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Antibody-oligonucleotide conjugate Antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates or AOCs belong to a class of chimeric molecules combining in their structure two important families of biomolecules: monoclonal antibodies and oligonucleotides. Combination of exceptional targeting capabilities of monoclonal antibodies with numerous functional modalities of oligonucleotides has been fruitful for a variety of applications with AOC including imaging, detection and targeted therapeutics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61609022 |
Meltwater channel A meltwater channel (or sometimes a glacial meltwater channel) is a channel cut into ice, bedrock or unconsolidated deposits by the flow of water derived from the melting of a glacier or ice-sheet. The channel may form on the surface of, within, beneath, along the margins of or downstream from the ice mass. Accordingly it would be referred to as supraglacial, englacial, subglacial, lateral (or ice-marginal) or proglacial. Different forms of subglacial channel are described in glaciological literature including Nye or N-channels, Röthlisberger or R-channels and Hooke or H-channels. Tunnel valley is a related term descriptive of subglacial channels. Some examples of tunnel valleys in northwest England have also been described as iceways. The depositional landforms known as kames and eskers may often be found in association with meltwater channels. An urstromtal is a proglacial or ice-marginal channel common in Germany and Poland formed during various of the Pleistocene glaciations which gave rise to the substantial Scandinavian ice sheet. A spillway is a term sometimes used for a channel carved by water overflowing from, for example, a proglacial lake. Examples of major glacial lake outbursts creating spillways along the southern margins of the Laurentide icesheet in North America are documented. Meltwater channels associated with glaciation have also been identified on Mars. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61631883 |
Entanglement monotone In quantum information and quantum computation, an entanglement monotone is a function that quantifies the amount of entanglement present in a quantum state. Any entanglement monotone is a nonnegative function whose value does not increase under local operations and classical communication. Let formula_1be the space of all states, i.e., Hermitian positive semi-definite operators with trace one, over the bipartite Hilbert space formula_2. An entanglement measure is a function formula_3such that: Some authors also add the condition that formula_15 over the maximally entangled state formula_16. If the nonnegative function only satisfies condition 2 of the above, then it is called an entanglement monotone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61638365 |
Mykola Szczerbak Mykola Mykolaiovych Szczerbak (also Nikolai Nikolayevich, also Shcherbak) () (31 October 1927 – 27 January 1998) was an Ukrainian zoologist and ecologist, a prolific herpetologist, a full professor and a Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61653881 |
NGC 755 is an emission line spiral galaxy in the constellation of Cetus. The galaxy's velocity of 1641.2 km/s was used to calculate its distance using the Tully–Fisher relation. Its dark matter halo was found to be core-dominated, in agreement with predictions from the lambda-CDM model of cosmology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61662418 |
AnIML The Analytical Information Markup Language (AnIML) is an open ASTM XML standard for storing and sharing any analytical chemistry and biological data. A main reason of using is that FAIR data standards are automatically implemented. As AnIML's structure is human readable, Accessibility is given. Interoperability, Reusability and Findability are secured by the Core and Technique Definitions. has been continuously worked on starting from 2003 up until 2019. The last Core Version update happened in 2010. is a XML standard which consists of two logical layers: Additionally, Technique Definition Documents apply constraints to the Core and are specified by the Technique Definitions. The Core consists of a set of rules defining the structure of the XML document, providing a universal container for arbitrary analytical data. Technique Definitions describe how to use the Core to record experiments of a particular scientific discipline. There is a big similarity between the mechanisms of and the AVI format. The Core defines the data container whereas the Technique Definitions act similar to the AVI codec. It defines how the data needs to be structured and labeled. Technique Definitions are XML documents, specified by the Technique Schema. Data Exchange Laboratory Future Website GitHub on ASTM BSSN Software Website Fairsharing Website | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61681836 |
Thor Hiorth Schøyen (May 1, 1885 – June 6, 1961) was a Norwegian entomologist. He became the curator of the Oslo Zoological Museum in 1908. Later, in 1913, he became the government entomologist at the Norwegian Plant Protection Office ("Statens plantevern"), a position that he held for 42 years. Schøyen taught at the Norwegian College of Agriculture from 1910 to 1950. He was also a central figure in the Norwegian Entomological Society. He received the King's Medal of Merit in gold in recognition of his work. became interested in nature and insects at an early age, and he studied zoology at the University of Oslo. He was described as "... a quiet man, gracious and helpful, without prejudice. He had diverse interests and was a gentleman throughout his journey." He was the son of the entomologist Wilhelm Maribo Schøyen. became the first curator of the Oslo Zoological Museum in 1908. He was involved in moving the insect collection to the new building in Tøyen. He also put part of the collection on display. Schøyen served as the secretary of the fourth Nordic entomology conference in 1933. Following in his father's footsteps, in 1913 assumed the position of Norway's government entomologist. In the first years, mycology was also included in this position, but in 1919 a separate position was created for a government mycologist, filled by Ivar Jørstad. Schøyen worked in an office with no assistants, and he responded to hundreds of pest and fungal disease requests annually. He also made many business trips in Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61683869 |
Thor Hiorth Schøyen It was not until 1939 that he received a research assistant. He became head of the zoological department of the Norwegian Plant Protection Office in 1942 and the administrative head of the entire institute in 1955. After the Second World War, Schøyen was involved in monitoring the spread of the Colorado potato beetle. Altogether he served as the government entomologist for 42 years. As the government entomologist, he especially worked on issues related to insect pests. Schøyen was a central figure in the Norsk Norwegian Entomological Society. He became a member of the association in 1905, a year after it was established. He was the director of the association from 1921 to 1932. Schøyen was the editor of "Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift" (now the "Norwegian Journal of Entomology") from 1933 to 1952. In 1935, Schøyen was named a corresponding member of the Finnish Entomological Association () in Helsinki. In 1956 he was honored with the King's Medal of Merit in gold. He was named an honorary member of the Norwegian Garden Society in 1958. authored a number of publications, many of which were popular science articles about pests in agriculture and forestry. As the government entomologist, he published much research relating to his field of study. The most significant are his reports, which he compiled every two to three years. These contained much information about insects in Norway, including discoveries of new species and interesting biological observations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61683869 |
Clodagh O'Shea Clodagh C. O'Shea is a professor of molecular and cell biology and current Wicklow Chair at the Salk Institute for Biological Sciences and a scholar at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. O'Shea has a BS in biochemistry and microbiology from University College Cork, Ireland and a PhD from Imperial College London. She was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, United States. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61716324 |
Wilhelm Maribo Schøyen (October 21, 1844 – May 8, 1918) was a Norwegian entomologist. He was Norway's first government entomologist. is considered one of Norway's most prominent entomologists. He was an avid writer and left behind a large collection of scientific publications. He was the father of the government entomologist Thor Hiorth Schøyen. Schøyen was born in Grue, Norway. He graduated from Ås Higher Agricultural School in 1867. He had also begun medical studies, but he did not finish because of health issues. From 1884 to 1891, Schøyen was a curator at the Oslo Zoological Museum, where he reviewed and systematized the museum's collection of lower animal groups. He started working as an agricultural entomologist in 1891. Every year he published a report on insect pests and plant diseases. These included reports from all over Norway, and also some about the biology of pests and how to fight them. In 1894, Schøyen became Norway's first government entomologist. He held this position until 1912. Schøyen was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. He was also present when the Norwegian Entomological Society was founded in 1904. During his travels in Norway, Schøyen focused on collecting butterflies. In 1893 he published "Fortegnelse over Norges Lepidoptera" (Inventory of Norway's Lepidoptera). In addition, he collected mushrooms and several other taxa of insects. These especially included agricultural pests, about which he wrote many popular science articles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61759853 |
Wilhelm Maribo Schøyen His extensive insect collection is kept at the Oslo Zoological Museum today. was named a knight of the Order of St. Olav in 1915. Schøyen authored more than 300 popular science and research publications. These include seven books, 70 research articles, 26 annual reports, and almost 200 popular science articles in magazines and journals. A complete list of Schøyen's works was compiled by Leif Reinhart Natvig. A list of his most important publications was published in the first issue of "Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift" in 1921 (dated 1920). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61759853 |
