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Australian Integrated Forecast System The (AIFS) is a UNIX and Linux -based processing, display, analysis and communications system for meteorological data. It incorporates facilities for the ingest and storage of meteorological and hydrological observations, which can be displayed, analysed and manipulated on screen. Tools are also provided for alerting, chart plotting and the preparation and dissemination of forecasts and warnings to the public. AIFS is currently running on AIX, HP-UX and Linux platforms in Australia, Fiji, Indonesia and Malaysia. Development began in 1991 as a replacement for the Automated Regional Operations System (AROS), built on Tandem NonStop architecture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21697612 |
Lyon-Meudon Extragalactic Database The (LEDA) was a database of galaxies, created in 1983 at the Lyon Observatory. Each galaxy had a number assigned to it, which is now known as its PGC number. The Principal Galaxies Catalogue (PGC), published in 1989, was based on the and contained cross-identifications for it. LEDA was eventually merged with Hypercat to become HyperLEDA in 2000, itself also known as PGC2003. LEDA originally contained information on more than 60 parameters for about 100,000 galaxies, and now contains information on over 3 million celestial objects, of which about 1.5 million are galaxies. The database allows astronomers around the world access to its information. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21718106 |
N'aschi Nashi or "n'aschi" is a northeastern wind that occurs in winter on the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf, especially near the entrance to the gulf, and also on the Makran coast. It is probably associated with an outflow from the central Asiatic anticyclone, which extends over the high land of Iran. It is similar in character, but less severe than the" bora". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21718164 |
Desmond H. Collins is a Canadian paleontologist, associate professor of zoology at the University of Toronto and retired curator of invertebrate paleontology at the Royal Ontario Museum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21720273 |
P3M Particle–Particle–Particle–Mesh (PM) is a Fourier-based Ewald summation method to calculate potentials in N-body simulations. The potential could be the electrostatic potential among N point charges i.e. molecular dynamics, the gravitational potential among N gas particles in e.g. smoothed particle hydrodynamics, or any other useful function. It is based on the particle mesh method, where particles are interpolated onto a grid, and the potential is solved for this grid (e.g. by solving the discrete Poisson equation). This interpolation introduces errors in the force calculation, particularly for particles that are close together. Essentially, the particles are forced to have a lower spatial resolution during the force calculation. The PM algorithm attempts to remedy this by calculating the potential through a direct sum for particles that are close, and through the particle mesh method for particles that are separated by some distance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21737233 |
Double scaling limit In theoretical physics, a double scaling limit is a limit in which the coupling constant is sent to zero while another quantity is sent to zero or infinity at the same moment. The adjective "double" is a kind of misnomer because the procedure represents an ordinary scaling. However, the adjective is meant to emphasize that two parameters are simultaneously approaching singular values. The double scaling limit is often applied to matrix models, string theory, and other theories to obtain their simplified versions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21743174 |
Dressed particle In theoretical physics, the term dressed particle refers to a bare particle together with some excitations of other quantum fields that are physically inseparable from the bare particle. For example, a dressed electron includes the chaotic dynamics of electron–positron pairs and photons surrounding the original electron. A further noteworthy example is represented by polaritons in solid-state physics, dressed quasiparticles of dipolar excitations in a medium with photons. In radiobiology, a dressed particle is a bare particle together with its Debye sphere that neutralizes its electric charge. Dressed particles are also often called clothed particles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21743661 |
Bare particle In theoretical physics, a bare particle is an excitation of an elementary quantum field. Such a particle is not identical to the particles observed in the experiments: the real particles are dressed particles that also include additional particles surrounding the bare one. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21743669 |
Back-reaction In theoretical physics, back-reaction (or backreaction) is often necessary to calculate the self-consistent behaviour of a particle or an object in an external field. When a particle is considered to have no mass or to have an infinitesimal charge, this can be described as saying that we deal with a probe and that back-reaction is neglected. However, a real object also carries (in general) a mass and a charge itself. These properties imply that the model of the original environment needs to be modified to reach self-consistency. For example, a particle can be described as helping to curve the space in general relativity. Taking into account the constraints implied on the model by the particle's properties – the back-reaction – is one way of reaching a more accurate model than if those constraints are ignored. In inhomogeneous cosmology, in which structure formation is taken into account in a general-relativistic model of the Universe, the term "backreaction" is used for a measure of the non-commutativity of the averaging procedure (which comes from the non-linearity of Einstein field equations) and the dynamical evolution of spatial slices of space-time. , the role of backreaction in possibly leading to an alternative to dark energy is an open question of debate among cosmologists. The existence of a homogeneity length scale can be considered to be that at which the calculations with and without backreaction give the same results. , the existence of such a scale needs experimental confirmation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21743687 |
Flowering Locus C ("FLC") is a MADS-box gene that in late-flowering ecotypes of the plant "Arabidopsis thaliana" is responsible for vernalization. In a new seedling "FLC" is expressed, which prevents flowering. Upon exposure to cold, less "FLC" is expressed (to a degree depending on the amount of cold), and flowering becomes possible. "FLC" is extensively regulated through epigenetic modifications and transcriptional control. The expression of "FLC" is affected by other genes including "FLK", "FCA" and "VERNALIZATION2" ("VRN2"). Wild "Arabidopsis" plants have different alleles for the "FLC" gene, which correspond to ecotypes which either (a) flower rapidly and produce a number of generations during one summer ("summer-annual"), or (b) flower only after vernalization ("winter-annual" or "late-flowering"). This kind of variation can also be provided by variation in the "FRIGIDA" ("FRI") gene. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21746104 |
Vagal escape The Sympathetic nervous system and Parasympathetic nervous system can offset each other. One of the most classical example is called Vagal Escape. is characterized by a reduction in blood pressure due to muscarinic stimulation which is then compensated for stimulation from the sympathetic system to increase heart rate and thus blood pressure. When the heart is continuously stimulated via the vagus nerve, initially there is stoppage of heart beat. With further continuous stimuli, heart beat resumes (namely the ventricles) as the parasympathetic nerves only have their influence on the SA and AV nodes of the heart and not on the musculature of the heart, which establishes its own rhythm. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21748884 |
Sandip Trivedi (; born 1963) is an Indian theoretical physicist working at Tata Institute for Fundamental Research (TIFR) at Mumbai, India, while he is its current Director. He is well known for his contributions to string theory, in particular finding (along with Renata Kallosh, Andrei Linde, and Shamit Kachru) the first models of accelerated expansion of the universe in low energy supersymmetric string (see KKLT mechanism). His research areas include string theory, cosmology and particle physics. He is now member of program advisory board of International Center for Theoretical Sciences (ICTS). He is also the recipient of the Infosys Prize 2010 in the category of Physical Sciences. He completed his master of science (Integrated) in physics from IIT Kanpur in 1985. He was awarded his PhD in 1990 from Caltech, Pasadena, USA. Later he went on to work as a post-doctoral research associate at IAS, Princeton until 1992. He won the prestigious Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in the Physical Sciences in 2005. He was the recipient of the Infosys Prize 2010 in the category of Physical Sciences. He is also a recipient of the TWAS Prize in Physics in 2015. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21759262 |
