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Bittern (salt) Ethanol is also used, but it exhibits a preference for potassium sulfate precipitation. The solution can furthermore be used in the production of potash and potassium salts. Tartaric acid is one compound that can facilitate the precipitation of these salts. Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)) can be derived from bittern. Adding an alkaline solution such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or lime will cause magnesium hydroxide to precipitate, although lime is not as effective. Slower addition of the alkaline solution results in the precipitation of larger particles that are easier to remove from solution. Bittern (nigari) was the first coagulant used to make tofu. It is still used today because tofu made using bittern preserves the original flavor of the soybeans used to make it. Although bittern causes too-rapid coagulation of tofu that decreases the overall quality of the tofu, different methods of tofu production utilizing bittern have been developed to work around this issue. Bittern can be used instead of aluminum-based coagulants in the treatment of wastewater produced during the fabric-dyeing process. The wastewater pH is basic, which is favorable for the use of bittern. After the addition of bittern, precipitated magnesium hydroxide works as the coagulant to collect dye, solids, organic matter, and heavy metals from the wastewater before settling out of solution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13464959 |
Bittern (salt) The sludge produced from this wastewater treatment is also easier to dispose of than sludge produced by aluminum-based coagulants because there are less restrictions surrounding the disposal of magnesium, and it may be possible to recycle the sludge as fertilizer. Bittern can also be used as a source of magnesium ions (Mg) for the precipitation of struvite, a useful fertilizer, from wastewater containing nitrogen and phosphorus. One source of useful wastewater is landfill leachate. Bittern is just as good as other sources of magnesium ions at removing phosphorus from wastewater streams, but it lags behind other magnesium ion sources in terms of the removal of ammonia (a nitrogen compound). Bittern can be used to culture "Haloquadratum" archaea. "Haloquadratum" are distinctly square-shaped and are abundant in hypersaline environments such as salt ponds. Their cultivation is necessary for understanding both their ecological function in those environments as well as their unique morphology. The presence of "Haloquadratum" in an environment deemed inhospitable for most life has prompted closer study of these archaea. A study has been performed exploring the use of bittern as a natural magnesium supplement used to decrease cholesterol spikes after a meal (postprandial hyperlipidemia). Due to its high salinity, bittern can also be used as a draw solution for an osmotic process that concentrates sucrose in sugarcane juice. Because forward osmosis is being used, the process is relatively energy-efficient | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13464959 |
Bittern (salt) Epsom salt can also be taken from the bittern draw solution once it is used. This method is particularly useful in areas where sugarcane and salt production are in close proximity to avoid costs associated with movement of either the sugarcane juice or the bittern. In some jurisdictions, most bitterns are used for other production instead of being directly discarded. In other jurisdictions each tonne of salt produced can create 3+ tonnes of waste bitterns. Although bittern generally contains the same compounds as seawater, it is much more concentrated than seawater. If bittern is released directly into seawater, the ensuing salinity increase may harm marine life around the point of release. Even small increases in salinity can disrupt marine species' osmotic balances, which may result in the death of the organism in some cases. On December 1997, 94 corpses of green turtles, Chelonia mydas, were found at the Ojo de Liebre lagoon (OLL) adjacent to the industrial operation of Exportadora de Sal S. A (ESSA), the largest saltworks in the world. The Fluoride Ion F- content in bitterns was 60.5-fold more than that in seawater. The bitterns osmolality was 11000 mosm/kg of water, whereas the turtle’s plasma osmolality was about 400 mosm/kg of water. We concluded that the dumping of bitterns into the ocean should be avoided | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13464959 |
Bittern (salt) The lack of adequate disposal methods for bitterns and concerns of local commercial and recreational fishing associations about bitterns’ deleterious impacts upon local fish and prawn hatchery areas led the Western Australian EPA in 2008 to recommend against the proposed 4.2 million tonne per annum Straits Salt project in The Pilbara region of WA. The EPA concluded that: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13464959 |
Aggregation number An aggregation number is a description of the number of molecules present in a micelle once the critical micelle concentration (CMC) has been reached. In more detail, it has been defined as the average number of surfactant monomers in a spherical micelle. The aggregation number of micelles can be determined by isothermal titration calorimetry when the aggregation number is not too high. Another classical experiment to determine the mean aggregation number would involve the use of a luminescent probe, a quencher and a known concentration of surfactant. If the concentration of the quencher is varied, and the CMC of the surfactant known, the mean aggregation number can be calculated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13465362 |
Jakob Heinrich Laspeyres (; 9 April 1769, Berlin – 28 November 1809, Berlin) was a German entomologist especially interested in Lepidoptera. He was a Bürgermeister in Berlin. Laspeyres collection is in Museum für Naturkunde. The moth genus "Laspeyresia" is named after him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13473317 |
Microbial biodegradation is the use of bioremediation and biotransformation methods to harness the naturally occurring ability of microbial xenobiotic metabolism to degrade, transform or accumulate environmental pollutants, including hydrocarbons (e.g. oil), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heterocyclic compounds (such as pyridine or quinoline), pharmaceutical substances, radionuclides and metals. Interest in the microbial biodegradation of pollutants has intensified in recent years, and recent major methodological breakthroughs have enabled detailed genomic, metagenomic, proteomic, bioinformatic and other high-throughput analyses of environmentally relevant microorganisms, providing new insights into biodegradative pathways and the ability of organisms to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Biological processes play a major role in the removal of contaminants and take advantage of the catabolic versatility of microorganisms to degrade or convert such compounds. In environmental microbiology, genome-based global studies are increasing the understanding of metabolic and regulatory networks, as well as providing new information on the evolution of degradation pathways and molecular adaptation strategies to changing environmental conditions. The increasing amount of bacterial genomic data provides new opportunities for understanding the genetic and molecular bases of the degradation of organic pollutants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13475684 |
Microbial biodegradation Aromatic compounds are among the most persistent of these pollutants and lessons can be learned from the recent genomic studies of "Burkholderia xenovorans" LB400 and "Rhodococcus" sp. strain RHA1, two of the largest bacterial genomes completely sequenced to date. These studies have helped expand our understanding of bacterial catabolism, non-catabolic physiological adaptation to organic compounds, and the evolution of large bacterial genomes. First, the metabolic pathways from phylogenetically diverse isolates are very similar with respect to overall organization. Thus, as originally noted in pseudomonads, a large number of "peripheral aromatic" pathways funnel a range of natural and xenobiotic compounds into a restricted number of "central aromatic" pathways. Nevertheless, these pathways are genetically organized in genus-specific fashions, as exemplified by the b-ketoadipate and Paa pathways. Comparative genomic studies further reveal that some pathways are more widespread than initially thought. Thus, the Box and Paa pathways illustrate the prevalence of non-oxygenolytic ring-cleavage strategies in aerobic aromatic degradation processes. Functional genomic studies have been useful in establishing that even organisms harboring high numbers of homologous enzymes seem to contain few examples of true redundancy. For example, the multiplicity of ring-cleaving dioxygenases in certain rhodococcal isolates may be attributed to the cryptic aromatic catabolism of different terpenoids and steroids | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13475684 |
Microbial biodegradation Finally, analyses have indicated that recent genetic flux appears to have played a more significant role in the evolution of some large genomes, such as LB400's, than others. However, the emerging trend is that the large gene repertoires of potent pollutant degraders such as LB400 and RHA1 have evolved principally through more ancient processes. That this is true in such phylogenetically diverse species is remarkable and further suggests the ancient origin of this catabolic capacity. Anaerobic microbial mineralization of recalcitrant organic pollutants is of great environmental significance and involves intriguing novel biochemical reactions. In particular, hydrocarbons and halogenated compounds have long been doubted to be degradable in the absence of oxygen, but the isolation of hitherto unknown anaerobic hydrocarbon-degrading and reductively dehalogenating bacteria during the last decades provided ultimate proof for these processes in nature. While such research involved mostly chlorinated compounds initially, recent studies have revealed reductive dehalogenation of bromine and iodine moieties in aromatic pesticides. Other reactions, such as biologically induced abiotic reduction by soil minerals, has been shown to deactivate relatively persistent aniline-based herbicides far more rapidly than observed in aerobic environments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13475684 |
