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Overabundant species Rabbits were initially introduced to Australia as pets during colonisation. Rabbits pose a threat to native herbivores as they compete for shared resources. Additionally, overgrazing and modification of habitat vegetation by rabbits allow introduced predators to thrive when hunting. Rabbits have thrived in Australia as they reproduce rapidly, have few predators to regulate their population and the climatic conditions is preferable, especially as the environmental conditions limit diseases that regulate rabbit populations on other continents. There are various methods for controlling overabundant populations. Some methods have been used over many years, for example culling, while others such as immunocontraception are still being researched. Culling refers to selective elimination of animals to decrease a population. Two ways of culling involve killing animals by hunting and translocation of animals. Culling of animals may also be an option in reserves established for specific animal conservation as a way of managing their population density, examples include: elephants and hippos. Target animals can be hunted on the ground or culled by aerial pursuit, with the aim to eliminate the animal in one accurate hit to reduce or limit suffering before death. This method allows a large number of animals to be eliminated within a relatively short amount of time, however shots are not always accurate which can lead to the escape and suffering of individuals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60621630 |
Overabundant species Baiting is a common method of controlling overabundant populations, it involves the placement of lethal chemicals in food (the bait) that eliminates the animal. It is cost-effective and helps remove a large number of animals from a population, however if ingested by non-target animals it could potentially cause death depending on the type of bait the chemical is administered in, as well as the areas of bait placement. 1080 is a common chemical used in bait. 1080 once ingested causes death by inhibiting the animal's neurological functioning. It consists of an enzyme that native Australian fauna is tolerant to, however it can still be lethal if ingested. Fumigation, which involves the spreading of poisonous gas, helps to selectively kill a large number of animals. It is a method used to control rabbit and fox populations in Australia by spraying a lethal chemical into warrens and dens. Chemicals used include phosphine for rabbits and carbon monoxide for foxes, both of which induce suffering prior to death. Difficulties with fumigation include pinpointing individual dens and warrens, which can be both time-consuming and hard work, as well as the restricted time period during which animals regularly inhabit their dens, for example during spring when offspring are born. This method is used on select animals and is species specific, such as to control the rabbit population in Australia. It involves spreading a disease, for example "rabbit calicivirus disease", through bait or through capture and release programs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60621630 |
Overabundant species The aim is to have the disease spread through the targeted species population to reduce their numbers. Death may take up to 1 or 2 weeks in which the animal suffers from symptoms such as fever, loss of appetite and lethargy. Two methods for managing fertility in overabundant wildlife include the employment of biotechnology such as immunocontraception, and surgery to neuter males or spay females. There are various factors that impact the effectiveness of contraceptive methods, some of which include: expense, longevity of the treatment effect, level of difficulty in administering the treatment, and whether or not the method has a negative impact on the individual or other species in the environment. An example of an immune-contraceptive is gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Studies have been conducted on various animals, for example white-tailed deer and cats, of which have shown that GnRH can be effective in reducing short term fertility. Immunocontraception causes animals to become infertile which helps to control and reduce overabundant populations. Two methods of administration include vaccines and chemical implants. In some studies immunocontraception has shown to effectively reduce pregnancy rates, however this method is both time consuming and expensive due to further research required to overcome challenges such as longevity of the contraceptive effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60621630 |
Overabundant species This method can be effective in small populations as it is fairly accessible, however the procedure is costly, invasive as well as the individual being at risk of infection after surgery. Surgical sterilisation is permanent, as a result it may not be appropriate for use in native populations due to the risk of potentially losing genetic variation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60621630 |
Hot potassium carbonate Hot potassium carbonate, HPC, is a method used to remove carbon dioxide from gas mixtures, also referred to as carbon scrubbing. The inorganic compound potassium carbonate is mixed with a gas mixture and the liquid absorbs carbon dioxide through chemical processes. The technology is a post-combustion capture process and is a form of chemical absorption. HPC can be used for carbon capture and storage as well as carbon capture and utilization. The technology is planned to be used on full scale on a heat plant in Stockholm from 2025. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60623745 |
Resonance escape probability In nuclear physics, resonance escape probability formula_1 is a probability of that a neutron transits slow down from fission to thermal energies. Otherwise, it is captured by a nuclear resonance, in a process called resonance absorption, and does not produce nuclear fission. The probability of absorption is called resonance factor formula_2, and their sum is formula_3. While in general the higher is neutron energy, the lower is the probability of absorption, for some energies, called resonance energies, resonance factor is very high. These energies depend on the properties of heavy nuclei. is highly determined by heterogeneous geometry of a reactor. appears in four factor formula and six factor formula. To compute it, neutron transport theory is used. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60634470 |
NGC 4260 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered by William Herschel on Apr 13, 1784. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60651424 |
Random cluster model In physics, probability theory, graph theory, etc. the random cluster model is a random graph that generalizes and unifies the Ising model, Potts model, and percolation. It is used to study random combinatorial structures, electrical networks, etc. It is also referred to as the RC model or sometimes the KF-theory, after its founders. Let "G" be a graph. Suppose an edge formula_1 is open with probability "p", wherein we say formula_2, and is otherwise closed formula_3. The probability of a given configuration is then And this would give you the Erdős–Rényi model (independent edges, product measure). However, suppose you weight these in the following way. Let formula_5 be the number of open clusters of the configuration (the number of connected components in the subgraph of all open edges formula_2). Let "q" be a positive real. Then define the new weighted measure as Here "Z" is the partition function or sum over all configurations: This resulting model is known as the random cluster model or RCM for short. There are two cases: "q" ≤ 1 and "q" ≥ 1. The former favors fewer clusters, whereas the latter favors many clusters. When "q" = 1, edges are open and closed independently of one another, and the model reduces to percolation and random graphs. It is a generalization of the Tutte polynomial. The limit as "q" ↓ 0 describes linear resistance networks. It is a special case of the exponential random graph models. RC models were introduced in 1969 by Fortuin and Kasteleyn, mainly to solve combinatorial problems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60657382 |
Random cluster model After their founders, it is sometimes referred to as FK models. In 1971 they used it to obtain the FKG inequality. Post 1987, interest in the model and applications in statistical physics reignited. It became the inspiration for the Swendsen–Wang algorithm describing the time-evolution of Potts models. Michael Aizenman, et al. used it to study the phase boundaries in 1D Ising and Potts models. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60657382 |
Draco Supercluster (SCL 114) is a galaxy supercluster in the constellation Draco. It is located at a distance of 300 Mpc "h" on a side of a void of diameter of about 130 Mpc "h". The near side of the void is bordered by the Ursa Major supercluster. The estimated size of the supercluster reaches 410 million light years and a mass of , making it one of the largest and most massive superclusters known in the observable universe. The supercluster has 16 members, all with measured redshifts, and is one of the richest superclusters in the region. The members include Abell 1289, Abell 1302, Abell 1322, Abell 1366, Abell 1402, Abell 1406, Abell 1421, Abell 1432, Abell 1446, Abell 1477, Abell 1518, Abell 1559, Abell 1566, Abell 1621, Abell 1646, and Abell 1674. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60657863 |