Lyman limit The is the short-wavelength end of the hydrogen Lyman series, at . It corresponds to the energy required for an electron in the hydrogen ground state to escape from the electric potential barrier that originally confined it, thus creating a hydrogen ion. This energy is equivalent to the Rydberg constant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21761715 |
Artificially Expanded Genetic Information System (AEGIS) is a synthetic DNA analog experiment that uses some unnatural base pairs from the laboratories of the Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution in Gainesville, Florida. AEGIS is a NASA-funded project to try to understand how extraterrestrial life may have developed. The system uses twelve different nucleobases in its genetic code. These include the four canonical nucleobases found in DNA (adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine) plus eight synthetic nucleobases). AEGIS includes S:B, Z:P, V:J and K:X base pairs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21781351 |
Gregory–Laflamme instability The (after Ruth Gregory and Raymond Laflamme) is a result in theoretical physics which states that certain black strings and branes are unstable in dimensions higher than four. In their seminal papers in 1993 and 1994, Gregory and Laflamme showed that certain branes and Higher-dimensional Einstein gravity black string solutions in theories of gravity in higher dimensions formula_1 are found to exhibit an instability to small perturbations. the end point of this instability has been studied to higher dimensions and a critical dimension has been found to exist below which the end state of instability is a black hole phase, i.e., for formula_2. Above the critical dimension the instability drives to a non-uniform black ring phase. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21788835 |
Biraco is the acronym of Bismuth, Radium, and Cobalt. It was the name of a now-defunct subsidiary company of Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UMHK) and Société Générale de Belgique created to refine these elements from the copper and uranium ores coming from the Katanga province in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Radium was first industrially produced in the beginning of the 20th century by in its Olen plant near Antwerp in Belgium. UMHK offered to Marie Curie her first gramme of radium. The radium production plant was demolished during the years 1970 and the radium production wastes confined in a shallowly buried vault. The Olen site is still the object of remediation works financed by Umicore in the frame of its historical liability. Union Minière activities were merged with those of three other companies to create Umicore in 1989. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21796566 |
Downie bodies Downie bodies, also known as a type of A-type inclusion, are a type of inclusion body associated with cowpox. They are named for Allan Watt Downie. It should not be confused with the term "Downey bodies", which refers to a type of T cell observed in infectious mononucleosis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21799935 |
NGC 5229 is an edge-on spiral galaxy located in the constellation Canes Venatici. It is a member of the M51 Group although in reality it is relatively isolated from other galaxies. The galaxy's disc is somewhat warped and appears to consist of a series of interconnected clusters of stars from our vantage point on Earth. It is approximately 7 kiloparsecs (23,000 light-years) in diameter and is about 13.7 billion years old. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21805606 |
Advanced Radar Research Center The (ARRC) is a University Strategic Organization of the University of Oklahoma (OU) located at the Radar Innovation Lab (RIL) in Norman, Oklahoma. The Executive Director of ARRC is Dr. Robert D. Palmer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21807139 |
Sykia (Voula) Sykia (, "Sykia") is a small doline in Athens, Greece. The doline, which has a depth of about , has been known since the mid-1940s and is located near the Hymettan peak of Korakovouni at an altitude of approximately 300 m above sea level. It takes its name from the fig tree growing in the debris cone on the doline floor. It is next to the asphalt road continuing from the cemetery of Voula. The doline was first recorded by a British airman immediately following the Second World War and was investigated soon after. It is now frequently used as a good practice area for single rope technique by Athenian caving clubs. It lies very close to the better known Vari Cave. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21825130 |
Philippe A. Guye FRS (12 June 1862 – 27 March 1922) was a Swiss chemist who was awarded the Davy Medal in 1921 "for his researches in physical chemistry". Guye earned his Ph.D. at the University of Geneva, with research under the direction of Carl Gräbe. In 1892, Guye was elected to the “Chaire extraordinaire de chimie théorique et technique." Amongst his students in Geneva were Albert Fredrick Ottomar Germann, Frank Erhart Emmanuel Germann, and Vera Estaf'evna Bogdanovskaia, who learnt about his work on stereochemistry. In 1903, Guye founded the first Swiss journal of chemistry, the "Journal de Chimie Physique." Italian photochemist Giacomo Luigi Ciamician (1857–1922), “the founder of green chemistry,” nominated Guye five times (1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, and 1921) for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21836799 |
Mommur Chasma is the largest 'canyon' on the known part of the surface of Uranus' moon Oberon. This feature probably formed during crustal extension at the early stages of moon's evolution, when the interior of Oberon expanded and its ice crust cracked as a result. The canyon is an example of graben (rift valley) or scarp produced by normal fault(s). The chasma was first imaged by Voyager 2 spacecraft in January 1986. The "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature" states that is named after the forest home of the fairy king Oberon in "A Midsummer Night's Dream". In fact, Oberon's home is not named in Shakespeare's play; it appears instead in the French epic "Huon of Bordeaux". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21843547 |
Otto Laporte Award The (1972–2003) was an annual award by the American Physical Society (APS) to ""recognize outstanding contributions to fluid dynamics"" and to honour Otto Laporte (1902–1971). It was established as the Otto Laporte Memorial Lectureship by the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics in 1972, and became an APS award in 1985. The was merged into the Fluid Dynamics Prize in 2004, in order to obtain one major prize in fluid dynamics by the APS. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21847877 |
Absorption hardening In the field of nuclear engineering, absorption hardening is the increase in average energy of neutrons in a population by preferential absorption of lower-energy neutrons. This occurs because absorption cross-sections typically increase for lower neutron energies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21848654 |
Bogolyubov Prize (NASU) The Bogoliubov Prize is an award offered by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine for scientists with outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and applied mathematics. The award is issued in the memory of theoretical physicist and mathematician Nikolay Bogoliubov. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21855599 |
Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen 3 The (EBNA-3) is a family of viral proteins associated with the Epstein–Barr virus. A typical EBV genome contains three such proteins: These genes also bind the host RBP-Jκ protein. EBNA-3C can recruit a ubiquitin ligase and has been shown to target cell-cycle regulators such as retinoblastoma protein (pRb). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21859719 |
Isomorphism (crystallography) In crystallography crystals are described as isomorphous if they are closely similar in shape. Historically crystal shape was defined by measuring the angles between crystal faces with a goniometer. In modern usage isomorphous crystals belong to the same space group. Double sulfates, such as Tutton's salt, with the generic formula MM(SO).6HO, where M is an alkali metal and M is a divalent ion of Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn, form a series of isomorphous compounds which were important in the nineteenth century in establishing the correct atomic weights of the transition elements. Alums, such as KAl(SO).12HO, are another series of isomorphous compounds, though there are three series of alums with similar external structures, but slightly different internal structures. Many spinels are also isomorphous. In order to form isomorphous crystals two substances must have the same chemical formulation, they must contain atoms which have corresponding chemical properties and the sizes of corresponding atoms should be similar. These requirements ensure that the forces within and between molecules and ions are approximately similar and result in crystals that have the same internal structure. Even though the space group is the same, the unit cell dimensions will be slightly different because of the different sizes of the atoms involved. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21862537 |
