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Kin recognition Thus, kin recognition at the level of the pollen tube apparently leads to post-pollination selection to avoid inbreeding depression. Also, seeds may be aborted selectively depending on donor–recipient relatedness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11801835 |
Project Vamp was a U.S. Navy project for the U.S. Hydrographic Office, which consisted of a special coastal survey along the Virginia and Massachusetts shores during 1954 and 1955. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11816893 |
Paragenesis is a petrologic concept meaning an "equilibrium sequence of mineral phases". It is used in studies of igneous and metamorphic rock genesis and importantly in studies of the hydrothermal deposition of ore minerals and the rock alteration (vein metasomatism) associated with ore mineral deposits. The concept and application of paragenesis, from the Greek for "born beside", was first applied by August Breithaupt in 1849 in his work "Die der Mineralien". The paragenetic sequence in mineral formation is an important concept in deciphering the detailed geologic history of ore deposits and metamorphic events. The sequence is worked out through detailed microscopic studies in polished ore mineral section, petrologic thin section and fluid inclusion studies as well as macroscopic field relations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11817449 |
Berthelot's reagent is an alkaline solution of phenol and hypochlorite, used in analytical chemistry. It is named after its inventor, Marcellin Berthelot. Ammonia reacts with to form a blue product which is used in a colorimetric method for determining ammonia. The reagent can also be used for determining urea. In this case the enzyme urease is used to catalyze the hydrolysis of urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia. The ammonia is then determined with Berthelot's reagent. Phenol in the Berthelot reagent can be replaced by a variety of phenolic reagents, the most common being sodium salicylate, which is significantly less toxic. This has been used for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) determinations and commonly is used to determine water and soil total and ammonia-N. Replacement of phenol by 2-phenylphenol reduces interferences by a variety of soil and water constituents and improves color stability at slightly lower pH. has been used in a range of situations. It is often used in colorimetric methods, through an AutoAnalyzer, spectrophotometer, or multiwell plate spectrophotometer. The reagent lacks sensitivity in situations where there may be amines as well as ammonia, however this can be overcome in part by the use of 2-phenylphenol to replace phenol. An ion selective electrode, or distillation/titration method can often be used in cases where Berthelot chemistry is ineffective | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11820034 |
Berthelot's reagent Berthelot chemistry has also been adapted for the analysis of nitrite and nitrate in soil and water after conversion, typically by reduction with Devarda's alloy, of these species to ammonium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11820034 |
DEN 0255−4700 DENIS 0255−4700 is an extremely faint brown dwarf approximately 16 light years from the Solar System in the southern constellation of Eridanus. It is the closest isolated L brown dwarf (no undiscovered L dwarves are expected to be closer), and only after the binary Luhman 16. It is also the faintest brown dwarf (with the absolute magnitude of M=24.44) having measured visible magnitude. A number of nearer T and Y-type dwarfs are known, specifically WISE 0855−0714, Epsilon Indi B and C, SCR 1845-6357 B, DEN 1048−3956, and UPGS 0722−05. DENIS 0255−4700 was identified for the first time as a probable nearby object in 1999. Its proximity to the Solar System was established by the RECONS group in 2006 when its trigonometric parallax was measured. DENIS 0255-4700 has a relatively small tangential velocity of . The photospheric temperature of DENIS 0255−4700 is estimated at about 1300 K. Its atmosphere in addition to hydrogen and helium contains water vapor, methane and possibly ammonia. The mass of DENIS 0255−4700 lies in the range from 25 to 65 Jupiter masses corresponding to the age range from 0.3 to 10 billion years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11825732 |
Julius Weise (6 June 1844 – 25 February 1925) was a German entomologist. He specialised in Coleoptera, especially Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidae, and was one of the first entomologists to use genitalia to identify and classify species. His collections of Chrysomelidae, Coccinellidae, Staphylinidae and Carabidae are in the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, and his collections of Cerambycidae and Coccinellidae are in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.. Collections of Curculionidae and the Scolytidae are in Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt, while his collections of Chrysomelidae and the Coccinellidae can be found in the Swedish Museum of Natural History at Stockholm. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11832979 |
Anita Conti (; "née" Caracotchian) (17 May 1899 – 25 December 1997) was a French explorer and photographer, and the first French female oceanographer. Anita Caracotchian was born in Ermont in Seine-et-Oise to a wealthy Armenian family. She spent her childhood being educated at home by different tutors and travelling with her family, gradually developing a passion for books and the sea. After moving to Paris, she concentrated on writing poems and the art of book binding. Her work got the attention of celebrities and she won different awards and prizes for her creativity in London, Paris, New York and Brussels. In 1927, she married a diplomat, Marcel Conti, and started traveling around the world, exploring the seas, documenting and reporting what she saw and experimented. Spending time on the fishing boats for days and even months on certain occasions gave her a deeper understanding of the problematic faced by the fishermen. In between the two world war, she developed the technique of fishing maps apart from the already used navigational charts. For two years, from one vessel to another, she observed the French fishermen along the coast and Saharan Africa discovering fish species unknown in France. She published many scientific reports on the negative effects of industrial fishing and the different problems related to fishing practices | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11847504 |
Anita Conti From 1943 and approximately for 10 years, she studied in the Mauritian islands, Senegal, Guinea and Ivory Coast, the nature of the seabed, different fish species and their nutritional values in regards of protein deficiency for the local populations. Gradually, she developed better preservation techniques, fishing methods and installed artificial dens for further studies. She even founded an experimental fishery for sharks. She became more and more conscientious of the misuse of natural resources by the fishing industry and the major waste that could be prevented. In 1971 she published "L’Ocean, Les Betes et L’Homme", to denounce the disaster that men create and its effects on the oceans. Through many conferences and forums and for the rest of her life, she advocated for the betterment of the marine world. She died on 25 December 1997 in Douarnenez. On May 17, 2019, Google Doodle commemorated Anita Conti’s 120th birthday. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11847504 |
Samuel Constantinus Snellen van Vollenhoven (18 October 1816, Rotterdam – 22 March 1880) was a Dutch entomologist. He is not to be confused with Pieter Cornelius Tobias Snellen another entomologist from Rotterdam. He was curator of the entomological collections for the Natural History Museum, Leiden from 1854 to 1873, when he retired due to health problems. In 1857 he founded "Tijdschrift voor Entomologie", a journal of systematic and evolutionary entomology published by the Netherlands Entomological Society. Snellen van Vollenhoven was a founder member of this Society. He described 9 genera and 471 species of insects. With Frederik Maurits van der Wulp he compiled the first checklist of the Diptera of the Netherlands. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11850377 |
Collision problem The r-to-1 collision problem is an important theoretical problem in complexity theory, quantum computing, and computational mathematics. The collision problem most often refers to the 2-to-1 version: given formula_1 even and a function formula_2, we are promised that f is either 1-to-1 or 2-to-1. We are only allowed to make queries about the value of formula_3 for any formula_4. The problem then asks how many such queries we need to make to determine with certainty whether f is 1-to-1 or 2-to-1. Solving the 2-to-1 version deterministically requires formula_5 queries, and in general distinguishing r-to-1 functions from 1-to-1 functions requires formula_6 queries. This is a straightforward application of the pigeonhole principle: if a function is r-to-1, then after formula_6 queries we are guaranteed to have found a collision. If a function is 1-to-1, then no collision exists. Thus, formula_6 queries suffice. If we are unlucky, then the first formula_9 queries could return distinct answers, so formula_6 queries is also necessary. If we allow randomness, the problem is easier. By the birthday paradox, if we choose (distinct) queries at random, then with high probability we find a collision in any fixed 2-to-1 function after formula_11 queries. The BHT algorithm, which uses Grover's algorithm, solves this problem optimally by only making formula_12 queries to "f". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11857532 |
Louis Jérôme Reiche (20 December, 1799, Gorinchem, Netherlands – 16 May 1890, Neuilly-sur-Seine), was a French merchant, manufacturer and entomologist. Reiche travelled widely in Europe making a large insect collection principally of beetles. He wrote 65 scientific papers and was a founder of the Société entomologique de France becoming president on six occasions. Reiche was a merchant and manufacturer in Paris but suffered from severe losses at the time of the war of 1870, and had to sell his collection and library. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11880247 |
