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Vuver (crater) Vuver is a crater on the surface of Uranus' moon Umbriel. It is estimated to be 98 km in diameter. The longitude and latitude of its center are 311.6° and −4.7°, respectively. Vuver has a bright central peak, which is one of the few bright albedo features on Umbriel that noticeably stands out against Umbriel's low albedo. The crater is named after Vuver, a Mari evil spirit. Citations Sources | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24481242 |
Current (fluid) A current in a fluid is the magnitude and direction of flow within that fluid. An air current presents the same properties specifically for a gaseous medium. Types of fluid currents include | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24483792 |
Tintina Fault The is a large strike-slip fault in western North America, extending from northwestern British Columbia, Canada to the U.S. state of central Alaska. It represents the northern extension of the Rocky Mountain Fault in the northern United States. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24486371 |
Babak Amin Tafreshi (, born 1978 in Tehran, Iran) is an Iranian photographer, science journalist, and amateur astronomer. He is the creator and director of The World At Night (TWAN), an international program in which photographers from around the world capture images of night skies as seen above notable landmarks of the planet. He is also a member of the board of advisors of Astronomers Without Borders and a project coordinator for the International Year of Astronomy (IYA2009). In 2009, he won the Lennart Nilsson Award for best scientific photography, in joint effort with NASA's Cassini Imaging Director Carolyn Porco. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24493142 |
Propagation of light in non-inertial reference frames The description of motion in relativity requires more than one concept of speed. Coordinate speed is the coordinate distance measured by the observer divided by the coordinate time of the observer. Proper speed is the local proper distance divided by the local proper time. For example, at the event horizon of a black hole the coordinate speed of light is zero, while the proper speed is c. The coordinate speed of light (both instantaneous and average) is slowed in the presence of gravitational fields. The local instantaneous proper speed of light is always c. <br> In an inertial frame an observer cannot detect their motion via light signals as the speed of light in a vacuum is constant. This means an observer can detect when their motion is accelerated by studying light signals. <br> | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24503102 |
Continuous marine broadcast A continuous marine broadcast, or CMB, is a marine weather broadcasting service operated by the Canadian Coast Guard. CMBs are programmed from the various Marine Communications and Traffic Services centres on the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic coasts of Canada, as well as on the coasts of the Great Lakes. Programming is broadcast in English and French on the Atlantic Coast and along the Saint Lawrence River, and in English only on the Great Lakes, Arctic Coast and Pacific Coast. The content of a CMB is a continuously-played back loop of marine weather information, provided by Environment Canada and updated several times a day, as well as live broadcasts of selected notices to mariners, shipping, and fishermen. Most of the recordings are made using real human voices, with a computerized text-to-speech system providing information from automated weather observation points. When necessary, an officer at an MCTS station can break into a CMB transmission and broadcast an urgent live message, such as a navigational warning or a distress relay message. CMBs are transmitted on several frequencies: As well, on the Pacific coast, CMBs are transmitted on weather radio frequencies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24511121 |
Curie (Martian crater) Curie Crater is an impact crater in the Oxia Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 29.1° N and 4.8° W. It is 114.1 km in diameter and was named after Pierre Curie, a French physicist-chemist (1859-1906). Impact craters generally have a rim with ejecta around them, in contrast volcanic craters usually do not have a rim or ejecta deposits. As craters get larger (greater than 10 km in diameter) they usually have a central peak. The peak is caused by a rebound of the crater floor following the impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24513955 |
Taytay (crater) Taytay is an impact crater in the Oxia Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at .37° N and 19.65° W. It is 18.4 kilometers in diameter and was named after the town of Taytay, Palawan in the Philippines. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24514018 |
Magnotech is a type of biosensor using magnetic nanoparticles to measure target molecules in blood and saliva in a matter of minutes. The technology is based on magnetic nanoparticles that are actuated by magnetic fields [1]. The aim is to expand the rapid diagnosis sector of the in vitro diagnostics market. A cartridge is inserted into a hand-held analyzer. The cartridge is constructed entirely from plastic components, has no moving parts or embedded electronics, and is disposable. It automatically fills itself from a single drop of blood or saliva. Once filled, no other fluid movement is required. The entire assay process within the cartridge is executed by controlled movement of the magnetic nanoparticles, using magnetic fields generated by the hand-held analyzer. The analyzer unit contains the electromagnets, an optical detection system, control electronics, software and the read-out display. Tests have shown that the cardiac marker Troponin I can be measured in blood plasma in around five minutes. was used in the Minicare product of Philips Handheld Diagnostics, which was commercially launched in 2016. In 2018 the technology was spun out into Minicare BV (www.minicare.com). The technology behind was initiated by Philips Research Fellow, Menno Prins. In 2014 he became full professor at Eindhoven University of Technology. [1] Bruls et al., "Rapid integrated biosensor for multiplexed immunoassays based on actuated magnetic nanoparticles", Lab on a Chip, 2009,9, 3504-3510, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24520406 |
Radau (crater) Radau is an impact crater in the Oxia Palus quadrangle of Mars, located 17.1° N and 4.8° W. It measures 114.5 kilometers in diameter and was named for Rodolphe Radau, a French astronomer (1835–1911). Impact craters generally have a rim with ejecta around them, in contrast volcanic craters usually do not have a rim or ejecta deposits. As craters get larger (greater than 10 km in diameter) they usually have a central peak. The peak is caused by a rebound of the crater floor following the impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24530356 |
On Jungle Trails is a book-length compilation of Frank Buck’s stories describing how he captures wild animals. For many years, this book was a fifth grade reader in the Texas public schools, approved for state-wide use. Some of the facts Buck relates are observational, such as his description of the pangolin, a scaly anteater, getting his fill of red ants. Among the other accounts: Buck brought these animals back to America; but when he obtained several tiny Malaysian mouse deer, the smallest deer in the world, weighing two pounds, and made pets of them, a quarantine against ruminating animals made it impossible to bring them into the United States. Buck's writes of his jungle camp and his methods for feeding and caring for his animals. At the end of the book there is a partial list of animals which Buck brought back alive to America. In an appendix there are several pages of information about various Asian animals, reptiles and birds. Buck emphasizes his refusal to kill animals and his insistence on kindness to them. "Wherever I go, children mention this book to me and tell me how much they learned about animals and the jungle from it," said Buck. "The book is so written as to be easily understood by boys and girls, and is intended to interest them especially. It is certainly quite likely to do that." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24537929 |
McMurdo (crater) McMurdo is a crater in the Mare Australe quadrangle of Mars, located at 84.4° S and 359.1° W. It is 30.3 km in diameter and was named after McMurdo Station in Antarctica. Many layers are visible in the south wall of the crater. Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. The study of layering on Mars greatly expanded when the Mars Global Surveyor sent back images. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers. A detailed discussion of layering with many Martian examples can be found in Sedimentary Geology of Mars. A paper by Grotzinger and Milliken discusses the role of water and wind in forming layers of sedimentary rocks. Just to the south of McMurdo is a field of numerous short, dark streaks or fans. These are caused by the outgassing of carbon dioxide in the spring when the temperature is rising. The carbon dioxide gas carries with it dark particles. If a wind is blowing at the time, the plume of material is spread to one side forming a streak or a fan; these features have been called spiders because at times they look spiders with many legs. Both layers and fans are shown in the pictures below. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24542111 |
Timbuktu (crater) Timbuktu is an old crater on Mars, located in the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle (MC-19) region at 5.7° S and 37.6° W. It measures approximately 66 kilometers in diameter and was named after the ancient city of Timbuktu in Mali, Africa. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24543767 |