Ludwig Wilhelm Schaufuss (24 August 1833, in Greiz – 16 July 1890, in Dresden) was a self-taught German natural scientist. He worked as a researcher mainly in zoology (entomology) and he discovered unknown insects mainly Coleoptera. Ludwig Schaufuss mastered taxidermy under Oskar Klocke. In 1857 he purchased the Klocke dealership and sold with his wife animal preparations and educational materials worldwide at first under the name E. Klocke. Schaufuss owned and edited the entomological magazine "Nunquam Otiosus". His son Camillo Festivus Christian Schaufuss, also an entomologist, took over the dealership in Dresden. In 1865 he was elected a Member of the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. Very numerous and including two monographs Partial list | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60661699 |
Hubble Legacy Field The is an image of a small region of space in the constellation Fornax, containing an estimated 265,000 galaxies. The original release was composed of Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated over a 16-year period. Looking back approximately 13 billion years (between 400 and 800 million years after the Big Bang) it has been used to search for galaxies that existed at that time. The image was taken in a section of the sky with a low density of bright stars in the near-field, allowing much better viewing of dimmer, more distant objects. It builds on the data collected for the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field, the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field and the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey. Located southwest of Orion in the southern-hemisphere constellation Fornax, the approximately rectangular image is about 25 arcminutes to an edge. This is almost the angular diameter of a full moon viewed from Earth (which is about 31 arcminutes, or a half a degree). The images and data release were announced on May 2, 2019, by NASA. As with the earlier fields, this one was required to contain very little emission from our galaxy, with little Zodiacal dust. The field was also required to be in a range of declinations such that it could be observed both by southern hemisphere instruments, such as the Atacama Large Millimeter Array, and northern hemisphere ones, such as those located on Hawaii | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60669845 |
Hubble Legacy Field It was ultimately decided to observe a section of the Chandra Deep Field South, due to existing deep X-ray observations from Chandra X-ray Observatory and two interesting objects already observed in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey sample at the same location: a redshift 5.8 galaxy and a supernova. The coordinates of the field are right ascension , declination (J2000). The is composed of data from 7,500 exposures, with a total exposure time of 250 days. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60669845 |
Surface growth In mathematics and physics, a surface growth model is the dynamical study of growth of a surface, usually by means of a stochastic differential equation of a field. Popular growth models include: They are studied for their fractal properties, scaling behavior, critical exponents, universality classes, and relations to chaos theory, dynamical system, non-equilibrium / disordered / complex systems. Popular tools include statistical mechanics, renormalization group, rough path theory, etc. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60672870 |
Chemical industry in China The chemical industry in China is one of China's main manufacturing industries. It valued at around $1.44 trillion in 2014, and China is currently the largest chemicals manufacturing economy in the world. The chemical industry is central to modern China's economy. It uses special methods to alter the structure, composition or synthesis of substances to produce new products, such as steel, plastic, and ethyl. Chemical industry provides building materials for China's infrastructure, including subway, high-speed train, and highway. Prior to 1978, most of the product was produced by the state-owned business, and the share in product outputted by state-owned business had decreased in 2002. The modern chemical industry was born after the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution took place in 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This revolution included the change from hand production methods to machines, iron production processes and new chemical manufacturing. Before that, China's chemical products were mainly produced by hand workshop. Shennong has tested hundreds of herbs to find their medical value, and have written "The Divine Farmer's Herb-Root Classic". This book recorded the efficacy of 365 medicines derived from plants, animals, and minerals and gave rarity ratings and grade. Shennong's work led the way to Chinese medicine. In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen wrote "Compendium of Materia Medica" which contained more than 1,800 kinds of drugs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60696089 |
Chemical industry in China It also described the nature, flavor, form, type and usage in disease cure of over 1000 herbs. The book is considered as the primary reference work for herbal preparation. These works were significant to the development of traditional Chinese medicine, and they laid the foundation for modern Chinese medical chemistry. Tu Youyou is a pharmaceutical chemist of China. She discovered qinghaosu (artemisinin) and applied to cure malaria. Qinghaosu saves millions of lives in South China, South America, Southeast Asia, and Africa. It is an important breakthrough in the medicine area last century, and Tu Youyou received the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine and Lasker Award in Clinical Medicine for her work. She is the first Chinese female who receives a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. China's agriculture production efficiency boosted in the 20th century, because of the application of chemical pesticides and fertilizers. In 1909, Franklin Hiram King, US Professor of Agriculture, made a tour of China. His book "Farmers of Forty Centuries" described China's farming. This book inspired many Chinese farmers to conduct ecological farming and use fertilizers. Beginning in 1978, the Chinese government created the Family Production Responsibility System and encouraged farmers to use fertilizer. Chemical fertilizer can increase the output by 50% to 80% | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60696089 |
Chemical industry in China The chemical industry produces micronutrients fertilizer contained nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which can meet the demand of different crops and soil structure. China is currently the largest consumer and producer of nitrogen fertilizers. According to statistics, by 1984, there were actually about 9 million chemical substances in the world, of which about 43% were materials. Although the number of materials is large, if classified according to chemical composition, it can be summarized into three categories: metal materials, inorganic non-metal materials and composite materials. Steel is an important metal material in the chemical industry of China. In 2016, the annual production of steel of the world is 1621 million tons, of which 804 million tons are produced in China (49.6%), 105 million tons are produced in Japan (6.5%), 89 million tons are produced in India (5.5%), 79 million tons are produced in US (4.9%). China's production of steel increased from 100 million tons in 2000 to 250 million tons in 2004. It caused rising demand for raw materials which is necessary for steel production, included pig iron, iron ore, scrap metal, lime and dolomite, coke and coal. The price of iron ore increased by over 70% from 2004 to 2005. Thus, in December 2005, China decided to limit production of steel to not more than 400 million tons per year within five years, in order to lower the increasing rate of raw material prices | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60696089 |
Chemical industry in China In 2016, China ethyl alcohol and other basic organic chemicals markets and plastic materials and resins market were valued at $137 and $184 billion respectively, which had 9% and 10% growth rates. China is the largest producer and exporter plastic materials market in the world. The main driver of this market is the expanded application of ethanol in China. The demand for ethanol in China is about 2.3 million tons now. China has a key operating division, Chenguang Institute, which has developed a number of advanced epoxy resin, organic silicone, polymer material and specialty engineering plastics. It has signed a JV agreement with DuPont's high-performance polymer division, to produce and sale premixed rubber and raw fluro-rubber. The JV agreement included the establishment of an ultra-modern pre-mixed rubber factory in Shanghai and it began to operate in 2011. The composite material is new structural material. It is characterized by a combination of volumetric strength, volumetric stiffness and corrosion resistance over metallic materials. It is composed of a matrix material such as synthetic resin, metal or ceramic, and a reinforcing material composed of inorganic or organic synthetic fibres. There are a variety of substrates and reinforcing materials so that a selective fit can be made to produce various composites with satisfactory performance, which has a broader prospect for chemical materials. Sinochem and Shanghai Chemical Industry Institute have set up a laboratory for composite materials | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60696089 |