Total electron content (or TEC) is an important descriptive quantity for the ionosphere of the Earth. TEC is the total number of electrons integrated between two points, along a tube of one meter squared cross section, i.e., the electron columnar number density. It is often reported in multiples of the so-called TEC unit, defined as TECU=10el/m. TEC is significant in determining the scintillation and group and phase delays of a radio wave through a medium. Ionospheric TEC is characterized by observing carrier phase delays of received radio signals transmitted from satellites located above the ionosphere, often using Global Positioning System satellites. TEC is strongly affected by solar activity. The TEC is path-dependent. By definition, it can be calculated by integrating along the path "ds" through the ionosphere with the location-dependent electron density "n(s)": The "vertical" TEC ("VTEC") is determined by integration of the electron density on a perpendicular to the ground standing route, the "slant" TEC ("STEC") is obtained by integrating over any straight path. To first order, the ionospheric radio effect is proportional to TEC and inversely proportional to the radio frequency "f". The ionospheric phase delay reads: while the ionospheric group delay has the same magnitude but opposite sign: The proportionality constant "κ" reads: where "q", "m", r are the electron charge, mass, and radius, respectively; "c" is the vacuum speed of light and "ϵ" is the vacuum permittivity. The value of the constant is approximately "κ" ≈ 40 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11882170 |
Total electron content 308193 m·s; the units can be expressed equivalently as m·m·Hz to highlight the cancellation involved in yielding delays τ in meters, given "f" in Hz and TEC in m. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11882170 |
Joseph Alexandre Laboulbène (25 August 1825 Agen – 7 December 1898, Paris) was a French physician and entomologist. A friend of the entomologist Jean-Marie Léon Dufour (1780-1865), he studied medicine in the University of Paris and was awarded the title Docteur in 1854. He taught in the medical faculty until 1879. Laboulbène was interested in harmful insects notably in the Order Diptera . The order of mushrooms Laboulbeniales is dedicated to him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11882204 |
Lovibond comparator The is an example of a colorimeter made in Britain by The Tintometer Ltd. It was invented in the 19th century by Joseph Williams Lovibond and updated versions are still available. The device is used to determine the color of liquids. A sample is put in a glass tube. The tube is inserted in the comparator and compared with a series of coloured glass discs until the nearest possible match is found. Among other things, the device is used to determine the concentration of certain chemicals in solution. In this use, some assumptions are made about what is in the sample. Given those assumptions, the concentration will be indicated by the disc which best matches the color of the solution. There are a number of standard tests in which a sample to be tested is mixed a colour reagent. In such tests, the resulting color indicates the concentration of the sample under test. Results can be approximate compared to other testing techniques, but the comparator is useful for field work because it is portable, rugged and easy to use. If a more exact measurement is required other tests can be conducted in a laboratory. It is used in chemistry lab where the pH of the sample can be measured(approximately) using lovibond comparator. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11889299 |
Cellular microarray A cellular microarray (or cell microarray) is a laboratory tool that allows for the multiplex interrogation of living cells on the surface of a solid support. The support, sometimes called a "chip", is spotted with varying materials, such as antibodies, proteins, or lipids, which can interact with the cells, leading to their capture on specific spots. Combinations of different materials can be spotted in a given area, allowing not only cellular capture, when a specific interaction exists, but also the triggering of a cellular response, change in phenotype, or detection of a response from the cell, such as a specific secreted factor. There are a large number of types of cellular microarrays: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11894889 |
Alfred Balachowsky Alfred Serge Balachowsky (15 August 1901 – 24 December 1983) was a French entomologist born in Russia. He specialised in Coccoidea but also worked on Coleoptera. Balachowsky worked at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. In 1948 he was elected president of the Société entomologique de France. Balachowsky was part of the Prosper Network in Paris during WWII, a spy network run by the British SOE. After the network was infiltrated and betrayed, Balachowsky was arrested and ultimately imprisoned at the Buchenwald Concentration Camp outside Weimar, Germany. Sent to Camp Dora on 1 February 1944, he was brought back to Buchenwald May 1 of the same year to work developing a vaccine for typhus. He also went to work helping the various underground groups inside the camp and established a network of contacts who fed him information from the camp's commanders. Along with Eugen Kogon, Balachowsky was instrumental in the survival of several British SOE officers who were among a group sent to Buchenwald for execution. Most of the group were murdered there, but several, most notably Edward Yeo-Thomas, Harry Peulevé and Free French agent Stéphane Hessel, escaped through the help of Balachowsky and his staff who exchanged them for the bodies of typhus patients in their test group. It is also believed that Balachowsky had a hand in getting 168 imprisoned Allied airmen including Phil Lamason out of Buchenwald and into the hands of the German Luftwaffe just days before they were set to be executed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11895178 |
Alfred Balachowsky After the war, Balachowsky testified at the Nuremberg Trials. Partial list | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11895178 |
Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver ACBAR was an experiment to measure the anisotropy of the Cosmic microwave background. It was active 2000-2008. The ACBAR 145 GHz measurements were the most precise high multipole measurements of the CMB at the time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11895589 |
Cosmic Anisotropy Polarization Mapper CAPMAP is an experiment at Princeton university to measure the polarization of the Cosmic microwave background. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11895609 |
Mobile Anisotropy Telescope MAT was an experiment to measure the anisotropy of the Cosmic microwave background at angular scales of 50 < l < 400. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11895622 |
Saskatoon experiment Saskatoon was an experiment to measure the anisotropy (directional dependence) of the cosmic microwave background at angular scales of 60 < "l" < 360. It was named for Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, where the experiment took place, and occurred in the winters of 1993 to 1995. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11895640 |
QMAP was a balloon experiment to measure the anisotropy of the Cosmic microwave background. It flew twice in 1996, and was used with an interlocking scan of the skies to produce cosmic microwave background (CMB) maps. The gondola was later used for ground-based observations as the MAT/TOCO experiment; so named because the instrument was called the Mobile Anisotropy Telescope and it was positioned at Cerro Toco in the Chilean Andes. It was the first such experiment to localize the position of the first acoustical peak in the CMB. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11895648 |
Jean Étienne Bercé Jean-Etienne Bercé (24 April 1803 – 29 December 1879) was a French entomologist specialising in Lepidoptera. He wrote "Faune Entomologique Française. Lépidoptères. Description de tous les Papillons qui se trouvent en France" Paris, Chez Deyrolle Fils, 1867–1878. This is an eight-volume work with 72 plates, 67 coloured by hand. It is divided: He was elected president of the Société entomologique de France for the year 1868. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11896485 |
Scientists for Global Responsibility (SGR) in the United Kingdom promotes the ethical practice and use of science, design and technology. SGR is affiliated to the International Network of Engineers and (INES). It is an independent UK-based membership organisation of hundreds of natural scientists, social scientists, engineers, IT professionals and architects. In 2017 its partner organization ICAN (International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons) won the Nobel Peace Prize. ICAN have promoted a Kurzgesagt YouTube video endorsed by the International Committee of the Red Cross and Crescent (ICRC) showing the consequences of a single atomic weapon exploded over a city. SGR's work is focused on four main issues: security and disarmament; climate change and energy, including nuclear power; who controls science and technology?; emerging technologies. The main areas of concern are arms and arms control, including military involvement in UK universities; effect of excessive greenhouse gas emissions on climate; the nature of war and reducing barbarity; topsoil and water shortages resulting from modern agricultural methods; depletion of species of fish due to over-fishing; continual spread of nuclear weapons, and reduction of occurrence of serious nuclear accidents. In 2019 SGR launched the journal "Responsible Science". SGR evaluates the risk of new science and new technological solutions to older science-based problems and threats, while recognizing the enormous contribution science, design and technology has made to civilisation and human well-being | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11899642 |
Scientists for Global Responsibility SGR promotes science, design and technology that contribute to peace, social justice and environmental sustainability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11899642 |
Rod Cross is a physicist and retired academic of the University of Sydney. He is an expert on Alfvén waves in the field of plasma physics but his recent interest in Sports Mechanics has led him to be a consultant to the police in murder investigations, most notably the Caroline Byrne case. The New South Wales Court of Criminal Appeal found that his evidence as an "expert witness" in the trial of Gordon Wood had "little if any evidentiary value" due to his failure to remain impartial and offer independent expertise. He responded to the Court's criticism that his evidence was "not particularly sophisticated." 6. R. Cross, "Misinterpretation of expert evidence in Wood v R", Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 46, 368-382 (2014) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11939628 |