Microbial biodegradation Many novel biochemical reactions were discovered enabling the respective metabolic pathways, but progress in the molecular understanding of these bacteria was rather slow, since genetic systems are not readily applicable for most of them. However, with the increasing application of genomics in the field of environmental microbiology, a new and promising perspective is now at hand to obtain molecular insights into these new metabolic properties. Several complete genome sequences were determined during the last few years from bacteria capable of anaerobic organic pollutant degradation. The ~4.7 Mb genome of the facultative denitrifying "Aromatoleum aromaticum" strain EbN1 was the first to be determined for an anaerobic hydrocarbon degrader (using toluene or ethylbenzene as substrates). The genome sequence revealed about two dozen gene clusters (including several paralogs) coding for a complex catabolic network for anaerobic and aerobic degradation of aromatic compounds. The genome sequence forms the basis for current detailed studies on regulation of pathways and enzyme structures. Further genomes of anaerobic hydrocarbon degrading bacteria were recently completed for the iron-reducing species "Geobacter metallireducens" (accession nr. NC_007517) and the perchlorate-reducing "Dechloromonas aromatica" (accession nr. NC_007298), but these are not yet evaluated in formal publications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13475684 |
Microbial biodegradation Complete genomes were also determined for bacteria capable of anaerobic degradation of halogenated hydrocarbons by halorespiration: the ~1.4 Mb genomes of "Dehalococcoides ethenogenes" strain 195 and "Dehalococcoides" sp. strain CBDB1 and the ~5.7 Mb genome of "Desulfitobacterium hafniense" strain Y51. Characteristic for all these bacteria is the presence of multiple paralogous genes for reductive dehalogenases, implicating a wider dehalogenating spectrum of the organisms than previously known. Moreover, genome sequences provided unprecedented insights into the evolution of reductive dehalogenation and differing strategies for niche adaptation. Recently, it has become apparent that some organisms, including "Desulfitobacterium chlororespirans", originally evaluated for halorespiration on chlorophenols, can also use certain brominated compounds, such as the herbicide bromoxynil and its major metabolite as electron acceptors for growth. Iodinated compounds may be dehalogenated as well, though the process may not satisfy the need for an electron acceptor. Bioavailability, or the amount of a substance that is physiochemically accessible to microorganisms is a key factor in the efficient biodegradation of pollutants. O'Loughlin "et al." (2000) showed that, with the exception of kaolinite clay, most soil clays and cation exchange resins attenuated biodegradation of 2-picoline by "Arthrobacter" sp. strain R1, as a result of adsorption of the substrate to the clays | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13475684 |
Microbial biodegradation Chemotaxis, or the directed movement of motile organisms towards or away from chemicals in the environment is an important physiological response that may contribute to effective catabolism of molecules in the environment. In addition, mechanisms for the intracellular accumulation of aromatic molecules via various transport mechanisms are also important. Petroleum oil contains aromatic compounds that are toxic to most life forms. Episodic and chronic pollution of the environment by oil causes major disruption to the local ecological environment. Marine environments in particular are especially vulnerable, as oil spills near coastal regions and in the open sea are difficult to contain and make mitigation efforts more complicated. In addition to pollution through human activities, approximately 250 million litres of petroleum enter the marine environment every year from natural seepages. Despite its toxicity, a considerable fraction of petroleum oil entering marine systems is eliminated by the hydrocarbon-degrading activities of microbial communities, in particular by a recently discovered group of specialists, the hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB). "Alcanivorax borkumensis" was the first HCB to have its genome sequenced. In addition to hydrocarbons, crude oil often contains various heterocyclic compounds, such as pyridine, which appear to be degraded by similar mechanisms to hydrocarbons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13475684 |
Microbial biodegradation Many synthetic steroidic compounds like some sexual hormones frequently appear in municipal and industrial wastewaters, acting as environmental pollutants with strong metabolic activities negatively affecting the ecosystems. Since these compounds are common carbon sources for many different microorganisms their aerobic and anaerobic mineralization has been extensively studied. The interest of these studies lies on the biotechnological applications of sterol transforming enzymes for the industrial synthesis of sexual hormones and corticoids. Very recently, the catabolism of cholesterol has acquired a high relevance because it is involved in the infectivity of the pathogen "Mycobacterium tuberculosis" ("Mtb"). "Mtb" causes tuberculosis disease, and it has been demonstrated that novel enzyme architectures have evolved to bind and modify steroid compounds like cholesterol in this organism and other steroid-utilizing bacteria as well. These new enzymes might be of interest for their potential in the chemical modification of steroid substrates. Sustainable development requires the promotion of environmental management and a constant search for new technologies to treat vast quantities of wastes generated by increasing anthropogenic activities. Biotreatment, the processing of wastes using living organisms, is an environmentally friendly, relatively simple and cost-effective alternative to physico-chemical clean-up options | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13475684 |
Microbial biodegradation Confined environments, such as bioreactors, have been engineered to overcome the physical, chemical and biological limiting factors of biotreatment processes in highly controlled systems. The great versatility in the design of confined environments allows the treatment of a wide range of wastes under optimized conditions. To perform a correct assessment, it is necessary to consider various microorganisms having a variety of genomes and expressed transcripts and proteins. A great number of analyses are often required. Using traditional genomic techniques, such assessments are limited and time-consuming. However, several high-throughput techniques originally developed for medical studies can be applied to assess biotreatment in confined environments. The study of the fate of persistent organic chemicals in the environment has revealed a large reservoir of enzymatic reactions with a large potential in preparative organic synthesis, which has already been exploited for a number of oxygenases on pilot and even on industrial scale. Novel catalysts can be obtained from metagenomic libraries and DNA sequence based approaches. Our increasing capabilities in adapting the catalysts to specific reactions and process requirements by rational and random mutagenesis broadens the scope for application in the fine chemical industry, but also in the field of biodegradation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13475684 |
Microbial biodegradation In many cases, these catalysts need to be exploited in whole cell bioconversions or in fermentations, calling for system-wide approaches to understanding strain physiology and metabolism and rational approaches to the engineering of whole cells as they are increasingly put forward in the area of systems biotechnology and synthetic biology. In the ecosystem, different substrates are attacked at different rates by consortia of organisms from different kingdoms. "Aspergillus" and other moulds play an important role in these consortia because they are adept at recycling starches, hemicelluloses, celluloses, pectins and other sugar polymers. Some aspergilli are capable of degrading more refractory compounds such as fats, oils, chitin, and keratin. Maximum decomposition occurs when there is sufficient nitrogen, phosphorus and other essential inorganic nutrients. Fungi also provide food for many soil organisms. For "Aspergillus" the process of degradation is the means of obtaining nutrients. When these moulds degrade human-made substrates, the process usually is called biodeterioration. Both paper and textiles (cotton, jute, and linen) are particularly vulnerable to "Aspergillus" degradation. Our artistic heritage is also subject to "Aspergillus" assault. To give but one example, after Florence in Italy flooded in 1969, 74% of the isolates from a damaged Ghirlandaio fresco in the Ognissanti church were "Aspergillus versicolor". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13475684 |
Resistive skin time The resistive skin time is a characteristic time of typical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) phenomena. The resistive skin time is defined as: formula_1 where formula_2 is the resistivity, formula_3 is a typical radius of the device and formula_4 is the magnetic permeability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13475776 |