Biophysical chemistry is a physical science that uses the concepts of physics and physical chemistry for the study of biological systems. The most common feature of the research in this subject is to seek explanation of the various phenomena in biological systems in terms of either the molecules that make up the system or the supra-molecular structure of these systems. Biophysical chemists employ various techniques used in physical chemistry to probe the structure of biological systems. These techniques include spectroscopic methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray diffraction. For example, the work for which Nobel Prize was awarded in 2009 to three chemists was based on X-ray diffraction studies of ribosomes. Some of the areas in which biophysical chemists engage themselves are protein structure and the functional structure of cell membranes. For example, enzyme action can be explained in terms of the shape of a pocket in the protein molecule that matches the shape of the substrate molecule or its modification due to binding of a metal ion. Similarly the structure and function of the biomembranes may be understood through the study of model supramolecular structures as liposomes or phospholipid vesicles of different compositions and sizes. The oldest reputed institute for biophysical chemistry is the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24568072 |
Biophysical chemistry journals include "Biophysical Journal", "Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics" (published by Academic Press), "Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications" (Academic Press), "Biochimica et Biophysica Acta" (Elsevier Science), "Biophysical Chemistry", "An International Journal devoted to the Physics and Chemistry of Biological Phenomena" (Elsevier), "Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods" (Elsevier), "Journal of Biochemistry", "Biology and Biophysics" (Taylor & Francis), and "Journal de Chimie Physique", "Physico-Chimie Biologique" (EDP Sciences and the Société Française de Chimie). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24568072 |
Matter collineation A matter collineation (sometimes matter symmetry and abbreviated to MC) is a vector field that satisfies the condition, where formula_2 are the energy-momentum tensor components. The intimate relation between geometry and physics may be highlighted here, as the vector field formula_3 is regarded as preserving certain physical quantities along the flow lines of formula_3, this being true for any two observers. In connection with this, it may be shown that every Killing vector field is a matter collineation (by the Einstein field equations (EFE), with or without cosmological constant). Thus, given a solution of the EFE, a vector field that preserves the metric necessarily preserves the corresponding energy-momentum tensor. When the energy-momentum tensor represents a perfect fluid, every Killing vector field preserves the energy density, pressure and the fluid flow vector field. When the energy-momentum tensor represents an electromagnetic field, a Killing vector field does "not necessarily" preserve the electric and magnetic fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24570445 |
Stonyhurst disks A Stonyhurst disk is a transparent circular grid with lines of longitude and latitude that can overlay a solar image to reference the positions of sunspots. This overlay system was originally created at the Stonyhurst College observatory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24575247 |
Karl Rost (active 1880–1919) was a German entomologist and insect dealer. From 1886 Rost was an insect dealer (Insekten-Händler) and professional insect collector in Berlin. He collected insects later offered for sale in Spain and Greece (annually 1887-1898). In 1899 he went on an expedition to Siberia and in 1900 -1901 collected in the Caucasus. In 1903 he went to Japan to collect insects for the Swiss collector George Meyer-Darcis (He went to Japan again in 1911) after two years in North-West India (1906 for Meyer-Darcis and 1907 for his dealership). Rost described many new species from these regions. Parts of his personal collection are in the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin and other parts are in the Zoologisch Museum Amsterdam. The rest were privately sold, many to the dealership Staudinger - Bang-Haas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24581637 |
Hisashi Yamamoto Born in Kobe, Japan, Yamamoto earned a B.S. at Kyoto University in 1967 and a Ph.D. at Harvard University in 1971. He was a professor at Nagoya University from 1983 until 2002 and has since been a professor within the Department of Chemistry at the University of Chicago. His research work is largely in the chemistry of acid catalysts that play an important role in triggering or driving chemical reactions, specifically Lewis and Brønsted acid catalysts used in selective organic synthesis. Yamamoto has authored or co-authored several books on topics in modern synthetic organic chemistry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24591291 |
Alexey Olovnikov Alexey Matveyevich Olovnikov (; born 10 October 1936 in Vladivostok, Russia) is a Russian biologist. In 1971, he was the first to recognize the problem of telomere shortening, to predict the existence of telomerase, and to suggest the telomere hypothesis of aging and the relationship of telomeres to cancer He was not awarded a share of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, awarded for the discovery of the enzyme and its biological significance. In 2009 he was awarded Demidov Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences. WNYC RadioLab Episode on Mortality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24592348 |
Molten salt oxidation is a non-flame, thermal process that destroys all organic materials while simultaneously retaining inorganic and hazardous components in the melt. It is used as either hazardous waste treatment(with air) or energy harvesting similar to coal and wood gasification(with steam). The molten salt of choice has been sodium carbonate (m.p 851°C), but other salts can be used. Sulfur, halogens, phosphorus and similar volatile pollutants are oxidized and retained in the melt. Most organic carbon content leaves as relatively pure CO//H/HO gas (depending on the feed conditions, whether steam or air is used), and the effluent only requires a cold trap and a mild aqueous wash (except mercury-containing wastes). It has been used for safe biological and chemical weapons destruction, and processing waste such as scrap tires where direct incineration/effluent treatment is difficult. The major downside of the process compared to direct incineration is the eventual saturation of the melt by contaminants, and needing reprocessing/replacement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24603285 |
Dichroscope The dichroscope is an important pocket instrument used in the field of geology, and can be used to test transparent gemstones (crystals). Experienced geologists using pleochroism can successfully detect gemstones from other artificial stones using this instrument. There are two types of dichroscopes available: calcite and polarizing. Of the two, calcite gives better results and is widely used by experienced gemologists. With the polarizing type, only one pleochroic color can be seen at a time. This makes the process time-consuming and difficult, though it is the most economical way to get results. The dichroscope has been used since at least the start of the nineteenth century. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24604356 |
Photomechanical effect is the change in the shape of a material when it is exposed to light. This effect was first documented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1880. More recently, Kenji Uchino demonstrated that a photostrictive material could be used for legs in the construction of a miniature optically-powered "walker". The most common mechanism of photomechanical effect is light-induced heating. Photomechanical materials may be considered smart materials due to their natural change implemented by external factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24625409 |
Carlyle A. Luer Carlyle August Luer (August 23, 1922 – November 9, 2019) was a botanist specializing in the Orchidaceae. His specialty interest was the Pleurothallidinae (Genus "Pleurothallis") and allied species. Born to Carl & Vera Luer, he was raised in Alton, Illinois and later attended Washington University, St. Louis School of Medicine, graduating in 1946. From there he went on to be a surgeon in Sarasota, Florida and upon retirement in 1975 took up the study and botanical illustration of Orchids. He aided in the foundation of the Marie Selby Botanical Gardens and was the first editor of their research journal "Selbyana". He was a senior curator at the Missouri Botanical Garden and published numerous articles and two books related to Orchid taxonomy. Luer died at the age of 97 on November 9, 2019. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24626874 |
Noriaki Fukuyama During his short life, Dr. Fukuyama described over a hundred new species of orchids from Micronesia, the Ryukyus and Taiwan. Most of the type specimens he collected were housed in his personal herbarium (Herb. Orch. Fuk.), located in Taiwan, and were previously believed to have been lost amid the upheaval in Japan following the close of World War II. However, most of Fukuyama's type materials of Taiwan orchids were rediscovered, in the course of sifting through the botanical collection of one Dr. Genkei Masamune, which Masamune had bequeathed to the herbarium of the Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History upon his death in 1993. Although it is not entirely clear as to why he had them, it is known that Fukuyama had been Masamune's pupil. Among the materials found were Fukuyama's original manuscripts of "Studia Orchidacearum Japonicarum", Vols. XI thru XIII. Suffering from cancer, and plagued by local unrest in Taiwan against the Japanese, he was killed by locals in a nearby village during a local uprising against Japanese citizens living in Taiwan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24630594 |
David McFarland is a scientist specializing in the field of animal behavior and more recently the broadening of this understanding to "artificial ethology" and robotics. He was educated at Leighton Park School, the Quaker school at Reading. He later taught at Balliol College Oxford. He is the author of a number of books, including "Animal Behaviour: Psychobiology, Ethology, and Evolution", and "Companion to Animal Behaviour", published by Oxford University Press. He is also the author of the "Dictionary of Animal Behaviour", published by Oxford Paperback Reference in 2006. Newest publications are listed first. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24640834 |
