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Aminomethyl group In organic chemistry, an aminomethyl group is a monovalent functional group with formula or . It can be described as a methylene bridge with one bond filled by an amino group . It is one of a series of 1-aminoalkyl groups of the form . Aminomethyl is used in the standard (IUPAC) names of some compounds, such as 4-(aminomethyl) benzoic acid. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60186195 |
Seth Grant is an Australian neuroscientist and Professor of Molecular Neuroscience at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. He previously worked as a principal investigator at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in Cambridge, England. He is known for his research on the biological basis of brain diseases. He was elected a fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences in 2015. He is also an elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60212962 |
Stibiotantalite is a mineral consisting of Sb(Ta,Nb)O (antimony, tantalum or niobium, and oxygen). It is found in complex granite pegmatites. If the quantity of niobium exceeds the tantalum content, the mineral is called stibiocolumbite. It is translucent to transparent, medium hard (5.5 mohs), appears yellow to dark brown, reddish or greenish brown, with an adamantine luster. is found in veins and walls associated with tin mines. It is a fairly rare to rare mineral. Due to its relative softness, it is more likely to be found in mineral collections than in jewelry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60220086 |
Aporometridae is a monotypic family of crinoids, the only genus being Aporometra, which contains three species, all endemic to the seas around Australia. Members of this family have five arms which subdivide near the base giving them ten arms in total. The arms can reach in length and at the base of the calyx there are up to 25 cirri, often longer than the arms. Unique among Comatulida, the cirri are flattened on the underside. The gonads are located on the pinnules and not on the arms, and the embryos are brooded in cavities in the arms. The World Register of Marine Species lists the following species in this genus: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60230246 |
Rosemary Carpenter is a British plant geneticist known for her work on members of the genus "Antirrhinum", for which she and Enrico Coen were awarded the 2004 Darwin Medal by the Royal Society. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60239324 |
Lois Salamonsen is a reproductive endocrinologist known for her research on endometrial remodeling. She is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science. Salamonsen studied biochemistry and received her bachelor's degree with first class honors from the University of Otago. She earned her Ph.D. from Monash University. Beacon Award from Frontiers in Reproduction Research Program (for distinguished guidance in developing young scient1sts (2014) Fellow, Australian Academy of Sciences (2017) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60239623 |
ESO 325-G004 is an elliptical galaxy located approximately 416 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60251853 |
Alison McCusker Dr. Vale (born 13 September 1933, Tocumwal, died 18 December 2015, Canberra) was an Australian botanist and science administrator noted for orchestrating the creation of the multi-volume "Flora of Australia" while serving as the first Director of Flora Programs at Australian Biological Resources Study. In 1987 McCusker became Deputy Director of the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, a branch of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). McCusker was a 2009 recipient of the Medal of the Order of Australia for her work on the "Flora of Australia". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60265052 |
Nadia Waloff Nadejda "Nadia" Waloff FRES (2 September 1909 – 5 June 2001) was a Russian-born English entomologist. She worked on the biology of locusts, flight and dispersal in the Hemiptera, and taught at the Imperial College. Nadia was born in St. Petersburg and her family fled in 1919 and took refuge in Britain. Along with her sister Zena (died 1991) and two brothers she was taken care of by Boris Uvarov, who was the director of the Anti-Locust Research Centre in London. An early interest in entomology led her and Zena to study at the Imperial College. Nadia worked on pests at the Slough laboratory and received a Ph.D and Sc.D from Imperial College. She was known for her teaching ability and conducted research on the diapause of flour moths, the ecology and population dynamics of various insects. Some of her significant research included studies on the dispersal and flight of Hemiptera including leafhoppers. She examined the factors contributing to wing polymorphism, the presence of wingless, short-winged and long-winged forms in relation to habitats and life-history. She suggested that trees and woody plants are architecturally more complex with leaves being widely separated and making flight more important. This she suggested would explain the observation that cicadas and other arboreal hemiptera rarely had wingless forms. She was also among the first to use radioactive P-35 tracers to study the dispersal of mirid bugs. She retired in 1978. The grasshopper "Oedaleus nadiae" was named after her. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60280954 |
David Rosen (entomologist) David Rosen (20 April 1936 - 8 January 1997 ) was an Israeli entomologist known for his work on pest control. He was also a specialist on the taxonomy of the Chalcidoidea. He served as Vigevani Professor of Agriculture and Professor of Entomology at the Faculty of Agriculture of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Rosen was born to Josef and Fela in Tel-Aviv where he went to high school. He later studied at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and studied under Zvi Avidov followed by Ph.D. studies under Israel Cohen on biological control in citrus. He was awarded the Jacobson Prize for citrus research in 1965. His postdoctoral studies were with Paul DeBach at the University of California, Riverside after which he returned to Israel to work at the Hebrew University. He died of cancer in 1997. He guided numerous students, taught courses and wrote scientific papers as well as book. Some of the books include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60288588 |
Notocrinidae is a monotypic family of crinoids, the only genus being Notocrinus, which contains two species, both endemic to the seas around Antarctica. Members of this family have five arms which subdivide near the base giving them ten arms in total. The arms can reach in length, and there are thirty to sixty or more cirri. The gonads are located on the arms, and the embryos are brooded in cavities in the arms. The aboral surface (underside) of the disc has five deep radial pits arranged in a star-shape. The World Register of Marine Species lists the following species in this genus: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60293895 |
Zou Yixin or Chou Yi-Hsin (1911–1997) was a Chinese astronomer, who has been called "the first female astronomer in China". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60319208 |
Bioz is a search engine for life science experimentation. was founded by Karin Lachmi and Daniel Levitt. Lachmi is a scientist who completed her postdoc in molecular and cellular biology at the Stanford University School of Medicine. During her lab work she found little available data regarding preferable lab tools, reagents and related products for experimentation. There are 50,000 vendors selling 300 million scientific products. She decided to start the company in order to provide researchers with adequate information for that purpose. Co-founder Daniel Levitt is an entrepreneur who sold his company WebAppoint to Microsoft in the year 2000. He also co-founded the company StemRad. At Bioz, Lachmi serves as the Chief Scientific Officer and Levitt serves as the Chief Executive Officer. claims to have over a million researcher-users from 196 countries. Among the investors are Esther Dyson and the Stanford-StartX Fund. The company’s advisory board includes Nobel Laureates in Chemistry Michael Levitt, Roger Kornberg, and Ada Yonath. The company uses artificial intelligence, machine learning and natural language processing in order to extract experimentation data from scientific articles, such as the products that researchers used, the companies that supply the products, the protocol conditions that researchers selected, and the types of experiments and techniques | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60319415 |