Eugène Anselme Sébastien Léon Desmarest (1816–1889) was a French zoologist and entomologist. He was the son of Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest (1734–1838). Partial list: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13476864 |
Biological exponential growth is the exponential growth of biological organisms. When the resources availability is unlimited in the habitat, the population of an organism living in the habitat grows in an exponential or geometric fashion. Population growth in which the number of individuals increase by a constant multiple in each generation. The potential for population growth can be demonstrated in the laboratory under conditions that provide abundant resources and space. For example, a few fruit flies in a large culture jar containing an abundant food source may reproduce rapidly. One female fruit fly may lay more than 50 eggs. Reproductive adults develop in about 14 days, with approximately equal numbers of male and female offspring. For each female that began the population, 50 flies are expected 2 weeks later. Each female in the second generation produces 50 more flies after 2 more weeks, and so on. In other words, the population is experiencing exponential growth. Slow exponential growth is when a population grows slowly yet exponential because the population has long live spans. While a rapid exponential growth refers to a population that grows ( and dies ) rapidly because the population has short life spans. Resource availability is obviously essential for the unimpeded growth of a population. Ideally, when resources in the habitat are unlimited, each species has the ability to realise fully its innate potential to grow in number, as Charles Darwin observed while developing his theory of natural selection | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13478480 |
Biological exponential growth If, in a hypothetical population of size "N", the birth rates (per capita) are represented as "b" and death rates (per capita) as "d", then the increase or decrease in "N" during a time period "t" will be: formula_1 (b-d) is called the 'intrinsic rate of natural increase' and is a very important parameter chosen for assessing the impacts of any biotic or abiotic factor on population growth. Any species growing exponentially under unlimited resource conditions can reach enormous population densities in a short time. Darwin showed how even a slow growing animal like the elephant could reach an enormous population if there were unlimited resources for its growth in its habitat. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13478480 |
MCELS (Magellanic Cloud Emission-line Survey) The Magellanic Cloud Emission Line Survey (MCELS) is a joint project of Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (Chile) and the University of Michigan using the CTIO Curtis/Schmidt Telescope. The main goal of the project is to trace the ionized gas in the Magellanic Clouds using narrow-band filters ([S II], Hα and [O III]). Those emission lines are produced by different astrophysical objects and processes. The first public catalog and official publication of the MCELS survey is: Pellegrini et al. 2012: https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...755...40P/abstract To investigate the physical properties of the interstellar medium of these galaxies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13488005 |
Bill Molyneux William Mitchell Molyneux (born 1935) is an Australian horticulturist and author who has researched and developed many popular cultivars of Australian plants, including Banksia 'Birthday Candles', and Isopogon 'Woorikee 2000'. "Grevillea molyneuxii" was named in his honour. He has also written books for the Australian garden. Bill lives at 'Wombat Bend' in Victoria Australia surrounded by examples of his work and passions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13490669 |
Pensky–Martens closed-cup test The Pensky–Martens closed-cup flash-point test is a test for the determination of the flash point of flammable liquids. It is standardized as ASTM D93, EN ISO 2719 and IP 34 The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has also published "Method 1010A: Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester, part of Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods", which references the ASTM standard series D93. The Pensky-Martens test is a closed-cup method as opposed to the Cleveland open-cup method. A brass test cup is filled with a test specimen and closed with a lid, through which an ignition source can be introduced periodically. The sample is heated and stirred at specified rates depending on the material that is being tested. This allows the development of an equilibrium between the liquid and the air volume. The ignition source is directed into the cup at regular intervals with simultaneous interruption of stirring. The test concludes upon observation of a flash that spreads throughout the inside of the cup. The corresponding temperature is the liquid's "flash point". The different flash point methods depend on the controlled conditions in the laboratory and do not determine an intrinsic property of the material tested. They are however useful to compare different substances and is therefore widely used in road transportation and environmental safety regulations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13500970 |
Pensky–Martens closed-cup test Closed cup testers give lower values for the flashpoint than open-cup testers (typically 5–10 K) and are a better approximation to the temperature at which the vapour pressure reaches the "lower flammable limit" (LFL). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13500970 |
Lower flammable limit Lower flammability limit (LFL), usually expressed in volume per cent, is the lower end of the concentration range over which a flammable mixture of gas or vapour in air can be ignited at a given temperature and pressure. The flammability range is delineated by the upper and lower flammability limits. Outside this range of air/vapor mixtures, the mixture can not be ignited (unless the temperature and pressure are increased). The LFL decreases with increasing temperature; thus, a mixture that is below its LFL at a given temperature may be ignitable if heated sufficiently. For liquids, the LFL is typically close to the saturated vapor concentration at the flash point, however, due to differences in the liquid properties, the relationship of LFL to flash point (which is also dependent on the test apparatus) is not fixed and some spread in the data usually exists. The formula_1 of a mixture can be evaluated using the Le Chatelier mixing rule, if the formula_2 of the components formula_3 are known: formula_4 Where formula_1 is the lower flammability of the mixture, formula_2 is the lower flammability of the formula_3-th component of the mixture, and formula_8 is the molar fraction of the formula_3-th component of the mixture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13501019 |
Ashing is a test to deduce the amount of ash forming material present in a petroleum product so as to decide its use in certain applications. Ash-forming materials are considered to be undesirable impurities or contaminants. The specimen is placed in a suitable vessel, evaporating dish or crucible and ignited. It is allowed to burn until only ash and carbon remains. The carbonaceous residue is reduced to ash by heating in a muffle furnace at about 775C, cooled and weighed. is also performed prior to chemical analysis by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. Another application is the detection of asbestos content in certain products. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13501877 |
Cold filter plugging point (CFPP) is the lowest temperature, expressed in degrees Celsius (°C), at which a given volume of diesel type of fuel still passes through a standardized filtration device in a specified time when cooled under certain conditions. This test gives an estimate for the lowest temperature that a fuel will give trouble free flow in certain fuel systems. This is important as in cold temperate countries, a high cold filter plugging point will clog up vehicle engines more easily. The test is important in relation to the use of additives that allow spreading the usage of winter diesel at temperatures below the cloud point. The tests according to EN 590 show that a CloudPoint of +1 °C can have a CFPP −10 °C. Current additives allow a CFPP of −20 °C to be based on diesel fuel with a CloudPoint of −7 °C. The trustworthiness of the EN 590 have been criticized as being too low for modern diesel motors – the German ADAC has run a test series on customary winter diesel in a cold chamber. All diesel brands did exceed the legal minimum by 3 to 11 degrees in the laboratory according to the legal DIN test. One of the real diesel motors however stopped working even before the legal minimum was reached, presumably due to an undersized filter heater. Notably the experiments did not show a direct correlation between the CFPP value of the mineral oil and the cold start capability of the diesel motors – hence the automobile club suggest the creation of a new test standard. The ASTM no | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13502050 |
Cold filter plugging point for the test method to define cold filter plugging point is ASTM D-6371. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13502050 |