CircumArctic Rangifer Monitoring and Assessment Network (CARMA) is a scientific research network, launched in 2004 in Vancouver, British Columbia and funded by the Canadian IPY which focusses on the health of health "the North’s migratory tundra caribou and wild reindeer populations" in the face of global change, with up to 80% declines of some herds of wild "Rangifer" since 2004. The collaborative research is undertaken by an international team of scientists, administrators and members of local community members, particularly Rangifer hunters who share a common interest in their survival In 2000 "Rangifer" was confirmed as the key indicator species and the official Network was endorsed at Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) group gathering in Iceland held "to develop a framework for a circumpolar biodiversity monitoring program." CARMA was launched in Vancouver, BC in 2004 and is funded under the Canadian International Polar Year (IPY) program. The Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF)'s Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program, "an international network of scientists, governments, Indigenous organizations and conservation groups working to harmonize and integrate efforts to monitor the Arctic's living resources" invited CARMA to become an official Network. During the 24-month period ending in March 2009, over fifty thousand researchers from over sixty countries embarked on collaborative intensive scientific research projects on the polar regions in the fourth and largest International Polar Years (IPY) since its inception in 1882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61763916 |
CircumArctic Rangifer Monitoring and Assessment Network which resulted in the report entitled "Understanding Earth's Polar Challenges: International Polar Year 2007-2008". CARMA "has a small organizing committee coordinated through the Northern Research Institute (NRI) of Yukon College in Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada." CARMA is a network under the CBMP Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program (CBMP) whichcdelivers biodiversity status to the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) group which reports directly to the Arctic Council (AC). CARMA included scientists from Canada, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, the United States and Russia. Tools and resources in 2004 included the caribou Anatomy Atlas, Voices of caribou people, Standardized monitoring protocols, Manuals, Community Training video, Climate database, CARMA database, Models and a Website. In 2012 CARMA produced the report entitled, "CARMA 8 Moving Forward: Knowledge to Action." In 2013 CARMA published "CARMA’s MERRA-based caribou range climate database" in the journal "Rangifer". CARMA representatives presented at the 16th North American Caribou Workshop, the "foremost conference of its kind addressing caribou biology, research and management", the held in Thunder Bay in May 2016 organized by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Trent University and Sustainable Forestry Initiative and Amec Foster Wheeler. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61763916 |
Vartkess Ara Apkarian is a noted physical chemist and a Professor of Chemistry at The University of California, Irvine. He is the Director of Center for Chemistry at the Space-Time Limit, a National Science Foundation Center for Chemical Innovation. He graduated from University of Southern California with B.S. degrees in Chemistry followed by Ph.D. degree in Chemistry from Northwestern University. Following a postdoctoral fellowship at Cornell University, he joined the University of California as Chemistry faculty in 1983. He served as the Chair of the Chemistry Department (2004-2007) at UC Irvine. He is a Foreign Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, and a Fellow of American Physical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Sciences. His teaching and research has been recognized with awards including the Humboldt Prize (1996), USC Distinguished Alumnus (2007), Charles Bennett Service Through Chemistry Award of ACS (2008) ACS Award in Experimental Physical Chemistry (2014), Honorary Doctorate from the University of Jyväskylä, Finland (2016). His recent scientific contributions include creating a single-molecule sensor and developing tools to confine the light to atomic dimensions. His team visualized the internal structure of single molecules and imaging the normal vibrational modes of single molecules. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61766819 |
Individualized cancer immunotherapy Individualized cancer immunotherapy, also referred to as individualized immuno-oncology, is a novel concept for therapeutic cancer vaccines that are truly personalized to a single individual. The human immune system is generally able to recognize and fight cancer cells. However, this ability is usually insufficient and the cancer continues to spread.. Cancer immunotherapy is based on harnessing and potentiating the ability of the immune system to fight cancer. Each tumor has its own individual genetic fingerprint, the mutanome, that includes numerous genetic alterations. As opposed to a preformed drug, individualized cancer vaccination is a therapy that targets specific cancer mutations of the individual patient`s tumor. The production of vaccines tailored to match a person's individual constellation of cancer mutations has become a new field of research. The concept of individualized cancer immunotherapy aims to identify individual mutations in the tumor of a patient, that are crucial for the proliferation, survival or metastasis of tumor cells. For this purpose, the individual genetic blueprint of the tumor is decrypted by sequencing and, using this blueprint as a template, a synthetic vaccine tailored to the tumor of the individual patient is prepared. This vaccine is designed to control and train the body's immune system to fight the cancer. Cancer is characterized by an accumulation of genetic alterations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61793228 |
Individualized cancer immunotherapy A tumor may acquire up to thousands of different somatic mutations during the process of initiation and progression. A smaller number of cancer mutations interfere with normal cell regulation and help to drive cancer growth. Somatic mutations in the tumor genome can cause tumors to express mutant proteins (neoantigens) that are recognized by autologous T cells as foreign and constitute cancer vaccine targets. Such neoantigens are specifically expressed by tumor tissue and are not found on the surface of normal cells. They can upregulate tumor-specific T cells in patients without killing normal cells. T cells are key effectors of anticancer immunity. They are capable of distinguishing tumor cells from normal ones by recognizing HLA-bound cancer-specific peptides. A requirement for the recognition of neoantigens by the immune system is that the neoantigens and their antigenic determinants, the neoepitopes, are processed and presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules. These molecules may be recognized by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes as foreign neoepitopes and, with the help of CD4+ T lymphocytes, trigger an immune response leading to tumor-specific killing. CD8+ T cells are specialized for direct tumor cell killing. CD4+ T cells can interact with antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells to recruit other immune cells or stimulate effector cells. Most cancer neoantigens in humans arise from unique mutations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61793228 |
Individualized cancer immunotherapy A patient’s cancer is intra- as well as interlesionally heterogeneous and changes its composition over time. Each patient has an individual mutational signature (mutanome), and only a very small portion of the mutations are shared between patients. A concept is therefore that an immunotherapy directed at neoantigens needs to be individualized. The development of sequencing technology has improved the accuracy of identification and localization of neoantigens. With the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS), it has become possible to systematically predict cancer neoantigens for individual patients. In animal models, several independent studies have shown that vaccines consisting of computationally predicted neoepitopes mediated anti-tumor activity in mice. The translation of individualized neoepitope vaccines into clinical oncology is under investigation. Formats under consideration for individualized vaccines are synthetic peptides, messenger RNA, DNA plasmids, viral vectors, engineered bacteria, and antigen-loaded dendritic cells. In 2015, a first step towards individualized neoantigen vaccination was achieved by treating three melanoma patients with autologous dendritic cells loaded with a personalized mixture of seven peptides (neoantigens) that were predicted to bind to human leukocyte antigens (HLA). The neoantigen-loaded dendritic cells were cultured in vitro for autologous transfusion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61793228 |
Individualized cancer immunotherapy Results showed that the vaccine enhanced the existing immune response and elicited a neoantigen-specific T cell response that was not detected prior to injection. Sahin et al. were the first to identify suitable neoantigens using next generation sequencing (NGS) and used them to produce customized RNA vaccines capable of encoding these neoantigens. A total of 13 patients with melanoma received the RNA vaccine, eight of which had no tumor development during the follow-up. Immune surveillance analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in patients demonstrated that the RNA vaccines expanded preexisting T cells and induced de novo T cell responses against neoepitopes not recognized prior to vaccination. Another study group (Ott et al.) identified neoantigens in six melanoma patients and used them to create a customized vaccine for each patient with long peptides representing up to 20 mutations per patient. After surgical resection of the tumor, the vaccine was injected. The results showed that the tumor did not reappear in four patients during an observation period of 32 months after vaccination. Hilf et al. administered individualized neoantigen vaccines to 15 patients with glioblastoma. The vaccine triggered T cell immune responses to the predicted neoantigens. Keskin et al. investigated individualized neoantigen vaccines in eight glioblastoma patients after surgical resection and conventional radiotherapy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61793228 |
Individualized cancer immunotherapy The study group observed that the vaccine increased the number of tumor-infiltrating T cells that migrated from the peripheral blood into the brain. Individualized cancer vaccines typically consist of multiple predicted neoepitopes. The manufacturing process involves several steps. Tumor biopsies and healthy tissue (eg, peripheral blood cells) of a patient diagnosed with cancer are examined by NGS. Tumor-specific mutations in protein-coding genes are then identified by comparison of sequences from tumor and normal DNA. Computational tools classify these mutations for the highest likelihood of immunogenicity, that is, for the predicted expression and binding affinity of neoepitopes on HLA molecules. The top rankers are then used for the production of the vaccine. The intended output is an on-demand vaccine with a unique composition tailored to the patient's individual cancer mutanome. The research approach to mobilize an immune response tailored to the individual tumor of a patient is also referred to as individualized neoantigen-specific immunotherapy (iNeST). iNeST is based on the specific tumor mutations (neoantigens) of a single patient, with the aim of triggering high-affinity immune responses of T cells to the individual patient-specific cancer. The development of iNeST is driven by biotech companies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61793228 |