Bioz The algorithm ranks products based on how frequently they were used by researchers in their experiments, how recently a product was used, and the impact factor of the journal. The algorithm's output is a stars score for each product that was mentioned in an article. is a data-driven platform for product recommendations, which is contrary to platforms such as TripAdvisor and OpenTable that are based on user-generated reviews and ratings. The recommendations and scoring system that the company has developed are meant to assist researchers with the process of developing future medications and finding cures for diseases. They are guided towards products and techniques that were previously used by other researchers when planning and performing experiments. The company's revenue is based on selling SaaS subscriptions to researchers in biopharma companies. They also charge product suppliers for content syndication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60319415 |
Gardner transition In condensed matter physics, the refers to a temperature induced transition in which the free energy basin of a disordered system divides into many marginally stable sub-basins. It is named after Elizabeth Gardner who first described it in 1985. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60330584 |
Pieter Willem Leenhouts was a Dutch botanist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60332853 |
Tiglian The Tiglian, also referred to as the Tegelen, is a temperate complex stage in the glacial history of Northern Europe. It is preceded by the Praetiglian (stage). The stage was introduced by Zagwijn in 1957 based on geological formations in Tegelen in southern Netherlands. Originally, it was thought to be part of a sequence of glacials and interglacials, namely Praetiglian (cold), (warm), Eburonian (cold), Waalian (warm), Menapian (cold), and Bavelian (warm). The Praetiglian and are today regarded as corresponding to the Biber stage in the glacial history of the Alps and to the Gelasian (2.6-1.8 million years ago) in the global division of the Quaternary period. Deep sea core samples have identified approximately 40 marine isotope stages (MIS 103 – MIS 64) during the Gelasian. Thus, there have probably been about 20 glacial cycles of varying intensity during Praetiglian and Tiglian. The dominant trigger is believed to be the 41 000 year Milankovitch cycles of axial tilt. The Gelasian of Northern Europe has subsequently been subdivided as follows: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60335459 |
NGC 4144 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major. It was discovered by William Herschel on Apr 10, 1788. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60345032 |
Medusavirus is a large DNA virus isolated from a Japanese hot spring, among other places worldwide, and is notable for having complete set of histone related genes. The virus can harden defenseless amoebas into stone-like cysts, but usually burst. The possibility that evolutionary emergence of complex eukaryotic cells from simpler prokaroytic cells has been suggested. In any regards, the virus was named after Medusa, the Greek mythological monster whose gaze turned people to stone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60345113 |
Tofla virus The is a strain of "Hazara orthonairovirus" in the genus "Orthonairovirus" belonging to the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever serogroup. It was isolated from "Ixodid" in Japan in 2016. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60345333 |
Farallon virus is a strain of "Hughes orthonairovirus" in the genus "Orthonairovirus" belonging to the Hughes serogroup. A known host of the virus is "Ornithodoros". The virus is named after the Farallon Islands. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60347670 |
NGC 4100 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major. It was discovered by William Herschel on Mar 9, 1788. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60352833 |
Benjamin Arthur Bensley (1875–1934) was a Canadian mammologist, best known for his work on marsupials and a standard text "Practical Anatomy of the Rabbit". Bensley headed the department of biology at the University of Ontario after graduating from the same institution and completing his doctorate at the University of Columbia. He was the first director of the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology, appointed on its founding in October 1913. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60356363 |
Astrometric solving or Plate solving or Astrometric calibration of an astronomical image is a technique used in astronomy and applied on celestial images. Solving an image is finding match between the imaged stars and a star catalogue. The solution is a math model describing the corresponding astronomical position of each image pixel. The position of reference catalogue stars has to be known to a high accuracy so an astrometric reference catalogue is used such as the Gaia catalogue. The image solution contains a reference point often the image centre, image scale, image orientation and in some cases an image distortion model. With the astrometric solution it is possible to: In the past plate solving was done manually by accurately measuring photographic glass plates taken with an astrograph (astrographic camera) Currently astrometric solving is exclusively done by software programs. The program extracts the star x,y positions from the celestial image, groups them in three star triangles or four star quads. Then it calculates for each group a geometric hash code based on the distance and/or angles between the stars in the group. It then compares the resulting hash codes with the hash codes created from catalogue stars to find a match. If it finds sufficient statistically reliable matches it can calculate transformation factors. The solver should be fast and reliable with no false matches. There are several conventions to model the transformation from image pixel location to the corresponding celestial coordinates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60359997 |
Astrometric solving The simplest linear model is called the World Coordinate System. A more advanced convention is SIP (Simple Imaging Polynomial) describing the transformation in polynomials to cope with non-linear geometric distortion in the celestial image mainly caused by the optics. Some programs don’t need an initial guess and can do a so called blind solving. They will solve any image having sufficient imaged stars as reference. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60359997 |
Cyclopentadienyl magnesium bromide is a chemical compound with the molecular formula . The molecule consists of a magnesium atom bonded to a bromine atom and a cyclopentadienyl group, a ring of five carbons each with one hydrogen atom. The compound is a Grignard reagent, a type of organometallic compound that features a magnesium atom bonded to a halogen atom and to a carbon atom of some organic functional group. This compound is of historic importance as the starting material for the first published synthesis of ferrocene by Peter Pauson and Thomas J. Kealy in 1951. The compound can be prepared by reacting cyclopentadiene with magnesium and bromoethane in anhydrous benzene. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60392089 |
Catapleiite (Na2ZrSi3O9•2H2O) is a dimorph of Gaidonnayite rarely found by itself. Its name derives from the greek words “κατα” (kata) and “πλειον” (pleion) meaning “with more” as it is mostly accompanied by a number of rare minerals. When pure it is colorless, but it is most often seen as a tan, brownish-red, light yellow, dark brown, flesh red or orangish in color. It is mostly found on Låven Island, Norway. Its hardness on the Mohs Scale is around 5 1/2-6. It has a monoclinic crystal system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60399902 |