Rhizodermis is the root epidermis (also referred to as epiblem), the outermost primary cell layer of the root. Specialized rhisodermal cells, trichoblasts, form long tubular structures (from 5 to 17 micrometers in diameter and from 80 micrometers to 1.5 millimeters in length) almost perpendicular to the main cell axis - root hairs that absorb water and nutrients. Root hairs of the rhizodermis are always in close contact with soil particles and because of their high surface to volume ratio form an absorbing surface which is much larger than the transpiring surfaces of the plant. With some species of the family Fabaceae, the rhizodermis participates in the recognition and the uptake of nitrogen-fixing Rhizobia bacteria - the first stage of nodulation leading to formation of root nodules. plays an important role in nutrient uptake by the plant roots. In contrast with the epidermis, rhizodermis contains no stomata, and is not covered by cuticle. Its unique feature is the presence of root hairs. Root hair is the outgrowth of a single rhizodermal cell. They occur in high frequency in the adsorptive zone of the root. Root hair derives from a trichoblast as a result of an unequal division. It contains a large vacuole; its cytoplasm and nucleus are superseded to the apical region of the outgrowth. Although it does not divide, its DNA replicates so the nucleus is polyploid. Root hairs live only for few days, and die off in 1–2 days due to mechanical damages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13502784 |
Relaxosome The relaxosome is the complex of proteins that facilitates plasmid transfer during bacterial conjugation. The proteins are encoded by the tra operon on a fertility plasmid in the region near the origin of transfer, oriT. The most important of these proteins is relaxase, which is responsible for beginning the conjugation process by cutting at the "nic" site via transesterification. This nicking results in a DNA-Protein complex with the relaxosome bound to a single strand of the plasmid DNA and an exposed 3' hydroxyl group. Relaxase also unwinds the plasmid being conjugated with its helicase properties. The relaxosome interacts with integration host factors within the oriT. Other genes that code for relaxosome components include TraH, which stabilizes the relaxosome's structural formation, TraI, which encodes for the relaxase protein, TraJ, which recruits the complex to the oriT site, TraK, which increases the 'nicked' state of the target plasmid, and TraY, which imparts single-stranded DNA character on the oriT site. TraM plays a particularly important role in relaxase interaction by stimulating 'relaxed' DNA formation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13515967 |
Dieter Korn Dr. (born 1958) is a German scientist and paleontologist specializing in research on ammonites and goniatites. He received his Ph.D. in 1996 from the University of Tübingen and is employed by the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Germany, in the Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity (Humboldt University). Dr Korn has published or coauthored over 100 papers since 1979, including the description of numerous new species of cephalopods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13524258 |
Eduard Knirsch (1869 – 23 November 1955 in Vienna) was an Austrian doctor/dentist and entomologist who specialised in Coleoptera. His collection is in Museum Victoria, Australia and the Field Museum in Chicago. He published "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Insektenfauna Deutsch-Ostafrikas, insbesondere des Matengo-Hochlandes" (Contributions to the knowledge of insect-fauna of German East Africa, in particular the Matengo Highlands), based on collections of Hans Zerny (VIII, Coleóptera: 2. Scarabaeidae, subf. Cetoniinae). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13533045 |
Leo Cluster The (Abell 1367) is a galaxy cluster about 330 million light-years distant (z = 0.022) in the constellation Leo, with at least 70 major galaxies. The galaxy known as NGC 3842 is the brightest member of this cluster. Along with the Coma Cluster, it is one of the two major clusters comprising the Coma Supercluster, which in turn is part of the CfA2 Great Wall, which is hundreds of millions light years long and is one of the largest known structures in the universe. A team of scientists decided to observe the with the intention of creating a catalog of extended ionized gas clouds, or EIGs. This data also led to the discovery of many star-forming parents (galaxies) within the cluster. These star-forming galaxies turned out to be very similar to those found in the neighboring Coma cluster. The EIGs in the Leo cluster, however, turned out to be longer in the Leo cluster compared to the Coma cluster. This likely means that the Leo cluster and its stars are probably younger than most comparable clusters in the universe and evolve at a different pace. Most dense galaxy clusters are composed mostly of elliptical galaxies. The Leo Cluster, however, mostly contains spiral galaxies, suggesting that it is much younger than other comparable clusters, such as the Coma Cluster. It is also home to one of the universe's largest known black holes, which lies in the center of NGC 3842. The black hole is 9.7 billion times more massive than our sun. It can be very difficult for stars to form within the Leo Cluster | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13566669 |
Leo Cluster This is because infalling galaxies have a tendency to strip gas away from other stars that are attempting to form. This has led to the creation of a "hot zone" where stars are unable to maintain their gas long enough to properly form. There appears to be a number of subpopulations within the Leo Cluster. The first consists of elliptical galaxies that seem to be roughly as old as the universe. The second subpopulation contains red-sequence lenticular (lens shaped) galaxies whose ages are directly tied to their mass. The third and final subpopulation is of galaxies where star formation is still taking place, and are morphologically distributed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13566669 |
Alvin (crater) Alvin is a small crater lying situated within the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle (MC-19) of the planet Mars. It was visited by the Opportunity rover in 2005. It is near the location called Opportunity's Site 43. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13572143 |
Naturaliste (crater) Naturaliste is an unofficially named crater on Mars. It was visited by the "Opportunity" in 2005. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13572232 |
Gough–Joule effect The (a.k.a. Gow–Joule effect) is originally the tendency of elastomers to contract when heated if they are under tension. Elastomers that are not under tension do not see this effect. The term is also used more generally to refer to the dependence of the temperature of any solid on the mechanical deformation. If an elastic band is first stretched and then subjected to heating, it will shrink rather than expand. This effect was first observed by John Gough in 1802, and was investigated further by James Joule in the 1850s, when it then became known as the Gough–Joule effect. <br>"Examples in Literature:" The effect is important in O-ring seal design, where the seals can be mounted in a peripherally compressed state in hot applications to prolong life. The effect is also relevant to rotary seals which can bind if the seal shrinks due to overheating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13572433 |
Isoionic point The isoionic point is the pH value at which a zwitterion molecule has an equal number of positive and negative charges and no adherent ionic species. It was first defined by S.P.L. Sørensen, Kaj Ulrik Linderstrøm-Lang and Ellen Lund in 1926 and is mainly a term used in protein sciences. It is different from the isoelectric point (p"I") in that p"I" is the pH value at which the net charge of the molecule, "including" bound ions is zero. Whereas the isoionic point is at net charge zero in a deionized solution. Thus, the isoelectric and isoionic points are equal when the concentration of charged species is zero. For a diprotic acid, the hydrogen ion concentration can be found at the isoionic point using the following equation formula_1 Note that if formula_7 then formula_8 and if formula_9 then formula_10. Therefore, under these conditions, the equation simplifies to formula_11 The equation can be further simplified to calculate the pH by taking the negative logarithm of both sides to yield formula_12 which shows that under certain conditions, the isoionic and isoelectric point are similar. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13576575 |
Ivan Wilhelm (1 May 1942, Trnava) is a Czech nuclear physicist and former rector of the Charles University in Prague. Wilhelm graduated from the Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering of Czech Technical University in Prague with a degree in nuclear physics. Until 1967, he also lectured there. In 1967, Wilhelm was sent to study in the United States. Since 1971, Wilhelm has been a part of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of Charles University in Prague. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13596103 |
Artemis Chasma The is the nearly circular fracture in Venus's surface which almost encloses Artemis Corona. The chasma and its associating corona can be found on the Aphrodite Terra continent, at Latitude 35° South, Longitude 135° East. It is named after the Artemis, the Greek virgin goddess of the hunt and the Moon, the hills, the forest, birth, virginity, and fertility, who carries a bow and arrow. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13602025 |
Edmund Załęski (18 August 1863 in Lviv (Lemberg), Austria-Hungary – December 1932 in Kraków, Poland) was a Polish chemist, agrotechnician, and plant breeder. He was a professor at the Agricultural University of Dublany, as well as a professor (beginning in 1918) at Jagiellonian University, where he also served as rector from 1930–1931. Załęski created new, valuable varieties of wheat and sugar beet. His book "Metodyka doświadczeń rolniczych" ("Methodology of agricultural experiments") was published in 1927. Professor Tadeusz Caliński of the Poznań University of Life Sciences credits him with the "first systematic lecture on the methodology of agricultural experiments with some application of probability theory." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13606390 |