Susana Marcos Celestino (born 1970) is a Spanish physicist specialising in human vision and applied optics. She was the Director of the Optical Society in 2012. Marcos studied at the University of Salamanca in her hometown and obtained an MSc and then PhD in Physics, which she was granted with a special award. After training as a fellow in the Conseyu Cimeru d'Investigaciones Científiques (CSIC), she had postdoctoral training in Europe and the United States. Marcos Celestino's work focuses upon the development of diagnostic and correctional instruments in ophthalmology. From 1993 to 1996, Celestino had a predoctoral fellowship in the Department of Vision and Physiological Optics at the Institute of Optics of the CSIC in Madrid, Spain. Celestino spent three years, from 1997 to 2000, as a postdoctoral researcher in Schepens Eye Research Institute of the Harvard University Medical School in Boston. Celestino went back to Spain in 2000, getting a position at the CSIC, first as a senior scientist and later as a research professor. In 2005 she got the position of titular scientist of the CSIC, developing her own Institute of Optics. In 2006, she was awarded the position of professor of research at the CSIC, and in 2008 she was nominated director of the Institute of Optics. She held this position until 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61802217 |
Susana Marcos Celestino Marcos Celestino was awarded the King Jaime Prize in New Technologies, the Physics, Innovation and Technology Prize of the Royal Spanish Society of Physics, the Adolph Lomb Prize of the Optical Society and the ICO Prize from the International Optics commission. In 2019, Marcos Celestino was awarded the 'Leonardo Torres Quevedo' National Award in the field of engineering. Celestino was recipient of the following scholarships for research: Celestino patented a several methods and elements that modify or improve optical deficiencies and with crucial advances in ophthalmology. This has been described as unusual for a Spanish scientist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61802217 |
Surface power density (horizontal) Horizontal surface power density is the amount of power per unit of horizontal area of land or water occupied by an energy system. The term is usually shortened to "power density" in the relevant literature, which can lead to confusion with homonymous or similar terms. The concept was popularised by geographer Vaclav Smil. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61808089 |
Goio-Erê Formation The is a geological formation in Brasil, it was deposited between the Turonian and Campanian stages of the Late Cretaceous. It primarily consists of sandstone and was deposited in a desert environment. It is known for its exceptional 3-D preservation of fossils, which include those of the pterosaurs "Keresdrakon" and "Caiuajara" as well as the lizard "Gueragama.". It is laterally equivalent to the Rio Paraná Formation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61816450 |
Kenneth D Harris Kenneth D. Harris is a neuroscientist at University College London. He is most known for his contributions to the understanding of the neural code used by vast populations of neurons. Among his discoveries is the finding that populations in sensory areas of the brain also code for body movements. Harris has contributed to the development of silicon probes and most recently of Neuropixels probes. He is a founding member of the International Brain Laboratory. Harris obtained his PhD from UCL in the laboratory of Michael Recce, and did his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University in the laboratory of Gyorgy Buzsaki. He is Professor of Quantative Neuroscience at the UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, where he co-directs the Cortical Processing Laboratory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61864211 |
Greater Adria is a Greenland-sized paleomicrocontinent that existed from 240 to 140 million years ago. The paleocontinent is named after "Adria", a geologic region found in Italy, where evidence of the microcontinent was first observed. The continent was revealed to the public in September 2019. The continent was uncovered through simulations of plate tectonics with the GPlates software. The continent formed by rifting from the north Africa portion of the supercontinent of Gondwanaland 240 million years ago. It broke free into the Neo-Tethys Ocean and headed towards Laurasia. About 200 million years ago, the microcontinent of Iberia separated from the bulk of Greater Adria. The continent ended up accreting to the south Europe portion of the supercontinent of Laurasia, 140 million years ago. It then began subducting under it 100 million years ago. The now forms parts of the Alps, Apennines, the Balkans, Anatolia, the Caucasus. Including the Iberian microcontinent, it also forms Iberia, the Pyrenees, Occitania. Excluding Iberia, the only part remaining relatively intact is a strip running from Turin and Istria to the heel of Italy, under the Adriatic. Most of the subducted remains are some under Europe, deep in the Earth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61872027 |
Ramesh Jasti is a professor of organic chemistry at the University of Oregon. He was the first person to synthesize the elusive cycloparaphenylene in 2008 during post doctoral work in the laboratory of Professor Carolyn Bertozzi. He started his laboratory at Boston University where he was the recipient of the NSF CAREER award. In 2014, he moved his laboratory to the University of Oregon where he expanded his focus to apply the molecules he discovered in the areas of organic materials, mechanically interlocked molecules, and biology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61878439 |
Aminochlorination In organic synthesis, aminochlorination is a reaction that installs both a chlorine atom and an amino (or amido) group to give an 2-aminoalkyl chloride. The reaction typically is effected by combining alkene substrates with chloramines. An alternative implementation involves Pd(II)-induced nucleophilic attack of the amine on the alkene followed by oxidation by a cupric chloride. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61879941 |
ASASSN-19bt is a tidal disruption event, a star destroyed by a black hole, discovered by the All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN) project, with early-time, detailed observations by the TESS satellite. It was first detected on January 21st, 2019, and reached peak brightness on March 4th. The black hole is in the 16th magnitude galaxy 2MASX J07001137-6602251 in the constellation Volans at a redshift of 0.0262, around 375 million light years away. Observations in UV light made with NASA’s Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory showed a drop in the temperature of the tidal disruption from around 71,500 to 35,500 degrees Fahrenheit (40,000 to 20,000 degrees Celsius) over a few days. This is the first time such an early temperature drop has been seen in a tidal disruption event. The transient resulting from the tidal disruption event has been cataloged as AT 2019ahk. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61900168 |
UV detectors An Ultraviolet dectector (also known as UV detector or UV-Vis detector) is a type of non-destructive chromatography detector which measures the amount of ultraviolet or visible light absorbed by components of the mixture being eluted off the chromatography column. They are often used as detectors for high-performance liquid chromatography. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61925301 |
Matryoshka (diamond) The Matryoshka () is a unique diamond with another diamond moving freely inside. It was mined in Yakutia at the Nyurba mining and processing division of Alrosa. Due to its features, the stone resembles a traditional Russian Matryoshka doll. Experts who studied the find claim that this is the first and only such diamond in the entire history of world diamond mining until October 2019. The maximum size of the diamond is 4.8 × 4.9 × 2.8 mm. The volume of the internal cavity is 6 mm3. The internal crystal volume is 1.6 mm3 with an estimated weight of 0.02 carats (0.004 grams). The inner diamond has a flat shape, its size is 1.9 × 2.1 × 0.6 mm. The diamond was discovered during the sorting process by the specialists of the Yakut Diamond Trading Company (YDTC). Specialists handed it over to the Research and Development Geological Enterprise of Alrosa. At the Enterprise, diamond was studied by a complex of methods, including Raman spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy, as well as X-ray microtomography. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the inner diamond appeared before the external diamond. How an external diamond formed is not entirely clear. Two hypotheses are proposed to explain the formation of an external diamond. Alrosa plans to send the Matryoshka diamond to the Gemological Institute of America for further analysis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61972011 |
NGC 1406 is almost edge-on barred spiral galaxy in constellation Fornax. It was discovered by William Herschel on 18 November 1835. It is a member of Fornax Cluster, a cluster of 200 galaxies. At a distance of 50 million light-years, it is one of the closest members of the Fornax cluster. has a Hubble classification of SBbc, which indicates it is a barred spiral galaxy. It is also edge-on, making its bar hard to see. has a lot of dust in its disc, which is visible on the Hubble image in the box upper right. Its size on night sky is 3.9' x 0.7' which is proportional to real size of 75,000 light-years. This means is one of the larger galaxies in Fornax Cluster. It is north and distant from central galaxy NGC 1399, so it position in the Fornax Cluster is at the edge of it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61998158 |
NGC 3717 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation of Hydra at an approximate distance of 81.43 million light years. was discovered in 1834 by Sir John Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62005449 |
Dora Altbir (born 21 February 1961) is a Chilean physicist in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. She was awarded the National Prize for Exact Sciences (Chile) in 2019 for her work in the theoretical study of magnetic nanostructures. She is currently a professor at the University of Santiago, Chile. Altbir is director of the Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA) and director of the "Dirección de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica" (DICYT) at University of Santiago, Chile. She is a corresponding member of the Chilean Academy of Sciences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62011296 |
Donald George Broadley (1932–2016) was an African herpetologist. He described as new to science 115 species and subspecies, and 8 genera and subgenera of reptiles. He was one of the founders of the Herpetological Association of Africa (initially the Herpetological Association of Rhodesia). He earned his doctorate at the University of Natal in 1966. His widow, Sheila Broadley, is also a herpetologist. Broadley is commemorated in the scientific names of eight species of reptiles: "Afroedura broadleyi", "Atheris broadleyi", "Elapsoidea broadleyi", "Lygodactylus broadleyi", "Pelusios broadleyi", "Platysaurus broadleyi", "Scolecoseps broadleyi", and "Tricheilostoma broadleyi". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62024955 |