Jonathan Bagger Jonathan Anders Bagger (b. August 7, 1955) is an American theoretical physicist, specializing in high energy physics and string theory. He is known for the Bagger–Lambert–Gustavsson action. Bagger received in 1977 his bachelor's degree from Dartmouth College. He spent the academic year 1977–1978 at the University of Cambridge as a Churchill Scholar. In 1978 he became a graduate student in physics at Princeton University, where he received his PhD in 1983. His doctoral thesis "Matter Couplings in Supergravity Theories" was supervised by Edward Witten. Bagger was a postdoc from 1983 to 1986 at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. He was from 1986 to 1989 an associate professor at Harvard University. At Johns Hopkins University he became in 1989 a full professor, holding a professorial chair there until 2014. In 2014 Bagger was appointed director of TRIUMF, Canada’s national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics. Bagger’s research deals with high-energy physics, supersymmetry, and string theory. He was at Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study for the academic year 1985–1986 and in 1998. He was elected in 1997 a Fellow of the American Physical Society and in 2008 a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Bagger was an associate editor of "Physical Review Letters" from 1990 to 1993 and of "Physical Review D" from 1998 to 2007. He joined in 1997 the editorial board of the "Journal of High Energy Physics" and in 1998 the editorial board of "Physics Reports" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60403029 |
Jonathan Bagger On 18 June 1988 in Arlington, Vermont he married Deborah Gay Dunham. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60403029 |
NGC 3319 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major. It was discovered by William Herschel on Feb 3, 1788. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60404638 |
Kenneth Meade Lakin (January 14, 1941 - November 24, 2014) was a U.S. physicist credited as the inventor of the solidly mounted resonator (SMR). He was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He died at home in Redmond, Oregon, on November 24, 2012, from prostate cancer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60406856 |
Brown-Rho scaling In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), Brown-Rho (BR) scaling is an approximate scaling law for hadrons in an ultra-hot, ultra-dense medium, such as hadrons in the quark epoch during the first microsecond of the Big Bang or within neutron stars. According to Gerald E. Brown and Mannque Rho in their 1991 publication in "Physical Review Letters": In the preceding equation, refers to the pole mass of the ρ meson, whereas refers to the in-medium mass (or running mass in the medium) of the ρ meson according to QCD sum rules. The omega meson, sigma meson, and neutron are denoted by ω, σ, and N, respectively. The symbol denotes the free-space pion decay constant. (Decay constants have a "running time" and a "pole time" similar to the "running mass" and "pole mass" concepts, according to special relativity.) The symbol is also used to denote the pion decay constant. The hypothesis of is supported by experimental evidence on beta decay of C to the N ground state. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60412593 |
Abuite is a colorless calcium aluminum phosphate mineral with chemical formula CaAl(PO)F. It is chemically similar to galliskiite with the exception that it is hydrated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60413977 |
Afmite is phosphate mineral with the chemical formula Al(OH)(PO)(POOH)·HO. It is named for the French mineralogy group Association Française de Microminéralogie, or AFM for short. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60414430 |
Alpeite is a calcium manganese magnesium silicate mineral with the chemical formula CaMnAl(MnMg)(SiO)(SiO)(VO)(OH). It is named for its type locality, the Monte Alpe mine in Italy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60414529 |
Alpersite is a magnesium copper sulfate mineral with the chemical formula (Mg,Cu)[SO]·7HO. It is named for United States Geological Survey geochemist Charles N. Alpers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60414570 |
Aluminocopiapite is an aluminum iron sulfate mineral with the chemical formula AlFe(SO)(OH)·20HO. Its type localities are Fortymile River in Alaska and the San Rafael Swell in Utah. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60414701 |
Alumohydrocalcite is a calcium aluminum carbonate mineral with the chemical formula CaAl(CO)(OH)·4HO). Its type locality is Khakassia, Russia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60415240 |
Andychristyite is a lead copper tellurate mineral with the chemical formula PbCuTeOHO. Its type locality is the Soda Mountains in California. It was named after Welsh–Australian mineralogist Andrew G. Christy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60415317 |
Anilite is a mineral with the chemical formula CuS. It is named for its type locality, the Ani Mine in Akita Prefecture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60415410 |
Anthoinite is an aluminum tungsten oxide mineral with the chemical formula AlWO(OH). Its type locality is Maniema in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60415601 |
Antipinite is a rare alkali copper oxalate mineral with the chemical formula KNaCu(CO). Its type locality is the Tarapacá Region in Chile. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60415638 |
Sybil P. Seitzinger Sybil P Seitzinger is an oceanographer and climate scientist at the Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions, where she is an executive director. She is also a professor of Environmental Studies at the University of Victoria. She received her PhD in biological oceanography from the University of Rhode Island and has an honorary PhD from Utrecht University. She is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and is recognized for her research on how humans affected and changed natural processes and for the real-world value of her work. She has previously served as director of the Rutgers/NOAA Cooperative Marine Education and Research Program, and as a visiting professor at Rutgers University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60416429 |
Mid-Pleistocene Transition The (MPT), also known as the Mid-Pleistocene Revolution (MPR), is a fundamental change in the behaviour of glacial cycles during the Quaternary glaciations. The transition happened approximately 1.25–0.7 million years ago, in the Pleistocene epoch. Before the MPT, the glacial cycles were dominated by a 41,000 year periodicity with low-amplitude, thin ice sheets and a linear relationship to the Milankovitch forcing from axial tilt. After the MPT there have been strongly asymmetric cycles with long-duration cooling of the climate and build-up of thick ice sheets, followed by a fast change from extreme glacial conditions to a warm interglacial. The cycle lengths have varied, with an average length of approximately 100,000 years. The was long a problem to explain, as described in the article "100,000-year problem". The MPT can now be reproduced by numerical models that assume a decreasing level of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a high sensitivity to this decrease, and gradual removal of regoliths from northern hemisphere areas subject to glacial processes during the Quaternary. The reduction in may be related to changes in volcanic outgassing, burial of ocean sediments, carbonate weathering or iron fertilization of oceans from glacially induced dust. Regoliths are believed to affect glaciation because ice with its base on regolith at the pressure melting point will slide with relative ease, which limits the thickness of the ice sheet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60419794 |
Mid-Pleistocene Transition Before the Quaternary, northern North America and northern Eurasia are believed to have been covered by thick layers of regoliths, which have been worn away over large areas by subsequent glaciations. Later glaciations were increasingly based on core areas, with thick ice sheets strongly coupled to bare bedrock. However, a 2020 study concluded that ice age terminations might have been influenced by obliquity since the Mid-Pleistocene Transition, which caused stronger summers in the Northern Hemisphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60419794 |