Pseudo-modal energies Псевдо-энергия - используются для оценки энергетического содержания механической системы вблизи ее резонансных частот. Она определяются как интеграл функции частотного отклика в определенной полосе частот вокруг резонанса. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13626384 |
Karl Borromaeus Maria Josef Heller (21 March 1864, Rappoltenkirchen, Tulln (district) – 25 December 1945, Dresden), was an Austrian entomologist who specialised in Coleoptera. He was a Professor and Section leader in the Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde Dresden where his collection is maintained. Heller was a taxonomist. He described many new species of world fauna. He was a Member of the Stettin Entomological Society. Partial list | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13628215 |
Laser integration line The Laser Integration Line (LIL) is a prototype for the Laser Mégajoule (LMJ) located at CEA-CESTA. Whereas the LMJ is planned to comprise 240 laser beams and deliver 1.8MJ, the LIL delivers just one sixtieth of the energy, 30kJ. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13629642 |
Alexander Julius Reichert (25 January 1859 – 1 July 1939) was a German entomologist specialising in Lepidoptera. His collection is in Naturkundemuseum Leipzig and the Zoological Institute in the University of Leipzig. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13630256 |
Steric number The steric number of a molecule is the number of atoms bonded to the central atom of a molecule (σ sigma bond) plus the number of lone pairs on the central atom. It is often used in VSEPR theory (valence shell electron-pair repulsion) in order to determine the particular shape, or molecular geometry, that will be formed. Calculating the steric number of a molecule's central atom is a vital step in predicting its geometry by VSEPR theory. On the molecule SF, for example, the central sulfur atom has four ligands about it, calculated by considering sulfur's coordination number. In addition to the four ligands, sulfur also has one remaining lone pair. Thus, the steric number is 5. The central atom's steric number together with the number of lone pairs allows anyone to predict the geometry of that central atom, using the table of molecular geometries for the VSEPR theory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13633935 |
List of Muslim astronauts This is a list of Muslim astronauts who have traveled to space. In total, 11 Muslims (10 men and 1 woman) have been in space. Malaysia's space agency, Angkasa, convened a conference of 150 Islamic scientists and scholars in 2006 to address the question, among others, of how to pray towards Mecca in space. A document was produced in early 2007 called "A Guideline of Performing Ibadah (worship) at the International Space Station" (ISS) and was approved by Malaysia's National Fatwa Council. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13639935 |
Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern The (PNA) is a climatological term for a large-scale weather pattern with two modes, denoted positive and negative, and which relates the atmospheric circulation pattern over the North Pacific Ocean with the one over the North American continent. The positive phase of the PNA pattern features above-average barometric pressure heights in the vicinity of Hawaii and over the inter-mountain region of North America, and below-average heights located south of the Aleutian Islands and over the southeastern United States. The PNA pattern is associated with strong fluctuations in the strength and location of the East Asian jet stream. The positive phase is associated with an enhanced East Asian jet stream and with an eastward shift in the jet exit region toward the western United States. The negative phase is associated with a westward retraction of that jet stream toward eastern Asia, blocking activity over the high latitudes of the North Pacific, and a strong split-flow configuration over the central North Pacific. The positive phase of the PNA pattern is associated with above-average temperatures over western Canada and the extreme western United States, and below-average temperatures across the south-central and southeastern US. The PNA tends to have little impact on surface temperature variability over North America during summer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13656257 |
Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern The associated precipitation anomalies include above-average totals in the Gulf of Alaska extending into the Pacific Northwestern United States, and below-average totals over the upper Midwestern United States. The negative PNA phase is associated with the opposite. Although the PNA pattern is a natural internal mode of climate variability, it is also strongly influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. The positive phase of the PNA pattern tends to be associated with Pacific warm episodes (El Niño), and the negative phase tends to be associated with Pacific cold episodes (La Niña). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13656257 |
On Thermonuclear War is a book by Herman Kahn, a military strategist at the RAND Corporation, although it was written only a year before he left RAND to form the Hudson Institute. It is a controversial treatise on the nature and theory of war in the thermonuclear weapon age. In it, Kahn addresses the strategic doctrines of nuclear war and its effect on the international balance of power. Kahn introduced the Doomsday Machine as a rhetorical device to show the limits of John von Neumann's strategy of mutual assured destruction or MAD. The book helped popularize the term megadeath, which Kahn coined in 1953. Kahn's stated purpose in writing the book was "avoiding disaster and buying time, without specifying the use of this time." The title of the book was inspired by the classic volume "On War", by Carl von Clausewitz. Widely read on both sides of the Iron Curtain—the book sold 30,000 copies in hardcover—it is noteworthy for its views on the lack of credibility of a purely thermonuclear deterrent and how a country could "win" a nuclear war. Of the book, Hubert H. Humphrey said: "New thoughts, particularly those which contradict current assumptions, are always painful for the human mind to contemplate. "On Thermonuclear War" is filled with such thoughts." Lines from the character General Buck Turgidson in Stanley Kubrick's 1964 film Dr | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13658011 |
On Thermonuclear War Strangelove directly mimic passages from this book, such as Turgidson's phrase "two admittedly regrettable, but nevertheless, distinguishable post-war environments" which reflects a chart from this book labeled "Tragic but Distinguishable Postwar States" (also discussed in the related article Megadeath). Indeed, the folder that General Turgidson holds while reading a report on projected nuclear war casualties is titled "Global Targets in Megadeaths". First published in 1960 by the Princeton University Press (), it was republished as a paperback by Transaction Publishers in 2007 (). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13658011 |
Jadwiga Złotorzycka Jadwiga Zlotorzycka (1926-2002) was a Polish entomologist specialising in Mallophaga. She worked in the Parasitology Department of the University of Wroclaw. Partial list | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13659612 |
Colloid vibration current is an electroacoustic phenomenon that arises when ultrasound propagates through a fluid that contains ions and either solid particles or emulsion droplets. The pressure gradient in an ultrasonic wave moves particles relative to the fluid. This motion disturbs the double layer that exists at the particle-fluid interface. The picture illustrates the mechanism of this distortion. Practically all particles in fluids carry a surface charge. This surface charge is screened with an equally charged diffuse layer; this structure is called the double layer. Ions of the diffuse layer are located in the fluid and can move with the fluid. Fluid motion relative to the particle drags these diffuse ions in the direction of one or the other of the particle's poles. The picture shows ions dragged towards the left hand pole. As a result of this drag, there is an excess of negative ions in the vicinity of the left hand pole and an excess of positive surface charge at the right hand pole. As a result of this charge excess, particles gain a dipole moment. These dipole moments generate an electric field that in turn generates measurable electric current. This phenomenon is widely used for measuring zeta potential in concentrated colloids. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13662027 |
Radiophysics (also modern writing "radio physics") is a branch of physics focused on the theoretical and experimental study of certain kinds of radiation, its emission, propagation and interaction with matter. The term is used in the following major meanings: Among the main applications of radiophysics are radio communications, radiolocation, radio astronomy and radiology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13664288 |
Enation Enations are scaly leaflike structures, differing from leaves in their lack of vascular tissue. They are created by some leaf diseases. Also found on some early plants such as "Rhynia", where they are hypothesized to aid in photosynthesis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13664796 |