ADInstruments is an international company that produces data acquisition and analysis systems for the life sciences industry. It is headquartered in Dunedin, New Zealand and has more than 170 staff worldwide. Voted a finalist in Kenexa/JRA Top 10 Best Place to work in 2009, 2010., 2011 and 2012, and voted number one place to work in the life sciences industry in 2012 by The Scientist Magazine. partners with several producers of life sciences equipment, including Transonic Systems Inc., Radnoti Glass Technologies Inc., Panlab s.I. and Millar Instruments Ltd. is also an Applied Science industry partner with the University of Otago (New Zealand) In 1985, the Physiology Department at New Zealand's University of Otago encouraged the development of a computer-based data acquisition system to replace their paper-based systems. In 1985, as part of his Computer Science Masters at the university, Michael Macknight built the MacLab, one of the first analog to digital converters that connected to a Macintosh computer. Michael and his father, Tony Macknight, created a company initially known as Analog Digital Instruments. Very soon, they formed a partnership with Boris Schlensky who bought in skills around manufacturing, marketing and distribution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20803306 |
ADInstruments Two software packages were initially developed: Chart (chart-recorder software, now LabChart) and Scope (digital oscilloscope software), which provided software control of the recording unit as well as a range of display and analysis features: The company provides grants, awards and sponsorship to students, researchers and educators in the life sciences industry: In 2008 the company was nominated for two Life Science Industry Awards: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20803306 |
PowerLab (before 1998 was referred to as MacLab) is a data acquisition system developed by ADInstruments comprising hardware and software and designed for use in life science research and teaching applications. It is commonly used in physiology, pharmacology, biomedical engineering, sports/exercise studies and psychophysiology laboratories to record and analyse physiological signals from human or animal subjects or from isolated organs. The system consists of an input device connected to a Microsoft Windows or Mac OS computer using a USB cable and LabChart software which is supplied with the and provides the recording, display and analysis functions. The use of and supplementary ADInstruments products have been demonstrated on the Journal of Visualised Experiments. The original MacLab unit was developed in the late 1980s to run with only Macintosh computers to perform computer-based data acquisition and analysis. The MacLab product range was renamed "PowerLab" in 1997 to reflect the cross-platform nature of the system. The system is essentially a peripheral device designed to perform various functions needed for data acquisition, signal conditioning and pre-processing. Versatile display options and analysis functions are complemented by the ability to export data to other software (such as Microsoft Excel). Formerly known as Chart. The software functions like a traditional multi-channel chart recorder, XY plotter, polygraph and digital voltmeter. It is compatible with both Windows and Macintosh operating systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20811122 |
PowerLab The software has hardware settings control, performs analysis in real-time and offline without the loss of raw data, procedure automation via editable macros, and multiple block samplings for the recording and settings of different signals within one file. Large specialised add-ons called Modules provide data acquisition and analysis features for specific applications such as ECG, blood pressure, cardiac output, HRV etc. Smaller software plugins provide additional and specialized functionality to LabChart. Extensions perform functions such as file translations into other formats (including PVAN and Igor Pro) and specialist analysis functions (for specific research areas such as spirometry and ventricular pressure). The last version of LabChart6 (version 6.1.3) was released on January 2009. In April 2009, LabChart 7 was released and incorporates the features of a multi-channel digital oscilloscope that allows recording and averaging of up to sixteen signals in real time. Latest version of LabChart7 is version 7.0. LabChart 8 is also now available. Software provides a range of hands-on laboratory background for students that includes experimental background & protocols, data acquisition & analysis, and report generation within one interface. The software and accompanying hardware is configured for immediate use with step by step instructions designed to maximize student productivity by applying independent learning techniques to a suite of human and animal physiological experiments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20811122 |
PowerLab Recently, LabAuthor software was released to provide educators the ability to design or edit existing LabTutor experiments and tailor the experiments to suit their practical classes without the need of programming or HTML skills. Records and analyzes high frequency signals that are time-locked to a stimulus. The display allows computer screen to act as an oscilloscope and XY plotter The messaging protocol is not publicly available and there is no public API for traditional programming languages such as C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20811122 |
Pigeon pox is a viral disease to which pigeons are susceptible. There is a live viral vaccine available (ATCvet code: ). is caused by "Pigeonpox virus" that is spread by mosquitoes and dirty water but not in droppings. The disease causes pox scabs to form around the bird's face, mouth and feet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20819509 |
Volumetric flux In fluid dynamics, the volumetric flux is the rate of volume flow across a unit area (m·s·m). = liters/(second*area). The density of a particular property in a fluid's volume, multiplied with the volumetric flux of the fluid, thus defines the advective flux of that property. The volumetric flux through a porous medium is often modelled using Darcy's law. is not to be confused with volumetric flow rate, which is the volume of fluid that passes through a "given" surface per unit of time (as opposed to a "unit" surface). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20826071 |
Candle ice is a form of rotten ice that develops in columns perpendicular to the surface of a lake. It makes a clinking sound when the "candles" are broken apart and floating in the water, bumping up against each other. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20833185 |
Rotten ice is a loose term for ice that is melting, disintegrating, or otherwise formed, having water, air, or contaminants between ice grains, causing the ice to be honeycombed. It forms on open water, when snowpack and ice are mixed together and other conditions. It may be transparent, causing it to look like new black ice. Though it may appear strong, rotten ice is weak—even several feet thick may not hold a person's weight. On land, it is difficult or impossible to climb. It melts more quickly than solid ice. Candle ice is a form of rotten ice. One way to tell that ice is rotting would be the grey, splotchy color. Also, the thickness of ice cannot determine how safe it is, because water from underneath the ice can erode the ice and cause it to be thinner without a sign on the surface. Even thick ice may be weak, especially if it has frozen and thawed repeatedly or if it contains layers of snow. Minerals in the water make vertical veins in the ice. These veins melt much faster than the rest of the ice causing vertical channels and the ice to weaken along those channels. Many people tend to question if snow actually warms up ice, making it more likely to crack and break, or if snow actually causes ice to freeze faster. Snow will actually act like an insulating blanket. The ice under the snow will be thinner and weaker. A new snowfall can also warm-up and melt existing ice. is becoming more commonly found in the Beaufort Sea, near Alaska, due to different climate changes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20838863 |
Rotten ice This is concerning, because it is a sign that the amount of multiyear ice is declining, and it is being replaced with heavily decayed ice. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20838863 |
Jerzy Jurka Jerzy Władysław Jurka (June 4, 1950 – July 19, 2014) was a Polish-American computational and molecular biologist. He served as the assistant director of research at the Linus Pauling Institute prior to founding the Genetic Information Research Institute. He collaborated with several notable scientists including Linus Pauling, George Irving Bell, Roy Britten, Temple Smith, and Emile Zuckerkandl. His Erdős number is 3, using the path through Temple Smith and Stanislaw Ulam. Dr. Jurka is best known for his work on eukaryotic transposable elements (TEs), including the discovery of the major families of Alu elements. He also proposed the mechanism of Alu proliferation and discovered their paternal transmission. The majority of known types of class II TEs, or DNA transposons, were discovered or co-discovered by his team at the Genetic Information Research Institute, based on DNA sequence analysis. The first one, reported in 2001 with Vladimir Kapitonov, became known as "Helitron", which is playing a major role in genomic evolution. In 2006 they reported a study of a new, self-synthesizing transposable element called Polinton or Maverick, which is present many diverse eukaryotes. More recently, Jurka and his co-workers presented a hypothesis that links the origin of repetitive families (TE families), to population subdivision and speciation based on classical concepts of population genetics. is the founder of Repbase , which he developed since 1990 with his team and other contributors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20845472 |
Jerzy Jurka Repbase is the primary reference database of TEs used in DNA annotation and analysis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20845472 |
Eilat stone Eilat Stone derives its name from the city of Eilat where it was once mined, it is a green-blue heterogeneous mixture of several secondary copper minerals including malachite, azurite, turquoise, pseudomalachite, chrysocolla. The is the National stone of Israel, and is also known as the King Solomon Stone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20845760 |
Zirconate A zirconate is an oxyanion containing zirconium. Examples include NaZrO, CaZrO which can be prepared by fusing zirconium dioxide with e.g. NaO and CaO respectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20860786 |
The Atom Besieged The Atom Besieged: Extraparliamentary Dissent in France and Germany is a 1981 book by Dorothy Nelkin and Michael Pollak. This book examines the opposition to nuclear power in France and West Germany in the 1970s, which is assessed as being broadly based and widespread. The authors argue that the basic fear which accounted for the vehemence of the opposition is that nuclear power fundamentally alters the makeup of society. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20885836 |