Color Developing Agent 3 The third in the series of color developing agents used in developing color films, commonly known as CD-3, is chemically known as N-[2-[(4-Amino-3-methylphenyl)ethylamino]ethyl]methanesulfonamide Sesquisulfate Monohydrate. In color development, after reducing a silver atom in a silver halide crystal, the oxidized developing agent combines with a color coupler to form a color dye molecule. CD-3 is used in many processes including VNF-1. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60432828 |
Color Developing Agent 4 The fourth in the series of color developing agents used in developing color films, commonly known as CD-4, is chemically known as 4-(N-Ethyl-N-2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methylphenylenediamine sulfate. In color development, after reducing a silver atom in a silver halide crystal, the oxidized developing agent combines with a color coupler to form a color dye molecule. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60433049 |
Alvanite is a zinc nickel aluminum vanadate mineral with the chemical formula (Zn,Ni)Al(VO)(OH)·2HO. It was originally discovered in the Karatau Mountains. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60444812 |
Apjohnite is a manganese aluminum sulfate mineral with the chemical formula MnAl(SO)·22HO. It was named after Trinity College Dublin professor James Apjohn. Its type locality is Maputo Province, Mozambique. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60444865 |
Apuanite is a rare iron antimony mineral with the chemical formula FeFeSbOS. Its type locality is the Province of Lucca, Italy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60444941 |
Aramayoite is a mineral with the chemical formula AgSb(Bi,Sb}}S. Its type locality is Sud Chichas, Potosí, Bolivia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60445022 |
Argentobaumhauerite is a rare mineral with the chemical formula AgPbAsS. Its type locality is the Binn valley in Switzerland. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60445221 |
Argentojarosite is an iron sulfate mineral with the chemical formula AgFe(SO)(OH). It is one of few iron sulfate minerals containing silver in its chemical formula as a dominant element. Its type locality is the East Tintic Mountains, Utah. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60445324 |
Arhbarite is a copper magnesium arsenate mineral with the chemical formula CuMg(AsO)(OH). It is named after its type locality, the Arhbar mine in Ouarzazate Province in Drâa-Tafilalet, Morocco. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60445443 |
Asbecasite is a calcium titanium beryllium arsenite silicate mineral with the chemical formula Ca(Ti,Sn)Be(AsO)(SiO). Its type locality is the Binn valley in Switzerland. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60445634 |
Aschamalmite is a mineral with the chemical formula PbBiS. Its type locality is the High Tauern in Austria. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60446286 |
Ashcroftine-(Y) is an alkali yttrium calcium carbonate mineral with the chemical formula KNa(Y,Ca)SiO(OH)(CO)·8HO. It was first identified in southern Greenland and named after British mineral collector Frederick Noel Ashcroft. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60446466 |
Astrocyanite-(Ce) is a bright blue mineral with the chemical formula Cu(Ce,Nd,La)(UO)(CO)(OH)·1.5HO. Its type locality is Kolwezi, Lualaba, Congo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60446549 |
Atelestite is an arsenate mineral with the chemical formula Bi(AsO)O(OH). Its type locality is Erzgebirgskreis, Saxony, Germany. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60446696 |
Aurorite is a dark-colored mineral with the chemical formula (Mn,Ag,Ca)MnO·3HO. It is named for its type locality, the North Aurora mine in White Pine County, Nevada. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60446793 |
Mary Winifred Betts Aitken (b. 1894, Motueka, d. 29 April 1971, Edinburgh) was a New Zealand botanist and the first female lecturer at the University of Otago. She received her Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees from the University of Otago, and was appointed as lecturer in botany at age 25. She was described by the preeminent botanist Leonard Cockayne as “the most brilliant woman scientist in New Zealand.” In December 1920 she married the mathematician Alexander Aitken, and in December 1923 the couple moved to Scotland for her husband's career. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60452183 |
Tropical night A tropical night is a term used in United Kingdom and some other European countries to describe days when the temperature does not fall under 20° C during the night time. This definition is in use in many European countries, such as Spain, Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany, Finland and Latvia. The Met Office began tracking 'tropical nights' in 2018. This criterion is infrequently met at the moment, with the 30 years between 1961 and 1990 seeing just eight tropical nights. In the 10 years between 2008 and 2017, there were four such nights, and in 2018 there were two warm nights that stayed above 20C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60452819 |
NGC 817 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Aries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60455128 |
Otto Scheerpeltz (16 July 1888, Olomouc - 10 November 1975, Vienna) was an Austrian entomologist who specialized in the study of beetles, particularly the rove-beetles, Staphylinidae. Scheerpeltz was born in Olomouc where he went to the local schools. Although interested in plants and animals, he followed his father's advice to study civil engineering at the Technical University. He taught geometry and technical drawing for a while in Vienna and became a full-time teacher in 1910. He started studying zoology and botany in 1922 and received a doctoral "summa cum laude" in 1930. He did not complete his habilitation due to the outbreak of World War II. He retired as a teacher from the Schottenfelder Oberrrealschule, Vienna in 1945 and joined the Natural History Museum, Vienna in 1948. He helped build the collections and the library there and retired in 1953. His collection of Staphylinidae included 300000 specimens with about 10,000 types was bequeathed to the Natural History Museum, Vienna. He authored a catalogue of the Staphylinidae of the world in collaboration with Max Bernhauer. Published in 1926, they described 12,740 species. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60459324 |
Azoproite is a rare manganese iron borate mineral with the chemical formula (Mg,Fe)(Fe,Ti,Mg)(BO)O. It was first identified near Lake Baikal, Russia. It was named after the Association pour l'Etude Géologique des Zones Profondes de l'Ecorce Terrestre, whose acronym is AZOPRO in Russian. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60462309 |
Attikaite is a copper calcium aluminum arsenate mineral with the chemical formula CaCuAl(AsO)(OH)·2HO. It was named after Attica Prefecture, where it was first identified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60462682 |
Atencioite is a calcium iron phosphate mineral with the chemical formula CaFeMgBe(PO)(OH)·6HO. Its type locality is Divino das Laranjeiras, Minas Gerais, Brazil. It was named after Daniel Atencio, a mineralogy professor at the University of São Paulo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60463236 |
Aiolosite is a rare sodium bismuth sulfate mineral with the chemical formula NaBi(SO)Cl. Its type locality is Vulcano, Sicily, Italy. Its name comes from the Greek name Aeolus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60463810 |
Alterite is a yellow-green mineral with the chemical formula ZnFe(SO)(CO)(OH)·17HO. Its type locality is Coconino County, Arizona. It is found exclusively in logs that have mineralized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60463888 |
Lynx–Ursa Major Supercluster is a supercluster in the Lynx-Ursa Major Region. It was discovered by Giovanelli and Haynes in 1982. The supercluster is connected to Lynx–Ursa Major Filament. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60476093 |