World Livestock Auctioneer Championship The is an annual competition of livestock auctioneers who practice the auction chant typical of rural areas in the United States and Canada. The competition is sponsored by the Livestock Marketing Association and was first held in 1963. Brian Curless won the competition in 2017. Russele Sleep is the current World Livestock Auctioneer Champion. The 1976 competition was featured in Werner Herzog's film "How Much Wood Would a Woodchuck Chuck". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11948878 |
Chemophobia (or chemphobia or chemonoia) is an aversion to or prejudice against chemicals or chemistry. The phenomenon has been ascribed both to a reasonable concern over the potential adverse effects of synthetic chemicals, and to an irrational fear of these substances because of misconceptions about their potential for harm, particularly the possibility of certain exposures to some synthetic chemicals elevating an individual's risk of cancer. Consumer products with labels such as "natural" and "chemical-free" (the latter being impossible if taken literally, since all matter is made up of chemicals) appeal to chemophobic sentiments by offering consumers what appears to be a safer alternative (see appeal to nature). There are differing opinions on the proper usage of the word "chemophobia". The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defines chemophobia as an "irrational fear of chemicals". According to the American Council on Science and Health, chemophobia is a fear of synthetic substances arising from "scare stories" and exaggerated claims about their dangers prevalent in the media. Despite containing the suffix -phobia, the majority of written work focusing on addressing chemophobia describes it as a non-clinical aversion or prejudice, and not as a phobia in the standard medical definition. is generally addressed by chemical education and public outreach despite the fact that much chemophobia is economic or political in nature. Michelle Francl has written: "We are a chemophobic culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11960085 |
Chemophobia Chemical has become a synonym for something artificial, adulterated, hazardous, or toxic." She characterizes chemophobia as "more like color blindness than a true phobia" because chemophobics are "blind" to most of the chemicals that they encounter: every substance in the universe is a chemical. Francl proposes that such misconceptions are not innocuous, as demonstrated in one case by local statutes opposing the fluoridation of public water despite documented cases of tooth loss and nutritional deficit. In terms of risk perception, naturally occurring chemicals feel safer than synthetic ones to most people. Consequently, people fear man-made or "unnatural" chemicals, while accepting natural chemicals that are known to be dangerous or poisonous. The Carcinogenic Potency Project, which is a part of the US EPA's Distributed Structure-Searchable Toxicity (DSSTox) Database Network, has been systemically testing the carcinogenicity of chemicals, both natural and synthetic, and building a publicly available database of the results since the 1980s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11960085 |
Chemophobia Their work attempts to fill in the gaps in our scientific knowledge of the carcinogenicity of all chemicals, both natural and synthetic, as the scientists conducting the Project described in the journal, "Science", in 1992: Chemistry professor writes that historically chemists have experienced chemophobia from the population at large, and considers that it is rooted both in irrational notions and in genuine concerns (such as those over chemical warfare and industrial disasters). Professor Gordon Gribble has written that the start of chemophobia could arguably be attributed to "Silent Spring", and that subsequent events such as the contamination of Times Beach and the disaster at Bhopal, India only exacerbated the situation. These events have led to association between the word "chemical" and notions of things that unnatural or artificial and also dangerous, and the opposite has occurred, where goods are marketed as "chemical free" or "natural", to avoid this association, which in turn reinforces the misconception that "chemicals" are unnatural and dangerous. The chemical industry has moved to make chemicals used as flavoring or aromas using biotechnology instead of synthetic chemistry, as the products can be marketed as "natural". According to the industry advocacy group American Council on Science and Health, chemophobia is a growing phenomenon among the American public and has reached "epidemic" proportions among the general public | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11960085 |
Chemophobia In a book published by the Council, Jon Entine writes that this is in part due to the propensity of people to show alarm at the reported presence of chemicals in their body, or in the environment, even when the chemicals are present in "minuscule amounts" which are in fact safe. Elsewhere, Entine has argued that chemophobia is linked to a precautionary principle in agricultural policy, which could jeopardize the world's ability to feed its ever-expanding population. In the United Kingdom, Sense About Science produced a leaflet aimed at educating celebrities about science, in which it said that humans carry only small amounts of "chemical baggage" and that it is only because of advances in analytical chemistry that we can detect these traces at all. Philip Abelson has argued that the practice of administering huge doses of substances to animals in laboratory experiments, when testing for carcinogenic potential, has led to public chemophobia by raising unjustified fears over those substances' effect on humans. He sees an opportunity cost in the "phantom hazards" such testing conjures, as it distracts from attention on known hazards posed to human health. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11960085 |
Maurice Jean Auguste Girard (13 September 1822 – 8 September 1886) was a French entomologist. Girard was born in Givet, Ardennes, and entered École normale supérieure in 1844. In 1847 he taught physics in Périgueux. After having obtained his "agrégation", he left for Dijon where he taught from 1853 to 1873. during this time he obtained his “licence” and his “doctorat ès-sciences naturelles” with a thesis entitled Étude sur la chaleur libre dégagée par les animaux invertébrés et spécialement les insectes. He edited L'Insectologie agricole, journal traitant des insectes utiles... et des insectes nuisibles... from 1867 to 1870. He wrote more than 200 publications on insects and a book on François Péron- François Péron, naturaliste voyageur aux australes (1800-1804) (J.-B. Baillière, Paris, 1856) He was president of Société entomologique de France in 1867. He died at Lion-sur-Mer, aged 63. Source Jean Lhoste (1987). "Les Entomologistes français". 1750-1950. INRA Éditions : 351 p. Translation from French Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11972650 |
Shortwave (meteorology) A shortwave or shortwave trough is an embedded kink in the trough / ridge pattern. Its length scale is much smaller than that of longwaves, which are responsible for the largest scale (synoptic scale) weather systems. Shortwaves may be contained within or found ahead of longwaves and range from the mesoscale to the synoptic scale. Shortwaves are most frequently caused by either a cold pool or an upper level front. Shortwaves are often associated with warm air advection (WAA) or cold air advection (CAA), which influence temperature. Due to the way they move the air around them and the way air moves away from them, shortwaves produce positive curvature vorticity and positive shear vorticity, respectively. Ahead of a shortwave there is large-scale lift due to divergence from positive vorticity advection (PVA). This lift often causes precipitation. In a capped environment, the lift generated by a shortwave may cool the inversion layer as a result of the rapid expansion of the air (adiabatic cooling), allowing for deep, moist convection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11978657 |
The Journal of Geology publishes research on geology, geophysics, geochemistry, sedimentology, geomorphology, petrology, plate tectonics, volcanology, structural geology, mineralogy, and planetary sciences. Its content ranges from planetary evolution to computer modeling of fossil development, making it relevant to geologists as well as other researchers working in the Earth or planetary sciences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11981417 |
Barbara Pike Rosalie born 29 March 1933 in Johannesburg is a South African botanical artist. is one of two daughters born to Barend Elzas, an industrial chemist, and his wife Klara 'Claire' Kindinger. She attended the Parktown High School for Girls in Johannesburg and matriculated in 1949. She obtained a B.Sc. in botany and zoology at Witwatersrand University in 1952 and went on to a Higher Education Diploma at the Johannesburg College of Education. She worked as biochemist and medical artist at the Department of Surgery and Medicine, Witwatersrand University from 1953–1955. In 1956 she worked as biochemist for the Department of Water Research at the CSIR in Johannesburg. After this she returned to Witwatersrand University once again to take up the post of botanical illustrator for the Botany Department between the years 1957 to 1985. The Geological Survey Museum in Pretoria employed her as an artist in 1985. Barbara was married to Merrill Andrew Pike and had two sons, Andrew John Pike 1958 and Richard Linden Pike 1961. She currently lives in Parkwood, Johannesburg. Her first award was in 1945 at the National Eisteddfod when she won first place in the category 'illustration under 12 years of age'. She was awarded silver medals by Kirstenbosch in 2000 and 2004, gold medals in 2002 and 2006. Her artwork has appeared in: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11987693 |
Depth in a well In the oil and gas industry, depth in a well is the measurement, for any point in that well, of the distance between a reference point or elevation, and that point. It is the most common method of reference for locations in the well, and therefore, in oil industry speech, "depth" also refers to the location itself. By extension, depth can refer to locations below, or distances from, a reference point or elevation, even when there is no well. In that sense, depth is a concept related to elevation, albeit in the opposite direction. is not necessarily measured vertically or along a straight line. Because wells are not always drilled vertically, there may be two "depths" for every given point in a wellbore: the measured depth (MD) measured along the path of the borehole, and the true vertical depth (TVD), the absolute vertical distance between the datum and the point in the wellbore. In perfectly vertical wells, the TVD equals the MD; otherwise, the TVD is less than the MD measured from the same datum. Common datums used are ground level (GL), drilling rig floor (DF), rotary table (RT), kelly bushing (KB or RKB) and mean sea level (MSL). Although it is an intuitive concept, depth in a well is the source of much confusion because it is frequently not specified correctly. Absolute depth should always be specified with three components: and none of these 3 components should ever be left implicit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11991929 |