Levich equation The models the diffusion and solution flow conditions around a rotating disk electrode (RDE). It is named after Veniamin Grigorievich Levich who first developed an RDE as a tool for electrochemical research. It can be used to predict the current observed at an RDE, in particular, the gives the height of the sigmoidal wave observed in rotating disk voltammetry. The sigmoidal wave height is often called the Levich current. The is written as: where "I" is the Levich current (A), "n" is the number of moles of electrons transferred in the half reaction (number), "F" is the Faraday constant (C/mol), "A" is the electrode area (cm), "D" is the diffusion coefficient (see Fick's law of diffusion) (cm/s), "ω" is the angular rotation rate of the electrode (rad/s), "v" is the kinematic viscosity (cm/s), "C" is the analyte concentration (mol/cm) To use the equation as written above (with the leading 0.620), radians per second for angular rotation units must be used. If revolution (rotations) per minute (rpm) are used, a value of 0.201 should be used in place of 0.620. Whereas the suffices for many purposes, improved forms based on derivations utilising more terms in the velocity expression are available. The is often simplified by defining a Levich constant "B" such that: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20886466 |
Veniamin Levich Veniamin Grigorievich (Benjamin) Levich (; 30 March 1917 in Kharkiv, Ukraine – 19 January 1987 in Englewood, New Jersey, United States) was a Soviet dissident, internationally prominent physical chemist, electrochemist and founder of the discipline of physico-chemical hydrodynamics. He was a student of the theoretical physicist, Lev Landau. His landmark textbook titled "Physicochemical Hydrodynamics" is widely considered his most important contribution to science. The Levich equation describing a current at a rotating disk electrode is named after him. His research activities also included gas-phase collision reactions, electrochemistry, and the quantum mechanics of electron transfer. Professor Levich received many honors during his life, including the Olin Palladium Award of The Electrochemical Society in 1973. He was elected a foreign member of the Norwegian Academy of Sciences in 1977 and a foreign associate of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering in 1982. He was also a member of numerous scientific organizations, although on leaving the USSR in 1978 he had to relinquish his Soviet citizenship and, therefore, was expelled from the USSR Academy of Sciences. An interdisciplinary institute at the City College of New York is named in his honor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20886492 |
Local standard of rest In astronomy, the local standard of rest or LSR follows the mean motion of material in the Milky Way in the neighborhood of the Sun. The path of this material is not precisely circular. The Sun follows the solar circle (eccentricity "e" < 0.1 ) at a speed of about 255 km/s in a clockwise direction when viewed from the galactic north pole at a radius of ≈ 8.34 kpc about the center of the galaxy near Sgr A*, and has only a slight motion, towards the solar apex, relative to the LSR. The LSR velocity is anywhere from 202–241 km/s. In 2014, very-long-baseline interferometry observations of maser emission in high mass star forming regions placed tight constraints on combinations of kinematic parameters such as the circular orbit speed of the Sun (Θ + V = 255.2 ± 5.1 km/s). There is significant correlation between the circular motion of the solar circle, the solar peculiar motion, and the predicted counterrotation of star-forming regions. Additionally, "local" estimates of the velocity of the LSR based on stars in the vicinity of the Sun may potentially yield different results than "global" estimates derived from motions relative to the Galactic center. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20891413 |
American Prometheus American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer is a biography of J. Robert Oppenheimer by Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin published by Alfred A. Knopf in 2005. Twenty-five years in the making, the book was awarded the 2006 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography. It also won the 2008 Duff Cooper Prize, Chicago Tribune Best Book of the Year, and "Discover Magazine" Best Science Book of the Year. The book was compiled and researched for two decades by Martin J. Sherwin before Kai Bird was brought on to put it together in a cohesive and readable format. The book's title refers to the legend of Prometheus, as mentioned in "Scientific Monthly" in September 1945: It is 721 pages from start to finish in the May 2006 paperback edition, but it also includes 32 pages of photographs. The first edition also has 721 pages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20904971 |
National Weather Service Training Center The (NWSTC) provides initial and continuing education to NOAA/NWS employees in the areas of equipment (operations, maintenance and repair), management, meteorology, hydrology, systems support, and related activities. NWSTC's staff develop and deliver courses in a number of formats including residence classes and workshops, web-based and computer-based self-study tutorials, teletraining (interactive web delivery), and work aides. It is located in Kansas City, Missouri. In addition, NWSTC staff provides consulting services, research and development (R&D), technical and operational documentation assistance, and system deployment support. The NWSTC Leadership Academy also offers leadership training to all federal agencies. NWSTC's goal is to teach job-specific and practical skills; integrate systems so the whole, instead of individual parts of the problem, can be recognized; emulate the NWS working field environment; and provide students the ability to work and experiment with concepts or equipment as part of learning. NWSTC's mission is to align the training of NOAA/NWS employees with the advancement of science and technology for NOAA to earn the public's trust and perform with service-based excellence. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20920999 |
Ionometer The term ionometer was originally applied to a device for measuring the intensity of ionising radiation. Examples of radiation detectors described as ionometers can be found through to the 1950s but the term more often now means a device for measuring the chemical ion concentration of a fluid. An early ionometer is due to the Swiss physicist Heinrich Greinacher in 1913. However, Greinacher was not the first to build an ionometer, he credits one Bronson with building an instrument upon which Greinacher's was an improvement. Greinacher states the advantage of his instrument over Bronson's being in not requiring the quadrant electrometer (invented by Lord Kelvin). Greinacher also had to invent the practical voltage doubler circuit in order to provide the 200-300 V he needed for the ionometer as the 110 V AC supplied by the Zurich power stations of the time were insufficient. Possibly the first use of ionometer with this meaning was by F. E. Bartell. In his paper on the instrument in 1917 he discusses possible names, rejecting potentiometer as inappropriate, so implying that there was not already a name in existence. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20931669 |
Viral regulatory and accessory protein A viral regulatory and accessory protein is a type of viral protein that can play an indirect role in the function of a virus. An example is Nef. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20936299 |
2MASX J00482185−2507365 occulting pair The is a pair of overlapping spiral galaxies found in the vicinity of NGC 253, the "Sculptor Galaxy". Both galaxies are more distant than NGC 253, with the background galaxy, 2MASX J00482185−2507365 (PGC 198197), lying at redshift z=0.06, about 800 million light-years from Earth, and the foreground galaxy lying between NGC 253 and the background galaxy (0.0008 < z < 0.06). This pair of galaxies illuminates the distribution of galactic dust beyond the visible arms of a spiral galaxy. The heretofore unexpected extent of dust beyond the starry limits of the arms shows new areas for extragalactic astronomical study. The dusty arms extend 6 times the radii of the starry arms of the galaxy, and are shown silhouetted in HST images against the central and core sections of the background galaxy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20936835 |
Viral structural protein A viral structural protein is a viral protein that is a structural component of the mature virus. Examples include the SARS coronavirus 3a and 7a accessory proteins. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20937397 |
E2 (HCV) E2 is a viral structural protein found in the hepatitis C virus. It is present on the viral membrane and functions as a host receptor binding protein, mediating entry into host cells. It is a key target for the design of entry inhibitors and vaccine immunogens. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20937523 |
NS3 (HCV) Nonstructural protein 3 (NS3), also known as p-70, is a viral nonstructural protein that is 70 kDa cleavage product of the hepatitis C virus polyprotein. It acts as a serine protease. C-terminal two thirds of the protein also acts as helicase and nucleoside triphosphatase. First (N-terminal) 180 aminoacids of NS3 has additional role as cofactor domains for NS2 protein. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20937534 |
NS4A Nonstructural protein 4A (NS4A) is a viral protein found in the hepatitis C virus. It acts as a cofactor for the enzyme NS3. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20937590 |
Pol (HIV) Pol (DNA polymerase) refers to a gene in retroviruses, or the protein produced by that gene. Products of pol include: Common to all retroviruses, this enzyme transcribes the viral RNA into double-stranded DNA. This enzyme integrates the DNA produced by reverse transcriptase into the host's genome. A protease is any enzyme that cuts proteins into segments. HIV's "gag" and "pol" genes do not produce their proteins in their final form, but as larger combination proteins; the specific protease used by HIV cleaves these into separate functional units. Protease inhibitor drugs block this step. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20937833 |
Hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase is a hepatitis B viral protein. It is a DNA polymerase that can use either DNA or RNA templates and a ribonuclease H that cuts RNA in the duplex. Both functions are supplied by the reverse transcriptase (RT) domain. The hepadnaviral P protein is organized into three domains: an N-terminal domain () covering the terminal and the spacer, an RT domain related to every other RT domain, and a C-terminal domain () regulating the RNase H activity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20938660 |
Mumps hemagglutinin-neuraminidase is a type of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase produced by mumps. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20939718 |
Measles hemagglutinin is a hemagglutinin produced by measles virus. It attaches to CD46 using a dead neuraminidase domain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20940150 |