Cold drop The cold drop (, ) is an archaic meteorological term used popularly in Spain which has commonly come to refer to any high impact rainfall events occurring in the autumn along the Spanish Mediterranean coast. In its classic sense it is a closed upper-level low which has become completely displaced (cut off) from basic westerly current, and moves independently of that current. Cold drops may remain nearly stationary for days, or on occasion may move westward opposite to the prevailing flow aloft (i.e., retrogression). The term is also used to describe the meteorological phenomenon associated. In Spain, it appears when a front of very cold polar air, a jet stream, advances slowly over Western Europe, at high altitude (normally 5–9 km or 3–5.5 mi). In modern usage the term is used to refer to any high impact rainfall event during the Autumn along the Mediterranean coast of Spain and can be analogous to the French "Episode Cevenol", or Mediterranean Episode. If a sudden cut off in the stream takes place, caused by various reasons, like the effect of the high pressures, a pocket of cold air detaches from the main jet stream, penetrating to the south over the Pyrenees into the warm air in Spain, causing its most dramatic effects in the Southeast of Spain, particularly along the Spanish Mediterranean coast, especially in the Valencian Community. This phenomenon is associated with extremely violent downpours and storms, with wind speeds of 100–200 km (60–120 mi)/hour, but not always accompanied by significant rainfall | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13677019 |
Cold drop For this it is necessary that the high atmospheric torrential rain instability in the lower air layers to combine with a significant amount of water vapors. Such a combination causes the masses of cold air to quickly discharge up to 500 liters per square meter in extremely rapid rain episodes. This phenomenon usually lasts a very short time, (from a few hours to a maximum of four days) as it exhausts its water reserves without receiving a new supply. The clouds are formed in the Atlantic Ocean. The more extreme the difference in temperature, the more water is stored in the clouds. The Cold Drop can produce snow or hail. This way a great mass of cold air rotates and floats like a drop over a warm area. The torrential rain caused by cold drop can result in devastation caused by torrents and flash floods. For instance, the great Valencia flood of 1957 was the result of a 3-day-long cold drop. The (Gota fria) is equally apparent near the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in the Colombian Caribbean, with peaks surpassing 5 km in altitude in close proximity to a warm sea. A sudden rain over Valencia is a plot element in the 2016 Spanish thriller "Cien años de perdón". The term gives name to a hit song by Colombian singer Carlos Vives, written by composer Emiliano Zuleta Baquero. The song, "La gota fría" (The Cold Drop), describes a rivalry while alluding to the weather phenomenon metaphorically. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13677019 |
Streaming vibration current The streaming vibration current (SVI) and the associated streaming vibration potential is an electric signal that arises when an acoustic wave propagates through a porous body in which the pores are filled with fluid. was experimentally observed in 1948 by M. Williams. A theoretical model was developed some 30 years later by Dukhin and coworkers. This effect opens another possibility for characterizing the electric properties of the surfaces in porous bodies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13680444 |
Dynamic electrophoretic mobility is a parameter that determines intensity of electroacoustic phenomena, such as Colloid Vibration Current and Electric Sonic Amplitude in colloids. It is similar to electrophoretic mobility, but at high frequency, on a scale of megahertz. Usual electrophoretic mobility is the low frequency limit of the dynamic electrophoretic mobility. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13695352 |
Eerik Kumari (7 March 1912 in Kirbla, Lihula Parish – 8 January 1984; born as Erik Mathias Sits) was a doctor of biology, the founder of ornithology and nature conservation in Estonia, the learned director of the Institute of Zoology and Botany at the Estonian Academy of Sciences during 1952–1977. He was the president of the Estonian Naturalists' Society in 1954–1964. The Award was established in 1989 in his name to honor those who have excelled in bioscience in Estonia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13697159 |
Thomas Stanley Westoll Prof Thomas Stanley Westoll, FRS FRSE, FGS FLS LLD (3 July 1912 – 19 September 1995) was a British geologist, and the long-time head of the Department of Geology at Newcastle University. He was born in West Hartlepool the son of Horace Stanley Raine Westoll. He was educated at the West Hartlepool Grammar School. He then studied Sciences on a scholarship at Durham University, specialising in geology and palaeontology, graduating BSc in 1932. Continuing as a postgraduate he gained his first doctorate (PhD) in 1934 from research on Permian fishes. In 1937 he began lecturing in Geology and Mineralogy at Aberdeen University, his central interest being the study of fossil fish. In 1943 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Robert MacFarlane Neill, Thomas Phemister, Ernest Cruickshank, and James Robert Matthews. Aberdeen University awarded him his second doctorate (DSc). In 1948 he left Aberdeen to return to England as Professor of Geology at the University of Newcastle, staying there until his retirement in 1977. In retirement he remained as a research fellow and Chairman of Convocation. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in March 1952. The citation on his application read: ""Westoll is a palaeontologist who by his description of new materials and by the introduction of new and fertile ideas into the interpretation of the structure of early fossil vertebrates has greatly increased our understanding of the problems they present | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13707020 |
Thomas Stanley Westoll He has introduced new views about the origins of the pectoral fins of craniates and of the Tetrapod limb. He has clarified our ideas about the homologies of the dermal skull bones of vertebrates and made a new and convincing comparison between the skulls of Amphibia and Fish. He has made important contributions towards the solution of the old problems of the origin of the mammalian palate and ear. His monograph of the Haplolepidae sets a new standard for taxonomic work on fossil fish"." He was on the council of the Royal Society and from 1972 to 1974 was President of the Geological Society of London. He died in Newcastle upon Tyne on 19 September 1995. He married twice: firstly in 1939 to Dorothy Cecil Isobel Wood, then, following divorce in 1951, in 1952 he married Barbara Swanson McAdie. His research interests were wide-ranging, but he is best known for his work on the evolution of fish. The development of the tetrapod limb and issues with the Silurian-Devonian boundary were some of the topics which occupied him. Throughout a long academic career he made forceful and important contributions in these and other fields | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13707020 |
4GLS The was a proposed 4th Generation Light Source, based at the Daresbury Laboratory in Cheshire, England, intended to combine energy recovery linac (ERL) and free electron laser technologies to provide synchronised sources of synchrotron radiation and free electron laser radiation covering the terahertz (THz) to soft X-ray regimes. In early 2008 the Science and Technology Facilities Council decided not to proceed with the 4GLS. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13709082 |
Giebichenstein The in Stöckse, Germany, is one of the largest erratic boulders of northern Germany. A picture of the is part of the emblem of the Stöckse municipality. There is the supposition that during Wolstonian Stage the stone was deposited by glaciers as a part of a moraine. Near the there are the remains of a dolmen, and at the stone itself there were found the remains of a stone age hunter's camp. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13713649 |
Cirrus castellanus cloud Cirrus castellanus is a species of cirrus cloud. Its name comes from the word "castellanus", which means "of a fort", "of a castle" in Latin. Like all cirrus, this species occurs at high altitudes. It appears as separate turrets rising from a lower-level cloud base. Often these cloud turrets form in lines, and they can be taller than they are wide. This cloud species is usually dense in formation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13717508 |
Thicket A thicket is a very dense stand of trees or tall shrubs, often dominated by only one or a few species, to the exclusion of all others. They may be formed by species that shed large numbers of highly viable seeds that are able to germinate in the shelter of the maternal plants. In some conditions the formation or spread of thickets may be assisted by human disturbance of an area. Where a thicket is formed of briar (also spelled brier), which is a common name for any of a number of unrelated thorny plants, it may be called a briar patch. Plants termed briar include species in the genera "Rosa" (Rose), "Rubus", and "Smilax". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13723042 |
Xenohormesis is a hypothesis that posits that certain molecules such as plant polyphenols, which indicate stress in the plants, can have a longevity-conferring effect in consumers of plants (i.e. mammals) and studies that relationship. It was first used in the paper "Small molecules that regulate lifespan: evidence for xenohormesis" by David Sinclair and colleagues from the Harvard Medical School. If the plants an animal is eating are under stress, their increased polyphenol content may signal forthcoming famine conditions. It could be advantageous for the animal to begin to react—i.e. to hunker down to prepare for the lean times to come. The effects researchers have observed from resveratrol may be just such a response. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13745014 |
Land speed An object's speed across land is measured by difference in movement between the object and the land beneath it. Atmospheric pressure and aerodynamics must be considered when attempting to calculate possible speeds from the force applied. Common units of land speed include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13745586 |