Depth in a well "Example: the top of a reservoir may be found at 1,500 mMDRT in a particular well (1,500 m measured depth below the rotary table), which may be equal to 1,492 mTVDMSL (1,492 m true-vertical-depth below mean sea level) after correction for deviations from vertical." "Example: RT = -10 mMDLAT" Any combination of unit, path, and reference can be used, as long as they result in fully specified, unambiguous depths. A well may reach to many kilometers. Specification of an absolute depth: in Figure 1 above, point P1 might be at 3207 mMDRT and 2370 mTVDMSL, while point P2 might be at 2530 mMDRT and 2502 mTVDLAT. Specification of a differential depth or a thickness: in Figure 2 above, the thickness of the reservoir penetrated by the well might be 57 mMD or 42 mTVD, even though the reservoir true stratigraphic thickness in that area (or isopach) might be only 10 m, and its true vertical thickness (isochore), 14 m. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11991929 |
Vijay Raghunath Pandharipande (August 7, 1940 – January 3, 2006) was an Indian-American physicist, who played a leading role in the development of the nuclear many-body problem. Pandharipande obtained his bachelor's and master's degree from Nagpur University in 1959 and 1961 respectively. He earned his PhD degree from University of Bombay in 1969. After working at Niels Bohr Institute and Cornell University, Pandharipande joined the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1972, becoming a faculty member there in the next year. He became a full professor in 1977 and stayed there the rest of his life. In recognition of his fundamental contributions to determining the structure of light nuclei by solving the Schrödinger problem with more than three nucleons using realistic nucleon-nucleon interactions supplemented by three-body forces, Pandharipande was awarded the prestigious Tom W. Bonner Prize in Nuclear Physics of the American Physical Society in 1999. His son, Rahul Pandharipande is a leading mathematician working on algebraic geometry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11995063 |
Sympathetic cooling is a process in which particles of one type cool particles of another type. Typically, atomic ions that can be directly laser cooled are used to cool nearby ions or atoms, by way of their mutual Coulomb interaction. This technique is used to cool ions and atoms that cannot be cooled directly by laser cooling, which includes most molecular ion species, especially large organic molecules. However, sympathetic cooling is most efficient when the mass/charge ratios of the sympathetic- and laser-cooled ions are similar. The cooling of neutral atoms in this manner was first demonstrated by Christopher Myatt et al. in 1997. Here, a technique with electric and magnetic fields were used, where atoms with spin in one direction were more weakly confined than those with spin in the opposite direction. The weakly confined atoms with a high kinetic energy were allowed to more easily escape, lowering the total kinetic energy, resulting in a cooling of the strongly confined atoms. Myatt et al. also showed the utility of their version of sympathetic cooling for the creation of Bose–Einstein condensates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11996151 |
Tidal stripping occurs when a larger galaxy pulls stars and other stellar material from a smaller galaxy because of strong tidal forces. An example of this scenario is the interacting pair of galaxies NGC 2207 and IC 2163, which are currently in the process of tidal stripping. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11997933 |
NGC 4051 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation of Ursa Major. It was discovered on 6 February 1788 by John Herschel. contains a supermassive black hole with a mass of 1.73 million . This galaxy was studied by the Multicolor Active Galactic Nuclei Monitoring 2m telescope. Several supernovae have been discovered in NGC 4051: SN 1983I, SN 2010br, and SN 2003ie. The galaxy is a Seyfert galaxy that emits bright X-rays. However, in early 1998 the X-ray emission ceased as observed in by the Beppo-SAX satellite. is a member of the Ursa Major Cluster. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11999136 |
Museum of Natural History, Belgrade Natural History Museum () is a museum located in Belgrade, Serbia. It is one of the oldest specialized national institutions in Serbia. In fact, it is the only museum of this type in Serbia. By the richness and diversity of the exhibited species, as well as the results achieved in the domain of museology and science, this museum is one of the most important in the South-Eastern Europe. It was officially founded in 1895, registered as The Natural History Museum of Serbian Land at that time (Јестаственички музеј српске земље). Prior to the foundation of the Museum, in the first half of the 19th century, in the former Principality of Serbia, there was a large number of natural history collections, predominantly kept in the Natural History Cabinet of the Great Lyceum (Great School). The museum was initially located at an Endowment house of Stevče Mihajlovic on the Vracar (central municipality of Belgrade). Josif Pancic is considered to be the founder of the Natural History Museum who, accompanied by the group of his associates and students, systematically collected, studied and extracted specimens from nature to be exhibited. He was the first president of the Serbian Royal Academy and the Great Lyceum professor. Thoroughly investigating the flora of Serbia during his era, he has discovered and described about 50, even nowadays scientifically valid, plant species (Picea omorica, Ramonda sebica, Eryngium serbicum, Centaurea derventana and others) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11999250 |
Museum of Natural History, Belgrade The first Museum exhibition was held in 1904 in Belgrade, in the presence of King Peter I and his officials, with the first guest presentation of the naturalist items abroad being held in the same year, an important contribution to the World Exhibition in Paris. The first manager of the Museum was the academician Petar Pavlovic, a geologist and a lecturer at the Great Lyceum. Natural history collections, from as early as 1939 up until the present day, have been preserved in a temporary space in the former building of the very First Female Gymnasium in Njegoseva Street, 51, Belgrade. Museum collections house documents regarding the natural history not only of Serbia, but also the neighboring Balkan regions, showing their development, from ancient times till today. Examples of plant species and animals are kept in the museum, flora and fauna which no longer can be found on the terrains of Serbia because, due to human influence, they have disappeared or migrated to other areas. The collections contain several thousand holotypes and unique specimens of minerals, rocks, plant and zoological species. Back in 1972 the Natural History Museum was associated with the Museum of Forestry and Hunting, with its collections of hunting trophies and hunting weapons. The Museum is divided into four sectors: Geology Sector (dealing with mineralogy, petrology and paleonthology), Biology Sector (dealing with botany, zoology and mycology), Education and Public Relations Sector and the Joint Service Sector | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11999250 |
Museum of Natural History, Belgrade The museum won the award Mihailo Valtrovic for the Museum of the Year 2012, granted by the Museum Society of Serbia. On 15 February 2016, by the decree of the President of the Republic of Serbia, the Museum has been awarded the Candlemas medal (Sretenjski orden) of the second degree for special merits in relation to the science, culture and museology, on occasion of 120 years of its foundation. The Museum celebrated a jubilee within the solemn conference held in the Serbian Academy of Science and Arts (SANU – Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti) in December 2015. The Museum of Natural History has been declared a cultural institution of national importance. From its foundation up to the present day the Museum doesn't have its own building nor appropriate showroom. The temporary space is occupied by 120 collections, which represent the natural and cultural heritage of these areas. These collections comprise about two million specimens from Serbia, the Balkan Peninsula, but also other parts of the world. Considering the number of items, a few following collections stand out: mineralogical, petrological and collections of fossil and recent molluscs, insects, birds, mammals and General Herbarium of the Balkan Peninsula. All the above-mentioned collections have enormous scientific and museological value. Collections are organized in two divisions, as follows: The library makes the part of the Natural History Museum and was officially established in 1903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11999250 |
Museum of Natural History, Belgrade The first great contribution to the Library consisted of a comprehensive professional library of the prof. Ph.D. Lazar Dokic, which is considered to be the basic and initial Library fund. The library today encompasses 25245 titles, 1236 domestic and foreign periodicals (79823 numbers), 1032 geographical and geological maps and 226 manuscripts. The library fund consists of a large number of antique and rare books, first editions, as well as sets of numerous respectable scientific magazines worldwide. Albeit being a rather specialized library, it is available to the public. Publishing activity of the Museum commenced in 1903. Initially, the former Natural History Museum of the Serbian Land has published concise articles on fauna, flora and gea. The first papers were printed in periodicals such as The Hunter, The Teacher and The Educational Gazette. The Natural History Museum has its own magazine, which first issue have been published in 1948, as the Gazette of the Natural History Museum of Serbian Land (beginning with 1958 as The Gazette of the Natural History Museum, and from 2008 on as The Bulletin of the Natural History Museum in Belgrade). Since 2007, the museum initiated edition: Yearbook of Natural History Museum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11999250 |