Chemical industry in China The two sides will jointly develop technology, transform the results and apply in the industry of carbon fiber and its curing resins, in order to promote the technologies and products of high-performance composite materials and facilitate its industrialization and marketization. At present, this laboratory has launched a project to research and develop the spray-free carbon fiber composite material. At first, this material will be applied to new energy cars, which can not only reduce the weight of the cars but also reduce the cost of applying composite materials while improving production efficiency significantly. China has a company which is the top 3 chemical companies all over the world. That is Sinopec. It has $43.8 billion in chemical sales in 2015. A list of the top 20 China's chemical corporation by turnover in 2018 shows below. Chinese companies plan to go into the specialties side of the market, and some of them already become one of the players in the market, such as Zhejiang NHU, a vitamin maker; Yantai Wanhua, an isocyanates maker; and Bairun, the leader in the Chinese flavors-and-fragrances market. The chemical market value of China had increased in the past 30 years. In 2015, it represented about 30% of the chemicals demand all over the world. China's demand growth of the chemical industry has slowed down from the two-digit rates in the past 10 years, but it still has 60% growth for the global demand from 2011 to 2020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60696089 |
Chemical industry in China As of the end of November 2011, there were 24,125 enterprises above designated size in the China national chemical industry, with a total output value of 6.0 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 35.2%, accounting for 58.61% of the total output value of the whole industry. In the first 11 months of 2011, the fixed assets investment in the chemical industry was 861.721 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 26.9%, which was 5.5 percentage points higher than the industry average, accounting for 70.12%. In the first 10 months of 2011, the total profit of the chemical industry was 320.88 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 44.4%, accounting for 47.1% of the total industry profits. The annual output value of the chemical industry is expected to be about 6.58 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 32%, and the total profit is 350 billion yuan, an increase of 35%. In 2011, the added value of the chemical industry increased by 14.8% year-on-year, and the growth rate slowed by 1% year-on-year. A list of China chemical industry's main products in 2011 shows below. China government set up policy goals to solve the unemployment issue and boost the economy, in order to against the increasing population. The government's policies and goals have progressed as the economy was opened up in 1978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60696089 |
Chemical industry in China It can be divided into three periods: 1978-1990: China's market was opened to the world in 1978, and the government knew the importance of the chemical industry, so permitted the foreign direct investment get into domestic but control heavily. Meanwhile, China's domestic chemical demand increased, so most companies decided to invest in produce. 1990-2000: Multinationals were allowed to enter the Chinese market, to join the chemical produce cooperate with Chinese firms. 2000-2011: Foreign direct investment in this period has not to limit, while multinationals booming because China became a major exporter for chemical in the world. China's chemical industry has developed over the past 40 years, from an economic backwater to the largest chemicals manufacturing economy, that consumes raw materials and energy. This change has helped hundreds of millions of Chinese out of poverty but polluted China's air and water at the same time. China government has made efforts to fight the pollution. Free plastic shopping bags were banned in 2008. The production of plastic bags causes a waste of resource and energy and environmental pollution because plastic bags are non-recyclable. Chemical industries in China are starting to research and develop green technologies by the recommendation of the government. Breakthrough in chemical sciences and technology makes chemical industries be able to use alternative fuels to produce chemical products | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60696089 |
Chemical industry in China Some industries are using carbon dioxide and others naturally available to produce industrial products, fuels and other substances. For example, a specialty chemicals company called Elevance Renewable Sciences produces highly concentrated detergents by using the green technology metathesis, which significantly lowers the energy consumption and minimizes the pollution on the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60696089 |
Harold George Jerrard Harold George "Jerry" Jerrard (1921–2013) was a physicist, sailor and councillor in Warsash. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60770674 |
Kamada (company) Kamada Ltd. is a biopharmaceutical company specializing in the development, manufacture and marketing of proteins as pharmaceuticals. The Company's headquarters and laboratories are located in the park of Kiryat Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot. The production facility is located in Kibbutz Beit Kama. The company produces about 10 injectable and marketed drugs in more than 15 countries. Kamada was founded in 1990 by David Tzur, Ralph Hahn and Kamapharam Ltd., which was wholly owned by Kibbutz Beit Kama, until then Kamapharam was producing albumin, and its production facilities were acquired in full by Kamada In 1999, (35%) to a company owned by Hahn and another investor for $2.5 million. Hahn and Tzur headed the company by the beginning of 2013. The company completed its first public offering in 2005 on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. Today, the company specializes in the development, manufacture and marketing of proteins, especially for orphan diseases. The company produces about 10 injectable and marketed drugs in more than 15 countries around the world. Kamada is a member of the Biomed index on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, and as of December 2012, its shares were included in the Tel Aviv 100 index. In 2012, the company was ranked 456 among the 500 fastest growing companies in Europe (and 15th in Israel) according to the Deloitte Index, based on their income in 2007-2011. In May 2014, the Company announced that it had not met the target set for the trial for a hereditary emphysema in inhalation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60772785 |
Kamada (company) Following the failure of the experiment, the company's market value fell within a year from $500 million to $150 million. Kamada's flagship product is Glassia, approved by the FDA to treat alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. The active ingredient in the drug is the protein alpha-1 antitrypsin, for patients suffering from a genetic deficiency in that protein. The firm has a strategic agreement with Baxter for the marketing, distribution and licensing of the drug in the United States. The company has developed a technological platform for the production of specific immunoglobulins (IgG's). It produces a specific antibody against the rabies virus, and a product for the treatment of HDN - disease of the newborn hemolytic (Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn) - a disease caused from Rh negative in the fetus. The company cooperates with the Israeli Ministry of Health, in the framework of which it established a GMP standard for the production of serum against snake venom. The product is manufactured from the serum of hyper-immune horses . The company has a strategic agreement with Kedrion Pharmaceuticals for the development and marketing of the KamRab rabies immunoglobulin in the United States. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60772785 |
Niagara Cave is a limestone cave located in Harmony, Minnesota. The cave is approximately 200 feet (61 m) deep; features include an underground stream, 60-foot waterfall, fossils, stalactites and stalagmites. The cave is privately owned, with tours available seasonally. The cave was first discovered in 1924, and in 1932, three spelunkers Al Cremer, Leo Tekippe, and Joe Flynn explored the cave and named the site Niagara Cave. opened as a show cave in June 1934, and was described by geologist J Harlen Bretz in 1938. The Minnesota Geological Survey noted in their 1995 survey, "contains an excellent example of an underground river, complete with waterfall." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60774329 |