Zeunerite is a green copper uranium arsenate mineral with formula Cu(UO)(AsO)•(10-16)HO. It is a member of the autunite group. The associated mineral metazeunerite is a dehydration product of zeunerite. occurs as a secondary mineral in the oxidized weathering zone of hydrothermal uranium ore deposits which contain arsenic. Olivenite, mansfieldite, scorodite, azurite and malachite are found in association with zeunerite. It was first described in 1872 for an occurrence in the Schneeberg District, Erzgebirge, Saxony, Germany. It was named for Gustav Anton Zeuner (1828–1907). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24647541 |
Submerged specific gravity is a dimensionless measure of an object's buoyancy when immersed in a fluid. It can be expressed in terms of the equation where formula_2 stands for "submerged specific gravity", formula_3 is the density of the object, and formula_4 is the density of the fluid. is equal to the specific gravity given by the ratio of the weight of the object to the weight of the fluid) minus one. That is, the object and fluid have the same density when the specific gravity equals one and the submerged specific gravity equals zero. This fact highlights the utility of the usage of submerged specific gravity in problems involving buoyancy and force balances on submerged objects: the object will naturally rise when its submerged specific gravity is negative, and sink when its submerged specific gravity is positive. Because of this characteristic and its dimensionless nature, submerged specific gravity is ubiquitous in equations of sediment transport. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24656049 |
Snow patch A snow patch is a geomorphological pattern of snow and firn accumulation which lies on the surface for a longer time than other seasonal snow cover. There are two types to distinguish; seasonal snow patches and perennial snow patches. Seasonal patches usually melt during the late summer but later than the rest of the snow. Perennial snow patches are stable for more than two years and also have a bigger influence on surroundings. Snow patches often start in sheltered places where both thermal and orographical conditions are favourable for the conservation of snow such as small existing depressions, gullies or other concave patterns. The main process that creates these accumulations is called nivation. It is a complex of processes that includes freeze–thaw action (weathering by the alternate freezing and melting of ice), mass movement (the downhill movement of substances under gravity), and erosion by meltwater which is the main agent of the surroundings' influence. There is high soil moisture around the snow patch that supports growing of specific vegetation. vegetation is very distinctive. It is usually dominated by species that tolerate a shortened growing season and is predominantly herbaceous. With increasing duration of snow persistence, non – vascular plants predominated over vascular plants for example Salicetum herbaceae, Salix herbacea etc. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24663798 |
Sea snot or marine mucilage is a collection of mucus-like organic matter found in the sea. The substance is described as "jello-like sheets of disease-carrying mucus" that holds a strong presence in the Mediterranean Sea and has been spreading into farther-flung waters. forms when globs of marine snow coagulate into large globs that can span distances as large as 124 miles. The mucilage has many components, including a wide range of microorganisms including viruses and prokaryotes, and exopolymeric compounds with colloidal properties. is also produced by phytoplankton when they are stressed. An increase in the amount of sea snot in the Mediterranean and other seas observed at least as early as 2009 may have been the result of climate change. Warmer, slower moving waters increase the production of sea snot and allow it to accumulate in massive blobs. was first reported in 1729 and has long been seen as a nuisance to the fishing industry and coastal populations. Recently, sea snot has emerged not only as a nuisance, but as a major hazard. Globs of sea snot can harbor bacteria such as "E. coli" that threaten maritime flora and fauna as well as humans exposed to contaminated water. It can also coat the gills of sea creatures subsumed in it, cutting off oxygen and killing them. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico created large amounts of sea snot | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24673328 |
Sea snot Scientists are not sure how exactly the spill caused so much sea snot to form, but one theory asserts that the sea snot could have been the result of a massive kill of microscopic marine life creating a "blizzard" of marine snow. Scientists worry that the mass of sea snot could pose a biohazard to surviving marine life in the area. It is widely believed that the Sea Snot left by the spill directly resulted in the loss of sealife in the Gulf of Mexico based upon a dead field of deepwater coral 11 kilometers away from the Deepwater Horizon station. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24673328 |
Rousillon Rupes is a scarp ("rupes" is Latin for "cliff") on the surface of the Uranian moon Titania named after "Bertram, count of Rousillon" (an Elisabethan English misspelling for Roussillon) in William Shakespeare's comedy All's Well That Ends Well. The 402 km long feature is a normal fault situated near the equator and running perpendicular to it. The scarp cuts impact craters, which probably means that it was formed at a relatively late stage of moon's evolution, when the interior of Titania expanded and its ice crust cracked as a result. has only few crater superimposed on it, which also implies its relatively young age. The scarp was first imaged by Voyager 2 spacecraft in January 1986. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24678877 |
Qubic experiment QUBIC is a cosmology project to study cosmic inflation by measuring the B-modes of the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). It uses bolometric interferometry, which combines the advantages of interferometry (reduction of systematic errors) and those of the bolometer detectors (high signal sensitivity). QUBIC observes the sky at two frequencies, 150 and 220 GHz, so that it can separate the cosmological signal from foreground emission, in particular thermal dust emission. The QUBIC project was born in 2008 from the merger of BRAIN and MBI projects. A technical demonstrator of the instrument is being manufactured and should be tested in France in 2017. A first module should then be installed in Argentina in the region of Alto Chorrillos next to the Large Latin American Millimeter Array. QUBIC is an international collaboration involving universities and laboratories in France, Italy, Argentina, the U.K. and the U.S.A. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24687960 |
Lanthanum barium copper oxide Lanthanum barium copper oxide, or LBCO, was discovered in 1986 and was the first high temperature superconductor. Johannes Georg Bednorz and K. Alex Müller shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in physics for its discovery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24693669 |
Puma lentivirus (PLV) is a retrovirus. A study in 2003 indicated that domestic cats infected with "Puma lentivirus" or "Lion lentivirus" ("LLV") began producing anti-FIV immune responses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24696652 |
Tesla valve A Tesla valve, called by Tesla a valvular conduit, is a fixed-geometry passive check valve. It allows a fluid to flow preferentially in one direction, without moving parts. The device is named after Nikola Tesla, who was awarded in 1920 for its invention. The patent application describes the invention as follows: The interior of the conduit is provided with enlargements, recesses, projections, baffles, or buckets which, while offering virtually no resistance to the passage of the fluid in one direction, other than surface friction, constitute an almost impassable barrier to its flow in the opposite direction. Tesla illustrates this with the drawing, showing one possible construction with a series of eleven flow-control segments, although any other number of such segments could be used as desired to increase or decrease the flow regulation effect. One computational fluid dynamics simulation of Tesla valves with two and four segments showed that the flow resistance in the blocking (or reverse) direction was about 15 and 40 times greater, respectively, than the unimpeded (or forward) direction. This lends support to Tesla's patent assertion that in the valvular conduit in his diagram, a pressure ratio "approximating 200 can be obtained so that the device acts as a slightly leaking valve". The is used in microfluidic applications and offers advantages such as scalability, durability, and ease of fabrication in a variety of materials | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24697292 |
Tesla valve The valves are structures that have a higher pressure drop for the flow in one direction (reverse) than the other (forward). This difference in flow resistance causes a net directional flow rate in the forward direction in oscillating flows. The efficiency is often expressed in diodicity formula_1, being the ratio of pressure drops for identical flow rates: where formula_3 is the reverse flow pressure drop, and formula_4 the forward flow pressure drop for flow rate formula_5. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24697292 |
Eugeniu Plohotniuc - Rector Balti State University "Alecu Russo", born 18 August 1953 s.Bagrineshty Floresti region of Moldova. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24698439 |
Fermi motion The is the quantum motion of nucleons bound inside a nucleus. It was once posited as an explanation for the EMC effect. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24702673 |
MolecularLab is an Italian website of science, specialized in science, biotechnology, molecular biology, with news, forums, and events. With over 4 million page views in May 2009 it is the most visited Italian science webzine. has several objectives: The site was founded in 2001 with the publication of notes from a degree course. In 2003 the Molecularlab.it site was created and then has gradually added new features: to the didactics was added daily news and then a community. It was the first news organization specializing on Italian science daily. One of the features of this site has been the intensive use of systems for distribution of news: custom feeds to be updated on certain categories or topics, News Ticker and widgets to spread to other sites, an ICS file to sync with the events reported by MolecularLab, and other tools as plugins to search the site by the browser. Since January 2006 is in partnership with World Community Grid to promote the use of computers in biomedical research. During the first years, the comments associated to the news were free making it possible for users to open discussions of interest. From 2007, comments were moderated and limited to registered users. Later a multimedia section, a directory science, a section for beginners, and a glossary were added. The last section consists of a quiz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24704614 |