Julius Roger (23 February 1819 – 7 January 1865) was a German medical doctor, entomologist, and folklorist who worked in Ratibor, in Upper Silesia, most notable for having arranged (and raised the necessary monies) to build hospitals in Groß Rauden, Pilchowitz, and the current public hospital in Rybnik. He is also notable for collaborating with entomologist Ernst Gustav Kraatz, contributing to Kraatz's founding of the German Entomological Institute collections; for identifying and discovering over 400 new species of beetles and other insects; and for collecting folk songs (a collection of 546 songs - huntsmens songs, pastoral and farmers songs, Gypsy songs, ballads, and love songs). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21867180 |
Electron equivalent is a concept commonly used in redox chemistry, reactions involving electron transfer, to define a quantity (e.g. energy or moles) relative to one electron. Energies of formation are often given as kilojoules per electron equivalent to enable calculation of specific reaction energies on a "per electron" basis. Reactions containing movement of electrons are often balanced such that reaction quantities are given in relation to the transfer of a single electron, allowing quantification of reactants and products in relation to a single electron transfer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21884530 |
Wolff algorithm The Wolff algorithm, named after Ulli Wolff, is an algorithm for Monte Carlo simulation of the Ising model in which the unit to be flipped is not a single spin, as in the heat bath or Metropolis algorithms, but a cluster of them. This cluster is defined as the set of neighbouring spins sharing the same value of the spin. The is an improvement over the Swendsen–Wang algorithm because it has a larger probability of flipping bigger clusters. The advantage of over other algorithms for magnetic spin simulations like single spin flip is that it allows non-local moves on the energy. One important consequence of this is that in some situations (e.g. ferromagnetic Ising model or fully frustrated Ising model), the scaling of the Multicanonic simulation is formula_1, better than formula_2, where z is the exponent associated with the critical slowing down phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21888260 |
Cornelis de Jode (1568 – 17 October 1600) was a cartographer, engraver and publisher from Antwerp. He was the son of Gerard de Jode, also a cartographer. Cornelis studied science at Academy of Douai When his father died in 1591, took over the work on his father's uncompleted atlas, which he eventually published in 1593 as "Speculum Orbis Terrae ". Despite that contemporary scholars consider many of de Jode's maps to be copies of both Portuguese and Spanish cartographers in detail and style of atlas of the time Theatrum Orbis Terrarum by Ortelius, de Jode's atlas never sold well due to his plagiarize. After his death, the engraving plates were sold to J. B. Vrients (who also owned the Ortelius plates), and the complete work was not published again. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21888481 |
NGC 37 is a lenticular galaxy located in the Phoenix constellation. It is approximately 42 kiloparsecs (137,000 light-years) in diameter and about 12.9 billion years old. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21895112 |
Upper critical solution temperature The upper critical solution temperature (UCST) or upper consolute temperature is the critical temperature above which the components of a mixture are miscible in all proportions. The word "upper" indicates that the UCST is an upper bound to a temperature range of partial miscibility, or miscibility for certain compositions only. For example, hexane-nitrobenzene mixtures have a UCST of 19 °C, so that these two substances are miscible in all proportions above 19 °C but not at lower temperatures. Examples at higher temperatures are the aniline-water system at 168 °C (at pressures high enough for liquid water to exist at that temperature), and the lead-zinc system at 798 °C (a temperature where both metals are liquid). A solid state example is the palladium-hydrogen system which has a solid solution phase (H in Pd) in equilibrium with a hydride phase (PdH) below the UCST at 300 °C. Above this temperature there is a single solid solution phase. In the phase diagram of the mixture components, the UCST is the shared maximum of the concave down spinodal and binodal (or coexistence) curves. The UCST is in general dependent on pressure. The phase separation at the UCST is in general driven by unfavorable energetics; in particular, interactions between components favor a partially demixed state. Some polymer solutions also have a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) or lower bound to a temperature range of partial miscibility | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21929924 |
Upper critical solution temperature As shown in the diagram, for polymer solutions the LCST is higher than the UCST, so that there is a temperature interval of complete miscibility, with partial miscibility at both higher and lower temperatures. The UCST and LCST of polymer mixtures in general depend on polymer degree of polymerization and polydispersity. The seminal statistical mechanical model for the UCST of polymers is the Flory–Huggins solution theory. By adding soluble impurities the upper critical solution temperature increases and lower critical solution temperature decreases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21929924 |
Alberta Hail Project The was a research project sponsored by the Alberta Research Council and Environment Canada to study hailstorm physics and dynamics in order to design and test means for suppressing hail. It ran from 1956 until 1985. The main instrument in this research was an S-band circularly polarized weather radar located at the Red Deer Industrial Airport in central Alberta, Canada. A vast amount of data were collected from several other platforms to conduct research into precipitation mechanisms, severe storm development, hail suppression, hydrology and microwave propagation. Numerous researchers have used the dataset and during the period 1990 to 1994, 23 publications appeared in journals and conferences, as well as 4 scientific reports were prepared. These papers have included radar meteorology, cloud physics, hydrology/hydrometeorology, computer science, instrumentation, synoptic weather, dynamic and mesoscale meteorology. The project area covered 33,700 km and was centered on the Penhold radar site located near the Red Deer Airport (). The program had different ways of evaluating the atmospheric conditions for hail and its detection. Each spring, approximately 20,000 farmers in the project area would receive cards to record any event of hail, including its size. On days with hail, between 10 % and 20 % of the farmers gave report, an average of one observer per 16–32 km. Telephone surveys were also conducted, resulting in observation densities as high as one report per 3 square kilometers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21950576 |
Alberta Hail Project As a result, it is believed that only a very small percentage of hail reaching the surface went undetected. For the duration of the project, six categories were specified to size the observed hailstones conveniently: diameters less than 0.4 cm, 0.4–1.2 cm, 1.3–2.0 cm; 2.1–3.2 cm, 3.3–5.2 cm, and larger than 5.2 cm. Radiosondes were released from Penhold at 1715 local time (2315 UTC). Data were used to evaluate the atmospheric conditions on hail days within 3 h (i.e., between 1415 and 2015 LT) and within 100 km from the sounding site. A few of these proximity soundings had to be excluded because of missing data or because they were modified by precipitation or a thunderstorm outflow boundary. In addition to upper-air sounding data, the surface temperature and dewpoint (representative of the storm's inflow) were obtained from a mesonetwork. The radar would be used to detect not only the intensity of the precipitation by its reflectivity, but the type of hydrometeors with the circular polarization. These would be correlated with the surface observations to study the structure of the thunderstorms leading to hail formation. Furthermore, at certain times there would be aircraft flight in and around convective areas to gather further information on the atmospheric conditions and sample the clouds. Observations were also made by sampling vehicles. The vehicles were outfitted with various meteorological instrumentation and hail catching apparatus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21950576 |
Alberta Hail Project They were directed into suspected thunderstorm hail regions by a controller at the radar site. The controller communicated with the vehicles by radio. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21950576 |