Protein leverage hypothesis The protein leverage hypothesis states that human beings will prioritize the consumption of protein in food over other dietary components, and will eat until protein needs have been met, regardless of energy content, thus leading of over-consumption of foodstuffs when their protein content is low. This hypothesis has been put forward as a potential explanation of the obesity epidemic, Empirical tests have provided some evidence to confirm the hypothesis. with one study suggesting that this could be a link between ultra-processed foods and the prevalence of obesity in the developed world. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60792062 |
2005–2019 definitions of the SI base units From 2005 to early 2019, the definitions of the SI base units were as follows: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60816421 |
Erik Björkdal Erik Anton Björkdal was a Swedish meteorologist who studied at the Bergen School of Meteorology where the theory of fronts was developed. His contribution was mainly in the field of dynamic meteorology. Among his works, mention must be made of the correlation between the tropopause geopotential and the troposphere temperature. Björkdal was born on 21 February 1899 in Vimmerby, Sweden. After high school, he was admitted to the University of Uppsala and graduated in 1920. However, in 1919 he was employed by Vilhelm Bjerknes as an assistant at the Bergen School of Meteorology. After graduation, he was transferred to the Norwegian Meteorological Institute in Oslo where he became Division Chief in 1937. During the Second World War, he replaced the director of the Institute, Dr. Th. Hesselberg, who was absent for a period of time because of health problems. He eventually became head of meteorology at the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute in Stockholm in 1949. Björkdal was an active collaborator at the international level with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), among others with the Synoptic Meteorological Commission, of which he was Vice-President from 1951, and with the Telecommunications Subcommittee, of which he was president from 1949. Björkdal died on May 30, 1952 in Stockholm. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60831844 |
NGC 4561 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices. It was discovered by William Herschel on Apr 13, 1784. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60832796 |
NGC 3741 is an irregular galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major. It was discovered by John Herschel on March 19, 1828. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60842586 |
Tidal strait A tidal strait is not technically a river, but a strait, connecting two oceans, or seas. Tidal straits are narrow seaways through which flow tidal currents. Tidal current are usually uni-directional, but sometimes can be bi-directional. Frequently they are of tectonic origin. Currents in them develop due to elevation differences between the water basins at either ends. Due to tides, sediments can collect in tidal straits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60881090 |
NGC 3928 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major. It was discovered by William Herschel on March 9, 1788. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60891797 |
Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream is a close stellar stream, between 80 and 226 parsecs away, and stretching 120° across the sky, an open cluster that was stretched apart by past gravitational interactions. By analysis of the highest mass member stars, it is estimated to be only 120 million years old, a similar age to the Pleiades. The stream includes at least 5 naked eye stars: Lambda Tauri at 3.5 magnitude star, 148 parsecs, Omicron Aquarii at 4.7 magnitude, 134 parsec distance, 106 Aquarii at 5.2 magnitude, 114 parsec distance, 108 Aquarii at 5.2 magnitude 98 parsec distance, Tau1 Aquarii at 5.7 magnitude, 97 parsec distance and Nu Fornacis at 4.7 magnitude and 114 parsec distance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60891845 |
Single particle extinction and scattering Single Particle Extinction and Scattering (SPES) is a technique in physics that is used to characterise micro and nanoparticles suspended in a fluid through two independent parameters, the diameter and the effective refractive index. A laser generates a gaussian beam which focuses inside a flow cell. A particle that passes through the focal region generates an interference in the beam, which is collected with a sensor. Through this signal it is possible to derive the real part and the imaginary part of the forward scattering field from each particle. The technique was developed to measure aerosols in air and particles in liquid. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60899807 |
Geosolar cycle A "Geosolar cycle" is an repetitive interaction between earth and the sun. It may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60902963 |
NGC 5331 is a pair of two interacting galaxies in the constellation Virgo. They were discovered by William Herschel on May 13, 1793. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60904181 |
NGC 5793 is an active spiral galaxy located approximately 150 million light years away in the constellation Libra. It is classified as a seyfert galaxy and was discovered by Francis Leavenworth in 1886. In 2014, the Hubble Space Telescope examined and photographed NGC 5793. Seyfert galaxies such as are known to house megamasers, these megamasers are capable of having a luminosity of thousands of times greater than the Sun. Neutral hydrogen has been detected against the galactic nucleus. This means that has an estimated HI cloud size of ≈15 pc and an estimated atomic gas density size of ≈200 cm -3. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60911332 |
NGC 655 is a lenticular galaxy located 400 million light-years away in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered in a sky-survey by Ormond Stone on December 12, 1885. On July 23, 2010, supernova SN 2010gp in was announced, reaching magnitude 15.5 on July 22. It was offset by 22″ west and 47″ south of the nucleus. Earlier in 2000, the type II supernova SN 2000bg had also appeared in this galaxy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60912643 |
Paolo Chini (1928–1980) was an Italian chemist, known as the "King of the Clusters". He has been a pioneer in Metal carbonyl cluster syntheses. He developed and improved quantitative methods for the synthesis of large carbonyl clusters, such as thermal degradation and redox condensation. Today these methods are still the main approaches to the synthesis of high nuclearity heterometallic clusters. The synthesis and characterization of the platinum carbonyl dianions [Pt3n(CO)6n]2- (n = 1-10), also known as Chini Clusters or more correctly Chini-Longoni clusters, are recognized by the scientific community as the most spectacular result of Chini's work. He was also assistant of the Nobel laureate Giulio Natta, together with he took an active part on the development of polypropylene polymer synthesis pathway. Every year, as a tribute of his fundamental work, the "Memorial Lecture" is awarded to a scientist who have excelled in organometallic chemistry and in catalysis. The prize is sponsored and organized by the "Chini Foundation", administered by the Società Chimica Italiana (Italian Chemical Society). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60926538 |
Mario Baudoin Mario Jorge Baudoin Weeks (September 4, 1942 – May 18, 2019) was a Bolivian biologist and conservationist known for his research in Bolivia and Costa Rica. He was the first director of Bolivia's national park system, and served as director of several academic and government institutes, including the , the Institute of Ecology at Higher University of San Andrés, Dirección Nacional Conservación de Biodiversidad (DNCB) and the La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. In the early 1990s he was involved in the creation of the (SERNAP), which led to the 1995 establishment of Madidi National Park. He received the 2008 Distinguished Services Award from the Society for Conservation Biology. Born in Sucre, Baudoin received his education in the United States, earning a B.Sc. at the City University of New York in 1967 followed by a master's (1969) and Ph.D. (1976) from the University of Michigan. He joined the faculty of the Higher University of San Andrés in 1985. From 1991 to 1995 he was National Director of Biodiversity Conservation, where he secured several million dollars from the World Bank to support Bolivia's national park system. From 1998 to 2002 he served as General Director of Biodiversity under the Vice Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Forestry Development, serving several times as Acting Deputy Minister. Baudoin died in La Paz on May 18, 2019, at the age of 76. He is commemorated in the scientific name of the bromeliad species "Greigia marioi." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60930821 |