MolecularLab The newspaper, now owned by Richard Fallini, works with the European information system CORDIS and the association for consumers Aduc, receives press releases from the major Italian research institutions, and operates through some researchers to the first scientific blog network in Italy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24704614 |
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research is a scientific journal that publishes recent research on the fields of volcanology and geothermal activity, as well as the societal and environmental impact of these phenomenon. This journal is abstracted and indexed by the following services: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24707323 |
Norte (wind) The Norte is a strong cold north wind which blows in Mexico along the Gulf of California. It results from an outbreak of cold air from the north, over the 4 corners region. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24714138 |
TA cloning (also known as rapid cloning or T cloning) is a subcloning technique that avoids the use of restriction enzymes and is easier and quicker than traditional subcloning. The technique relies on the ability of adenine (A) and thymine (T) (complementary basepairs) on different DNA fragments to hybridize and, in the presence of ligase, become ligated together. PCR products are usually amplified using Taq DNA polymerase which preferentially adds an adenine to the 3' end of the product. Such PCR amplified inserts are cloned into linearized vectors that have complementary 3' thymine overhangs. The insert is created by PCR using Taq polymerase. This polymerase lacks 3' to 5' proofreading activity and, with a high probability, adds a single, 3'-adenine overhang to each end of the PCR product. It is best if the PCR primers have guanines at the 5' end as this maximizes probability of Taq DNA polymerase adding the terminal adenosine overhang. Thermostable polymerases containing extensive 3´ to 5´ exonuclease activity should not be used as they do not leave the 3´ adenine-overhangs. The target vector is linearized and cut with a blunt-end restriction enzyme. This vector is then tailed with dideoxythymidine triphosphate (ddTTP) using terminal transferase. It is important to use ddTTP to ensure the addition of only one T residue. This tailing leaves the vector with a single 3'-overhanging thymine residue on each blunt end | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24719493 |
TA cloning Manufacturers commonly sell TA Cloning "kits" with a wide range of prepared vectors that have already been linearized and tagged with an overhanging thymine. Given that there is no need for restriction enzymes other than for generating the linearized vector, the procedure is much simpler and faster than traditional subcloning. There is also no need to add restriction sites when designing primers and thus shorter primers can be used saving time and money. In addition, in instances where there are no viable restriction sites that can be used for traditional cloning, is often used as an alternative. The major downside of is that directional cloning is not possible, so the gene has a 50% chance of getting cloned in the reverse direction. TOPO cloning | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24719493 |
Tetramer A tetramer () ("tetra-", "four" + "-mer", "parts") is an oligomer formed from four monomers or subunits. The associated property is called "tetramery". An example from inorganic chemistry is titanium methoxide with the empirical formula Ti(OCH), which is tetrameric in the solid state and has the molecular formula Ti(OCH). An example from organic chemistry is kobophenol A, a substance that is formed by combining four molecules of resveratrol. In biochemistry, it similarly refers to a biomolecule formed of four units, that are the same (homotetramer), i.e. as in Concanavalin A or different (heterotetramer), i.e. as in hemoglobin. Hemoglobin has 4 similar sub-units while immunoglobulins have 2 very different sub-units. The different sub-units may have each their own activity, such as binding biotin in avidin tetramers, or have a common biological property, such as the allosteric binding of oxygen in hemoglobin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24733592 |
Orfeu Bertolami (São Paulo, Brazil, 1959) is a theoretical physicist who works in problems of astrophysics, cosmology, general relativity and quantum gravity. He worked at Instituto Superior Técnico in Lisbon, Portugal from 1991 to 2010. He is currently professor at Departamento de Física e Astronomia of the Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto. He is the author of a book to raise the awareness of the public on science about the history of ideas in astronomy, cosmology and theories of gravity (in Portuguese) and of a technical text on the aspects of gravity and propulsion in space published by the European Space Agency: In particular, Bertolami studied baryogengesis, the cosmological constant problem and its connection with the equivalence principle, the generalized Chaplygin gas model of unification of Dark Energy (to explain the cosmic acceleration) and Dark Matter (to explain the flattening of the rotation curves of galaxies) and some Modified models of gravity with non-minimal coupling between curvature and matter. He has also worked on the Pioneer Anomaly, which was shown to be most likely due to on-board thermal effects and reflection of the generated radiation. Most recent work concerns extensions of quantum mechanics based on phase-space noncommutativity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24734755 |
Beneath the City Streets Beneath the City Streets: A Private Inquiry into the Nuclear Preoccupations of Government is a 1970 book by British author Peter Laurie. It details the existence and necessity of underground bunkers, food depots, and government safe havens throughout underground London. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24737489 |
NGC 5034 is a spiral galaxy of indeterminate type. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24738076 |
NGC 5144 is an unbarred spiral galaxy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24738163 |
NGC 4777 is an intermediate spiral ring galaxy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24738213 |
NGC 4780 is an intermediate spiral galaxy within the constellation Virgo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24738256 |
Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory The (PGML) is a department of the University of Georgia, directed by Dr. Andrew H. Paterson. Research focuses on the study of major crop species such as sorghum and cotton, as well as other species such as Bermuda Grass, Brassica and Peanut. Research topics include whole genome genetic mapping and physical mapping; polyploidy; ancient whole genome duplications; comparative genomics; gene cloning; drought tolerance; seed shattering and cotton fiber qualities. PGML has led in the sequencing of the sorghum genome and the cotton genome. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24739827 |
The Ocean World of Jacques Cousteau by Jacques Cousteau is an encyclopedia in 21 volumes, that forms an encyclopedia of marine life. It was published between 1973 and 1978. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24741676 |
Raniero Alliata di Pietratagliata or more correctly "of the Duchi di Pietratagliata" (Palermo, 1886 – 1979) was an Italian intellectual, theosophist and entomologist. His insect collection from the Madonie is conserved in the civic museum in Terrasini. It includes purchased exotic insects. He lived in Villa Alliata di Pietratagliata in Palermo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24746172 |
Geografiska Annaler is a scientific journal published by the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography. The journal is founded in 1919. Since 1965 the journal is published in two series A and B. Series A deals with arctic research, physical geography, glaciology and quaternary science in general. Series B covers the topics of human geography and economic geography, with a special, but not exclusive, focus on the Nordic and Baltic countries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24765769 |
NGC 2294 is an elliptical galaxy within the constellation Gemini, discovered by George Johnstone Stoney on February 22, 1849. The visual magnitude is 14, and the apparent size is 0.8 by 0.4 arc minutes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24799670 |
NGC 2291 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Gemini. It was discovered by John Herschel on January 22, 1827. The visual magnitude is 13, and the apparent size is 1.0 by 0.8 arc minutes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24799724 |
NGC 7499 is an unbarred lenticular galaxy within the constellation Pisces. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24799850 |
Folate targeting is a method utilized in biotechnology for drug delivery purposes. This Trojan Horse process, which was created by Drs. Christopher P. Leamon and Philip S. Low, involves the attachment of the vitamin, folate (folic acid), to a molecule/drug to form a "folate conjugate". Based on the natural high affinity of folate for the folate receptor protein (FR), which is commonly expressed on the surface of many human cancers, folate-drug conjugates also bind tightly to the FR and trigger cellular uptake via endocytosis. Molecules as diverse as small radiodiagnostic imaging agents to large DNA plasmid formulations have successfully been delivered inside FR-positive cells and tissues. Folic acid (FA, folate or vitamin B), is a vital nutrient required by all living cells for nucleotide biosynthesis and for the proper metabolic maintenance of 1-carbon pathways. Aside from its cofactor role for intracellular enzymes, FA also displays high affinity for the folate receptor (FR), a glycosylphosphatidyinositol-linked protein that captures its ligands from the extracellular milieu and transports them inside the cell via a non-destructive, recycling endosomal pathway. The FR is also a recognized tumor antigen/biomarker. Because of this, diagnostic and therapeutic methods which exploit the FR's function are being developed for cancer. The FR is an emerging therapeutic target for diagnosis and treatment of cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24801892 |