Arne Bjørlykke (born 3 October 1943) is a Norwegian geologist. He took an education in mining engineering at the Norwegian Institute of Technology, graduating in 1967. He worked at the Norwegian Geological Survey from 1968 to 1984, and was then a professor at the University of Oslo from 1984 to 1994. He then returned to the Norwegian Geological Survey as managing director from 1994 to 2006 and senior researcher from 2006 to 2009. In 2009 he was hired as the new director of the Natural History Museum at the University of Oslo, succeeding Elen Roaldset. He is a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21951950 |
Semeykin (crater) Semeykin is a crater in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle on Mars. It is located at 41.8° north latitude and 351.4° west longitude. The crater measures approximately 74 kilometers in diameter and was named after Boris Semeykin, a Soviet astronomer (1900–1937). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21954786 |
Wirtz (crater) Wirtz is a crater on Mars, located in Argyre quadrangle at 48.6° south latitude and 26° west longitude. It measures approximately 120 kilometers in diameter and was named after Carl Wilhelm Wirtz, a German astronomer (1886–1956). The name was adopted by IAU's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature in 1973. Wirtz lies on the eastern edge of the large impact crater Argyre Planitia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21960329 |
Eddie (crater) Eddie Crater is a crater in the Elysium quadrangle of Mars at 12.3° north latitude and 217.9° west longitude. It is 89 km in diameter and was named after Lindsay Eddie, a South African astronomer (1845–1913). Impact craters generally have a rim with ejecta around them, in contrast volcanic craters usually do not have a rim or ejecta deposits. As craters get larger (greater than 10 km in diameter) they usually have a central peak, as this crater has. The peak is caused by a rebound of the crater floor following the impact. It contains material uplifted from beneath the surface. The InSight Mars landing 2018 was south and west of Eddie crater. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21960613 |
FDU materials FDU Materials are a class of regularly structured mesoporous organic materials first synthesized at Fudan University in Shanghai, China (hence FDU). FDU-14 -15 and -16 are formed by polymerizing resol around a lyotropic liquid crystal template and then removing the template by calcination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21968037 |
Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, commonly referred to by chemists as the Blue Book, is a collection of recommendations on organic chemical nomenclature published at irregular intervals by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). A full edition was published in 1979, an abridged and updated version of which was published in 1993 as A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. Both of these are now out-of-print in their paper versions, but are available free of charge in electronic versions. After the release of a draft version for public comment in 2004 and the publication of several revised sections in the journal "Pure and Applied Chemistry", a fully revised version was published in print in 2013. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21971994 |
Retrogradation (starch) Retrogradation is a reaction that takes place when the amylose and amylopectin chains in cooked, gelatinized starch realign themselves as the cooked starch cools. When native starch is heated and dissolved in water, the crystalline structure of amylose and amylopectin molecules is lost and they hydrate to form a viscous solution. If the viscous solution is cooled or left at lower temperature for a long enough period, the linear molecules, amylose, and linear parts of amylopectin molecules retrograde and rearrange themselves again to a more crystalline structure. The linear chains place themselves parallel and form hydrogen bridges. In viscous solutions the viscosity increases to form a gel. At temperatures between –8 and +8 °C the aging process is enhanced drastically. Amylose crystallization occurs much faster than crystallization of the amylopectin. The crystal melting temperature of amylose is much higher (about 150 ℃) than amylopectin (about 50-60 ℃). The temperature range between cooking starch and storing in room temperature is optimum for amylose crystallization and, therefore amylose crystallization is responsible for the development of initial hardness of the starch gel. On the other hand, amylopectin has a narrower temperature range for crystallization since crystallization does not happen when the temperature is higher than its melting temperature. Therefore, amylopectin is responsible for development of the long term crystallinity and gel structure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21980048 |
Retrogradation (starch) Retrogradation can expel water from the polymer network. This is a process known as syneresis. A small amount of water can be seen on top of the gel. Retrogradation is directly related to the staling or aging of bread. Retrograded starch is less digestible (see resistant starch). Chemical modification of starches can reduce or enhance the retrogradation. Waxy, high amylopectin, starches also have a much less tendency to retrogradate. Additives such as fat, glucose, sodium nitrate and emulsifier can reduce retrogradation of starch . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21980048 |
Physiological condition or, more often "physiological conditions" is a term used in biology, biochemistry, and medicine. It refers to conditions of the external or internal milieu that may occur in nature for that organism or cell system, in contrast to artificial laboratory conditions. A temperature range of 20-40 degrees Celsius, atmospheric pressure of 1, pH of 6-8, glucose concentration of 1-20 mM, atmospheric oxygen concentration, earth gravity and electromagnetism are examples of physiological conditions for most earth organisms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21983464 |
Gastre Fault The Zone (GFZ) is a NW-SE striking dextral Jurassic System (cf. Rapela & Pankhurst, 1992) in Central Patagonia, Argentina. From a tentative correlation of the fault zone with the similarly NW-SE trend, it was termed ‘Zone’ or ‘Gastre-Purén Fault Zone’ to the Lanalhue Fault Zone in Chile by early works. However, in later works it is shown that this correlation is incorrect. Since the lake ‘Lago Lanalhue’, is located on the fault trace and shows a NW-SE-elongated shape, ‘Lanalhue Fault Zone (LFZ)’ stands as appropriate name for the here discussed fault zone. The Mocha-Villarrica Fault Zone is the NW-SE trending fault responsible for the alignment of Villarrica, Quetrupillán and Lanín volcanoes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22002887 |
Elsa van Dien (July 12, 1914 – 2007) was an astronomer. She received her Ph.D. from Harvard University. She married Gale Bruno van Albada who was also an astronomer. <br> was born in Paramaribo (Surinam) July 12, 1914 as the daughter of Rebecca da Silva and Gerrit van Dien. The family moved to the Netherlands in 1923. Elsa commenced her Astronomy study in 1932 at the University of Amsterdam. She also registered at the University of Leiden (The Netherlands) in 1935, to have access to its observatory. She was awarded a scholarship by Radcliffe College for September 1939, but due to the Second World War she could only commence her PhD there in September 1945, also with support of the American Association of University Women (AAUW). The title description of her thesis is: The Stark-effect of the higher Balmer lines in stars of spectral types A and B. Thesis - Radcliffe, 1947. After her PhD she initially stayed at the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory in Victoria, Canada. In 1948 she moved back to the Netherlands. In August 1948 she was appointed at the Bosscha Observatory near Bandung, Indonesia. There she met and married Bruno van Albada. She continued her astronomical research until 1958, when the family returned to the Netherlands. She resumed doing research in astronomy after the death of van Albada in December 1972. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22013260 |
International Census of Marine Microbes The is a field project of the Census of Marine Life that inventories microbial diversity by cataloging all known diversity of single-cell organisms including bacteria, Archaea, Protista, and associated viruses, exploring and discovering unknown microbial diversity, and placing that knowledge into ecological and evolutionary contexts. The ICoMM program, led by Mitchell Sogin, has discovered that marine microbial diversity is some 10 to 100 times more than expected, and the vast majority are previously unknown, low abundance organisms thought to play an important role in the oceans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22022775 |
Census of Marine Zooplankton The is a field project of the Census of Marine Life that has aimed to produce a global assessment of the species diversity, biomass, biogeographic distribution, and genetic diversity of more than 7,000 described species of zooplankton that drift the ocean currents throughout their lives. CMarZ focuses on the deep sea, under-sampled regions, and biodiversity hotspots. Technology plays a great role in CMarZ's research, including the use of integrated morphological and molecular sampling through DNA Barcoding. CMarZ makes its datasets available via the CMarZ Database. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22034606 |