Bioinvent BioInvent International is a Swedish research, pharmaceutical and life science company with focus on clinical development of antibody drugs for immunotherapy against cancer. The company was founded in 1983 by and is listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange since 2001. The company's partners include Bayer HealthCare, Daiichi Sankyo, Mitsubishi Tanabe and Servier. Martin Welschof has been CEO since 2018. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60931340 |
NGC 4150 is an elliptical galaxy located approximately 45 million light years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. It was discovered by William Herschel on March 13, 1785. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60937698 |
NGC 3705 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Leo. It was discovered by William Herschel on Jan 18, 1784. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60938901 |
Maria Zhilova Maria Vasilyevna Zhilova (1870–1934) was the first female Russian professional astronomer. She worked as astronomer and orbit calculator at the Pulkovo Observatory from 1895 to 1930. In 1905 she was given an award by the Russian Astronomical Society for her work in celestial mechanics. The asteroid 1255 Schilowa was named after her in 1932, at first spelled "Shilowa". The crater Zhilova on Venus was named after her in 1985. She was one of the women discussed in a 2017 conference on "Women's Faces of Russian Science", where she was noted as "one of the first professional woman astronomers". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60939590 |
NGC 3666 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Leo. It was discovered by William Herschel on March 15, 1784. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60942301 |
Glacial relict A glacial relict is a population of a cold-adapted species that has been left behind as the range of the species changed after an ice age ended. Glacial relicts are usually found in enclaves "under relatively benign conditions". Examples: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60951772 |
Photothermal ratio The photothermal ratio (PTR), also named photothermal quotient, is a variable that characterizes the amount of light available to plants relative to the temperature level. It is used in plant biology to characterize the growth environment of plants. Both light and temperature are important environmental variables that determine the growth and development of plants. Light is especially important in driving photosynthesis and producing sugars. Temperature is a strong driver of cell division, where available sugars are converted to produce new leaf, stem, root or reproductive biomass. As such, both are important factors – along with nutrient and water availability – in determining the source:sink balance of a plant, the amount of sugar available for plant in relation to its growth potential. The photothermal ratio is a quantitative descriptor that can be used to approximate this balance. The photothermal ratio is calculated by dividing the Daily Light Integral (photosynthetic photon flux density integrated over a day; DLI) plants are exposed to by a baseline daily temperature(T). PTR = DLI / T. Units are therefore mol quanta m day °C. Alternatively, the number of degree days have been used rather than T per se, with units of the form mol degree-day. The PTR concept has been introduced in detailed studies of growth and productivity of a particular species | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60962435 |
Photothermal ratio For these species, a baseline temperature T is chosen for which it is known than no leaf elongation takes place below that temperature, which for many temperate species will be a temperature around 5 °C. In characterizing the growth environment of a broad range of plants without reference to any specific species, T has been taken to be zero °C. The photothermal ratio is relatively constant over the year in the tropics, with lowland values around 1.3 mol m day °C. At higher latitudes PTR changes with seasons, being high in spring, and low in autumn. Averaged over the growing season, PTR values are around 3 in boreal zones, and around 2 in temperate zones. Plants growing in glasshouses often grow at a PTR of ~1, experiments with Arabidopsis are often carried out at a PTR around 0.2. Many effects that have been ascribed to light are actually dependent on temperature as well. For example, strong stem elongation at low light will only take place when temperatures are high, but not when temperatures are close to 0 °C. In wheat, PTR in the month before anthesis strongly determines the number of kernels. In horticulture, plants grown at a high PTR generally have thicker stems, shorter internodes and more flowers, and therefore have higher marketable yield. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60962435 |
NGC 4694 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered by William Herschel on March 15, 1784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60962477 |
Construction costs (biology) Construction costs is a concept in biology that conveys how much glucose is required to construct a unit of plant biomass, given the biosynthetic pathways and starting from glucose and mineral constituents. It includes the sugars required to provide the C-skeletons for the formation of e.g. lipids, lignin and proteins, but also the glucose required to produce energy (ATP) and reducing power (NAD(P)H) to drive the metabolic pathways. The concept of construction costs comes from microbiology, when studying the different metabolic pathways that heterotrophic microorganisms use for producing biomass. It has subsequently been used by plant biologists to calculate how much glucose would be required to build leaves, stems and roots. The metabolic costs to maintain cells or organs are generally not included in these estimates. An interesting new perspective was taken by plant ecologists who calculated the pay-back time of leaves, the time required for a leaf to fix as much C as it has cost to construct that leaf. For plants to be successful, pay-back time should be shorter than average leaf longevity, otherwise the plant is having a negative C-balance and losing out on its investments. In the end, leaves generally can only function with stems that help expose leaves to the light, and roots that take up the necessary nutrients and water. The concept of pay-back time can therefore also be applied fruitfully to whole plants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60985069 |
Construction costs (biology) Pay-back time then approaches the doubling time of biomass, or, in other words, the relative growth rate of plants. The unit of construction costs is g g (g glucose required / g biomass produced). Theoretically, if the biochemical pathways to construct all of the thousands of different compounds of an organism would be known, as well as the concentrations of all those compounds, construction costs could be simply calculated as the product of concentration and construction costs, summed over all constituents present. However, as there are so many different compounds, this is not really feasible. Alternatively, chemical constituents can be grouped in a number of groups with relatively similar construction costs per unit compound. These groups and their estimated construction costs are given in the table below. Using approaches to determine the concentrations of these groups of compounds then enables calculation of plant organs construction costs. The construction costs given in the table are strongly related to the oxidation state of these compounds. That is: highest construction costs are for highly reduced compounds like lipids and lignin, lowest for highly oxidized organic compounds such as organic acids, and for the minerals. This is the basis for short-cut methods that estimate construction costs on the basis of elemental composition or energy content. They may be less precise, but do not require extended measurements of the proximate chemical composition | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60985069 |
Construction costs (biology) Consequence of using shortcut methods is that less insight is obtained as to the underlying reasons why construction costs differ between organisms. Generally, construction costs of leaves are in the order of 1.3 – 1.7 g g, with slightly lower values for stems and roots. The reason for this is that across most vegetative plant tissue there is a strong negative correlation between the level of – expensive - protein and the level of – expensive- lignin, and a strong positive correlation between protein and the concentration of – cheap - minerals. Seeds and fruits may have very high concentrations of sugars, or of protein, and/or lipids, and therefore show a much wider range in construction costs (1.1 - 2.3 g g). Pay-back time of leaves vary from a few days for fast-growing herbaceous species under optimal conditions, to three months or more for plants growing in low-light environments. Although concentrations of chemical constituents change with the environment, the effects on leaf chemical composition are general small. Leaves of plants grown at elevated CO2 may have a few percent higher construction costs, as do leaves that have been growing at higher light intensities. Differences in leaf construction costs between deciduous and evergreen species are small, and so are the differences between inherently fast- and slow-growing herbaceous species. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60985069 |