Respiratory syncytial virus G protein is a protein produced by respiratory syncytial virus. It has been proposed as a target for a vaccine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20940289 |
Bhāskara's wheel was invented in 1150 by Bhāskara II, an Indian mathematician, in an attempt to create a hypothetical perpetual-motion machine. The wheel consisted of curved or tilted spokes partially filled with mercury. Once in motion, the mercury would flow from one side of the spoke to another, thus forcing the wheel to continue motion, in constant dynamic equilibrium. Like all perpetual-motion machines, Bhaskara's wheel is a long-discredited mechanism. To truly overbalance the wheel (so that torque in one direction is greater than the other) and cause motion, the radius of the spokes would have to be altered throughout the course of the wheel's motion. This would have to be done actively, thus consuming energy in the process — and so the machine would cease to be a perpetual-motion engine. It's also important to consider the wheel as it moves, as it can be placed into an overbalanced position so that the math makes it appear that there is an overall torque. It is perfectly possible for the wheel to exert a motion if it is placed off balance (much in the same way a pendulum will swing if moved out of a perfectly vertical position), but that motion does not continue indefinitely and will eventually be counteracted. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20951069 |
Csaba Csáki is a theoretical physicist who studied under Lisa Randall at the MIT Center for Theoretical Physics. He is known for his work in models of extra dimensions and supersymmetry. He is currently a professor at Cornell University. He was granted fellowship by the American Physical Society in 2016. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20954012 |
Bondi accretion In astrophysics, the Bondi accretion, named after Hermann Bondi, is spherical accretion onto a compact object traveling through the interstellar medium. It is generally used in the context of neutron star and black hole accretion. To achieve an approximate form of the rate, accretion is assumed to occur at a rate formula_1. Where: The Bondi radius comes from setting escape velocity equal to the sound speed and solving for radius. It represents the boundary between subsonic and supersonic infall. Substituting the Bondi radius in the above equation yields: formula_9. These are only scaling relations rather than rigorous definitions. A more complete solution can be found in Bondi's original work and two other papers. When a planet is forming in a protoplanetary disk, it needs the gas in the disk to fall into its Bondi sphere in order for the planet to be able to accrete an atmosphere. For a massive enough planet, the initial accreted gas can quickly fill up the Bondi sphere. At this point, the atmosphere must cool and contract (through the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism) for the planet to be able to accrete more of an atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20957324 |
Multiple-emitter transistor A multiple-emitter transistor is a specialized bipolar transistor mostly used at the inputs of integrated circuit TTL NAND logic gates. Input signals are applied to the emitters. The voltage presented to the following stage is pulled low if any one or more of the base–emitter junctions is forward biased, allowing logical operations to be performed using a single transistor. Multiple-emitter transistors replace the diodes of diode–transistor logic (DTL) to make transistor–transistor logic (TTL), and thereby allow reduction of switching time and power dissipation. Logic gate use of multiple-emitter transistors was patented in 1961 in the UK and in the US in 1962. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20959189 |
Parainfluenza hemagglutinin-neuraminidase is a type of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase produced by parainfluenza. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20964156 |
Fixation agent A fixation agent is a chemical that is capable to fixate one substance to another substance that the first substance have little affinity to. In pulp and paper production fixation agents are used to fixate pitch or stickies to the paper fibers to transport the problems out of the production process and have a cleaner production plant. As fixation agents used in pulp and paper production are minerals like talc and bentonite or different cationic polymers like polyDADMAC. The polymer based fixation agents are often called detackifiers as they reduce the tackiness of the pitch and stickies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20973517 |
Retention agent A retention agent is a process chemical that improves the retention of a functional chemical in a substrate. The result is that totally less chemicals are used to get the same effect of the functional chemical and fewer chemicals go to waste. Retention agents (retention aids) are used in the papermaking industry. These are added in the wet end of the paper machine to improve retention fine particles and fillers during the formation of paper. Retention aids can also be used to improve the retention of other papermaking chemicals, including sizing and cationic starches. The improved retention of papermaking furnish components improves the operational efficiency of the paper machine, reduces the solids and organic loading in the process water loop, and can lower overall chemical costs. Typical chemicals used as retention aids are: polyacrylamide (PAM), polyethyleneimine (PEI), colloidal silica, and bentonite. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20973916 |
Johan Peter Holtsmark (13 February 1894 – 10 December 1975) was a Norwegian physicist, who studied spectral line broadening and electron scattering. In 1929, while at the Norwegian Institute of Technology, Holtsmark established acoustics research laboratories, focusing on architectural acoustics and sound insulation. Holtsmark was also a consultant for the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) throughout the 1930s. Together with the Swedish physicist Hilding Faxén published Holtsmark a work in 1927 about scattering of electrons in gases. Here they introduced a new, mathematical method based upon partial waves. This is now standard and described in almost every modern book on quantum mechanics. Between 1934 and 1937 he led the construction of a Van de Graaff accelerator at the Norwegian Institute of Technology, which became the first particle accelerator to go into operation in Scandinavia. Holtsmark was one of the founding fathers of CERN and represented Norway to the European Council for Nuclear Research, which later led into the establishment of the organization itself. He was awarded the Fridtjof Nansen Excellent Research Award in 1969, was a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters from 1925 and the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters from 1926. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20976147 |
Ice pruning is the natural process of selective vegetative pruning on the windward side of a plant, executed by the impact of ice and snow particles driven by wind. The process is sometimes termed snow pruning. The time scale required for this phenomenon is typically over several growing seasons. The characteristic asymmetry of an ice-pruned plant is achieved only if the prevailing winds during the snow season have a definite directional bias, as shown on a wind rose. is seen in high latitudes and altitudes, such as high mountain slopes and locations more than 50 degrees of latitude from the equator. In parts of northern Canada, forests dominated by Black Spruce have been noted for containing individual trees that are distinctively ice-pruned. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20982665 |
Perennibranchiate Perennibranchiate, in zoology, is the condition of an organism retaining branchae, or gills, through life. This condition is generally said of certain amphibia, such as the mudpuppy. The term is opposed to caducibranchiate. In some cases only a small proportion of a given amphibian population is perennibranchiate, but in other instances a preponderance of the individuals have an adult gill retention. For example, in the case of the Rough-skinned Newt in the Cascade Mountains populations, approximately ninety percent of the adult population is perennibranchiate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20997946 |
High Resolution Melt (HRM) analysis is a powerful technique in molecular biology for the detection of mutations, polymorphisms and epigenetic differences in double-stranded DNA samples. It was discovered and developed by Idaho Technology and the University of Utah. It has advantages over other genotyping technologies, namely: HRM analysis is performed on double stranded DNA samples. Typically the user will use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) prior to HRM analysis to amplify the DNA region in which their mutation of interest lies. In the sample tube there are now many copies of the DNA region of interest. This region that is amplified is known as the amplicon. After the PCR process the HRM analysis begins. The process is simply a precise warming of the amplicon DNA from around 50 ˚C up to around 95 ˚C. At some point during this process, the melting temperature of the amplicon is reached and the two strands of DNA separate or "melt" apart. The key to HRM is to monitor this separation of strands in real-time. This is achieved by using a fluorescent dye. The dyes that are used for HRM are known as intercalating dyes and have a unique property. They bind specifically to double-stranded DNA and when they are bound they fluoresce brightly. In the absence of double stranded DNA they have nothing to bind to and they only fluoresce at a low level. At the beginning of the HRM analysis there is a high level of fluorescence in the sample because of the billions of copies of the amplicon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21003747 |
High Resolution Melt But as the sample is heated up and the two strands of the DNA melt apart, presence of double stranded DNA decreases and thus fluorescence is reduced. The HRM machine has a camera that watches this process by measuring the fluorescence. The machine then simply plots this data as a graph known as a melt curve, showing the level of fluorescence vs the temperature: The melting temperature of the amplicon at which the two DNA strands come apart is entirely predictable. It is dependent on the sequence of the DNA bases. If you are comparing two samples from two different people, they should give exactly the same shaped melt curve. However, if one person has a mutation in the DNA region you have amplified, then this will alter the temperature at which the DNA strands melt apart. So now the two melt curves appear different. The difference may only be tiny, perhaps a fraction of a degree, but because the HRM machine has the ability to monitor this process in "high resolution", it is possible to accurately document these changes and therefore identify if a mutation is present or not. Things become slightly more complicated than this because organisms contain two (or more) copies of each gene, known as the two alleles. So, if a sample is taken from a patient and amplified using PCR both copies of the region of DNA (alleles) of interest are amplified. So if we are looking for mutation there are now three possibilities: These three scenarios are known as "Wild–type", "Heterozygote" or "Homozygote" respectively | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21003747 |