Gary S. Grest is a computational physicist at Sandia National Laboratories. He received the Aneesur Rahman Prize for Computational Physics from the American Physical Society for his work in computational physics. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2008. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22034657 |
Steven Gwon Sheng Louie (26 March 1949, Taishan, Guangdong, China) is a computational condensed-matter physicist. He is a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley and senior faculty scientist in the Materials Sciences Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where his research focuses on nanoscience. He is also scientific director of the Theory of Nanostructured Materials Facility at the Molecular Foundry. He was born in Taishan, Guangdong province, China in 1949 and moved to San Francisco when he was 10. His Chinese name is 雷干城 (pinyin: Léi Gānchéng). He received his PhD degree in 1976 from Berkeley, working with Professor Marvin L. Cohen. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22034828 |
AM 1316-241 is a pair of overlapping galaxies in the constellation Hydra. Notable for having revealed visible dust by the back light from the more distant galaxy of the two, the dust was previously unknown to astronomers. It is believed the pair are interacting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22037382 |
Discovery image In astronomy, a discovery image is typically a drawing, film base photograph, photographic plate, or digital image in which a celestial object or phenomenon was first found. This can include planets, dwarf planets, small solar system bodies (asteroids, comets, etc.) or features found on or near those objects such as ring systems or large craters. For example, a moon of Saturn, Phoebe, was the first satellite to be discovered photographically by William Henry Pickering on March 17, 1899 from photographic plates that had been taken starting on August 16, 1898 at Arequipa, Peru by DeLisle Stewart. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22039057 |
Anion exchange membrane An anion exchange membrane (AEM) is a semipermeable membrane generally made from ionomers and designed to conduct anions while being impermeable to gases such as oxygen or hydrogen. Anion exchange membranes are used in electrolytic cells and fuel cells to separate reactants present around the two electrodes while transporting the anions essential for the cell operation. An important example is the hydroxide anion exchange membrane used to separate the electrodes of a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) or direct-ethanol fuel cell (DEFC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22055207 |
Unwin Radar The is a scientific radar array at Awarua, near Invercargill, New Zealand . Unwin is part of the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN), an international radar network for studying the upper atmosphere and ionosphere that operates in the High Frequency (HF) bands between 8 and 22 MHz. The radar and associated research provides greater understanding of atmospheric weather, to assist with weather prediction, prediction of telecommunication interference and provide a better understanding of the effects of atmospheric magnetic fields on power grid management. The facility is operated by La Trobe University and was named after Bob Unwin, a pioneer in auroral radar research, who first proposed the concept behind the project in the 1960s Bursts of shortwave radio pulses are transmitted from the radar in a southern arc that includes the South Magnetic Pole. The ensuing reflections from micrometeorites, the ionosphere, ocean and aurora are detected at the station and resolved there. The TIGER-Unwin is a monostatic, pulsed radar that operates in the 8 MHz - 20 MHz range. The transmitting antenna consists of an array of 16 log periodic antennas. An additional four antennas placed some distance behind the transmitting array. These antennas are used to form an interferometer receiving array that measures the elevation angle of echoes. In the "standard operation mode" the radar uses frequency hopping where the transmission frequency changes to accommodate changing ionospheric conditions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22055741 |
Unwin Radar This frequency hopping is done by ongoing scanning the frequency band to determine automatically which channels are free of interference and provide the best coverage. The data from Unwin is transmitted back to La Trobe University where it is made available over the Internet to users. The and its counterpart at Bruny Island in Tasmania form the Tasman International Geospace Environment Radar (TIGER). The Southland region is regarded as an ideal location for such a facility because of the southerly aspect, low radio noise and unobstructed horizon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22055741 |
Aleksei Turovski (born 4 August 1946 in Moscow) is an Estonian zoologist and ethologist, specialising in parasitology and zoosemiotics. In 1973, he graduated from Tartu University with a degree in zoology; since 1972 he's been working in the Tallinn Zoo. In 1976–2001, Turovski worked in the Estonian Marine Institute. Turovski has been recognised as the "Guardian of Estonian Life Science" () in 2007 for his work in popularising cultures of animals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22066482 |
Eugenia Wang Eugenia Wang, Ph.D., (born February 26, 1945) is a professor at the University of Louisville whose primary focus is researching the genetic aspect of aging in humans. She was among the first researchers who discovered the parts of the human genome that could either accelerate or slow the process of apoptosis. Wang was born in Nanking, China during the Chinese Civil War. Due to her country's internal strife, she and her mother and three siblings were forced to evacuate to Hanyang then Guangzhou. When she was three, they moved to Taipei, Taiwan. Eventually her father joined them and remained there until 1967. PubMed Profile | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22072197 |
Johann Gottlieb Schaller (1734–1814) was a German zoologist and entomologist. He wrote Fortgesesste Beitrage zur Geschichte exotischer Papilions in "Der Naturforscher" 23: 49–53 in which he described many new species of butterflies. Germar, E. F. 1815: [Schaller, J. G.] "Magazin der Entomologie". (Herausgegeben von E. F. Germar), Halle 1 (2): pp. 193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22076973 |
George Sherwood Hume (March 1, 1893 – November 24, 1965) was a Canadian geologist. Born in Milton, Ontario, Hume was a graduate of the University of Toronto. After serving in World War I, he received a PhD from Yale University in 1920. He joined the Geological Survey of Canada and became its Chief in 1947. He was later Director-General of Scientific Services in the Department of Mines and Resources. After retiring in 1956, he worked at Westcoast Transmission in Calgary. He was president of the Geological Association of Canada from 1952 to 1953, president of the Royal Society of Canada from 1955 to 1956, and president of the Geological Society of America from 1956 to 1957. He was a Freemason and a member of Civil Service Lodge No. 148 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22092687 |
Tokyo District Meteorological Observatory , abbreviated as TDMO, is one of the five District Meteorological Observatories of the Japan Meteorological Agency. It also fills the role of for Kantō region and is based inside the JMA headquarters building located in Ōtemachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo. Bold-faced LMOs are the Region Central Forecast Offices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22099485 |
Seed separator A seed separator is a structure found in the follicles of some Proteaceae. These follicles typically contain two seeds, with a seed separator between them. The seed separator is nothing but a little chip of wood, but in some cases it serves an important function: in serotinous species, the follicles open only in response to fire, but the seed separator remains in position, thus preventing the seeds from falling out immediately, onto burnt or burning ground. Some separators loosen and fall out once they have cooled, thus ensuring that the seeds are released only after the fire has passed; others loosen and fall only after they have been moistened, thus ensuring that the seeds are released at the first rain after fire. Still others function as levers, recurving when moist and straightening when dry, and thus gradually levering the seeds out of the follicle in the course of a wet-dry cycle. This last case also occurs in non-serotinous species: follicles may open spontaneously, but seed release is delayed until the next rain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22144337 |
Julian Simashko Julian Ivanovich Simashko (; 1821–1893) was a Russian zoologist and entomologist. He wrote "Russkaya Fauna" published in Saint Petersburg in 1850, the first work on Russian fauna to include the Caucasus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22146521 |