Sámuel Fenichel (25 August 1868 – 12 March 1893) was a Hungarian naturalist, collector, and explorer who died after a very brief period of 14 months in Papua New Guinea. His main collections were insect specimens and several species have been named after him. Fenichel was born in Nagyenyed and went to Bethlen College where he was influenced by Károly Herepey. Initially interested in archaeology, he spent some time working at the Bucharest archaeological museum from 1888. He travelled to Dobrudja in Romania during which time he met Albert Grubauer, a German naturalist who was planning an expedition to New Guinea. Fenichel showed interest, resigned from his post and joined Grubauer but with the understanding that he would obtain material for the Hungarian National Museum. They reached German New Guinea in 1891 and began collecting insect specimens. Grubauer left due to poor health but Fenichel stayed on collecting nearly 25000 specimens. Fenichel too fell ill, possibly from malaria, and in 1893 this led to severe kidney problems that led to his death at Stephansort. Fenichel was an inspiration for the naturalist-explorer Lajos Bíró. Fenichel's collections including insects and objects of ethnographic interest are now in the Hungarian National Museum. A memorial plaque in Port Moresby University commemorates his life. Several species of insect described from his collections have been named after him including "Coccorchestes fenicheli", "Eophileurus fenicheli", and "Euscheloribates fenicheli". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60476335 |
Xiaole Shirley Liu (刘小乐) is a Professor in the Department of Data Sciences at the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. She was educated at Stanford University where her thesis committee included , Jun S. Liu, Russ Altman, Patrick O. Brown and Rob Tibshirani. She was elected a Fellow of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) in 2019 for her “outstanding contributions to the fields of computational biology and bioinformatics”. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60479815 |
MCG+01-02-015 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It is an example of a void galaxy. was previously classified as an elliptical galaxy of class E2 although higher-resolution imaging has revealed it to be a barred spiral galaxy. It is theorised by many astrophysicists that void galaxies are the result of large galactic filaments being pulled by the gravity of a major super cluster out of the less densely populated areas causing voids such as the Boötes void to grow, galaxies such as are sometimes left behind from events such as these. is a time capsule of galactic evolution and offers an idea as to how these objects mature due to it not interacting with any neighbouring galaxies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60501554 |
Herbert Jehle (5 March 1907, Stuttgart – 14 January 1983, Koblenz) was a German-American physicist. Jehle graduated in 1930 from the Technische Hochschule Stuttgart with a degree in engineering and in 1933 from the Technische Hochschule Berlin with an engineering doctorate in textile manufacture. For the academic year 1933–1934 he studied theoretical physics at the University of Cambridge. In 1935/36 he worked for the "Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik". As a convinced pacifist (associated with the Quakers) and a political dissident, he left Germany. In 1937/38 he was a research assistant at the University College in Southampton and from 1938 to 1940 at the Free University of Brussels. After internment at Camp de Gurs in the Pyrenees, he succeeded in escaping to the United States in 1941. He was from 1942 to 1946 at Harvard University, in 1946/47 at the Franklin Institute, in 1947/48 at the Institute for Advanced Study, from 1947 to 1949 at the University of Pennsylvania, and from 1949 to 1959 at the University of Nebraska. At George Washington University he was a professor from 1959 until his retirement in 1972 as professor emeritus. After his retirement he was a visiting professor at the University of Maryland, at the National Cancer Institute, at the University of Uppsala, and at the University of Amsterdam. He was a visiting professor at the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics in 1973/74 and at the University of Munich from 1977 until his death. He died on the train near Koblenz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60510747 |
Herbert Jehle As Richard Feynman describes in his Nobel Lecture, it was who gave him (at a beer party in the Nassau Tavern) in Princeton the decisive clue to Paul Dirac's work on the Lagrangian, which then led to Feynman's development of the path integral. Silvan Schweber recounted his graduate study of physics at the University of Pennsylvania: In 1950 Jehle was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60510747 |
Edgar Lipworth (1923 – 14 July 1977) was a British-American physicist, specializing "in research in molecular and atomic beams, nuclear physics, lasers and the symmetry of physical laws under time reversal." Born and educated in England, worked from 1944 to 1946 as a civilian research assistant on radar for the Air Ministry. After graduating with a BA from the University of Manchester in 1947, he became a graduate student in physics at Manhattan's Columbia University. There he obtained his PhD with advisor Willis Lamb with a dissertation on measurement of the Lamb shift in singly ionized helium. From 1953 to 1954 Lipworth held a fellowship with RCA. He also was a consultant at the Brookhaven National Laboratory and received research grants from the National Science Foundation. Lipworth was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society and served as the chair of its Division of Electron and Atomic Physics in 1966-1967. He spent the academic year 1974–1975 at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem as a Guggenheim Fellow. He married Anna Rashbaum when he was a graduate student at Columbia University. He died at age 53 in Cape Town, when he was on a leave of absence for the academic year 1976–1977. He was survived by his widow, a son, and a daughter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60513566 |
Vaginol is a chemical compound. Its glucoside is apterin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60521309 |
Ophiuchus Supercluster is a nearby galaxy supercluster in the constellation Ophiuchus. The supercluster forms the far wall of the Ophiuchus Void; it may also be connected in a filament, with the Pavo-Indus-Telescopium Supercluster and the Hercules Supercluster. This supercluster is centered on the cD cluster Ophiuchus Cluster, and has at least two more galaxy clusters, four more galaxy groups, several field galaxies, as members. In February 2020, astronomers reported that a 100 million light-year wide cavity in the originated from the ejection of ~270 million solar masses from a nearby supermassive black hole, the largest known explosion in the Universe since the Big Bang. Ken-ichi Wakamatsu of the Gifu University and Matthew Malkan discovered Ophiuchus Cluster in 1981 on Palomar Schmidt IV-N Plates during hidden globular cluster survey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60525792 |
MS 0302+17 MS 0302 + 17 is a galaxy supercluster located in the constellation Aries at a distance of 4.485 billion light years (lookback time), equivalent to a comoving distance of 5.338 billion light years. The dimensions are around 6 million parsecs. MS 0302 + 17 contains three massive galaxy clusters. Of these the first, known as CL 0303 + 1706 was discovered by Alan Вressler and Jim Gunn, using a conventional optical telescope; it is located along the eastern edge of the supercluster and consists of an important concentration of reddish galaxies. Observations made with the Einstein X-ray Observatory revealed the existence of two other clusters: MS 0302 + 1659 and MS 0302 + 1717, which are located near the northern edge of the observation field. The MS prefix derives from Medium Sensitivity because X-ray observations are part of the Einstein Medium Sensitivity Survey. An interesting fact of the survey is a couple of giant arches located near the luminous central galaxies of MS0302 + 1659, images of remote galaxies enhanced by the gravitational lensing phenomenon created by the supercluster. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60531978 |
Shoo Fly Complex The in the northern Sierra Nevada in California (USA) is a subduction complex of rock metamorphosed to lower greenschist facies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60540690 |