NGC 4900 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered by William Herschel on April 30, 1786. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60986128 |
Donald E U Ekong Donald E. U. Ekong (31 December 1933 – 2005) was a Nigerian professor of Chemistry and the founding Vice Chancellor of the University of The Gambia. There is a library named after him at the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria in the honour of his extensive work for the country, both in teaching and research as well as in university management and development of higher education. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60992373 |
Thioreductor is a Gram-negative, mesophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing, sulfur-reducing and motile genus of bacteria from the family of unclassified Epsilonproteobacteria with one known species ("micantisoli"). "micantisoli" has been isolated from hydrothermal sediments from the Iheya North from the Mid-Okinawa Trough in Japan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60999736 |
Artur Lind (6 April 1927, Vändra – 30 November 1989, Tartu) was an Estonian biologist and is considered to be the founder of molecular biology in Estonia. Lind studied to be a surgeon at the University of Tartu. Due to an allergic reaction to analgesics used at the time, he was unable to continue working as a surgeon and moved to the faculty of biochemistry instead. He is credited with the discovery of 5S ribosomal RNA. His remains are buried in Vana-Jaani cemetery in Tartu. The Sepapaja 6 office building in Ülemiste City is named after Artur Lind. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61024270 |
Cold quasar A is a galaxy with a quasar at the center and abundant cold gas that can still produce new stars. The discovery of cold quasars was formally announced in 2019 by Professor Allison Kirkpatrick at the 234th meeting of the American Astronomical Society in St. Louis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61030587 |
João Murça Pires (born 1917) was a Brazilian botanist, who worked principally at the Instituto Agronômico do Norte. Pires was born in Bariri, Brazil on June 27, 1917. He received both his undergraduate (1942) and doctoral (1983) degrees from the Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo. He was a member of the Linnean Society of London and the Brazilian Academy of Sciences in. He served twice as the President of the Botanic Society of Brazil. He was awarded a John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship in 1982 in the field of plant sciences. He initiated the herbarium and botanical section at the Instituto Agronômico do Norte and founded the Department of Botany and the herbaria at the Universidade de Brasília. He also helped restructure the Department of Botany at the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi in Belém, and the herbaria there is named after him. He collected, and described plants from the Amazon. He is the authority for at least 109 taxa including: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61073085 |
William Antônio Rodrigues (born 1928) is a Brazilian botanist. Rodrigues was born in São João del Rei, Brazil in 1928. He was a faculty member of the Universidade Federal do Paraná. He collected, and described plants from Brazil. Part of his research focused on Myristicaceae. He is the authority for at least 88 taxa including: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61074283 |
Macropodid alphaherpesvirus 1 (MaHV-1) is a species of virus in the genus "Simplexvirus", subfamily "Alphaherpesvirinae", family "Herpesviridae", and order "Herpesvirales". "Macropus parma" serves as a natural hosts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61079098 |
Macropodid alphaherpesvirus 2 (MaHV-2) is a species of virus in the genus "Simplexvirus", subfamily "Alphaherpesvirinae", family "Herpesviridae", and order "Herpesvirales". "Dorcopsis muelleri" and "Setonix brachyurus" serve as natural hosts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61079121 |
NGC 6789 is an irregular galaxy in the constellation Draco. It was discovered by Lewis Swift on Aug 30, 1883. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61082099 |
NGC 1487 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Eridanus. It was discovered by James Dunlop on Oct 29, 1826. It is thought to be the remnant of two galaxies, which are the components NGC 1487E and NGC 1487W, that collided about 500 million years ago. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61082102 |
NGC 3245 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Leo Minor. It was discovered by William Herschel on Apr 11, 1785. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61082104 |
NGC 4781 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered by William Herschel on Mar 25, 1786. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61082105 |
NGC 3898 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major. It was discovered by William Herschel on Apr 14, 1789. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61082106 |
NGC 1345 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Eridanus. It was discovered by John Herschel on Dec 11, 1835. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61082109 |
NGC 5678 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Draco. It was discovered by William Herschel on Apr 17, 1789. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61082111 |
NGC 1249 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Horologium. It was discovered by John Herschel on Dec 5, 1834. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61082112 |
NGC 1425 NGC 1425, also known as IC 1988, is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Fornax. It was discovered by William Herschel on Oct 9, 1790. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61082113 |
NGC 3294 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Leo Minor. It was discovered by William Herschel on Mar 17, 1787. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61082114 |
NGC 918 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Aries about 67 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by John Herschel on Jan 11, 1831. The brightness class of is III and has a broad HI line. is also an active nucleus galaxy (AGN). Moreover, it is a galaxy of the field , that is to say, it does not belong to a cluster or group and is therefore gravitationally isolated. Many non-redshift measures give a distance of 19,115 ± 6,160 Mpc (~62,3 million ly) , which is within the distances calculated using the value shift. Supernova SN 2009js was discovered in this galaxy October 11, 2009 at 17.2 magnitude. Supernova SN 2011ek was discovered on Aug. 4, 2011 by Koichi Itagaki at 16.4 magnitude. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61082116 |
Richard M.K. Saunders Richard M. K. Saunders (born 1964) is a botanist. Among other subjects, his work has focused on the systematics and evolution of Annonaceae, a family of flowering plants. He is the authority for the following taxa: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61107561 |
James D. Mauseth is a botanist and botanical author. He is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Integrative Biology at the University of Texas at Austin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61150159 |
James Sinclair (botanist) James Sinclair (1913–1968) was a Scottish botanist, who worked at the Royal Botanic Garden Endiburgh and the Singapore Botanic Gadens. Sinclair was born in the Bu of Hoy Orkney, Scotland on 29 November 1913. He received a degree in botany from the Edinburgh University. He served as a radar operator in the Royal Air Force from 1941–1945. In 1968 he succumbed to cancer and was buried in Hoy. He was a botanist at the Edinburgh Royal Botanical Garden where he oversaw the herbarium. In 1948 he became the herbarium curator at the Singapore Botanic Garden. Much of his work focused on the flowering plant families "Annonaceae" and "Myristicaceae", though he also had an interest in marine plants and mosses. He is the authority for at least 192 taxa including: His life and works have been honored as part of the Hoy Heritage project. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61150919 |
Robert John Bates Robert J. "Rob" Bates (born 1946) is an Australian botanist, plant collector, and illustrator. Bates grew up in Mylor, South Australia, and has been living in Fairview Park, Adelaide for more than 40 years. Professionally, Bates is primarily known for his interest in spermatophytes, in particular, the study of South Australian orchids, where he has described at least 68 species. His publications include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61175609 |