Folate targeting Expression of the FR is selectively upregulated on certain malignant cells and activated macrophages. Overexpression of the FR on these types of cells is clinically significant because they designate areas where the physiological symptoms of disease are most extensive. The malignant cells indicate the presence of tumors associated with ovarian, lung, breast, kidney, brain, endometrial, and colon cancer. Macrophages become activated in chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and most other inflammatory diseases. From a mechanistic perspective, the FR functions to concentrate exogenous ligands (e.g. folates and folate-drug conjugates) into the cell cytosol by endocytosis. The term endocytosis refers to the process whereby the plasma membrane invaginates and eventually forms a distinct intracellular compartment. The endocytic vesicles (endosomes) rapidly become acidified to allow the FR to release its ligand. Afterwards, the empty FR returns to the cell surface where it can participate in another round of ligand-mediated endocytosis. The discovery of vitamin-mediated drug targeting in plants led to the hypothesis that folate-targeted therapies could be of clinical use. After proteins covalently bonded to biotin were successfully transported into plant cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis, a similar technique was attempted with folate and animal cells | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24801892 |
Folate targeting Targeted drug therapy is advantageous because it deposits the drug at the specific location where it can be most useful in treating the disease. Similarly, folate-targeted imaging therapy helps visualize areas where the FR is expressed at higher levels. With greater control over where exogenous agents are delivered, diagnostic and treatment therapies are more effective and cause fewer side effects. Specificity of folate conjugates for the FR has been shown by competition tests with free folate. When this ligand, known to bind the FR, is added in excess of the folate conjugate, it outcompetes the conjugate, indicating that the folate conjugate specifically binds the FR, and not other receptors, in the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Addition of an enzyme that frees the folate receptor from the cell membrane and addition of antibodies to the FR also reverse the internalization of folate conjugates, providing further evidence that folate conjugates bind the FR with specificity. While some drugs and radioimaging agents are delivered to cells as folate conjugates in a one-to-one folate-to-conjugate ratio, folate-targeted liposomes allow for the delivery of larger amounts of chemotherapeutic agents. In this technique, drug particles are enveloped in a plasma membrane-bound vesicle. Folate is attached to polyethylene glycol bound to the phosphate heads of membrane phospholipids, thus directing the liposomes to FRs of tumor cells, by which they are engulfed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24801892 |
Folate targeting Elevated expression of the FR occurs in many human malignancies, especially when associated with aggressively growing cancers. Recently, it was proposed that this relationship may possibly be used for prognostic purposes. Non-mucinous ovarian cancer (the majority of ovarian cancers) was the first tumor type to be associated with FR "over-expression", and it was later shown that this antigen was identical to that found on KB tumor cells and in placental tissue. Several studies confirmed that ~80-90% of ovarian tumors over-express the FR. Other gynecological cancers also over-express the receptor as well as pediatric ependymal brain tumors, mesothelioma, and breast, colon, renal and lung tumors. The FR may also be found associated with cancer, particularly when related to myeloid leukemia and perhaps head and neck carcinomas. Taken together, the total number of tumors that express the FR is very large; therefore, FR-targeted strategies could have significant impact on cancer treatment for patients diagnosed with FR-positive disease. The FR is expressed on many different types of malignant tissues and in large quantities. But, not all human cancers within a particular indication will express the FR. Because novel FR-targeted therapies are now being tested clinically, having the ability to screen patients for FR-positive disease could certainly increase the efficiency of and decrease the time for clinical investigations of these novel agents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24801892 |
Folate targeting Currently, there are two principal methods that have been utilized for assessing a patient's "FR status". These include an invasive tissue-based immunohistochemical assay, and a non-invasive radiodiagnostic approach. The latter method is now being tested clinically using Tc-EC20. To date, four distinct FA-drug conjugates have entered clinical trials for the treatment of cancer: "Vintafolide (EC145)" represents a novel water-soluble FA conjugate of the powerful microtubule destabilizing agent, desacetylvinblastine monohydrazide (DAVLBH; a derivative of the natural product, vinblastine). EC145 was found to produce marked anti-tumor effect against well-established, subcutaneous FR-positive tumor xenografts using well tolerated regimens. EC145 also represents the first FA-drug conjugate to be evaluated in clinical trials, and it is currently (2009) being tested in a multi-national randomized Phase 2b trial in combination with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil). "EC0225" represents the "first in class" multi-drug, FA-targeted agent to be reported. It is a molecule constructed with a single FA moiety and extended by a hydrophilic peptide-based spacer that is, in turn, linked to "Vinca" alkaloid and mitomycin units via 2 distinct disulfide-containing linkers. Animals bearing well-established human tumor xenografts were found to completely respond to EC0225 therapy with dosing regimens that were approximately 3-fold less intensive to that required for EC145. A Phase 1 trial for EC0225 is in progress | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24801892 |
Folate targeting "BMS-753493" is a molecule born from a collaboration between scientists at Endocyte Inc. and Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS). It represents a FA conjugate that was constructed with a semi-synthetic analog of Epothilone A. BMS-753493 is currently being evaluated for safety and efficacy in Phase 2 clinical trials sponsored by BMS. "EC0489" is the latest folate-targeted chemotherapeutic to enter clinical trials sponsored by Endocyte. This molecule is actually a derivative of EC145 (see above) that was designed to have limited non-specific clearance properties through the liver. By reducing hepatic clearance, less drug will transit through the biliary excretion route; as a consequence, less off-target toxicities (predicted from preclinical tests) are expected. Macrophages are the human body's first line of defense against invading pathogens. Normally, they circulate in the bloodstream in a dormant state, but at a site of inflammation due to injury or autoimmune disease, they become activated, changing shape and expressing different cell surface markers. The upregulated expression of the FR makes activated macrophages a useful tool in folate-targeted therapy. Activated, TNF-alpha producing macrophages express the beta isoform of the FR, and they are targetable with folate conjugates "in vivo". For example, Tc-EC20 was reported to concentrate in the livers, spleens and arthritic extremities of adjuvant-induced arthritic rats via a folate-dependent mechanism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24801892 |
Folate targeting Development of folate-drug conjugates for inflammation therapy is underway. It is expected that ailments which harbor activated macrophages (such as arthritis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease) may someday be treatable with folate-targeted medicines. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24801892 |
Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe The is located in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, on Leopold Takawira Avenue. Officially opened in 1964, the museum contains exhibits illustrating the history, mineral wealth and wildlife of Zimbabwe, including the second largest mounted elephant in the world. It is one of the five national museums nationwide and the only natural history museum in Zimbabwe. The museum has nine public display galleries, a lecture hall with a seating capacity of 120 people, a cafeteria, and eight research departments with substantial study collections and ongoing research in the following disciplines: Arachnology and invertebrates, Entomology, Ornithology, Mammology, Herpetology, Ichthyology, Paleontology and Geology and Archaeology. 1901 - Cecil John Rhodes visited Bulawayo and received a request from the Rhodesia Scientific Board to build a museum to house their growing collection of minerals. 1 January 1902 - The Rhodesia Museum came into being with Mr F.P. Mennell as the Geologist and he was the first curator. At this time the museum was housed at the now Bulawayo Public Library. September 1905 - the Museum Committee moved to the former Congregation Chapel after buying the Chapel. This museum was opened by Professor G Darwin, President of the British Association. 1910 - the now Parcels Office, situated at corner Fort Street and 8th Avenue was donated to the Museum Committee by the British South African Company. 21 August 1910 - informal opening November 1910 - official opening by the Duke of Connaught, son of Queen Victoria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24823442 |
Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe 1936 - the Government acquired the museum that was renamed the National Museum of Rhodesia. 1960 - land in Centenary park was availed by Bulawayo City Council and the building began 20 March 1964 - the museum was officially opened to the public. Up to this time the museum was mainly focused on economic ecology 1981 - the National Museums and Monuments streamlined the operations of its five museums and as a result the National Museum was renamed the Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe. All the natural science collections from the other museums were moved to the Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe. The museum was built to house geology collections and therefore there are many geology exhibits in the museum. There is over 15 000 rock, gems and crystal samples. The collections include the rare, but famous Zambia broken hill lean/zinc minerals and kermesite specimens. The geology collections are housed in the Mennell Gallery, also called the Geology gallery. There is also a walk through mine, where visitors can actually get the feel of a typical Zimbabwean mine. The Palaeontological collection has over 2500 specimens that include plant fossils, various dinosaurs as well as early mammals, fish and other invertebrates. It is presented in the Mennell Gallery where and the unique dinosaur fauna take the centre stage. The department was established in 1911. It holds over 5 million insects specimen, only a few are on public displays though. The larger percentage is housed in the George Arnold Entomological laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24823442 |
Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe The department was established in 1983 and holds over 20,000 spider specimen. The department holds a collection of fish, and on public displays they only have frogs displayed. The department collects reptile and amphibian specimen. Most of these are dead. Only a few snakes are living. It is housed in the Donald Broadley Gallery. Dr Broadley was the first appointed curator of the department when the department was established in 1956. The department of ornithology collects bird specimen (skins, nests, eggs, etc.). The department holds mammals specimen collections. These are mainly skins coming from the Department of Game and Fisheries, the Department of National Parks and the Department of Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control. The specimen in form of animals are housed in the Livingstone Sango-Moyo Gallery. The department is responsible for the preservation of history exhibits and structures in the museum. These exhibits are housed in the Hall of Kings and the Hall of Man. Displays the history of Zimbabwe, but this history is mainly focused on the Matebele people or the Ndebele State in particular. There is little or nothing about the Rozvi State, Great Zimbabwe State and other kings who were not Ndebele State kings. Mainly for displaying the developments of humans from the early hominids to present. Well these men are mainly influential Rhodesians. Website | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24823442 |
Bird's eye extinction Bird's eye extinction, or bird's eye maple, is a specific type of extinction exhibited by minerals of the mica group under cross polarized light of the petrographic microscope. It gives the mineral a pebbly appearance as it passes into extinction. This is caused when the grinding tools used to create petrographic thin sections of precise thickness alter the alignment of the previously perfect basal cleavage planes which split micas up into its characteristic thin sheets. The resulting, slightly roughened surface alters the extinction angle of various parts of the crystal lattice, leading to this type of extinction. Since it is not a natural feature of the mineral, bird's eye extinction is not observed in all mica crystals, nor from all angles, but it is quite common, and is used as a diagnostic feature for micas. Common micas which exhibit this include biotite (and the magnesium end-member phlogopite) and muscovite. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24852594 |
Auxesis (biology) Auxesis (from the Greek word meaning increase; grow) refers to growth from an increase in cell size rather than an increase in the number of cells. Auxetic growth occurs in certain tissues, such as muscle, of the higher animals as well as in some organisms, such as nematodes, tunicates, and rotifers. In plant physiology, an auxetic substance will tend to increase cell growth without any cell division. Auxins are auxetic plant hormones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24884394 |
VIMOS-VLT Deep Survey The (VVDS) is a redshift survey carried out by a collaboration between French and Italian astronomical institutes using the VIMOS spectrograph, mounted on the telescope Melipal (UT3) of the Very Large Telescope, located at the Paranal Observatory in Chile. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24885029 |
Alv Egeland (born 22 March 1932) is a Norwegian physicist. He was born in Kvinesdal. He took the cand.real. degree in 1959, and his doctorate at Stockholm University in 1963. He was a professor at the University of Oslo from 1972. His fields are space research and aurora borealis research. He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24892088 |
ILCD iLCD (Lighting Cell Display) is a device developed by a research team from Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, a MIT educated bioengineer, undergraduated students of the Universidad Politéctica de Valencia and Universitat de València and several members of the faculty and research staff from Universidad de València (Manuel Porcar), UPV (Pedro De Cordoba) and University of Malaga (Emilio Navarro). It is based on yeast cells expressing aequorin protein sensitive to change in intracellular calcium. Upon electrical stimulation, the transient calcium wave emerges inside the yeast cells and translates into a measurable light signal. Assembly of multiple electrodes over lawn of yeast cells yields Thanks to electronic control and sub-second timescale it is one of the first examples of bioelectronic devices capable of bi-directional communication between a computer and a living system. It is also one of the first examples of design of simple synthetic biology circuits operating on orders of magnitude faster timescale than those based on gene expression. Fast response to a stimulus is essential in variety of applications such as biosensing, medical technology, or as stated before - bioelectronics. The project has been awarded a third place in 2009 iGEM competition Vilanova C, Hueso A, Palanca C, Marco G, Pitarch M, Otero E, Crespo J, Szablowski J, Rivera S, Domínguez-Escribà L, Navarro E, Montagud A, de Córdoba PF, González A, Ariño J, Moya A, Urchueguía J, Porcar, M | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24896405 |
ILCD Aequorin-expressing yeast emits light under electric control.J Biotechnol. 2011 Mar 20;152(3):93-5. J Biotechnol. 2011 Mar 20;152(3):93-5. Epub 2011 Feb 1. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24896405 |
Erich Haase Erich Haaase (January 19, 1859, Berlin –April 24, 1894, Bangkok) was a German physician and entomologist. Haaase was Director of the Royal Siamese Museum in Bangkok. He wrote "Untersuchungen über die Mimicry auf Grundlage eines natürlichen Systema der Papilioniden. Erster Theil: Entwurf eines natürlichen Systems der Papilioniden" - Bibliotheca zoologica (Stuttgart) 8(1), pp. vi + 1-12, pls. 1-2, 5-8(1891–92), "Die Indisch-Australischen Myriopoden". I. Chilopoden. Abhandlungen und Berichte des K. Zoologischen und Anthropologisch-Ethnographischen Museums zu Dresden 1886/87 (5): 1-118 and very many scientific short papers on insects Myriapoda and Chilopoda. He died of dysentery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24897953 |
NGC 1291 NGC 1291, also known as NGC 1269, is a ring galaxy with an unusual inner bar and outer ring structure located about 33 million light-years away in the constellation Eridanus. It was discovered by James Dunlop in 1826 and subsequently entered into the New General Catalogue as by Johan Ludvig Emil Dreyer. John Herschel then observed the same object in 1836 and entered it into the catalog as NGC 1269 without realizing that it was a duplicate. This galaxy was cited as an example of a "transitional galaxy" by NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer team in 2007. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24899690 |
Paul Adams (scientist) Paul Richard Adams, FRS is a neuroscientist currently serving as a Professor in the Department of Neurobiology and Behavior at Stony Brook University in New York. He graduated from London University with a PhD, and postdoctoral work with Bert Sakmann at the Max Planck Institute. He won the Novartis Memorial Prize in 1979 and the Gaddum Memorial Award in 1984, both from the British Pharmacological Society. He was made a MacArthur Foundation Prize Fellow in 1986, and elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1991. From 1987 to 1995 he was an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. With others, he pioneered the concepts of open channel block and neuromodulation, which now play central roles in neuroscience. He is now working on a theory about the neocortex, centering on the idea that the key to sophisticated learning is extremely specific synaptic strength adjustment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24909838 |
Photoluminescence excitation (abbreviated PLE) is a specific type of photoluminescence and concerns the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter. It is used in spectroscopic measurements where the frequency of the excitation light is varied, and the luminescence is monitored at the typical emission frequency of the material being studied. Peaks in the PLE spectra often represent absorption lines of the material. PLE spectroscopy is a useful method to investigate the electronic level structure of materials with low absorption due to the superior signal-to-noise ratio of the method compared to absorption measurements. In a quantum-mechanical description of matter, the electrons confined to a material (such as those in individual atoms, molecules or crystals) are limited to a discrete set of energy values. The ground state of such a material system is such that the most energetic electron has its minimal energy. In photoluminescence, energy is transferred from light incident on the material and absorbed to electrons. The light is absorbed in minimal "quanta" or "packets" of energy of the electromagnetic radiation called photons. The amount of energy carried by a photon is proportional to its frequency. The electron is then in an excited state of higher energy. Such states are not stable and with time the material system will return to its ground state and the electron will lose its energy. Luminescence is the process whereby light is emitted when the electron drops to a lower energy level | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24914493 |