Halite (oxyanion) A halite, also known as a halogenite, is an oxyanion containing a halogen in a III oxidation state. It is the conjugate base of a halous acid. The known halites are chlorite, bromite, and iodite. Halites can be used to generate the respective halogen dioxides via a one-electron oxidation: This reaction in particular is used in bleach to generate chlorine dioxide. Chlorites tend to decompose rapidly, some even explosively, upon heating. A few bromites have been isolated, but no iodites have. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60549259 |
Dinosaurs of Tendaguru (original title: Dinosaria wa Tendaguru) is a Tanzanian book for young readers on natural history, focussing on the discovery and subsequent excavations of dinosaur fossils at Tendaguru hill in Lindi Region of South Eastern Tanzania . It was written in the country’s official language Kiswahili by authors Cassian Magori and Charles Saanane, with illustrations by the German graphic artist Thomas Thiemeyer. This book was published in 1998 with the support of the Goethe-Institut in Dar es Salaam, the local branch of the German cultural institute, by E&D Vision Publishing, Tanzania. In its pictures and a partly fictional story, the book tells the story of dinosaurs that lived approximately 150 million years ago in East Africa. Their skeletons were excavated between 1906 and 1913 in the former colony of German East Africa and until today represent the most important excavations of dinosaur fossils found in Africa. As the book is directed towards young readers in Tanzania, the authors invented a partially new narrative to put the story of the discovery, the subsequent excavations, and the scientific knowledge about natural history and the life of dinosaurs into a contemporary African perspective. For the first time, this book presented thorough information about the excavations and the reconstructed skeletons of the dinosaurs that are exhibited in the Museum of Natural History in Berlin, Germany, to Tanzanian readers in their own language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60567248 |
Dinosaurs of Tendaguru During several years, and under supervision of German natural scientists, 230 tons of excavation material containing fossil bones and other remnants of life 150 million years ago were packed into wooden boxes by African workers and carried to the nearby port of Lindi. From the excavation site at the Tendaguru Formation, they were shipped to Hamburg and, finally, to Berlin. Subsequently, scientists at the museum in Berlin reconstructed several skeletons of different dinosaur species, making the fossils of the Tendaguru formation one of the world’s most important collections for ongoing research. The exhibition’s highlight is an almost 14-metre-high skeleton of the species Giraffatitan, the largest dinosaur skeleton on display in the world. Along with presenting scientific knowledge about the existence and environment of the dinosaurs, the presumed reasons for their extinction, and their classification into different species, the story of their discovery is here presented in a different way than in the historical German sources. Whereas the German excavation reports claim that the fossils were first found by a German mining engineer who was surveying the region of Tendaguru, the Tanzanian book attributes this discovery to a local farmer, a wise old man called Mzee Buheti, who by means of magical herbs supplied by his wife Mama Msomoe, is able to travel through time and space guided by a spirit. On one of his travels back millions of years, he comes across huge animals in the region of the Tendaguru hills | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60567248 |
Dinosaurs of Tendaguru Upon his return through the millennia, he witnesses environmental changes that eventually lead to the extinction of the dinosaurs. By means of a time line reaching from the beginning of our universe to the present and showing pictures of different species, the reader is presented with short scientific information about the evolution of the dinosaurs and other species. By choosing the name of Buheti for their protagonist the authors referred to the historical Boheti bin Amrani who was the local "chief supervisor" "(Oberaufseher)" of more than 100 African workers involved in the excavations When in 1906, the German engineer Bernhard Sattler is surveying the region, it is Mzee Buheti who shows him the place where the fossils were found, thus prompting the excavations and their scientific exploration. In order to present an adequate visual idea of the dinosaurs and their environment, Thomas Thiemeyer, a German illustrator specializing in this subject, created colour plates for both the presumed living conditions and the extinction of dinosaurs, and for the fictitious story of their discovery, told from a contemporary Tanzanian perspective. The text in Kiswahili was jointly written by the palaeontologist Charles Sanaane and the natural historian Cassian Magori of the University of Dar es Salaam, and edited for young readers by literary writer Bernard Mapalala | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60567248 |
Dinosaurs of Tendaguru As scientific research and presentation for the general public of these excavations are usually published in German or English, very few Tanzanians knew about the existence and history of the fossils from Tendaguru before this book was published. Although the international discussion and demands for cultural cooperation and restitution of African cultural heritage from museums in Europe have become more prominent, Tanzania still does not have specimens or enough personal resources or infrastructure to present dinosaur fossils in an adequate way. In order to make this important historical information accessible to a general local audience, the Goethe-Institut in Dar es Salaam suggested the story of the Tendaguru dinosaurs to the publishers of the book. - According to them, 4000 copies were produced with the financial help of a sponsor and distributed free of charge to Tanzanian secondary schools. In Kenya, the booklet was approved as instructional material for primary schools and teacher training colleges. It has since been out of print, but copies exist in libraries in Sweden, Japan and in the United States. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60567248 |
Fulvio Cacace (died 1 December 2003) was an Italian chemist. In 1963, while at the Sapienza University of Rome, he devised the decay technique for the study of organic radicals and carbenium cations. The technique is based on the preparation of compounds containing the radioactive isotope tritium in place of common hydrogen. When the tritium undergoes beta decay, it is turned into a helium-3 atom, that detaches from the parent molecule, leaving the desired cation or radical behind. The technique has made it possible to study the chemistry of a vast number of such radicals and ions, in all sorts of environments, including solids, liquids, and gases. In particular, it has provided much of the knowledge of the chemistry of the helium hydride ion, specifically . <references> <ref name=fcac1977a>and Pierluigi Giacomello (1977): "Aromatic substitution in the liquid phase by bona fide free methyl cations. Alkylation of benzene and toluene". "Journal of the American Chemical Society", volume 99, issue 16, pages 5477–5478. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60573162 |
Decay technique In chemistry, the decay technique is a method to generate chemical species such as radicals, carbocations, and other potentially unstable covalent structures by radioactive decay of other compounds. For example, decay of a tritium-labeled molecule yields an ionized helium atom, which might then break off to leave a cationic molecular fragment. The technique was developed in 1963 by the Italian chemist Fulvio Cacace at the University of Rome. It has allowed the study of a vast number of otherwise inaccessible compounds and reactions. It has also provided much of our current knowledge about the chemistry of the helium hydride ion . In the basic method, a molecule is prepared where the vacant bond of the desired radical or ion is satisfied by an atom of tritium , the radioactive isotope of hydrogen with mass number 3. As the tritium undergoes beta decay (with a half-life of 12.32 years), it is transformed into an ion of helium-3, creating the cation . In the decay, an electron and an antineutrino are ejected at great speed from the tritium nucleus, changing one of the neutrons into a proton with the release of 18,600 electronvolts (eV) of energy. The neutrino escapes the system; the electron is generally captured within a short distance, but far enough away from the site of the decay that it can be considered lost from the molecule. Those two particles carry away most of the released energy, but their departure causes the nucleus to recoil, with about 1.6 eV of energy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60575040 |