Museum of Natural History, Belgrade The yearbook was designed to disclose data on all activities and events in a calendar year: news, information on curator's results, collections arrangements, training and workshops, published papers, participation at conferences, media appearances, the work of the library, educational work and the like activities. The Museum has no permanent exhibition and various exhibition activities, educational workshops, promotions and conferences are all held in the Gallery at Kalemegdan. Educational service of the Museum collaborates with numerous schools and nurseries of Serbia, adjusting its activities to children of all ages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11999250 |
Raphaël Blanchard Raphaël Anatole Émile Blanchard (28 February 1857 – 7 February 1919) was a French doctor and entomologist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12004853 |
Auguste Simon Paris (September 1794 in Charleville-Mézières in the Ardennes – 7 September 1869 in Paris) was a French notary and entomologist. A former notary who retired to live in Épernay, he was interested in butterflies and Coleoptera and assembled a rich personal collection, sold on his death. He was a Member of the Société entomologique de France from 1834, and its president in 1866. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12005728 |
Charles N. F. Brisout Charles Nicolas François Brisout de Barneville (22 July 1822, in Paris – 2 May 1893, in St. Germain-en-Laye) was a French entomologist who specialised in Orthoptera and Coleoptera. He was President of the Société entomologique de France in 1873. His collections are kept by the Society. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12005987 |
Diathermancy (from "dia" "through" and "thermē" "heat") is the property of some fluids that allows rays of light through them without itself being heated. A diathermanous fluid is thus "permeable" by heat.). was first described by German physicist and chemist Heinrich Magnus in the 1800s (). Atmospheric air "is" diathermanous; therefore, air is not heated by sunshine, but by long wave heat reflected by soil, and especially, by water on the Earth's surface. Water, on the contrary, "is not" diathermanous, and it is heated directly by sunshine. Atmospheric heat comes from long wave radiation from the soil and, mostly, from the water surface (oceans, lakes, rivers), since water is a not diathermanous body and covers three quarters of Earth's surface. cause subsidence on damp or water surfaces. That is because these areas tend to absorb heat radiation directly from the Sun but very slowly and also emits this radiation to the atmosphere very slowly. Therefore, cold ocean currents have very clear skies, without clouds, because subsidence from cold and heavy air avoids or limits convection since they are opposite processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12011208 |
Andrew Thompson (parasitologist) Andrew Thompson is an Australian parasitologist. He is Professor of Parasitology at Murdoch University and a member of the Management Committee of the Australian Society for Parasitology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12018787 |
Aeromechanics is the science about mechanics that deals with the motion of air and other gases, involving aerodynamics, thermophysics and aerostatics. It is the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of gases (especially air) and their effects on bodies in the flow. The fluid flow and structure are interactive systems and their interaction is dynamic. The fluid force causes the structure to deform which changes its orientation to the flow and hence the resulting fluid force. Areas that comprise this are within the technology of aircraft and helicopters since these use propellers and rotors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12019156 |
Farm Animal Welfare Committee The (FAWC) is an independent advisory body established by the Government of Great Britain in 2011. It replaced the Farm Animal Welfare Council which was an independent advisory body established in 1979. The Council published its Final Report before its closure and replacement on 31 March 2011. The Farm Animal Welfare Council terms of reference were to keep under review the welfare of farm animals on agricultural land, at market, in transit and at the place of slaughter and advise Government of any changes that may be necessary. The council comprised various Standing Committees and Working Groups that consulted widely and openly about the issues FAWC considered relevant to the welfare of farmed animals and to prepare recommendations for the Council's consideration. Once agreed, the recommendations formed the basis for advice given to Government. Copies of FAWC's Reports and other advice are available on the FAWC website. The Council's major strength lay in its independence to investigate any topic falling within its remit and to communicate freely with outside bodies, including the European Commission and the public, while maintaining the independence to publish its advice. The council also established the Five Freedoms for farm animals. These freedoms serve as a basic outline for regulations concerning livestock, poultry, etc. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12020536 |
Mitsuru Hotta Hotta was born in Osaka, Japan in 1935. He graduated from the Agricultural Department of Osaka Prefecture University in 1960. The same year, he took part in the Tonga and Fiji Expedition organised by Kyoto University. Between 1963 and 1964, Hotta made numerous plant collections in Borneo together with Professor Minoru Hirano of Osaka City University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12028435 |
Skipping tornado A skipping tornado is a process tornado (or a series of tornadoes) which has a discontinuous damage path. There are several possible causes for this phenomenon: Historically, skipping referred to the breaks in the damage path of what was considered as a single longer track tornado. With the discovery of cyclic tornadogenesis with some supercell thunderstorms, it was learned that successive tornadoes form with new mesocyclones and the resulting series of tornadoes is referred to as a tornado family. Especially when a tornado is first developing there may be small gaps in damage due to the circulation briefly ceasing at the surface or becoming too weak to cause damage even as the parent mesocyclone (and possibly a tornadic circulation aloft) is continuous and this is typically, but not always, considered a single tornado. In these cases, usually only tornadoes emanating from new mesocyclones (i.e. new tornadogenesis cycle and new wall cloud) are counted as a separate tornado. Before it was recognized that tornadoes can be multivortex, the phenomenon of subvortices also caused confusion both during a tornado and for surveying damage paths. Some forms of tornadoes, again especially in the process of formation prior to congealing their wind fields, may be multivortex tornadoes with dispersed subvortices with subdamaging wind in the intervening space within the larger circulation, which can give the appearance of skipping. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12045340 |
Megan and Morag Megan and Morag, two domestic sheep, were the first mammals to have been successfully cloned from differentiated cells. They are not to be confused with Dolly the sheep which was the first animal to be successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell or Polly the sheep which was the first cloned and transgenic animal. Megan and Morag, like Dolly and Polly, were cloned at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1995. The team at the Roslin Institute were seeking a way to modify the genetic constitution of sheep and cattle more effectively than the hit and miss method that was the only method and had sort of aids available at the time – microinjection. In microinjection, DNA is injected into the pronuclei of fertilized oocytes. However, only a small proportion of the animals will integrate the injected DNA into their genome and in the rare cases that they do integrate this new genetic information, the pattern of expression of the injected piece of DNA's gene, due to the random integration, is very variable. The team choose to combine two approaches – microinjection and embryonic stem cells. In order to achieve this they decided to try to transfer the nucleus from one cell to another and stimulate this new cell to grow and become an animal, a process known as nuclear transfer. The team at the Roslin Institute tried to make immortalized and undifferentiated embryonic stem cell lines in sheep, but failed. As a result, they decided to work with cultured blastocyst cells | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12054042 |
Megan and Morag The nuclear material of these blastocyst cells would be transferred into an unfertilized sheep egg cell, an oocyte where the nucleus had been removed. To optimize the chances of successful nuclear transfer, they put the cultured cells into a state of quiescence, which was a similar state to that of the unfertilized egg cell. Nuclear transfer was done, using electrical stimuli both to fuse the cultured cell with the enucleated egg and to kick start embryonic development. From 244 nuclear transfers, 34 developed to a stage where they could be placed in the uteri of surrogate mothers. In the summer of 1995, five lambs were born, of which two – – survived to become healthy fertile adults. These were the first mammals cloned from differentiated cells. They were born with the names 5LL2 and 5LL5 in June 1995. The production of demonstrated that viable sheep can be produced by nuclear transfer from cells which have been cultured in vitro. They signified the technical breakthrough that made Dolly the sheep possible. The birth of Megan and Morag, a year before Dolly, with their huge beneficial potential, made relatively few headlines. , Megan was still alive and was the oldest cloned animal at the time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12054042 |
Charles Eugène Leprieur (8 July 1815 Dieuze – 12 August 1892, Bassing) was a French army doctor and entomologist. He was especially interested in Coleoptera. Leprieur was at various times stationed in Algeria and Cayenne. He wrote Méthode dichotomique appliquée au genre Stenus. "Annales de la Société Entomologique de France" 1851.(2)9: 191–202. He was elected president of the Société entomologique de France for the years 1874 and 1880. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12082750 |
Maximilian Fischer (born 1929), is an Austrian entomologist and a specialist on parasitic wasps (Braconidae: Opiinae, Alysiinae). He curated the Hymenoptera collections of the Natural History Museum Vienna from 1955-1994. He has described more than 1000 new species of Braconidae flies in more than 300 publications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12083898 |