Photoluminescence excitation Often when a photon is absorbed, the system is excited in the corresponding excited state, then it relaxes in an intermediate lower energy state, with a "non-radiative relaxation" (a relaxation that doesn't involve the emission of a photon, but e.g. involves the emission of vibrational energy) and then there is the emission of a photon with a lower energy than the absorbed one, because of the relaxation from the intermediate, lower energy state to the "ground state". Usually the strongest luminescence of the material is from the lower levels to the ground state. This process is called fluorescence. For instance, in semiconductors, most of the light emitted is at the frequency corresponding to the bandgap energy, i.e. from the bottom of the conduction band to the top of the valence band. In such systems, more light absorbed by the material, results in more electrons decaying non-radiatively to the lower states, and more luminescence in the emission wavelength. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24914493 |
British Pteridological Society The is for fern enthusiasts of the British Isles, and was founded in England in 1891. The origins and early history of the BPS at the time of "Pteridomania" is described in the book "The Victorian Fern Craze". The BPS celebrated its centenary in 1991; amongst other things, it was marked by the publication of the book, "A World of Ferns". The is a registered charity: No. 1092399. The BPS has as its Patron the Prince of Wales. The publishes a number of works, which promote pteridology: John A. Wilson (1831-1914) was elected Chairman of the Society at the first meeting in 1891; subsequently Dr. F.W. Stansfield was invited to become the first President of the Society. He took office in 1892. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24953003 |
Don Page (physicist) Don Nelson Page, , (born December 31, 1948) is an American-born Canadian theoretical physicist at the University of Alberta, Canada. Page's work focuses on quantum cosmology and theoretical gravitational physics, and he is noted for being a doctoral student of the eminent Professor Stephen Hawking, in addition to publishing several journal articles with him. Page got his BA at William Jewell College in the United States in 1971, attaining an MS in 1972 and a PhD in 1976 at Caltech. He followed this with an MA at Cambridge, which he received in 1978. His professional career started as a research assistant in Cambridge from 1976-1979, followed by an assistant professorship at Penn State from 1979-1983, and then an associate professor at Penn State until 1986 before taking on the title of professor in 1986. Page spent four more years at Penn State before moving to become a professor at the University of Alberta in Canada in 1990. In 2012, Page became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. Page is an Evangelical Christian. In commenting on the debate between William Lane Craig and Sean Carroll in 2014, he states in a guest post on Carroll's website that: "...in view of all the evidence, including both the elegance of the laws of physics, the existence of orderly sentient experiences, and the historical evidence, I do believe that God exists and think the world is actually simpler if it contains God than it would have been without God." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24957571 |
Don Page (physicist) In the same post he criticises William Lane Craig's Kalam Cosmological Argument, saying that it "is highly dubious metaphysically, depending on contingent intuitions [i.e. the first premise] we have developed from living in a universe with relatively simple laws of physics and with a strong thermodynamic arrow of time." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24957571 |
Pöschl–Teller potential In mathematical physics, a Pöschl–Teller potential, named after the physicists Herta Pöschl (credited as G. Pöschl) and Edward Teller, is a special class of potentials for which the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation can be solved in terms of special functions. In its symmetric form is explicitly given by and the solutions of the time-independent Schrödinger equation with this potential can be found by virtue of the substitution formula_3, which yields Thus the solutions formula_5 are just the Legendre functions formula_6 with formula_7, and formula_8, formula_9. Moreover, eigenvalues and scattering data can be explicitly computed. In the special case of integer formula_10, the potential is reflectionless and such potentials also arise as the N-soliton solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries equation. The more general form of the potential is given by A related potential is given by an additional term. formula_12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24958775 |
Malagasy orogeny is the name given to the Ediacaran to Cambrian orogeny that resulted as India collided with the already amalgamated African continent that consisted of Azania and the Congo-Tanzania-Bangweulu Block. The orogeny affected the parts of the East African Orogen that are now found in southern India, Madagascar and central Arabia. The term "Malagasy orogeny" was introduced by for the orogenisis between India and a series of Gondwanan cratonic blocks in present-day Africa (Congo/Tanzania/Bangweulu/Azania). In their reconstruction, India collided with Australia/Mawson in the Kuunga orogeny before the formation of Gondwana. They identified the Betsimisaraka suture in eastern Madagascar as the boundary between the African and India terranes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24959029 |
Andrew Bell (minister) Andrew Bell (5 September 1803 – 27 September 1856) was a Presbyterian minister who was born in London, England, moved to Scotland and emigrated to Upper Canada with his family in 1817. Bell and his family settled at Perth where his father was a minister. He studied under his father until 1823 and then pursued divinity courses in Scotland. He returned to Upper Canada in 1826, his formal studies not completed. Bell had a successful career within the Presbyterian Church. However, some of his most important contributions to Canada came through his hobby, geology. He served on an advisory committee of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada where he helped shape the work of the Geological Survey of Canada and, more particularly, the work of William Edmond Logan, who had helped establish that body. His son, Robert Bell, became the director of the survey at a later date. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24962404 |
Environmental analysis is the use of analytical chemistry and other techniques to study the environment. The purpose of this is commonly to monitor and study levels of pollutants in the atmosphere, rivers and other specific settings. Other environmental analysis techniques include biological surveys or biosurvey, soil analysis or soil test, vegetation surveys and tree identification, and remote sensing which uses satellite imagery to assess the environment on different spatial scales. Chemical analysis typically involves sampling some part of the environment and using lab equipment to figure out how much of a certain target compound exists. Someone might use chemical analysis to assess pollution levels for remediation, or to make sure groundwater is safe for drinking. Biological surveys typically include a measurement of the abundance of a certain species within a certain area to ascertain information about the ecosystem for specific reasons. Analysis like this could be used in efforts to understand species abundance, or to look at how external effects from the environment are affecting an ecosystem. A soil test may involve chemical analysis, but most often soil tests involve removing a section of soil to understand what each layer of soil is composed of for specific reasons. Soil samples might be needed if someone is determining whether they can build on a certain site, or just to produce a model of an area | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24972641 |
Environmental analysis A vegetation survey is quite similar to a biosurvey because one is measuring the abundance of plant species and trees within a specific area to understand more about the ecosystem for specific reasons. Sometimes these are done to understand ecological effects from outside factors, or to just determine overall ecosystem health. Remote sensing can be used for environmental analysis by taking imagery shot by satellites in multiple wavelengths to assess areas of different scale for a certain objective. Remote sensing can be used to identify land use, it can be used to determine damages from forest fires, it can be used for weather systems and meteorology, and also for atmospheric composition.. Recent advances in remote sensing field has also lead to the development of autonomous devices for the analysis of physico-chemical parameters of the environment using sensors . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24972641 |
Remote Sensing Systems (RSS) is a private research company founded in 1974 by Frank Wentz. It processes microwave data from a variety of NASA satellites. Most of their research is supported by the Earth Science Enterprise program. The company is based in Santa Rosa, California. RSS is a widely cited source of data on the satellite temperature record. Their data is one source of evidence for global warming. Research by Carl Mears, Matthias Schabel, and Wentz, all of RSS, highlighted errors in the early satellite temperature records compiled by John Christy and Roy Spencer at UAH, I would have to say that the surface data seems that it's more accurate, because a number of groups analyze the surface data, including some who set out to prove the other ones wrong, and they all get more or less the same answer. In June 2017, version 4 of the TLT was released and this substantially revised upwards the trend from 1979 by 36% from .135K per decade to .184K per decade. Atmospheric measurements taken by a different satellite measurement technique, the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder on the Aqua satellite launched in 2002, show close agreement with surface data. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24985139 |