High Resolution Melt Each gives a melt curve that is slightly different. With a high quality HRM assay it is possible to distinguish between all three of these scenarios. Homozygous allelic variants may be characterised by a temperature shift on the resulting melt curve produced by HRM analysis. In comparison, heterozygotes are characterised by changes in melt curve shape. This is due to base-pair mismatching generated as a result of destabilised heteroduplex annealing between wild-type and variant strands. These differences can be easily seen on the resulting melt curve and the melt profile differences between the different genotypes can be amplified visually via generating a difference curve Conventional SNP typing methods are typically time-consuming and expensive, requiring several probe based assays to be multiplexed together or the use of DNA microarrays. HRM is more cost-effective and reduces the need to design multiple pairs of primers and the need to purchase expensive probes. The HRM method has been successfully used to detect a single G to A substitution in the gene Vssc (Voltage Sensitive Sodium Channel) which confers resistance to the acaricide permethrin in Scabies mite. This mutation results in a coding change in the protein (G1535D). The analysis of scabies mites collected from suspected permethrin susceptible and tolerant populations by HRM showed distinct melting profiles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21003747 |
High Resolution Melt The amplicons from the sensitive mites were observed to have a higher melting temperature relative to the tolerant mites, as expected from the higher thermostability of the GC base pair In a field more relevant to clinical diagnostics, HRM has been shown to be suitable in principle for the detection of mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. More than 400 mutations have been identified in these genes.The sequencing of genes is the gold standard for identifying mutations. Sequencing is time-consuming and labour-intensive and is often preceded by techniques used to identify heteroduplex DNA, which then further amplify these issues. HRM offers a faster and more convenient closed-tube method of assessing the presence of mutations and gives a result which can be further investigated if it is of interest. In a study carried out by Scott et al. in 2006, 3 cell lines harbouring different BRCA mutations were used to assess the HRM methodology. It was found that the melting profiles of the resulting PCR products could be used to distinguish the presence or absence of a mutation in the amplicon. Similarly in 2007 Krypuy et al. showed that the careful design of HRM assays (with regards to primer placement) could be successfully employed to detect mutations in the TP53 gene, which encodes the tumour suppressor protein p53 in clinical samples of breast and ovarian cancer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21003747 |
High Resolution Melt Both these studies highlighted the fact that changes in the melting profile can be in the form of a shift in the melting temperature or an obvious difference in the shape of the melt curve. Both of these parameters are a function of the amplicon sequence. The consensus is that HRM is a cost efficient method that can be employed as an initial screen for samples suspected of harbouring polymorphisms or mutations. This would reduce the number of samples which need to be investigated further using more conventional methods. Currently there are many methods used to determine the zygosity status of a gene at a particular locus. These methods include the use of PCR with specifically designed probes to detect the variants of the genes (SNP typing is the simplest case). In cases where longer stretches of variation is implicated, post PCR analysis of the amplicons may be required. Changes in enzyme restriction, electrophoretic and chromatographic profiles can be measured. These methods are usually more time-consuming and increase the risk of amplicon contamination in the laboratory, due to the need to work with high concentrations of amplicons in the lab post-PCR. The use of HRM reduces the time required for analysis and the risk of contamination. HRM is a more cost-effective solution and the high resolution element not only allows the determination of homo and heterozygosity, it also resolves information about the type of homo and heterozygosity, with different gene variants giving rise to differing melt curve shapes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21003747 |
High Resolution Melt A study by Gundry et al. 2003, showed that fluorescent labelling of one primer (in the pair) has been shown to be favourable over using an intercalating dye such as SYBR green I. However, progress has been made in the development and use of improved intercalating dyes which reduce the issue of PCR inhibition and concerns over non-saturating intercalation of the dye. The HRM methodology has also been exploited to provide a reliable analysis of the methylation status of DNA. This is of significance since changes to the methylation status of tumour suppressor genes, genes that regulate apoptosis and DNA repair, are characteristics of cancers and also have implications for responses to chemotherapy. For example, cancer patients can be more sensitive to treatment with DNA alkylating agents if the promoter of the DNA repair gene "MGMT" of the patient is methylated. In a study which tested the methylation status of the "MGMT" promoter on 19 colorectal samples, 8 samples were found to be methylated. Another study compared the predictive power of "MGMT" promoter methylation in 83 high grade glioma patients obtained by either MSP, pyrosequencing, and HRM. The HRM method was found to be at least equivalent to pyrosequencing in quantifying the methylation level . Methylated DNA can be treated by bi-sulphite modification, which converts non-methylated cytosines to uracil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21003747 |
High Resolution Melt Therefore, PCR products resulting from a template that was originally unmethylated will have a lower melting point than those derived from a methylated template. HRM also offers the possibility of determining the proportion of methylation in a given sample, by comparing it to a standard curve which is generated by mixing different ratios of methylated and non-methylated DNA together. This can offer information regarding the degree of methylation that a tumour may have and thus give an indication of the character of the tumour and how far it deviates from what is "normal". HRM also is practically advantageous for use in diagnostics, due to its capacity to be adapted to high throughput screening testing, and again it minimises the possibility of amplicon spread and contamination within a laboratory, owing to its closed-tube format. To follow the transition of dsDNA (double-stranded) to ssDNA (single-stranded), intercalating dyes are employed. These dyes show differential fluorescence emission dependent on their association with double-stranded or single-stranded DNA. SYBR Green I is a first generation dye for HRM. It fluoresces when intercalated into dsDNA and not ssDNA. Because it may inhibit PCR at high concentrations, it is used at sub-saturating concentrations. Recently, some researchers have discouraged the use of SYBR Green I for HRM, claiming that substantial protocol modifications are required | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21003747 |
High Resolution Melt This is because it is suggested that the lack of accuracy may result from "dye jumping", where dye from a melted duplex may get reincorporated into regions of dsDNA which had not yet melted. New saturating dyes such as LC Green and LC Green Plus, ResoLight, EvaGreen, Chromofy and SYTO 9 are available on the market and have been used successfully for HRM. However, some groups have successfully used SYBR Green I for HRM with the Corbett Rotorgene instruments and advocate the use of SYBR Green I for HRM applications. High resolution melting assays typically involve qPCR amplification followed by a melting curve collected using a fluorescent dye. Due to the sensitivity of high-resolution melting analysis, it is necessary to carefully consider PCR cycling conditions, template DNA quality, and melting curve parameters. For accurate and repeatable results, PCR thermal cycling conditions must be optimized to ensure that the desired DNA region is amplified with high specificity and minimal bias between sequence variants. The melting curve is typically performed across a broad range of temperatures in small (~0.3 °C) increments that are long enough (~10 seconds) for the DNA to reach equilibrium at each temperature step. In addition to typical primer design considerations, the design of primers for high-resolution melting assays involves maximizing the thermodynamic differences between PCR products belonging to different genotypes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21003747 |
High Resolution Melt Smaller amplicons generally yield greater melting temperature variation than longer amplicons, but the variability cannot be predicted by eye. For this reason, it is critical to accurately predict the melting curve of PCR products when designing primers that will distinguish sequence variants. Specialty software, such as uMelt and DesignSignatures, are available to help design primers that will maximize melting curve variability specifically for high-resolution melting assays. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21003747 |
Dogs (Protection of Livestock) Act 1953 The Dogs (Protection of Livestock) Act of 1953 is a British Act devised to protect livestock from dogs. The Act outlines punishment of dog owners whose dogs worry livestock on agricultural land. Protected livestock is defined as cattle, sheep, goats, swine, horses and domestic poultry. Game birds are specifically excluded. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21005235 |
Alfred Jost (1916–1991) was a French endocrinologist, and an early researcher in the field of fetal endocrinology. He is known for his discovery of the Müllerian inhibitor, now called anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) or Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS). His research demonstrated how hormones affect the development of male and female sex characteristics. Jost was a professor at the University of Paris, and was head of the Department of Comparative Physiology there in 1972. Jost was known for applying surgical methods to fetal endocrinology. He also taught many pre-doctoral students. During the 1950s and 1960s Jost studied the mechanism of somatic sex differentiation; his research showed that male characteristics must be imposed on the fetus by the testicular hormones testosterone and AMH, and that in the absence or inactivity of these hormones, the fetus becomes phenotypically female. Jost also studied testicular differentiation, in collaboration with Solange Magre. He was the first to show that testicular organization is heralded by the development of pre-Sertoli cells, which progressively surround germ cells to form seminiferous tubules. He died February 3, 1991 at age 75, having retired from the Collège de France, but still active as the Secrétaire Perpétuel of the French Academy of Sciences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21015553 |