Marcel Golay (astronomer) Marcel Golay (; 6 September 1927 – 9 April 2015) was a Swiss astronomer, professor at Geneva University and the eighth director of the Geneva Observatory from 1956 to 1992. Golay was a member of the International Astronomical Union and president of several of its commissions including "Stellar Classification" and "Astronomical Photometry and Polarimetry". In 1991, University of Basel awarded him an honorary professorship. Asteroid 3329 Golay is named after him. Asteroid 3329 Golay – an 18-kilometer-sized member of the Eos family, that was discovered by Paul Wild at Zimmerwald Observatory in 1985 – was named in his honor. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 September 1993 (). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61188336 |
Charles Adolphe Albert Fauvel (1840, Caen -1921) was a French lawyer and amateur entomologist who specialised in Coleoptera. He described and named 1,851 species and 96 genera in Staphylinidae. He wrote nearly 250 papers in the "Revue d’ Entomologie", a journal he founded, and a multi-volume work, "Faune gallo-rhénane". For unknown reasons, he abruptly stopped publishing in 1910 and became a recluse for the rest of his life. His insect collections are held by the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences in Brussels, the Natural History Museum of Bern, Switzerland and the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Italy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61190846 |
NGC 972 is a dusty spiral galaxy in the northern constellation of Aries, located at an approximate distance of from the Milky Way. It was discovered in 1784 by William Herschel. The galactic features suggest it may have undergone a merger with a gas-rich companion, giving it asymmetrical arms, plus starburst activity in the nucleus and an off-planar nuclear ring. The inner 3.6 kpc of the galaxy is undergoing star formation at the rate of 2.1–2.7 ·yr, but it lacks a nuclear bulge. On October 16, 2008, a possible supernova event was observed about west and north of the galactic center. It reached magnitude 14.7 in the infrared K' band, but only a possible very faint transient event was observed in the visual frequency range, most likely as a result of strong extinction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61191884 |
Xellia ApS is a Danish multinational pharmaceutical and life sciences company headquartered in Copenhagen specialized in the production of anti-biotics, including Vancomycin and Bacitracin. The company's US base of operations is in Buffalo Grove, Illinois, with additional facilities in Ohio, and North Carolina. In 2018, Xellia's sales in the United States accounted for 60% of its total revenue. The company's main output is bulk drug chemicals which are wholesaled to other companies for packaging and distribution. Recently some prepackaged goods have been produced. Active drug substances manufactured are: Previously the company also produced: In 2019, partnered with Civica Rx to produce generic Vancomycin and Daptomycin. The partnership's stated aim is to remedy chronic drug shortages that have affected the American pharmaceutical market. has been discussed as a potential alternative to Chinese companies for anti-biotic primary ingredients in the context of the China-United States trade war. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61209106 |
List of largest inflorescences The following is a list of the largest inflorescences known from plants that produce seeds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61227693 |
Ipomoea trifida is a species of Ipomoea morning glory also known as the threefork morning glory. It is native to the Caribbean, Mexico, and South America. "I. trifida" is known for being the closest living wild relative to "I. batatas", or the common sweet potato, and is believed to have split from this relative at least 800,000 years ago. The roots of this plant are thin and inedible, while the flowers tend to be purple. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61254351 |
Tidally detached exomoon Tidally detached exomoons, also known as orphaned exomoons or ploonets, are hypothetical exoplanets that were formerly exomoons of another planet, before being ejected from their orbits around their parent planets by tidal forces during planetary migration, and becoming planets in their own right. , no tidally detached moons have yet been definitively detected, but they are believed to be likely to exist around other stars, and potentially detectable by photometric methods. Researchers at Columbia University have suggested that a disrupting detached exomoon may be causing the unusual fluctuations in brightness exhibited by Tabby's Star. The "charmingly goofy" term "ploonet", used in a paper published in the "Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society", has received attention from mainstream media sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61269319 |
Sociedad Geológica del Perú (Geological Society of Peru) is a professional association of Peruvian geologists. The association was established in 1924. The society posits its mission as: "Spreading knownledge of Earth Science, aiding scientific research while promoting cultural exchange". has been active in cases concerning geological risk assessment, as such it denounced in 2015 the development plans for a hotel at the cliffs of the Costa Verde amid the tsunami hazard zone. "Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica del Perú" is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published on an irregular basis by the Sociedad Geológica del Perú. The journal was established in 1925 and articles are published in Spanish. The editor-in-chief is José Macharé Ordoñez (Instituto Científico del Agua). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61288333 |
Brian P. Wernicke Brian Philip Wernicke (born 26 June 1958) is an American geologist and a professor of geology. He has been the Chandler Family Professor of Geology at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California since 2001. Wernicke has a BS (1978) in Geology from the University of Southern California and Ph.D. (1982) from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was a professor at Harvard University from September 1983 to January 1992. Wernicke received the Young Scientist Award (Donath Medal) in 1991. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61290073 |
Exact diagonalization (ED) is a numerical technique used in physics to determine the eigenstates and energy eigenvalues of a quantum Hamiltonian. In this technique, a Hamiltonian for a discrete, finite system is expressed in matrix form and diagonalized using a computer. Exact diagonaliation is only feasible for systems with a few tens of particles, due to the exponential growth of the Hilbert space dimension with the size of the quantum system. It is frequently employed to study lattice models, including the Hubbard model, Ising model, Heisenberg model, "t"-"J" model, and SYK model. After determining the eigenstates formula_1 and energies formula_2 of a given Hamiltonian, exact diagonalization can be used to obtain expectation values of observables. For example, if formula_3 is an observable, its thermal expectation value is where formula_5 is the partition function. If the observable can be written down in the initial basis for the problem, then this sum can be evaluated after transforming to the basis of eigenstates. Green's functions may be evaluated similarly. For example, the retarded Green's function formula_6 can be written can also be used to determine the time evolution of a system after a quench. Suppose the system has been prepared in an initial state formula_8, and then for time formula_9 evolves under a new Hamiltonian, formula_10. The state at time formula_11 is The dimension of the Hilbert space describing a quantum system scales exponentially with system size | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61341798 |
Exact diagonalization For example, consider a system of formula_13 spins localized on fixed lattice sites. The dimension of the on-site basis is 2, because the state of each spin can be described as a superposition of spin-up and spin-down, denoted formula_14 and formula_15. The full system has dimension formula_16, and the Hamiltonian represented as a matrix has size formula_17. This implies that computation time and memory requirements scale very unfavorably in exact diagonalization. In practice, the memory requirements can be reduced by taking advantage of symmetry of the problem, imposing conservation laws, working with sparse matrices, or using other techniques. is useful for extracting exact information about finite systems. However, often small systems are studied to gain insight into infinite lattice systems. If the diagonalized system is too small, its properties will not reflect the properties of the system in the thermodynamic limit, and the simulation is said to suffer from finite size effects. Unlike some other exact theory techniques, such as Auxiliary-field Monte Carlo, exact diagonalization obtains Green's functions directly in real time, as opposed to imaginary time. Unlike in these other techniques, exact diagonalization results do not need to be numerically analytically continued. This is an advantage, because numerical analytic continuation is an ill-posed and difficult optimization problem. Numerous software packages implementing exact diagonalization of quantum Hamiltonians exist | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61341798 |