Compton–Getting effect The is an apparent anisotropy in the intensity of radiation or particles due to the relative motion between the observer and the source. This effect was first identified in the intensity of cosmic rays by Arthur Compton and Ivan A. Getting in 1935. Gleeson and Axford provide a full derivation of the equations relevant to this effect. The original application of the predicted that the intensity of cosmic rays should be higher coming from the direction in which Earth is moving. For the case of cosmic rays the only applies to those that are unaffected by the Solar wind such as extremely high energy rays. It has been calculated that the speed of the Earth within the galaxy () would result in a difference between the strongest and weakest cosmic ray intensities of about 0.1%. Forman (1970) derives the anisotropy from the Lorentz invariance of the phase space distribution function. Ipavich (1974) furthers this general derivation to derive count rates with respect to the flow vector. This is apparent in plasma data in Earth's magnetotail. The has also been utilized for analyzing energetic neutral atom (ENA) data returned by the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft at Saturn. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22155040 |
Kunowsky (Martian crater) Kunowsky is a crater in the Mare Acidalium quadrangle of Mars, located at 57.1° north latitude and 9.7° west longitude. It is 67.4 km in diameter and was named after Georg Karl Friedrich Kunowsky, a German astronomer (1786–1846). Because it lies on a large flat plain, Kunowsky is easy to spot on maps and pictures. It lies in the northern hemisphere just south of the very large crater Lomonosov. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22160702 |
Boeddicker (crater) Boeddicker is a crater in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars, located at 15° south latitude and 197.7° west longitude. It is 109 km in diameter and was named after Otto Boeddicker, a German astronomer (1853–1937). Boeddicker Crater was discussed as a landing site for the 2003 Mars Exploration Rovers. It was one of 25 from a list of 185 after the FirstLanding Site Workshop for the 2003 Mars Exploration Rovers, January 24–25, 2001, at NASA Ames Research Center. Boeddicker Crater has a uniformly sloped crater floor which tracks with a gradational albedo change, similar to Gusev crater to the east. Some researchers have hypothesized that this could be the result of aeolian deposition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22162864 |
Reuyl (crater) Reuyl is a crater in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars, located at 9.8° south latitude and 193.2° west longitude. It measures 85.9 kilometers in diameter and was named after Dirk Reuyl, a Dutch-American physicist and astronomer (1906–1972) who made astronomical measurements of the diameter of Mars in the 1940s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22163025 |
Bond (crater) Bond is a crater in the Argyre quadrangle on Mars, located at 33.2° south latitude and 36° west longitude. It is 105 km in diameter and was named after George P. Bond, an American astronomer (1825–1865). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22163165 |
Hartwig (Martian crater) Hartwig Crater is an impact crater in the Argyre quadrangle of Mars, located at 39° south latitude and 16° west longitude. It is 105 km in diameter and was named after Ernst Hartwig, a German astronomer (1851–1923). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22163285 |
Hutton (Martian crater) Hutton is a crater in the Mare Australe quadrangle of Mars, located at 71.8° south latitude and 255.4° west longitude. It is 99 km in diameter and was named after James Hutton, a British geologist (1726-1797). Many areas of Mars show patterned ground. Sometimes the ground has the shape of polygons. In other places, the surface has low mounds arranged in chains. Patterned ground is common in cold climates on Earth when the soil contains water that is often frozen. Patterned ground is visible below in the image of Hutton Crater. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22163367 |
Secchi (Martian crater) Secchi is a crater in the Hellas quadrangle of Mars, located at 58.3° south latitude and 258.1° west longitude. it is 223 km in diameter and was named after Angelo Secchi, an Italian astronomer (1818–1878). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22163504 |
Korolev (Martian crater) Korolev is an ice-filled impact crater in the Mare Boreum quadrangle of Mars, located at 73° north latitude and 165° east longitude. It is in diameter and contains about of water ice, comparable in volume to Great Bear Lake in northern Canada. The crater was named after Sergei Korolev (1907–1966), the head Soviet rocket engineer and designer during the Space Race in the 1950s and 1960s. Korolev crater is located on the Planum Boreum, the northern polar plain which surrounds the north polar ice cap, near the Olympia Undae dune field. The crater rim rises about above the surrounding plains. The crater floor lies about below the rim, and is covered by a deep central mound of permanent water ice, up to in diameter. The ice is permanently stable because the crater acts as a natural cold trap. The thin Martian air above the crater ice is colder than air surrounding the crater; the colder local atmosphere is also heavier so it sinks to form a protective layer, insulating the ice, shielding it from melting and evaporation. Recent research indicates that the ice deposit formed in place within the crater and was not previously part of a once-larger polar ice sheet. The ice in the crater is part of the vast water resources at Mars poles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22163827 |
David George Stead (6 March 1877 – 2 August 1957) was an Australian marine biologist, ichthyologist, oceanographer, conservationist and writer. He was born at St Leonards in Sydney, and educated at public schools and the Sydney Technical College. In 1909 he was a founder of, and during its early years the main driving force behind, the Wildlife Preservation Society of Australia. In December 1912 he became an inaugural committee member of the Eugenics Society of New South Wales. His career included many government positions both in Australia and in Malaya. He served as the Australian representative on international committees concerned with fisheries science, marine biology and oceanography. He married three times, the third time to botanist and writer Thistle Yolette Harris in 1951. He died at his home in Watsons Bay, Sydney. Stead is commemorated in the David G. Stead Memorial Wild Life Research Foundation of Australia, and the Wirrimbirra Sanctuary at Bargo, New South Wales, established by his third wife in his memory in the early 1960s. Mount Stead in the Blue Mountains is named after him. He was survived by two daughters and three sons of his second marriage and by the only child of his first marriage, the novelist Christina Stead. Sam in "The Man Who Loved Children" by Christina Stead is partly modelled on her father. As well as numerous papers and articles, books authored by Stead include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22198654 |
Field of Streams The is a patch of sky where several stellar streams are visible and crisscross. It was discovered by Vasily Belokurov and Daniel Zucker's team in 2006 by analyzing the Sloan Digital Sky Survey II (SDSS-II) data. The team named the area "Field of Streams" because of so many crisscrossing trails of stars. The Sagittarius Stream of the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy (SagDEG) dominates the "Field". It has a split trail within the area of the Field of Streams, because SagDEG has wrapped around the Milky Way Galaxy multiple times, which has resulted in overlapping trails. The forking of the trail has made it possible to infer the organization of dark matter in the inner halo of the Milky Way Galaxy, resulting in the determination that it is distributed in a round spherical manner, as opposed to the expected flattened spheroid. The shape of the streams also implies that the dark matter is very cold cold dark matter, due to the thin trails, and persisting existence. Also appearing in the Field is the Monoceros Ring, which was not discovered by the team which discovered the Field. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22205229 |
Charged-particle equilibrium In radiological physics, charged-particle equilibrium (CPE) occurs when the number of charged particles leaving a volume is equal to the number entering, for each energy and type of particle. When CPE exists in an irradiated medium, the absorbed dose in the volume is equal to the collision kerma. In order for this to occur, energy is needed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22221404 |
Tikhonravov (crater) Tikhonravov is a large, eroded crater in the Arabia quadrangle of Mars. It is in diameter and was named after Mikhail Tikhonravov, a Russian rocket scientist. Tikhonravov is believed to have once held a giant lake that drained into the 4500 km long Naktong-Scamander-Mamers lake-chain system. An inflow and outflow channel has been identified. Many craters once contained lakes. Some craters in Tikhonravov are classified as pedestal craters. A pedestal crater is a crater with its ejecta sitting above the surrounding terrain. They form when an impact crater ejects material which forms an erosion resistant layer, thus causing the immediate area to erode more slowly than the rest of the region. The result is that both the crater and its ejecta blanket stand above the surroundings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22223878 |