Decay technique This recoil energy is larger than the bond strength of the carbon–helium bond (about 1 eV), so this bond breaks. The helium atom almost always leaves as a neutral , leaving behind the carbocation . These events happen very quickly compared to typical molecular relaxation times, so the carbocation is usually created in the same conformation and electronic configuration as the original neutral molecule. For example, decay of tritiated methane, (R = R' = R" = H) produces the carbenium ion in a tetrahedral conformation, with one of the orbitals having a single unpaired electron and the other three forming a trigonal pyramid. The ion then relaxes to its more favorable trigonal planar form, with release of about 30 kcal/mol of energy—that goes into vibrations and rotation of the ion. The carbocation then can interact with surrounding molecules in many reactions that cannot be achieved by other means. When formed within a rarefied gas, the carbocation and its reactions can be studied by mass spectrometry techniques. However the technique can be used also in condensed matter (liquids and solids). In liquid phase, the carbocation is initially formed in the same solvation state as the parent molecule, and some reactions may happen before the solvent shells around it have time to rearrange. In a crystalline solid, the cation is formed in the same crystalline site; and the nature, position, and orientation of the other reagent(s) are strictly constrained | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60575040 |
Decay technique In a condensed phase, the carbocation can also gain an electron from surrounding molecules, thus becoming an electrically neutral radical. For example, in crystalline naphthalene, a molecule with tritium substituted for hydrogen in the 1 (or 2) position will be turned by decay into a cation with a positive charge at that position. That charge will however be quickly neutralized by an electron transported through the lattice, turning the molecule into the 1-naphthyl (or 2-naphthyl) radical; which are stable, trapped in the solid, below 170 K. Whereas the carbon–helium-ion bond breaks spontaneously and immediately to yield a carbocation, bonds of other elements to helium are more stable. For example, molecular tritium or tritium-hydrogen . On decay, these form a stable helium hydride ion (respectively or ), which is stable enough to persist. This cation is claimed to be the strongest acid known, and will protonate any other molecule it comes in contact with. This is another route to creating cations that are not obtainable in other ways. In particular (or ) will protonate methane to the carbonium ion (or ). Other structures that are expected to be stable when formed by beta-decay of tritium precursors include HeLi, BHHe, and BeHHe according to theoretical calculations. Radioisotopic decay of other elements besides tritium can yield other stable covalent structures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60575040 |
Decay technique For example, the first successful synthesis of the perbromate ion was through beta decay of the selenium-83 atom in selenate: Decay of iodine-133 to give xenon is reported as a route to phenylxenonium, and likewise decay of bismuth-210 in a variety of structures is reported as a route to organopolonium structures. A major difficulty in using this method in practice is that the energetic electron released by the decay of one atom of tritium can break apart, modify, ionize, or excite hundreds of other molecules in its path. These fragments and ions can further react with the surrounding molecules producing more products. Without special precautions, it would be impossible to distinguish these "radiolytic" products and reactions from the "nucleogenic" ones due to mutation and reactions of the cation . The technique developed by Cacace and his team to overcome this problem is to use a starting compound that has at least two tritium atoms substituted for hydrogens, and dilute it in a large amount of an unsubstituted compound. Then the radiolytic products will be all unlabeled, whereas the nucleogenic ones will be still labeled with tritium. The latter then can be reliably extracted, measured, and analyzed, in spite of the much larger number of radiolytic products. The high dilution also ensures that the beta electron will almost never hit another tritiated molecule. Many papers have been published by about this technique, chiefly by Cacace and his successors at La Sapienza. An exhaustive survey was provided by M | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60575040 |
Decay technique Speranza in 1993. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60575040 |
NGC 2798 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Lynx. and NGC 2799 are listed under the Arp Catalogue as Arp 283 and noted as an "interacting galaxy pair". The galaxy is listed in the New General Catalogue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60578237 |
Fimbulthul stream Fimbulthul is a tidal stellar stream torn off from Omega Centauri, the largest globular cluster of our Milky Way galaxy. The stream contains 309 known stars stretching over 18° in the constellations of Hydra and Centaurus, matching the same age as the globular cluster. Omega Centauri is considered the nucleus of a dwarf galaxy that merged with the Milky Way. The stream was discovered in the Gaia DR2 star database that determined the direction, distances and motion of over one billion stars. The name Fimbulthul is a river in Norse mythology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60578702 |
Sean Dougherty is a Canadian astrophysicist who has been involved in a large number of radio astronomical facilities, both Canadian and international. Dougherty obtained a degree in mathematics and physics from the University of Nottingham in 1983, and after that he pursued a doctorate in astrophysics at the University of Calgary, where he obtained his Ph.D. in 1993. Dougherty has more than 20 years of expertise in radio astronomy, managing and representing Canadian contributions to international radio astronomical facilities, and also research and development projects. Dougherty has also led the construction and delivery of the WIDAR correlator to the Karl G. Janksy Very Large Array (JVLA). He also led an international consortium that designed the correlator (Central Signal Processor) of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) Phase 1 mid-frequency telescope (SKA1-Mid). Dougherty was elected ALMA director in July 2017 for a five year period, starting February 21, 2018. Dougherty was previously the director of the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory (DRAO), the national facility for radio astronomy of Canada. DRAO is administrated by the NRC Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics. He was a member of the ALMA Board representing the North American executive for four years, and has been the president for the ALMA Budget Committee for the last two years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60578758 |
Microphysiometry is the "in vitro" measurement of the functions and activities of life or of living matter (as organs, tissues, or cells) and of the physical and chemical phenomena involved on a very small (micrometer) scale. The term microphysiometry emerged in the scientific literature at the end of the 1980s. The primary parameters assessed in microphysiometry comprise pH and the concentration of dissolved oxygen, glucose, and lactic acid, with an emphasis on the first two. Measuring these parameters experimentally in combination with a fluidic system for cell culture maintenance and a defined application of drugs or toxins provides the quantitative output parameters extracellular acidification rates (EAR), oxygen consumption rates (OUR), and rates of glucose consumption or lactate release to characterize the metabolic situation. Due to the label-free nature of sensor-based measurements, dynamic monitoring of cells or tissues for several days or even longer is feasible. On an extended timescale, a dynamic analysis of a cell’s metabolic response to an experimental treatment can distinguish acute effects (e.g., one hour after a treatment), early effects (e.g., at 24 hours), and delayed, chronic responses (e.g., at 96 hours). As stated by Alajoki et al., "The concept is that it is possible to detect receptor activation and other physiological changes in living cells by monitoring the activity of energy metabolism". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60591756 |