Josef Fahringer (21 December 1876 – 18 December 1950) was an Austrian entomologist from Baden bei Wien. He obtained a doctorate at the University of Vienna in 1904 and taught at a middle school in Vienna from 1904 to 1907. He then taught at Brüx from 1907 to 1910, and at Brünn from 1910 to 1913. Following military service as a captain during the First World War, he returned as a schoolteacher to Vienna, where in 1928 he was named director of the school. During his career, he took research trips to Bosnia-Herzegovina, Dalmatia, Italy and Turkey. He published the first modern monograph on Braconidae: "Opuscula braconolocica" (4 parts, 1925–37). A specialist of this group, he also made contributions regarding the systematics of other parasitic Hymenoptera. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12083999 |
Philippe Alexandre Jules Künckel d'Herculais (10 February 1843 Paris – 22 December 1918 Conflans-sur-Oise) was a French entomologist and zoologist. He was the nephew of the French chemist Théophile-Jules Pelouze (1807–1867) and the son of a doctor. He lost his father when he was two years old. After his baccalauré in 1860, he entered École des mines in 1861. He preferred, in 1864, to follow less theoretical courses at Collège de France, at Muséum national d'histoire naturelle and at the Sorbonne. He then met Émile Blanchard (1819–1900) becoming his pupil and private secretary. In 1866, he published his first mémoire which was on the anatomy of Hemiptera. In 1869, he entered the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle where he aided Émile Blanchard. He replaced Alphonse Milne-Edwards (1835–1900) who became assistant to his father Henri Milne-Edwards (1800–1885). He became one of the first teachers at the l’Institut national d'agronomie founded in 1876 leaving to study grasshoppers in Argentina for several years around 1885. He also studied crop pests in Algeria and Corsica. In 1884, he described a species of gibbon, the Eastern black crested gibbon, which unfortunately, in this modern century, is critically endangered. In 1891 it was widely, but erroneously, reported that Künckel d'Herculais had been killed and eaten by a swarm of locusts in Algeria. He was elected president of the Société entomologique de France in the years 1808 and 1909. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12084826 |
Kamaloddin Jenab (كمال الدین جناب) was an Iranian pioneer physicist. He is often credited for founding academic experimental science in Iranian universities. He was the first Iranian to obtain a PhD in nuclear physics, and is often credited for laying the foundations of that science in Iran. Born in 1908 in Isfahan, he earned a scholarship to study abroad, taking him to France where he studied physics at Nancy-Université, chemistry at Sorbonne University, and finally culminating in a PhD from California Institute of Technology in the U.S. Jenab studied under Robert Millikan at Caltech where he completed his PhD in Nuclear Physics in 1936. He also participated in the 1936 student Olympics, and being an avid swimmer, swam across the English Channel at the age of 25. After returning to Iran, Dr. Jenab served as faculty at Tehran University until his retirement in 1975 after 40 years of service. He authored many of Iran's first textbooks in modern physics. In 2004, a film was made to honor his services to Iran's physics community, and he was honored as one of Iran's founding fathers in modern science. He died on August 26, 2006 at the age of 98. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12090194 |
Igor Akimushkin Igor Ivanovich Akimushkin () (May 1, 1929 – 1993) was a Soviet zoologist and writer. Born in Moscow, he graduated the biological faculty of Moscow State University in 1952. His first books, "Tracks of beast you never met" and "Following the Legends", were published in 1961. wrote a large number of popular science books and made a significant contribution to science and made some discoveries by exploring the marine life. Most of his works were translated to other languages. The squid "Cycloteuthis akimushkini" was named in honour of in 1968 by fellow zoologist Filippova. His most well known work is the six volume "World of Animals". He worked at the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12095821 |
Maria Nazareth F. da Silva Maria Nazareth Ferreira da Silva is a zoologist from Manaus, Brazil Da Silva has, for many years, specialised in the study of Amazonian mammals. She has described several new species of rodents: She has written, and contributed to, many papers and articles on the subject, and currently works for the National Institute of Amazonian Research. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12097523 |
Superconducting camera The superconducting camera, SCAM, is an ultra-fast photon-counting camera developed by the European Space Agency. It is cooled to just 0.3 K (three-tenths of a degree Celsius above absolute zero). This enables its sensitive electronic detectors, known as superconducting tunnel junction detectors, to register almost every photon of light that falls into it. Its advantage over a CCD (charge-coupled device) is that it can measure both the brightness (rate) of the incoming photon stream and the colour (wavelength or energy) of each individual photon. The number of free primary electrons generated per photon event is proportional to the photon energy and amounts to ~18,000 per electronvolt, and therefore if the device is operated in single-photon count mode the energy of each captured photon can be calculated in the visible-light range, where photons have energies of a few electronvolts, each generating >20,000 electrons. In a normal CCD, only one primary electron is generated per photon, except for very energetic photons, like X-rays, where a normal CCD can operate in a similar way to a SCAM. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12108187 |
Minuano is a cold southwesterly wind that blows in the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul and in Uruguay. It has the same name of the indigenous Minuane people in the Portuguese language (in Spanish, the name of that people is "Minuán", and the same wind is called "pampero" in Uruguay). It is widely mentioned in the Gaúcho folklore of the region. This wind originates from cold polar fronts that come from the southwest of South America during periods of high atmospheric pressure, usually following rains caused by the shock of the cold front with warmer stationary humid air. Sometimes it produces a "howling" sound. "(Six Eight)" is a song title by the Pat Metheny Group on the album "Still Life (Talking)." Jazz singer Kurt Elling also did a vocalese version of this same song as the leading cut on his "Man In The Air" album. Composer, arranger and trombonist Bob Curnow performed a version of "(Six Eight)" on the album, "Bob Curnow’s L.A. Big Band Plays The Music of Pat Metheny and Lyle Mays". "Minuano" was the codename of one of the characters from the video game , Jetstream Sam, who is also Brazilian. Brazilian singer and composer Rosa Passos wrote a song entitled "Minuano" in her album "Pano Pra Manga". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12114216 |
Quality (physics) In response theory, the quality of an excited system is related to the number of excitation frequencies to which it can respond. In the case of a homogeneous, isotropic system, the quality is proportional to the FWHM. This sense of the phrase is the precursor of the usage of the word in music theory. In music theory, quality is the number of harmonics of a fundamental frequency of an instrument (the higher the quality, the richer the sound). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12115708 |
Johann Gottlieb (February 15, 1815 – March 4, 1875) was an Austrian chemist who first synthesized Propionic acid. Gottlieb was born in Brno, Moravia in Austria (now Czech Republic). Since 1846 he was a professor at the University of Graz. He died of natural causes in Graz, Austria. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12116873 |
Heat loss due to linear thermal bridging The heat loss due to linear thermal bridging (formula_1) is a physical quantity used when calculating the energy performance of buildings. It appears in both United Kingdom and Irish methodologies. The calculation of the heat loss due to linear thermal bridging is relatively simple, given by the formula below: In the formula, formula_3 if Accredited Construction details used, and formula_4 otherwise, and formula_5 is the sum of all the exposed areas of the building envelope, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12123967 |
Transfer DNA binary system A transfer DNA (T-DNA) binary system is a pair of plasmids consisting of a binary plasmid and a helper plasmid. The two plasmids are used together (thus "binary") to produce genetically modified plants. They are artificial vectors that have both been created from the naturally occurring Ti plasmid found in "Agrobacterium tumefaciens". The binary vector is a "shuttle vector", so-called because it is able to replicate in multiple hosts ("E. coli" and "Agrobacterium tumefaciens"). Systems in which T-DNA and vir genes are located on separate replicons are called T-DNA binary systems. T-DNA is located on the binary vector (the non-T-DNA region of this vector containing origin(s) of replication that could function both in "E. coli" and in "Agrobacterium tumefaciens", and antibiotic resistance genes used to select for the presence of the binary vector in bacteria, became known as vector backbone sequences). The replicon containing the vir genes became known as the vir helper. Strains harboring this replicon and a T-DNA are considered disarmed if they do not contain oncogenes that could be transferred to a plant. There are several binary vector systems that differ mainly in the plasmid region that facilitates replication in "Agrobacterium". Commonly used binary vectors include: Common Helper plasmids include The T-DNA portion of the binary plasmid is flanked by left and right border sequences and consists of a transgene as well as a plant selectable marker (PSM) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12139197 |
