyberspace and critical infrastructure, preserving U.S. prosperity and | 0 |
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large, diverse group of fluorinated compounds that have been used in numerous commercial, industrial, and U.S. military applications. Among other uses, PFAS have been used | 0 |
DOT is made up of nine modal administrations and the Office of the Secretary of Transportation (OST), each of which has its own mission, primarily focused on enhancing mobility and safety. Among | 0 |
The Coast Guard has been responsible for carrying out the nation’s polar icebreaking missions since 1965—when it assumed primary responsibility for the nation’s polar icebreaking fleet. The Coast Guard’s responsibilities are outlined | 0 |
Medicare is a federal program that pays for covered health care services of qualified beneficiaries. It was established in 1965 under Title XVIII of the Social Security Act to provide health insurance | 0 |
T he Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) confers on the public a right to access federal agency information. Before FOIA's enactment, the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) had required agencies to make certain | 0 |
Border Patrol divides responsibility for southwest border security operations geographically among nine sectors, each with its own sector headquarters. Each sector is further divided into varying numbers of stations. For example, the | 0 |
This report provides an overview of FY2019 appropriations actions for accounts traditionally funded in the appropriations bill for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies (LHHS). | 0 |
The U.S.-Mexico bilateral economic relationship is of key interest to the United States because of Mexico's proximity, the extensive cultural and economic ties between the two countries, and the strong economic relationship | 0 |
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) administers a computer system of systems that is used to query federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial criminal history record information (CHRI) and other records to | 0 |
CFIUS was established by executive order in 1975 to monitor the effect of and to coordinate U.S. policy on foreign investment in the United States. In 1988, Congress enacted the Exon-Florio amendment | 0 |
Federal agencies can respond to a disaster when effective response and recovery are beyond the capabilities of affected state and local governments. In such cases, the President can declare a major disaster | 0 |
In Congress, multiple bills and resolutions have been introduced related to China's handling of a novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China, that expanded to become the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic. | 0 |
As congressional policymakers continue to debate telecommunications reform, a major discussion point revolves around what approach should be taken to ensure unfettered access to the internet. The move to place restrictions on | 0 |
IRS authenticates taxpayers to provide the agency with reasonable assurance that it is interacting with the legitimate taxpayer. IRS verifies that it is interacting with the legitimate taxpayer through identity proofing and | 0 |
The United Kingdom's (UK's) exit from the European Union (EU), commonly termed Brexit , remains the overwhelmingly predominant issue in UK politics. In a national referendum held in June 2016, 52% of | 0 |
Finance and technological development have been inextricably linked throughout history. (Possibly, quite literally. The technology of writing in early civilization may have developed to record payments and debts. ) As a result, | 0 |
DOD describes military commissions as a form of military tribunal convened to try individuals for unlawful conduct associated with war. According to DOD, military commissions—as they came to be known in the | 0 |
O ne of the basic rationales underlying the grant of patent rights is that such rights provide an incentive for inventors to innovate. Part of the bargain, however, is that those rights | 0 |
Federal agencies depend on computerized information systems and electronic data to process, maintain, and report essential information, and to operate and control physical processes. Virtually all federal operations are supported by computer | 0 |
NASA’s mission is to drive advances in science, technology, aeronautics, and space exploration to enhance knowledge, education, innovation, economic vitality, and stewardship of Earth. The NASA Administrator is responsible for leading the | 0 |
The Navy bases the majority of its surface ships at homeports in the United States, and five regional maintenance centers manage their maintenance. At the time of our review, the Navy had | 0 |
We and others have identified challenges facing the federal human capital system’s ability to recruit, retain, develop, and engage workers, both today and in the future. For example: Classification system. The General | 0 |
Banks play a central role in the financial system by connecting borrowers to savers and allocating available funds across the economy. As a result, banking is vital to the U.S. economy's health | 0 |
U.S. international trade agreements that cover USG procurement include the GPA and bilateral and regional FTAs. The revised GPA has 20 parties (including the EU) covering 48 WTO member countries (including the | 0 |
Export credit agencies such as the Bank are usually government agencies, although some private institutions operate export credit programs on their respective governments’ behalf, according to a Bank report on global export | 0 |
Congress has demonstrated renewed interest in Mexico, a top trade partner and energy supplier with which the United States shares a nearly 2,000-mile border and strong cultural, familial, and historical ties (see | 0 |
Of TCJA’s 119 provisions, 86 relate to business and international tax law, ranging in scope from tax treatment of commuter benefits to significant modifications to international aspects of U.S. income tax. See | 0 |
The federal government is vested with the exclusive power to create rules governing alien entry and removal. However, the impact of alien migration—whether lawful or unlawful—is arguably felt most directly in the | 0 |
The MHS has a dual mission of maintaining the skills of the medical force and providing health care and beneficiary medical care in its MTFs in the United States and overseas. It | 0 |
P resident Trump has long advocated for the construction of additional fencing, walls, and other barriers along the U.S.-Mexico border to deter unlawful border crossings. Less than a week after taking office, | 0 |
Between 1969 and 1999, almost 3,500 people died as a result of political violence in Northern Ireland, which is a part of the United Kingdom (UK). The conflict, which has its origins | 0 |
The F-35 Lighting II program is a joint, multinational acquisition program intended to develop and field a family of next-generation strike fighter aircraft for the U.S. Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps | 0 |
ISO 55000 defines asset management as “the coordinated activity of an organization to realize value from assets.” This approach includes, for example: developing an understanding of how each of an organization’s assets | 0 |
Several State and DHS components have roles and responsibilities in the E-2 adjudication process, as shown in Table 1. Depending on which agency (State or USCIS) is conducting the E-2 adjudication, as | 0 |
Since 2008, both the number of pedestrian fatalities and the share of pedestrian fatalities as a percentage of overall highway fatalities have increased (see fig. 1). In 2008, pedestrian fatalities represented about | 0 |
An amphibious operation is a military operation launched from the sea by an amphibious force, embarked in ships or craft, with the primary purpose of introducing a landing force ashore to accomplish | 0 |
The RAD program was authorized by Congress and signed into law by the President in November 2011 under the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2012 with amendments in 2014, 2015, 2016, | 0 |
Forty-five states and the District of Columbia levy sales taxes on the sale of goods and services. Of these, thirty-seven states also have local sales taxes at the county or municipal level. | 0 |
USPS is one of the largest civilian employers in the United States. In fiscal year 2018, USPS reported that it employed approximately 634,000 people and retirement benefits were paid to over 600,000 | 0 |
U nder long-standing Supreme Court precedent, Congress has "plenary power" to regulate immigration. This power, according to the Court, is the most complete that Congress possesses. It allows Congress to make laws | 0 |
The Small Business Act of 1953 (P.L. 83-163, as amended) authorized the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) and justified the agency's existence on the grounds that small businesses are essential to the | 0 |
O ver the past decade, Google, Amazon, Facebook, and Appleâcollectively known as the "Big Four" or "Big Tech"âhave revolutionized the internet economy and affected the daily lives of billions of people worldwide. | 0 |
Cybersecurity incidents continue to impact federal entities and the information they maintain. According to OMB’s 2018 annual FISMA report to Congress, agencies reported 35,277 information security incidents to DHS’s U.S. Computer Emergency | 0 |
T he term digital economy has fluid meaning in different policy contexts. Broadly speaking, this term can refer to any number of everyday economic activities that are connected over computers, mobile phones, | 0 |
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