Fibrobacter succinogenes is a cellulolytic bacterium species in the genus "Fibrobacter". It is present in the rumen of cattle. Beta glucans are its substrate of choice in the rumen and its products after digestion include formate, acetate and succinate. forms characteristic extensive grooves in crystalline cellulose, and is also rather readily detached from its substrate during sample preparation. Phylogenetic studies based RpoC and Gyrase B protein sequences, indicate that "Fibrobacter succinogenes" is closely related to the species from the phyla "Bacteroidetes" and "Chlorobi". "Fibrobacter succinogenes" and the species from these two other phyla also branch in the same position based upon conserved signature indels in a number of important proteins. Lastly and most importantly, comparative genomic studies have identified two conserved signature indels (a 5-7 amino acid insert in the RpoC protein and a 13-16 amino acid insertion in serine hydroxymethyltransferase) and one signature protein (PG00081) that are uniquely shared by "Fibrobacter succinogenes" and all of the species from "Bacteroidetes" and "Chlorobi" phyla. All of these results provide compelling evidence that "Fibrobacter succinogenes" shared a common ancestor with "Bacteroidetes" and "Chlorobi" species exclusive of all other bacteria, and these species should be recognized as part of a single “FCB”superphylum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13768895 |
Micropipe A micropipe, also called a micropore, microtube, capillary defect or pinhole defect, is a crystallographic defect in a single crystal substrate. Today this is of great interest to makers of silicon carbide (SiC) substrates which are used in a variety of industries such as power semiconductor devices for vehicles and high frequency communication devices. However, during the production of these materials, the crystal undergoes internal and external stresses causing growth of defects, or dislocations, within the atomic lattice. A screw dislocation is a common dislocation that transforms successive atomic planes within a crystal lattice into the shape of a helix. Once a screw dislocation propagates through the bulk of a sample during the wafer growth process, a micropipe is formed. The presence of a high density of micropipes within a wafer will result in a loss of yield in the device manufacturing process. Micropipes and screw dislocations in epitaxial layers are normally derived from the substrates on which the epitaxy is performed. Micropipes are considered to be empty-core screw dislocations with large strain energy (i.e. they have large Burgers vector); they follow the growth direction (c-axis) in silicon carbide boules and substrates propagating into the deposited epitaxial layers. Factors which influence formation of micropipes (and other defects) are such growth parameters as temperature, supersaturation, vapor phase stoichiometry, impurities and the polarity of the seed crystal surface | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13771489 |
Micropipe United States Patent 7,201,799, V Velidandla, KLA-Tencor Technologies Corporation (Milpitas, CA), April 10, 2007, System and method for classifying, detecting, and counting micropipes. Performance Limiting Defects in Silicon Carbide Wafers by Philip G. Neudeck and J. Anthony Powell of NASA Lewis Research Center. Cree Demonstrates 100-mm Zero-Silicon Carbide Substrates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13771489 |
Friedrich Ris (1867 – 1931 in Glarus) was a Swiss physician and entomologist who specialised in Odonata. He was Director of a psychiatric clinic in Rheinau, Switzerland. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13789625 |
Carlos Segers (1900-1967) was an Argentine astronomer. He was an observer of variable stars, and organized amateur astronomers in South America. He founded the 'Argentine Friends of Astronomy Association'. The crater Segers on the Moon is named after him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13793229 |
Polar see-saw The polar see-saw (also: bipolar seesaw) is the phenomenon that temperature changes in the northern and southern hemispheres may be out of phase. The hypothesis states that large changes, for example when the glaciers are intensely growing or depleting, in the formation of ocean bottom water in both poles take a long time to exert their effect in the other hemisphere. Estimates of the period of delay vary, one typical estimate is 1500 years. This is usually studied in the context of ice-cores taken from Antarctica and Greenland. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13794551 |
Phantom quartz is a variety of quartz, or "rock crystal", that forms over pre-existing crystals. The included crystal is visible due to some variation in composition making the boundary of the included crystal visible. Such crystals display the outlines of numerous smaller crystals, known as "phantoms". has been found in Austria, Brazil, Madagascar, Switzerland, and the United States. Like regular quartz, the chemical composition of phantom quartz is silicon dioxide (SiO). The available forms of phantom quartz are crystal groups and single crystals used as jewelry pendants. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13798067 |
Community Surface Dynamics Modeling System The (CSDMS) deals with the Earth's surface and the observable and projected changes constantly taking place – the ever-changing dynamic interface between lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and atmosphere. CSDMS supports the development, integration, dissemination and archiving of community open-source software, that reflects and predicts earth-surface processes over a broad range of temporal and spatial scales. Over 500 research institutions from more than 65 countries comprise the community effort. CSDMS distributes hundreds of open-source models and modeling tools, provides access to high performance computing clusters in support of developing and running earth surface models, and offers a suite of products for education and knowledge transfer. The CSDMS architecture employs frameworks and services that convert stand-alone models into flexible "plug-and-play" components to be assembled into larger applications. CSDMS focuses on the movement of fluids and the sediment and solutes they transport through landscapes, seascapes and sedimentary basins. Began in 2007 under the leadership of James Syvitski, formerly the director of the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), Boulder, CO, CSDMS operates under continuing funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF) to coordinate this national effort related to surface dynamic modeling. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13809854 |
Weldon mud Walter Weldon developed a process in the chlorine production process for reuse of manganese by treating the manganese chloride with milk of lime and blowing air through the mixture to form a precipitation of manganese known as which was used to generate more chlorine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13819246 |
Hydrolysis constant A hydrolysis constant is an equilibrium constant for a hydrolysis reaction. For example, if a metal salt such as AlCl dissolves in an aqueous solution, the metal cation behaves as a Lewis acid and hydrolyzes the water molecules in the solvent. The hydrolysis constant for this reaction is as shown: In a more generalized form, the hydrolysis constant can be described as: where A represents any base, and HA represents any acid. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13831369 |
Free molecular flow describes the fluid dynamics of gas where the mean free path of the molecules is larger than the size of the chamber or of the object under test. For tubes/objects of the size of several cm, this means pressures well below 10 mbar. This is also called the regime of high vacuum, or even ultra-high vacuum. This is opposed to viscous flow encountered at higher pressures. The presence of free molecular flow can be calculated, at least in estimation, with the Knudsen number (Kn). If Kn > 1, the system is in free molecular flow. In free molecular flow, the pressure of the remaining gas can be considered as effectively zero. Thus, boiling points do not depend on the residual pressure. The flow can be considered to be individual particles moving in straight lines. Practically, the "vapor" cannot move around bends or into other spaces behind obstacles, as they simply hit the tube wall. This implies conventional pumps cannot be used, as they rely on viscous flow and fluid pressure. Instead, special sorption pumps, ion pumps and momentum transfer pumps are used. occurs in various processes such as molecular distillation, ultra-high vacuum equipment such as particle accelerators, and naturally in outer space. The definition of a free molecular flow depends on the distance scale under consideration. For example, in the interplanetary medium, the plasma is in a free molecular flow regime in scales less than 1 AU; thus, planets and moons are effectively under particle bombardment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13843189 |
Free molecular flow However, on larger scales, fluid-like behavior is observed, because the probability of collisions between particles becomes significant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13843189 |