Transfer DNA binary system Outside of the T-DNA, the binary plasmid also contains a bacterial selectable marker (BSM) and an origin of replication (ori) for bacteria. The helper plasmid contains the "vir" genes that originated from the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium. These genes code for a series of proteins that cut the binary plasmid at the left and right border sequences, and facilitate transduction of the T-DNA to the host plant's cells. The helper plasmid also contains a BSM and an ori for bacteria. The pBIN19 plasmid was developed in the 1980s and is one of the first and most widely used binary vector plasmids. The pGREEN plasmid, which was developed in 2000, is a newer version of the binary vector that allows for a choice of promoters, selectable markers and reporter genes. Another distinguishing feature of the pGREEN plasmid is its large reduction in size (from about 11,7kbp to 4,6kbp) from pBIN19, therefore increasing its transformation efficiency Along with higher transformation efficiency, pGREEN has been engineered to ensure transformation integrity. Both pBIN19 and pGREEN usually use the same selectable marker "nptII", but pBIN19 has the selectable marker next to the right border, while pGREEN has it close to the left border. Due to a polarity difference in the left and right borders, the right border of the T-DNA enters the host plant first | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12139197 |
Transfer DNA binary system If the selectable maker is near the right border (as is the case with pBIN19) and the transformation process is interrupted, the resulting plant may have expression of a selectable marker but contain no T-DNA giving a false positive. The pGREEN plasmid has the selectable marker entering the host last (due to its location next to the left border) so any expression of the marker will result in full transgene integration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12139197 |
PGreen The pGreen plasmids were first described in 2000. The supporting web page provides supplementary information and ongoing support to researchers to request their plasmid resources. As these plasmids have been taken up by the research community, the plasmids have been developed, expanding the resources available to the community. Researchers are encouraged to contribute to this research community by submitting their vector sequence to genbank and providing a description of the plasmid on the site. pGreen is the original pGreen plasmid. pGreenII features plasmid backbone modification to improve plasmid stability. pGreenII 0000: minimal T-DNA with Left and Right border, "lacZ" gene for blue/white selection during cloning multiple cloning site derived from pBluescript pGreenII 62-SK: derived from pGreenII 0000, the "Lac"Z blue/white cloning selection has been replaced with a 35S-MCS-CaMV cassette that allows the insertion of a gene of interest into a 35S over-expression cassette. The multiple cloning site (MCS) is derived from pBluescript. pGreenII 0800-LUC pGreenII 0029: derived from pGreenII 0000, a nos-kan cassette has been inserted into the "Hpa"I site of the Left Border, providing resistance to kanamycin during plant transformation selection. pGreenII 0029 62-SK: derived from pGreenII 0029, the "Lac"Z blue/white cloning selection has been replaced with a 35S-MCS-CaMV cassette that allows the insertion of a gene of interest into a 35S over-expression cassette. The MCS is derived from pBluescript | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12139505 |
PGreen pGreenII 0179: derived from pGreenII 0000, a 35S-hyg cassette has been inserted into the "Hpa"I site of the Left Border, providing resistance to hygromycin during plant transformation selection. pGreenII 0229: derived from pGreenII 0000, a nos-bar cassette has been inserted into the "Hpa"I site of the Left Border, providing resistance to bialaphos or phosphinothricin during plant transformation selection. pGreenII 0229 62-SK: derived from pGreenII 0229, the "Lac"Z blue/white cloning selection has been replaced with a 35S-MCS-CaMV cassette that allows the insertion of a gene of interest into a 35S over-expression cassette. The MCS is derived from pBluescript. This is the helper plasmid that provides the replicase function for the pSa replication origin of pGreen. pSoup is tetracyclin resistant and a complementary incompatibility group such that it can co-exist with pGreen in the "Agrobacterium" cell. pSoup: the original help plasmid for pGreen. pGreen will not replicate in "Agrobacterium" if it is not present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12139505 |
Proximity effect (atomic physics) At the atomic level, when two atoms come into proximity, the highest energy, or valence, orbitals of the atoms change substantially and the electrons on the two atoms reorganize. One way to probe a correlated state is through the proximity effect. This phenomenon occurs when the correlations present in one degenerate system "leak" into another one with which it is in chemical equilibrium. See also quantum tunneling, Casimir effect, van der Waals force. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12146280 |
Szomolnokite (FeSO · HO) is a monoclinic iron sulfate mineral forming a complete solid solution with magnesium end-member kieserite (MgSO · HO). In 1877 szomolnokite’s name was derived by Joseph Krenner from its type locality of oxidized sulfide ore containing iron in Szomolnok, Slovakia (what used to be Hungary). As of mid-January 2020 the only continent on which szomolnokite has not been found and reported is Antarctica. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12151529 |
Jean Antoine Coquebert de Montbret (1753, Paris- 6 April 1825) was a French entomologist. He wrote "Illustratio iconographica insectorum quae in musaeis parisinis observavit et in lucem edidit Joh. Christ. Fabricius, praemissis ejusdem descriptionibus; accedunt species plurimae, vel minus aut nondum cognitae", Paris: P. Didot, 1799-1804 an illustrated work on insect specimens in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. The insects appear as inside an insect box. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12163987 |
Jean-Charles Jacobs (1821–1907) was a Belgian doctor and entomologist, a pupil of Constantin Wesmael. He graduated in medicine from the University of Brussels, but never abandoned the study of insects, and was one of the founders of the "Société entomologique de Belgique". He concentrated on the Hymenoptera, often in collaboration with Jules Tosquinet, turning to Diptera later in life. Among his later studies was a report on the insects collected by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, including that continent's largest fully terrestrial animal, the fly "Belgica antarctica" . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12182814 |
Cosmic Evolution Survey The (COSMOS) is a Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Treasury Project to survey a two square degree equatorial field with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS). The largest survey ever undertaken by HST, the project incorporates commitments from observatories around the world, such as the Very Large Array radio observatory, the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton satellite, and Japan's eight meter Subaru telescope. At the moment, more than 150 astronomers around the world actively contribute to the project. The project's primary goal is to study the relationship between large scale structure (LSS) in the universe and dark matter, the formation of galaxies, and nuclear activity in galaxies. This includes careful analysis of the dependence of galaxy evolution on environment. The survey covers a field, often known as the "COSMOS field", of 2 square degrees of sky in the constellation Sextans. The centre of the field in j2000 coordinates is at Right Ascension 10:00:24 Declination 02:10:55 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12189392 |
Charles Alfred Matley (1866–1947) was a British paleontologist and geologist in India, the British West Indies and Wales. Matley was educated at Birmingham University, and earned a doctorate in geology (D.Sc) from the University of London in July 1902. In the 1930s, Matley was appointed Government Geologist for Jamaica and under his tenure a ground water assessment for the island was prepared. In addition, while on the island he collected one of the most extensive collection of Jamaican fossils. Matley was awarded the Murchison Medal in 1929 by the Geological Society of London. The standard author abbreviation Matley is used to indicate this individual as the author when citing a formal faunal record. He married Sarah A. Loach in Birmingham in 1891. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12194372 |
Redshift (planetarium software) Redshift is a family of educational planetarium and astronomy software packages which allow the user to observe the sky from a range of dates, print off data based on the observations, and (in some versions) control a telescope, created by Maris Multimedia. It runs on PC with Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and iOS. Redshift uses data from the Hubble Guide Star Catalog II. Begun in the early 1990s, the current version is 8 (released in 2012), which includes 3D models of the galaxy, multimedia tours, and access to star catalogs. Platforms include Windows (8/7/Vista/XP(SP2)), Mac, iPhone, and iPad. PC editions include Premium (with a library of 100 million objects and telescope control) and Compact (fewer objects in the library, no telescope interface). All versions support links to "Redshift-live", an on-line site to share observation information and other astronomy pictures and data. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12194942 |
Benjamin Markarian Benjamin "Benik" Egishevitch Markarian (; born on 29 November, 1913 in Shulaver, Tiflis Governorate; died on 29 September, 1985 in Yerevan, Armenian SSR) was an Armenian astrophysicist. Markarian's Chain (of galaxies) was named after him when he discovered that this string of galaxies moves with a common motion. He is also the namesake of a catalog of compact, optically bright galaxies (including both starbursts and AGNs) known as Markarian galaxies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12198529 |
Markarian's Chain is a stretch of galaxies that forms part of the Virgo Cluster. When viewed from Earth, the galaxies lie along a smoothly curved line. Charles Messier first discovered two of the galaxies, M84 and M86, in 1781. The other galaxies seen in the chain were discovered by William Herschel and are now known primarily by their catalog numbers in John Louis Emil Dreyer's New General Catalogue, published in 1888. It was ultimately named after the Armenian astrophysicist, Benjamin Markarian, who discovered their common motion in the early 1960s. Member galaxies include M84 (NGC 4374), M86 (NGC 4406), NGC 4477, NGC 4473, NGC 4461, NGC 4458, NGC 4438 and NGC 4435. It is located at RA 12 27 and Dec +13° 10′. The bright members of the chain are visible through small telescopes. Larger telescopes can be used to view the fainter galaxies. At least seven galaxies in the chain appear to move coherently, although others appear to be superposed by chance. Six of the points on the chain can be marked by galaxies. The other two points are pairs of galaxies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12198611 |