André Paillot (8 August 1885 – 22 December 1944) was a French entomologist known for his pioneering work on the pathology of insects. His contributions and achievements had a significant influence on the studies of insect diseases. was born on 8 August 1885 in Bois-de-Gand, France. From 1907 to 1911 he studied natural science in Besancon and quickly became interested in entomology. In 1911 he worked with a prominent French entomologist, Paul Marchal, performing field studies on grape insect pests. He received additional training at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. He fought in World War I and was badly wounded. At the end of the war he was appointed director of the Southeastern Entomological Station near Lyon and headed the station until his death on 22 December 1944. He published more than 160 papers on insect pathology. He also wrote the first textbook on insect pathology, "L´infection chez les insects" (1933). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25008180 |
Primer dimer A primer dimer (PD) is a potential by-product in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a common biotechnological method. As its name implies, a PD consists of primer molecules that have attached (hybridized) to each other because of strings of complementary bases in the primers. As a result, the DNA polymerase amplifies the PD, leading to competition for PCR reagents, thus potentially inhibiting amplification of the DNA sequence targeted for PCR amplification. In quantitative PCR, PDs may interfere with accurate quantification. A primer dimer is formed and amplified in three steps. In the first step, two primers anneal at their respective 3' ends (step I in the figure). If this construct is stable enough, the DNA polymerase will bind and extend the primers according to the complementary sequence (step II in the figure). An important factor contributing to the stability of the construct in step I is a high GC-content at the 3' ends and length of the overlap. The third step occurs in the next cycle, when a single strand of the product of step II is used as a template to which fresh primers anneal leading to synthesis of more PD product. Primer dimers may be visible after gel electrophoresis of the PCR product. PDs in ethidium bromide-stained gels are typically seen as a 30-50 base-pair (bp) band or smear of moderate to high intensity and distinguishable from the band of the target sequence, which is typically longer than 50 bp | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25008405 |
Primer dimer In quantitative PCR, PDs may be detected by melting curve analysis with intercalating dyes, such as SYBR Green I, a nonspecific dye for detection of double-stranded DNA. Because they usually consist of short sequences, the PDs denature at lower temperature than the target sequence and hence can be distinguished by their melting-curve characteristics. One approach to prevent PDs consists of physical-chemical optimization of the PCR system, i.e. changing the concentrations of primers, magnesium chloride, nucleotides, ionic strength and temperature of the reaction. This method is somewhat limited by the physical-chemical characteristics that also determine the efficiency of amplification of the target sequence in the PCR. Therefore, reducing PDs formation may also result in reduced PCR efficiency. To overcome this limitation, other methods aim to reduce the formation of PDs only, including primer design, and use of different PCR enzyme systems or reagents. Primer-design software uses algorithms that check for the potential of DNA secondary structure formation and annealing of primers to itself or within primer pairs. Physical parameters that are taken into account by the software are potential self-complementarity and GC content of the primers; similar melting temperatures of the primers; and absence of secondary structures, such as stem-loops, in the DNA target sequence. Because primers are designed to have low complementarity to each other, they may anneal (step I in the figure) only at low temperature, e.g | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25008405 |
Primer dimer room temperature, such as during the preparation of the reaction mixture. Although DNA polymerases used in PCR are most active around 70 °C, they have some polymerizing activity also at lower temperatures, which can cause DNA synthesis from primers after annealing to each other. Several methods have been developed to prevent PDs formation until the reaction reaches working temperature (60-70 °C), and these include initial inhibition of the DNA polymerase, or physical separation of reaction components reaction until the reaction mixture reaches the higher temperatures. These methods are referred to as "hot-start PCR". "Wax": in this method the enzyme is spatially separated from the reaction mixture by wax that melts when the reaction reaches high temperature. "Slow release of magnesium": DNA polymerase requires magnesium ions for activity, so the magnesium is chemically separated from the reaction by binding to a chemical compound, and is released into the solution only at high temperature "Non-covalent binding of inhibitor": in this method a peptide, antibody or aptamer are non-covalently bound to the enzyme at low temperature and inhibit its activity. After an incubation of 1–5 minutes at 95 °C, the inhibitor is released and the reaction starts. "Cold-sensitive Taq polymerase": is a modified DNA polymerase with almost no activity at low temperature. "Chemical modification": in this method a small molecule is covalently bound to the side chain of an amino acid in the active site of the DNA polymerase | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25008405 |
Primer dimer The small molecule is released from the enzyme by incubation of the reaction mixture for 10–15 minutes at 95 °C. Once the small molecule is released, the enzyme is activated. Another approach to prevent or reduce PD formation is by modifying the primers so that annealing with themselves or each other does not cause extension. "HANDS" (Homo-Tag Assisted Non-Dimer System): a nucleotide tail, complementary to the 3' end of the primer is added to the 5' end of the primer. Because of the close proximity of the 5' tail it anneals to the 3' end of the primer. The result is a stem-loop primer that excludes annealing involving shorter overlaps, but permits annealing of the primer to its fully complementary sequence in the target. "Chimeric primers": some DNA bases in the primer are replaced with RNA bases, creating a "chimeric sequence". The melting temperature of a chimeric sequence with another chimeric sequence is lower than that of chimeric sequence with DNA. This difference enables setting the annealing temperature such that the primer will anneal to its target sequence, but not to other chimeric primers. "Blocked-cleavable primers": a method known as RNase H-dependent PCR (rhPCR), utilizes a thermostable RNase HII to remove a blocking group from the PCR primers at high temperature. This RNase HII enzyme displays almost no activity at low temperature, making the removal of the block only occur at high temperature | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25008405 |
Primer dimer The enzyme also possess inherent primer:template mismatch discrimination, resulting in additional selection against primer-dimers. While the methods above are designed to reduce PD formation, another approach aims to minimize signal generated from PDs in quantitative PCR. This approach is useful as long as there are few PDs formed and their inhibitory effect on product accumulation is minor. "Four steps PCR": used when working with nonspecific dyes, such as SYBR Green I. It is based on the different length, and hence, different melting temperature of the PDs and the target sequence. In this method the signal is acquired below the melting temperature of the target sequence, but above the melting temperature of the PDs. "Sequence-specific probes": TaqMan and molecular beacon probes generate signal only in the presence of their target (complementary) sequence, and this enhanced specificity precludes signal acquisition (but not possible inhibitory effects on product accumulation) from PDs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25008405 |
Arthur Sidney Olliff (21 October 1865 – 29 December 1895), was an Australian taxonomist who was active as Government entomologist in New South Wales. He came to Australia in December 1844 to work at the Australian Museum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25018615 |
Charles M. Wheatley Charles Moore Wheatley (16 March 1822 Ongar, England – 6 May 1882 Phoenixville, Pennsylvania) was a noted English-American miner and palaeontologist of the 19th century. He is noted for identifying several new fossilized species, some of which bear his name, and for his connection to the Port Kennedy Bone Cave, which contained one of the most important middle Pleistocene (Irvingtonian, approximately 750,000 years ago) fossil deposits in North America. He also managed successful mines in Connecticut and Pennsylvania, including a lead mine in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25021648 |
Bruce H. Tiffney is an American paleobotanist, professor, and the dean of the College of Creative Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He graduated from Boston University with a degree in geology in 1971, and after earning his PhD at Harvard University in 1977, he became a professor of biology at Yale University, where he taught for nine years, and where he also worked as a curator of the D. C. Eaton Herbarium and paleontological collections at the Peabody Museum of Natural History. His research focuses on the evolution of flowering plants (angiosperms) in the fossil record. Tiffney is a fellow of the Geological Society of America, and appeared on the documentary series "The Future Is Wild". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25022310 |
NGC 7459 is a twin spiral galaxy of magnitude 15.2 located within the constellation Pisces. It was discovered by Lewis Swift in 1886 with a 16-inch refractor. The galactic nuclei are only 15 arcsec apart. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25025373 |
TEMP (meteorology) TEMP (upper air soundings) is a set of World Meteorological Organization (WMO) alphanumerical codes used for reporting weather observations of the upper regions of the atmosphere made by weather balloons released from the surface level (either at land or at sea). The WMO designates the FM-35 numerical code for surface TEMPs and the FM-36 numerical code for ship-based TEMPs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25032747 |
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