Overabundant species In biology, overabundant species refers to an excessive number of individuals and occurs when the normal population density has been exceeded. Increase in animal populations is influenced by a variety of factors, some of which include habitat destruction or augmentation by human activity, the introduction of invasive species and the reintroduction of threatened species to protected reserves. Population overabundance can have a negative impact on the environment, and in some cases on the public as well. There are various methods through which populations can be controlled such as hunting, contraception, chemical controls, disease and genetic modification. is an important area of research as it can potentially impact the biodiversity of ecosystems. Most research studies have examined negative impacts of overabundant species, whereas very few have documented or performed an in-depth examination on positive impacts. As a result, this article focuses on the negative impact of overabundant species. When referring to animals as “overabundant”, various definitions apply. The following classes explore the different associations with overabundance: Out of all these classifications, class 4 is considered the most significant due to consequent ecological impacts. Overabundance may occur naturally, for example after weather events such as a period of high rainfall in which habitat conditions become optimal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60621630 |
Overabundant species However, other contributing factors include: Natural habitats are altered by human activity resulting in habitat fragmentation, decrease in forest densities and wild fires. Other human disturbances include restrictions on hunting, agricultural land modification and predator removal or control within a region or area. The consequent change in land use and the presence or withdrawal of human influence can trigger a rapid increase in both native and non-native species populations. Invasive species are often overabundant as they outcompete native species for resources such as food and shelter which allows their population to thrive. Other factors influencing population growth include the lack of native predators or the less common presence of the introduced species within native predator habitat. Some methods in managing threatened species involve reintroducing species to enclosed reserves or island areas. Once these species are introduced, their populations can become overabundant as these areas serve to protect the targeted species against predators and competitors. This occurred for the "Bettongia lesueur", the burrowing bettong, which was reintroduced to the Arid Recovery reserve in Australia: their population has increased from 30 to approximately 1532 individuals. Due to the damage within this reserve their population is considered overabundant. can have an adverse impact on ecosystems. Within ecosystems food resources and availability, competitors, and species composition can be negatively impacted on | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60621630 |
Overabundant species A common impact from overabundant herbivores is vegetative damage by overgrazing, where overgrazing refers to the effect of grazing having reached a level where other biodiversity within the ecosystem becomes threatened. Overgrazing can occur in both terrestrial and marine environments and can alter vegetation as well as the composition of vegetation. Population densities and the composition of fauna can also be negatively impacted on. Additionally, permanent ecological damage can be caused by overgrazing before maximum carrying capacity has been reached. Trophic relationships (i.e. feeding relationships in the ecosystem) can be altered by overabundant species, potentially causing a trophic cascade. Trophic cascades impact vegetation as well as invertebrates (including microorganisms) and birds. Furthermore, predator behaviour and populations may be indirectly affected. Overabundant predators are considered harmful to local biodiversity as they prey on native species, compete for resources and can introduce disease. They can decrease native mammal populations and, in some cases, can cause species to become extinct which results in a cascading ecological impact. Examples of invasive species include: “cats ("Felis catus"), rats ("Rattus rattus"), mongoose ("Herpestes auropunctatus"), stoats ("Mustela erminea")” and red foxes ("Vulpes vulpes"). Such species have contributed to the extinction of approximately 58% of modern-day mammals, birds and reptiles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60621630 |
Overabundant species In Australia, red foxes and feral cats have contributed to many native mammals becoming threatened or extinct which has led to diminished vegetation as foraging mammals have an important ecological role in maintaining a healthy landscape. A particular example is where grassland vegetation diminished to shrub land as a result of seabirds being preyed on by Arctic foxes. Seabirds have an essential ecological role which consists of helping to maintain nutrient levels and soil fertility. “Invasive predators also threaten 596 species classed as "vulnerable" (217 species), "endangered" (223), or "critically endangered" (156), of which 23 are classed as “possibly extinct.” It can be very costly to control or eradicate overabundant species. For example, fencing regions as a protective measure against red foxes can cost approximately $10, 000 per kilometre while baiting an area of 35,000 kilometres can cost about $1.3 million. According to biology, invasive species are non-native animals that are introduced to a region or area outside of their usual habitat. Invasive species can either be introduced intentionally (if they have a beneficial purpose) or non-intentionally. In general, invasive species that become overabundant most commonly have a negative impact on local biodiversity with little research having found positive effects. Furthermore, an invasive species may have an initial positive benefit that fades as the species become overabundant and the cost of damage control increases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60621630 |
Overabundant species Invasive species can negatively impact food web structures. In terms of trophic levels, the initial introduction of a non-native species results in a higher species richness whereby the trophic relationships are altered by the additional resource (if an animal is not a predator at the top of the food chain) and consumer. However, the consequent degree of the impact on the local ecosystem once a species becomes overabundant is case dependent as some invasive species, like the brown tree snake in Guam, have caused numerous extinctions of native fauna, while others have had fewer damaging impacts on the environment. Costs of invasive species are estimated at millions and billions each year. The red fox, "Vulpes Vulpes," was introduced to Australia during the 1870’s. The established population has thrived in previous years due to the following factors: adaptability to climate conditions, the ability to live in a wide range of habitats including deserts and forests, and lastly human modification of Australian landscapes which are suitable environments for red foxes to thrive in. Red foxes have mainly had a negative impact on Australian fauna, with the exception of regulated rabbit populations. The diet of red foxes include a number of threatened native fauna which has contributed to their population declines and extinctions. Furthermore, populations of native fauna, mammals in particular, have increased through fox population control techniques | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60621630 |
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