Museum Daniel Cargnin The is located at Rua do Comércio, 825 in the city of Mata, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It received its name in honor of priest and paleontologist Daniel Cargnin, which collected more than 80 percent of fossils in the region of Mata. It is a museum of Paleorrota Geopark. With a collection of 2,500 pieces fossil plants and animals. The region is a center for information and guidance on the geopark of paleorrota. Near there is the Garden of paleobotany, located at street "Rua do Sertão, 67", an area of , with fossil and petrified wood, serves as a field of study and tourism. Attached is a house of culture that houses a machine manufacturing German Deutz in the 1930s who drives a generator providing electricity to the city. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21018008 |
Mount Iō (Iōjima) The mountain is made up of non-alkali felsic rock and pyroclasitic flows. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21019145 |
Fabre's Book of Insects is a non-fiction book that is a retelling of Alexander Teixeira de Mattos' translation of Jean-Henri Fabre's "Souvenirs entomologiques". It was retold by Mrs. Rodolph Stawell and illustrated by Edward Detmold. It talks about insects in real life, mythology and folklore. A "Times Higher Education" review says "It was "Fabre's Book of Insects", extracts from that extraordinary man's Souvenirs entomologiques, "retold" – and with an exemplary clarity and simplicity which made me feel enlisted and embraced but never patronised – by a Mrs Rudolph Stawell. Years later I read the full Souvenirs themselves and wondered why I had not done so long before, as soon as I could read French. The magic is Fabre's own, not imported by Mrs Stawell." It was reviewed by "The New York Times". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21026476 |
Gerald H. Jennings Gerald Jennings (born 1946) is a British aquarist and ichthyological taxonomist who has specialised in both the production of databases related to the identification of species and the production of simplified printed guides to fish identification.He has authored and co-authored over 100 books on fishes and fish related subjects. His photographic library has also been made freely available online. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21044509 |
Luis Ceballos y Fernández de Córdoba (31 July 1896 in San Lorenzo de El Escorial – 26 September 1967) was a Spanish forest engineer and botanist. He was member of the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences and the RAE. One of his major works was the General Plan of Reforestation of Spain, made in 1938, which is the foundation of a philosophy, ahead for the time, in which established the modern ecological basis for afforestation. But his great work, that had been long planned and organized, was the development of the first Forestal Map of Spain, which was introduced in June 1966. His brother Gonzalo was an entomologist who specialised in Ichneumonidae. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21045430 |
Life list A life list, or life-list, is a list of all biological species seen by a person. The phrase is particularly common among bird watchers, some of whom compete with each other to have the most complete list. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21049997 |
Delay composition Delay composition, also called delay charge or delay train, is a pyrotechnic composition, a sort of pyrotechnic initiator, a mixture of oxidizer and fuel that burns in a slow, constant rate that should not be significantly dependent on temperature and pressure. Delay compositions are used to introduce a delay into the firing train, e.g. to properly sequence firing of fireworks, to delay firing of ejection charges in e.g. model rockets, or to introduce a few seconds of time between triggering a hand grenade and its explosion. Typical delay times range between several milliseconds and several seconds. A popular delay charge is a tube of pressed black powder. The mechanical assembly prevents the outright detonation of the charge. While delay compositions are principally similar to other fuel-oxidizer compositions, larger grain sizes and less aggressively reacting chemicals are used. Many of the compositions generate little or no gas during burning. Typical materials used are: The burn rates are dependent on: Examples of some compositions are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21051994 |
Rima Rozen is a Canadian geneticist who is a professor at McGill University. Her current research focuses on genetic and nutritional deficiencies in folate metabolism and their impact on complex traits. Rozen received her PhD from McGill University (Montreal, Canada) and pursued postdoctoral training at McGill University and Yale University. Rozen became an assistant professor in the Human Genetics and Pediatrics Departments at McGill in 1984, and set up her research program on genetics and metabolic disease. In 1985, Rozen established the Molecular Genetics Diagnosis Service at the McGill-Montreal Children's Hospital, the first accredited molecular diagnosis service in Quebec, and continued to direct this service until 2002. In 1990, she became a Fellow of the Canadian College of Medical Geneticists, certified in molecular genetics. From 1999 to 2007, Rozen served as scientific director of the Montreal Children's Hospital and deputy scientific director of the McGill University Health Centre. She was also associate vice-principal (research and international relations) at McGill University from 2007 to 2013. During this time she continued to also work on her research interests. Currently, Rozen is a James McGill Professor of Human Genetics and Pediatrics. In addition, she sits on the advisory board for the Institute of Genetics of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21077468 |
Rima Rozen Rozen has published over 180 papers and has received several awards for her research, including the Prix d'Excellence for pediatric research from the Inter-Service Clubs Council of Quebec, the Prix Léo-Pariseau from the association canadienne-francaise pour l'avancement des sciences, and the CIHR Senior Scientist Award. She was elected as a member for the European Academy of Sciences in 2003. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21077468 |
Sara Shettleworth Sara J. Shettleworth (born 1943) is an American-born, Canadian experimental psychologist and zoologist. Her research focuses on animal cognition. She is professor emerita of psychology and ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Toronto. She was brought up in Maine and is a graduate of Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania. She started her PhD at the University of Pennsylvania and transferred to the University of Toronto, where she finished her doctoral studies in comparative psychology. She has lived in Canada since 1967. She is married to biologist Nicholas Mrosovsky. Shettleworth's research focuses on adaptive specializations of learning and the evolution of cognition. She has been a Guggenheim Fellow, a Visiting Fellow at Magdalen College, Oxford University, and an American Psychological Association Distinguished Scientist Lecturer. Her research has been supported continuously since 1974 by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Shettleworth was honoured by the Comparative Cognition Society at their 2008 annual meeting for her contributions to the study of animal cognition. In 2012 the Canadian Society For Brain, Behaviour and Cognitive Science honoured her with the Donald Hebb award for her distinguished contributions to psychological science. Books Scientific Publications A full list of publications can be found here | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21084732 |
Michael Karas (born 1952) is a German physical chemistry scientist and Professor, known for his researches on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), a technique in mass spectrometry. studied Chemistry at the University of Bonn, where he obtained a PhD in the field of physical chemistry in 1982. From 1983 to 1986, he was part of the Hillenkamp research group in the Institut für Biophysik at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main. In 1987, he followed Hillenkamp at Münster and both formed a group in the Faculty of Medicine at University of Münster. He returned to Frankfurt in 1995 as a full professor for Instrumental Analytical Chemistry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21089333 |
ECHAM is a general circulation model (GCM) developed by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, one of the research organisations of the Max Planck Society. It was created by modifying global forecast models developed by ECMWF to be used for climate research. The model was given its name as a combination of its origin (the 'EC' being short for 'ECMWF') and the place of development of its parameterisation package, Hamburg. The default configuration of the model resolves the atmosphere up to 10 hPa (primarily used to study the lower atmosphere), but it can be reconfigured to 0.01 hPa for use in studying the stratosphere and lower mesosphere. Different versions of ECHAM, primarily different configurations of ECHAM5, have been the basis of many publications, listed on the ECHAM5 website . Compared to its predecessor, ECHAM4, it is more portable and flexible (it is now written in the programming language Fortran 95), and because of both major and minor changes to the different parts of code that it uses, it produces a significantly different simulated climate. MPI-ECHAM5 was used in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, alongside many other GCMs from different countries. In the data of this report, it is referred to with the abbreviation MPEH5. It appears to be one of the more accurate GCMs. ECHAM6 is currently the most advanced version of the models | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21091534 |
ECHAM ECHAM6 is an atmospheric general circulation model, and as such focuses on the coupling between diabatic processes and large-scale circulations, both of which are ultimately driven by radiative forcing. It consists of a dry spectral-transform dynamical core, a transport model for scalar quantities other than temperature and surface pressure, a suite of physical parameterizations for the representation of diabatic processes, as well as boundary data sets for externalized parameters, such as trace gas and aerosol distributions, tabulations of gas absorption optical properties, temporal variations in spectral solar irradiance, land-surface properties, etc. The major changes relative to ECHAM5 include: An improved representation of radiative transfer in the shortwave (or solar) part of the spectrum; a completely new description of aerosols; an improved representation of surface albedo, including the treatment of melt-ponds on sea ice; and a greatly improved representation of the middle-atmosphere as part of the standard model. In addition, minor changes have been made in the representation of convective processes, and through the choice of a slightly different vertical discretization within the troposphere, as well as changed model parameters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21091534 |
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