Pasteur (Martian crater) Pasteur Crater is a crater in the Arabia quadrangle of Mars, located at 19.4° north latitude and 335.5° west longitude. It is approximately in diameter and was named after renowned French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur. Dark sand dunes are clustered in the southwest of the crater. The orientation of the barchan dunes suggest that they were generated by northeasterly winds. The source of the dune's sand appears to be local. Upwind of the dunes there is a small crater, Euphrates, within Pasteur crater that may have excavated sediments. The dark sediments have formed a patch at Euphrates' base. HiRISE imagery of the intracrater dunes within Pasteur crater over 1 martian year indicate that the dunes are active with sand movement in a southwesterly direction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22223973 |
Kodama state In loop quantum gravity, the is a zero energy solution to the Schrödinger equation. In 1988, Hideo Kodama wrote down the equations of the Kodama state, but as it described a positive (de Sitter universe) spacetime, which was believed to be inconsistent with observation, it was largely ignored. In 2002, Lee Smolin suggested that the is a ground state which has a good semiclassical limit which reproduces the dynamics of general relativity with a positive (de Sitter) cosmological constant, 4 dimensions, and gravitons. It is an exact solution to ordinary constraints on background independent quantum gravity, providing evidence that loop quantum gravity is indeed a quantum gravity with the correct semiclassical description. In 2003, Edward Witten published a paper in response to Lee Smolin's, arguing that the is unphysical, due to an analogy to a state in Chern–Simons theory wave functions, resulting in negative energies. In 2006, Andrew Randono published two papers which address these objections, by generalizing the Kodama state. Randono concluded that the Immirzi parameter, when generalized with a real value, fixed by matching with black hole entropy, describes parity violation in quantum gravity, and is CPT invariant, and is normalizable, and chiral, consistent with known observations of both gravity and quantum field theory. Randono claims that Witten's conclusions rest on the Immirzi parameter taking on an imaginary number, which simplifies the equation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22245489 |
Kodama state The physical inner product may resemble the MacDowell–Mansouri action formulation of gravity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22245489 |
Environment (systems) In science and engineering, a system is the part of the universe that is being studied, while the environment is the remainder of the universe that lies outside the boundaries of the system. It is also known as the surroundings or neighborhood, and in thermodynamics, as the reservoir. Depending on the type of system, it may interact with the environment by exchanging mass, energy (including heat and work), linear momentum, angular momentum, electric charge, or other conserved properties. In some disciplines, such as information theory, information may also be exchanged. The environment is ignored in analysis of the system, except in regard to these interactions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22247762 |
Bindschadler Ice Stream () is an ice stream between Siple Dome and MacAyeal Ice Stream. It is one of several major ice streams draining from Marie Byrd Land into the Ross Ice Shelf. The ice streams were investigated and mapped by U.S. Antarctic Research Program personnel in a number of field seasons from 1983–84 and named Ice Stream A, B, C, etc., according to their position from south to north. The name of this ice stream was changed from Ice Stream D by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (ACAN) in 2001 or 2002 to honor Robert A. Bindschadler of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, a U.S. Antarctic Project investigator of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet including the dynamics of the Marie Byrd Land ice streams and their interaction with the Ross Ice Shelf, from about 1983 to 1998. In January 2003 the United States Board on Geographic Names accepted this recommendation, revising its 2000 decision; the geographic coordinates were also updated. Shabtaie Ice Ridge sits between the MacAyeal and Bundschadler ice streams. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22256826 |
Spar buoy A spar buoy is a tall, thin buoy that floats upright in the water and is characterized by a small water plane area and a large mass. Because they tend to be stable ocean platforms, spar buoys are popular for making oceanographic measurements. Adjustment of the water plane area and the mass allows spar buoys to be tuned so they tend to not respond to wave forcing. This characteristic differentiates them from large water plane area buoys such as discus buoys that tend to be wave followers. Spar buoys are often used as stable platforms for wave measurement devices and air–sea interaction measurements. Spar buoys range in length from a few feet to the 354-foot (108 meter) RP FLIP. To avoid the difficulties inherent with shipboard launch and recovery, helicopter deployment of large spar buoys has been studied. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22261876 |
Memphis Facula is a palimpsest, or "ghost crater", on Ganymede, the largest of the Jovian satellites. About 360 km across, it is situated in the southwestern part of Galileo Regio, a huge almost circular dark region in Ganymede's northern hemisphere. Although almost level today, it is a relic of a massive impact and once was a deep impact crater whose walls have slumped and its floor has risen isostatically, smoothing out the remaining topography with slush. The morphology of the larger palimpsests like suggests that Ganymede's icy crust at the time of impact was about 10 km thick and was penetrated by the impact, allowing the slush and fluid beneath to fill and level out the crater. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22287993 |
György Gömöri (also George Gömöri or George Gomori; 1904–1957) was a Hungarian-American physician who became famous as a histochemist. Gömöri was born in Budapest on 16 July 1904. He received a degree from the medical faculty of the Pázmány Péter University (today the medical faculty of the Semmelweis University) in 1928. In 1928 he became a pathologist at the 1st Department of Pathology, and in 1932 a surgeon at the 3rd Department of Surgery. In 1938 he went to the U.S.A. First, he worked in a private hospital, but in the same year he became Assistant in Medicine at the University of Chicago as pathologist. He received a Doctor of Philosophy degree from that university in 1943. He became professor of internal medicine specialized in thoracic diseases in 1949. He took a main role in the foundation of the Histochemical Society in 1950. In 1956, Gömöri went to the Palo Alto Medical Center and Medical Research Foundation, where he worked the rest of his life. First he studied the special histological structure of bone, but histochemistry soon became his main field of research, which made him world-famous. He developed the Gömöri trichrome stain and Gömöri methenamine silver stain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22305422 |
Paramoudra Paramoudras, flints, Pot stones or Potstones are flint nodules found mainly in parts of north-west Europe: Norfolk (United Kingdom), Ireland, Denmark, Spain and Germany. In Norfolk they are known as Pot Stones and can be found on the beach below Beeston Bump just outside Beeston Regis. In Ireland they are known as Paramoudras. The term paramoudras was first used by Buckland in 1817 and is a corruption of a Gaelic name, probably padhramoudras "ugly Paddies" or peura muireach "sea pears". Pot Stones are flint nodules with a hollow center and have the appearance of a doughnut (torus). They can be found in columns resembling a backbone. These flints are trace fossils of the burrows of an organism otherwise unknown except for these relics sometimes referred to as "Bathicnus paramoudrae". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22310055 |
Electromethanogenesis is a form of electrofuel production where methane is produced by direct biological conversion from electrical current and carbon dioxide. The reduction process is carried out in a microbial electrolysis cell. A 2009 article by Cheng and Logan reports that a current capture efficiency of 96% can be achieved using a 1.0 V current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22315224 |
Dejnev (Martian crater) Dejnev is a crater on Mars, located in the Memnonia quadrangle at 25.1° south latitude and 164.8° west longitude. It was named after Russian geographer, explorer, and navigator Semyon Dezhnev (1605–1673). The name was adopted by IAU's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature in 1985. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22318759 |
Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies The (MCG) or Morfologiceskij Katalog Galaktik, is a Russian catalogue of 30,642 galaxies compiled by Boris Vorontsov-Velyaminov and V. P. Arkhipova. It is based on scrutiny of prints of the Palomar Sky Survey plates, and putatively complete to a photographic magnitude of 15. Including galaxies to magnitude 16 would have resulted in an unmanageably large dataset. The catalog was published in five parts (chapters) between 1962 and 1974, the final chapter including a certain number of galaxies with a photographic magnitude above 15. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22320247 |
Blandford–Znajek process The is a mechanism for the extraction of energy from a rotating black hole, introduced by Roger Blandford and Roman Znajek in 1977. It is one of the best explanations for the way quasars are powered. As in the Penrose process, the ergosphere plays an important role in the Blandford–Znajek process. In order to extract energy and angular momentum from the black hole, the electromagnetic field around the hole must be modified by magnetospheric currents. In order to drive such currents, the electric field needs to not be screened, and consequently the vacuum field created within the ergosphere by distant sources must have an unscreened component. The most favoured way to provide this is an e pair cascade in a strong electric and radiation field. As the ergosphere causes the magnetosphere inside it to rotate, the outgoing flux of angular momentum results in extraction of energy from the black hole. The requires an accretion disc with a strong poloidal magnetic field around a spinning black hole. The magnetic field extracts spin energy, and the power can be estimated as the energy density at the speed of light cylinder times area: where "B" is the magnetic field strength, formula_2 is the speed-of-light radius, and "ω" is the angular velocity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22324819 |
HadGEM1 (abbreviation for "Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model, version 1") is a coupled climate model developed at the Met Office’s Hadley Centre in 2006 and used in IPCC Fourth Assessment Report on climate change. It represents a significant scientific advance on its predecessor, HadCM3. also provides a basis for further development of models, particularly involving enhanced resolution and full Earth System modelling. The current version is HadGEM3. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22331167 |
NGC 7049 is a lenticular galaxy that spans about 150,000 light-years and lies about 100 million light-years away from Earth in the inconspicuous southern constellation of Indus. NGC 7049's unusual appearance is largely due to a prominent rope-like dust ring which stands out against the starlight behind it. These dust lanes are usually seen in young galaxies with active star-forming regions. shows the features of both an elliptical galaxy and a spiral galaxy, and has relatively few globular clusters, indicative of its status as a lenticular type. near the galaxy's center. is the brightest (BCG) of the Indus triplet of galaxies (NGC 7029, NGC 7041, NGC 7049), and its structure might have arisen from several recent galaxy collisions. Typical BCGs are some of the oldest and most massive galaxies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22342102 |
PyQuante is an open-source (BSD) suite of programs for developing quantum chemistry methods using Gaussian type orbital (GTO) basis sets. The program is written in the Python programming language, but has "rate-determining" modules written in C for speed, and also uses and requires the NumPy linear algebra extensions to Python. The resulting code, though not as fast as other quantum chemistry programs, is much easier to understand and modify. The goal of this software is not necessarily to provide a working quantum chemistry program but rather to provide a set of tools so that scientists can construct their own quantum chemistry programs without going through the tedium of having to write every low-level routine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22344920 |
Eduction (geology) In geology, eduction is a process in which the Earth's crust spreads sideways, exposing deep-seated rocks. It is prominent in the middle layers of the Himalayas, where gravity pushes the mountains down. Together with a high grade of erosion, this activity brings deep rocks to the surface, many from more than a depth of 100 km. The unusually fast elevation preserves rare metastable minerals, e.g. diamonds and coesite. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22380479 |
Jisaburo Ohwi Jisaburo Ohwi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22392990 |
Buskam The Buskam, also Buhskam or Buskamen is a large glacial erratic boulder, 325 metres off the coast of Göhren, Rügen, northern Germany. Erratics () have been scattered all over northern Germany by the glaciers of the Ice Age, but are usually much smaller. The has a volume of about 600 m, a circumference of about 40 metres, and weights about 1,600 tons. A third of it (206 m) lies above the water surface. Cavities in the rock indicate that the was used as a ritual place in prehistory, when such caved rocks were commonly used for ritual sacrifice. An iron crucifix was attached to it after the conversion of Pomerania. According to local legends, the is the site where witches dance during Walpurgis Night, mermaids are also supposed to dance often on the rock. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22403762 |
Passive binding In complexation catalysis, the term passive binding refers to any stabilizing interaction that is equally strong at the transition state level and in the reactant-catalyst complex. Having the same effect on the stability of the transition state and the reactant-catalyst complex, passive binding contributes to acceleration only if the equilibrium between the unassociated reactant and catalyst and their complex is not completely shifted to the right. It was defined by A.J. Kirby in 1996 as opposed to the dynamic binding, "i.e." the whole of interactions that are stronger at the transition state level than in the reactant-catalyst complex. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22404484 |
Ryōzō Kanehira Ryōzō Kanehira | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22406489 |
Health technology assessment (HTA) is the systematic evaluation of the properties and effects of a health technology, addressing the direct and intended effects of this technology, as well as its indirect and unintended consequences, and aimed mainly at informing decision making regarding health technologies. It has other definitions including "a method of evidence synthesis that considers evidence regarding clinical effectiveness, safety, cost-effectiveness and, when broadly applied, includes social, ethical, and legal aspects of the use of health technologies. The precise balance of these inputs depends on the purpose of each individual HTA. A major use of HTAs is in informing reimbursement and coverage decisions by insurers and national health systems, in which case HTAs should include benefit-harm assessment and economic evaluation." and "a multidisciplinary process that summarises information about the medical, social, economic and ethical issues related to the use of a health technology in a systematic, transparent, unbiased, robust manner. Its aim is to inform the formulation of safe, effective, health policies that are patient focused and seek to achieve best value. Despite its policy goals, HTA must always be firmly rooted in research and the scientific method". is intended to provide a bridge between the world of research and the world of decision-making. HTA is an active field internationally and has seen continued growth fostered by the need to support management, clinical, and policy decisions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22406877 |
Health technology assessment It has also been advanced by the evolution of evaluative methods in the social and applied sciences, including clinical epidemiology and health economics. Health policy decisions are becoming increasingly important as the opportunity costs from making wrong decisions continue to grow. HTA is now also used in assessment of innovative medical technologies like telemedicine e.g. by use of the Model for assessment of telemedicine (MAST). Health technology can be defined broadly as: The growth of HTA internationally can be seen in the expanding membership of the International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA), a non-profit umbrella organization established in 1993. Organizations and individuals involved in HTA research are also affiliated with societies such as the international societies HTAi and the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR). An international Masters program in health technology assessment and management, ULYSSES, is also offered. The United Kingdom's National Institute for Health Research runs several research programmes which may be viewed as falling into the realm of Health Technology Assessment. Of particular note is the NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme, its longest running, which undertakes both conventional HTA in the form of Evidence Synthesis and modelling, and evidence generation with a large portfolio of pragmatic RCTs and cohort studies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22406877 |
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