Geological Society of South Africa The (GSSA) is a learned society for geological science that was founded in 1895, making it one of the oldest such societies in Africa. The GSSA publishes the peer-reviewed scientific journal, the "South African Journal of Geology", and annually awards the Draper Memorial Medal (in honour of David Draper) to recognise achievement in geology, and the Des Pretorius Memorial Award (in honour of Desmond Pretorius) to recognise exceptional work on economic geology in Africa. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12202886 |
Jan Boldingh (3 January 1915, Buitenzorg – 4 August 2003, Schiedam) was a noted Dutch chemist. Boldingh studied chemistry at Utrecht University. He received a PhD in 1942 for his thesis 'Synthetische onderzoekingen over het chromofore systeem van lumi-auxonstudies' on auxines in the group of Fritz Kögl. He worked for a short period at the Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium in Eindhoven, but moved to Unilever in 1944 (1944: research department of Van den Bergh & Jurgens in Rotterdam; 1946: research department in Zwijndrecht; 1955: Unilever Research Laboratory in Vlaardingen). Between 1952 and 1967, Boldingh and H.A. Boekenoogen lead the laboratory together, but after 1967 Boldingh lead the laboratory by himself until his retirement in 1980. From 1964 on, Boldingh served simultaneously as a professor Organic Chemistry at Utrecht University. Boldingh introduced a number of new analytic techniques (such as (gas-)chromatography, the coupling of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, NMR and other forms of spectroscopy) in order to study complex problems in an industrial context. Boldingh was very interested in nutrition research, and especially the role of fats in nutrition. He stimulated the studies by David A. van Dorp concerning the role of unsaturated fatty acids that served as a precursor to prostaglandins (especially arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2), in which the Unilever Laboratory collaborated intensively with Sune K. Bergström, who would receive a Nobel prize in 1982 for his studies in this field | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12224347 |
Jan Boldingh In 1964 Boldingh became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12224347 |
Epipodophyllotoxin Epipodophyllotoxins are substances naturally occurring in the root of American Mayapple plant ("Podophyllum peltatum"). Some epipodophyllotoxin derivatives are currently used in the treatment of cancer. These include etoposide and teniposide. They act as anti-cancer drugs by inhibiting topoisomerase II. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12235647 |
NGC 5676 is an unbarred spiral galaxy in the constellation Boötes. This spiral galaxy is notably asymmetric. The spiral arms on the south side of the galaxy are chaotic in appearance, whereas the spiral arms on the north side of the galaxy are very well-defined. Also, the spiral arms on the south side of the disk extend twice as far from the galaxy's nucleus as the spiral arms on the north side. Because of the fragmentary appearance of some of the spiral arms, this galaxy is classified as a flocculent galaxy. The north part of the disk also contains what appears to be a very intense region of star formation. Unusually, the star formation within this region appears to be more intense than the star formation in the galaxy's nucleus, and it is the brightest infrared source within the disk. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12235706 |
Oil bath An oil bath is a type of heated bath used in a laboratory, most commonly used to heat up chemical reactions. It's essentially a container of oil that is heated by a hot plate or (in rare cases) a Bunsen burner. These baths are commonly used to heat reaction mixtures more evenly than would be possible with a hot plate alone, as the entire outside of the reaction flask is heated. Generally, silicone oil is used in modern oil baths, although mineral oil, cottonseed oil and even phosphoric acid have been used in the past. Overheating the oil bath can result in a fire hazard, especially if mineral oil is being used. Generally, the maximum safe operating temperature of a mineral oil bath is approximately 160 °C, the oil's flash point. Mineral oil can't be used above 310 °C in any cases, due to the compound's boiling point. If higher temperatures are needed, a silicone oil or a sand bath may be used instead. Another use of an oil bath is to filter particulates out of air, by leading the air stream through an unheated oil bath. This type of air filter was used in car and tractor engines, but has been replaced by modern paper air filters; some small engines continue to use this system. In some cases oil baths are used to heat bearings so they expand before installing them on shafts of aircraft engines and tractors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12246212 |
Volume operator A quantum field theory of general relativity provides operators that measure the geometry of space time. The volume operator formula_1 of a region formula_2 is defined as the operator that yields the expectation value of a volume measurement of the region formula_2, given a state formula_4 of quantum General Relativity. I.e.formula_5 is the expectation value for the volume of formula_2. Loop Quantum Gravity, for example, provides volume operators, area operators and length operators for regions, surfaces and path respectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12247661 |
Jacques E. Brandenberger Jacques Edwin Brandenberger (19 October 1872 – 13 July 1954) was a Swiss chemist and textile engineer who in 1908 invented cellophane. He was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1937. Brandenberger was born in Zurich in 1872. He graduated from the University of Bern in 1895. In 1908 Brandenberger invented cellophane. Made from wood cellulose, cellophane was intended as a coating to make cloth more resistant to staining. After several years of further research and refinements, he began production of cellophane in 1920 marketing it for industrial purposes. He sold the US rights to DuPont in 1923. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12251618 |
Natural refrigerant Natural refrigerants are natural substances that serve as refrigerants in refrigeration systems (including refrigerators, HVAC, and air conditioning). They are alternatives to hydrofluorocarbon (HFC), hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) based refrigerants. Unlike other refrigerants, they are not synthetic chemicals and can sometimes be found in nature. They are not only used due to environmental sustainability as some applications are better suited to a particular natural refrigerant. HFC, HCFC, CFC classes of chemicals are all potent greenhouse gases. HCFC and CFC classes of chemicals are damaging to the ozone layer, with CFCs being a primary culprit. Natural refrigerants do not deplete the ozone layer and have a much lower impact on the environment. Though they may exist in nature, they are not entirely harmless or nontoxic but aside from ammonia are generally less harmful in the event of refrigerant release, although most are highly flammable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12262882 |
Scheutjens–Fleer theory is a lattice-based self-consistent field theory that is the basis for many computational analyses of polymer adsorption. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12273100 |
Otto Dimroth (28 March 1872 – 16 May 1940) was a German chemist. He is known for the Dimroth rearrangement, as well as a type of condenser with an internal double spiral, the Dimroth condenser. His son was also a renowned chemist, who described the first synthesis of 3-benzoxepin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12274597 |
Ed Nather R. Edward Nather (1926 – 2014) was the Rex G. Baker, Jr. and McDonald Observatory Centennial Research Professor Emeritus in Astronomy at UT Austin. He pioneered the fields of asteroseismology of white dwarfs, and observational studies of interacting binary collapsed stars. He served as the director of the Whole Earth Telescope for the first decade of its existence, and achieved internet fame by posting the Story of Mel, a Real Programmer, on Usenet. Nather died on August 13, 2014 in Austin, Texas. He is survived by his wife, Marilane Nather; his children, Kathy Nather Thomas, Kelley Thompson, Wendy Nather, David Nather and Lara Nather; nine grandchildren and two great-grandchildren. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12274706 |
Golay cell The is a type of opto-acoustic detector mainly used for infrared spectroscopy. It consists of a gas-filled enclosure with an infrared absorbing material and a flexible diaphragm or membrane. When infrared radiation is absorbed, it heats the gas, causing it to expand. The resulting increase in pressure deforms the membrane. Light reflected off the membrane is detected by a photodiode, and motion of the membrane produces a change in the signal on the photodiode. The concept was originally described in 1947 by Marcel J. E. Golay, after whom it came to be named. The has high sensitivity and a flat response over a very broad range of frequencies. The response time is modest, of order 10 ms. The detector performance is degraded in the presence of mechanical vibrations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12282750 |
Chivela Pass The is a narrow mountain pass in the Sierra Madre Mountains that funnels cooler, drier air from the North American continent, through southern Mexico, into the Pacific. These northeasterly winds, specifically the Tehuano wind, which periodically blows across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in southern Mexico, and offshore over hundreds of miles of the Pacific Ocean, forcing the upwelling of colder subsurface waters. This strong upwelling brings nutrients from the subsurface layers of the ocean, thereby enhancing the fertility of the offshore waters. This results in strong plankton growth which in turn supports a more bountiful fishery in the region. In extreme circumstances during the winter, truly cold, dense, air occasionally flows from the Bay of Campeche in the Gulf of Mexico through the into the Gulf of Tehuantepec on the Pacific side. These winds can be strong enough to sandblast paint off ships in near-coastal waters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12283839 |
Sodium coceth sulfate is a semisynthetic detergent-like compound derived from fatty acids obtained from coconut oil, modified using ethylene oxide (oxirane). It is a milder foaming agent found in baby cleansers, gels, and cleaners. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12285350 |
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