Exact diagonalization These include QuSpin, ALPS, DoQo, EdLib and many others. results from many small clusters can be combined to obtain more accurate information about systems in the thermodynamic limit using the numerical linked cluster expansion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61341798 |
Luffariella is a genus of sea sponges in the family Thorectidae. One of its species is one of the few organisms that synthesizes derivatives of cyclopentanepentol. The following species are recognised in the genus "Luffariella": | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61349029 |
Dialdose In chemistry, a dialdose is a monosaccharide containing two aldehyde groups. For example, the hexodialdose O=CH–(CHOH)–CH=O, obtained by reducing glucose with sodium amalgam. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61358217 |
Jean Hector Paul Auguste Ghesquière (born 1888) was a Belgian botanist. He collected plant specimens in Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Niger, São Tomé and Príncipe, and Uganda. He deposited many of his specimens in the herbarium at the Botanic Garden Meise (then called the National Botanic Garden of Belgium). He is the authority for at least 59 taxa including: <br> The following species have been named in his honor: "Karschiogomphus ghesquierei" (Syn. of "Neurogomphus martininus" )<br> "Chlorocypha ghesquierei" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61360268 |
NGC 3001 is a magnitude 11.83 spiral galaxy in the constellation Antlia, discovered on 30 March 1835 by John Herschel. It has a recessional velocity of per second, and is located around 115 million light years away. has an apparent size of 4.3 by 3.1 arcminutes and is about 145 thousand light years across. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61374561 |
Mutanome The mutanome is the entirety of somatic cancer mutations in an individual tumor. Carcinogenesis is largely driven by changes in the DNA sequence of the genomes of cancer cells. This process leads to a unique repertoire of mutations (′the mutanome′) in every patient’s tumor. The mutanome encodes peptides that can be targets for T cells, which play a central role in the immune response. A description of individual mutanomes of human tumors has been made feasible by the introduction of Next Generation Sequencing Technology (NGS). Cancer mutanomes can be defined by comparing exome sequencing data obtained by NGS of individual healthy tissue with sequences from tumor-derived nucleic acids. As the vast majority of cancer-associated mutations are patient specific, shared mutations are rare, even within the same type of cancer. The mutanome encodes a pattern of tumor-specific mutated peptides referred to as neoantigens or m-peptides. Neoantigens are products of mutations that first occur in the course of cancer development. Each and every tumor has its own unique neoantigenic pattern, and even within the same type of cancer, only a small percentage of neoantigens are shared. Neoantigens are presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules of tumor cells. The antigenic determinants of neoantigens – neoepitopes – are recognized by the immune system as a target for T cells, thus triggering immune responses against cancer. A neoepitope is an epitope the immune system has not encountered before | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61393318 |
Mutanome Therefore it is not subject to tolerance mechanisms of the immune system. Since the mutated gene product is only expressed in tumors, but not on healthy cells, neoepitopes may evoke vigorous T cell response. The vast majority of cancer mutations are unique to the individual patient, and a significant portion of mutations (21-45%) are immunogenic. Therefore, the patients' individual mutanome and the neoepitopes are used as the basis for a novel strategy against cancer, which is referred to as individualized cancer immunotherapy. Cancer immunotherapy uses the body's own immune defense system and is based on the recognition by cytotoxic and helper T cells with antitumor activity. Strategies to immunotherapeutically address the individual mutanome are currently under investigation. Ongoing mutanome cancer vaccine trials use synthetic peptides and antigen-encoding DNA or RNA as formats. For an individualized treatment, neoepitopes that are thought to elicit a strong immune response are selected out of the patient's mutanome. An increasingly explored concept for individualized cancer immunotherapy is the treatment of a patient with immunogenic mRNA vaccines for a given patient's individual cancer mutanome (IVAC - Individualized Vaccine Against Cancer). The IVAC concept is based on decoding the individual mutanome by NGS and on-demand mRNA manufacturing for use in single patients to produce therapeutic vaccines against cancer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61393318 |
Mutanome Since 2016, the IVAC concept has been developed as Individualized Neoantigen Specific Therapy (iNeST). The process of NSG based cancer mutanome mapping, target selection, prioritization approaches, synthetic mRNA vaccine manufacturing and delivery is also referred to as MERIT (mutanome engineered RNA immunotherapy). By vaccination with the synthetic mRNA, which contains the blueprint of a mutant tumor peptide, T lymphocytes are activated against the tumor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61393318 |
Neoepitope Neoepitopes are a class of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) bounded peptides that arise from tumor-specific mutations. They represent the antigenic determinants of neoantigens. Neoepitopes are recognized by the immune system as targets for T cells and can elicit immune response to cancer. Epitopes, also referred to as antigenic determinants, are parts of an antigen that are recognized by the immune system. A neoepitope is an epitope the immune system has not encountered before. Therefore it is not subject to tolerance mechanisms of the immune system. As the mutant gene product is only expressed in tumors and is not found in non-cancerous cells, neoepitopes may evoke a vigorous T cell response. Neoepitopes arise from post-translational modifications. The mRNA translates information from the DNA into polypeptide composed of 20 standard amino acids and then proteins. Several of the standard amino acids can be posttranslationally modified by enzymatic processes, or can be altered through spontaneous (nonenzymatic) biochemical reactions. There is increasing evidence that immune recognition of neoepitopes produced by cancer-specific mutations is a key mechanism for the induction of immune-mediated tumor rejection. Opportunities for therapeutic targeting of cancer specific neoepitopes are under investigation. Cancer is a patient-specific disease, and no two tumors are alike. Thus, the immunogenicity of each tumor is unique | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61411039 |
Neoepitope A novel strategy against cancer is epitope selection for mutanome-directed individualized cancer immunotherapy. Individualized cancer immunotherapy leverages the adaptive immune system by targeting T cells to tumor cells that have a tumor specific mutant antigen (neoantigen) with neoepitopes recognized by a receptor on T cells. One challenge is to identify the neoepitopes that trigger a suitable immune response, that is, to find out which neoepitopes in the individual tumor are highly immunogenic. Individualized cancer immunotherapy includes vaccination with tumor mutation-derived neoepitopes. The concept is based on a mapping of the tumor-specific individual mutanome with identification of a range of suitable neoepitopes for a patient-specific vaccine. It is expected that the neoepitopes in the vaccine will trigger T cell responses to the specific cancer. For the concept of individualized cancer vaccination first data are available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61411039 |
Dibling A dibling, a portmanteau of donor sibling, or donor-conceived sibling, or donor-sperm sibling, is one of two or more individuals who are biologically connected through donated eggs or sperm. The term is not favored among some donor-conceived people, who prefer the use of half-sibling. People born from anonymous or ID release sperm or egg donation are able to find half-siblings conceived using the same gamete donor online through the Donor Sibling Registry or by using commercially-available DNA test kits. DNA testing is more accurate because it relies on comparison of single-nucleotide polymorphisms instead of gamete donor identification numbers (which may be erroneous). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61421165 |
Kaj Borge Vollesen (born January 27, 1946) is a botanist. Vollessen received his MSc (1975) in Taxonomic Botany and PhD (1982) in Taxonomy and Ecology from The University of Copenhagen. He was a Principle Scientific Officer at the Kew Gardens until his retirement in 2006 and is now an Honorary Research Fellow. His work is principally focused on the Acanthaceae and Cyperaceae families of plants. He is the authority for at least 327 taxa including: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61446459 |
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