National Sanitary Surveillance Agency Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (in Portuguese, Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária) is a regulatory body of the Brazilian government, created in 1999 during President Fernando Henrique Cardoso's term of office. It is responsible for the regulation and approval of pharmaceutical drugs, sanitary standards and regulation of the food industry. The agency bills itself as "an independently administered, financially autonomous" regulatory body. It is administered by a five-member collegiate board of directors, who oversee five thematic directorates, assisted by a five-tier oversight structure. Since September 2018 the agency is headed by . Brazil is the world's largest consumer of pesticides. These pesticides are primarily used in the production of soy and corn. The number of approved pesticides increased "rapidly" between 2015 and 2019. RT reported in 2019 that ANVISA had relaxed pesticide regulations and that the approval process had been accelerated as within the first seven months of the year 262 new pesticides were approved, 82 of them classified as "extremely toxic". Teresa Cristina, the agriculture minister, noted that "there is no general liberation" of new pesticide registrations and no reason for concern when pesticides are used as instructed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13844257 |
Ian G. Enting Ian Enting (born 25 September 1948) is a mathematical physicist and the AMSI/MASCOS Professorial Fellow at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematics and Statistics of Complex Systems (MASCOS) based at The University of Melbourne. Enting is the author of "Twisted, The Distorted Mathematics of Greenhouse Denial" in which he analyses the presentation and use of data by climate change deniers. More recently he has been addressing the claims made in Ian Plimer's book "Heaven and Earth". He has published a critique, "Ian Plimer’s ‘Heaven + Earth’ — Checking the Claims", listing what Enting claims are numerous misrepresentations of the sources cited in the book. From 1980 to 2004 he worked in CSIRO Atmospheric Research, primarily on modelling the global carbon cycle. He was one of the lead authors of the chapter " and the Carbon Cycle" in the 1994 IPCC report on "Radiative Forcing of Climate". Enting has published scientific papers, on mathematical physics and carbon cycle modelling, and a monograph on mathematical techniques for interpreting observations of carbon dioxide () and other trace gases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13849747 |
Glossary of chemistry terms This glossary of chemistry terms is a list of terms and definitions relevant to chemistry, including chemical laws, diagrams and formulae, laboratory tools, glassware, and equipment. Chemistry is a physical science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions; it features an extensive vocabulary and a significant amount of jargon. "Note: All periodic table references refer to the IUPAC Style of the Periodic Table." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13849906 |
Pt/Co scale The Platinum-Cobalt Scale (or Apha-Hazen Scale ) is a color scale that was introduced in 1892 by chemist Allen Hazen (1869–1930). The index was developed as a way to evaluate pollution levels in waste water. It has since expanded to a common method of comparison of the intensity of yellow-tinted samples. It is specific to the color yellow and is based on dilutions of a 500 ppm platinum cobalt solution. The colour produced by one milligram of platinum cobalt dissolved in one litre of water is fixed as one unit of colour in platinum-cobalt scale. The ASTM has detailed description and procedures in ASTM Designation D1209, "Standard Test Method for Color of Clear Liquids (Platinum-Cobalt Scale)". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13854154 |
Ionization cone Ionization cones are cones of material extending out from spiral galaxies. They are visible because of their emissions which are believed to be from re-emission of photons produced by nuclear activity within the galaxy itself. There is not yet a scientific consensus on the mechanics of such cones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13855813 |
Inorganic Syntheses is a book series which aims to publish "detailed and foolproof" procedures for the synthesis of inorganic compounds. Although this series of books are edited, they usually are referenced like a journal, without mentioning the names of the checkers (referees) or the editor. A similar format is usually followed for the series "Organic Syntheses". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13856795 |
Glacier foreland The region between the current leading edge of the glacier and the moraines of latest maximum is called glacier foreland or glacier forefield. In the Alps this maximum was in 1850 and since then the region has become ice free due to deglaciation. Because of this relative recent development of vegetation and morphodynamic the glacier foreland differs considerably from the surrounding landscape. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13858146 |
Extensional viscosity (also known as elongational viscosity) is a viscosity coefficient when applied stress is extensional stress. "Extensional viscosity" can be measured using rheometers that apply "extensional stress". Acoustic rheometer is one example of such devices. where For a Newtonian Fluid, the uniaxial elongational viscosity is three times the shear viscosity which can be derived using the continuity equation for incompressible fluids. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13860656 |
Cowdry bodies are eosinophilic or basophilic nuclear inclusions composed of nucleic acid and protein seen in cells infected with Herpes simplex virus, Varicella-zoster virus, and Cytomegalovirus. They are named after Edmund Cowdry. There are two types of intranuclear Cowdry bodies: Light microscopy is used for detection of Cowdry bodies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13864129 |
Llanesco is a Martian impact crater, 27 kilometers in diameter. It is located at 28.5S, 101.2°W, north of the crater Dinorwic. It is named after a town in Spain, and its name was approved by the International Astronomical Union in 1991. According to a surface age map of Mars based on US Geological Survey data, the area around is from the Noachian or Hesperian epoch, which places the area's age at 3.8 to 1.8 billion years. The crater's rim averages about 7,750 meters above zero altitude, and its floor averages about 7,000 meters above zero altitude. The crater is therefore approximately only 750 meters deep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13871116 |
Koga (crater) Koga is an impact crater on Mars, approximately 19 kilometers in diameter. It is located at 29.3°S, 103.8°W, north of the crater Virrat and northeast of the crater Dinorwic. To the north is the crater Nhill. It is named after a town in Tanzania, and its name was approved by the International Astronomical Union in 1991. According to a surface age map of Mars based on US Geological Survey data, the area around Koga is from the Noachian epoch, which places the area's age at 3.8 to 3.5 billion years ago. Sharp blocks and cliffs poke through a mantle of fine material located at the bottom of the crater. At the deepest part of the crater, it is about 5,200 meters in elevation above zero altitude, and its rim averages about 6,400 meters above zero altitude. It is therefore approximately 1.2 kilometers deep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13876461 |
Earth Science Week Earth Sciences Week is a yearly event run by the American Geosciences Institute (AGI) to promote understanding of Earth science and stewardship of the planet. It is typically held in the second full week of October. The events are partially funded and sponsored by the USGS, the National Park Service, and the NASA, as well as additional geoscience-oriented agencies, nonprofit organizations, and private corporations. The website is updated regularly to reflect the new theme, contests, proclamations, events, and classroom activities for each year’s Earth Science Week. The website maintains a listing of groups in the network, as well as a state-by-state listing of events. These events are sponsored by AGI member societies, state geological surveys, colleges and universities, public and private schools, museums, parks, and other organizations and businesses with interests in Earth science. Toolkits feature AGI’s traditional event poster and school-year calendar showcasing geoscience careers, classroom investigations, and important dates of Earth science events. Also typically included are posters, flyers, electronic disks, bookmarks, and activities from AGI and its member societies and sponsors. Toolkits are distributed to state geological surveys, aGI member societies, and others. Toolkits may be ordered through the program website. AGI holds national contests in connection with Earth Science Week | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13878463 |
Earth Science Week The photo contests are designed to encourage K-12 students, teachers, and the general public to get involved in the celebration by exploring artistic and academic applications of Earth science. There are four mediums in which contests are held: Photography, Video, Visual Arts, and Essay. Each contest explores a new theme every year. AGI works with state geological surveys to secure gubernatorial proclamations to be made for each year's Earth Science Week. Seven states have issued perpetual proclamations: Alaska, Delaware, Illinois, Nevada, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. AGI has obtained Presidential proclamations for in past years from Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. releases a monthly Update Newsletter to teacher, student, and geoscientist subscribers. This electronic newsletter keeps planners and participants up-to-date on planning at the national level and encourages participation in local areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13878463 |
PTC Therapeutics is a US pharmaceutical company focused on the development of orally administered small molecule drugs that regulate gene expression by targeting post-translational control (PTC) mechanisms in orphan diseases. In September 2009, PTC has entered into an agreement with Roche for the development of orally bioavailable small molecules for central nervous system diseases. In 2017, PTC acquired Emflaza (deflazacort) from Marathon Pharmaceuticals. PTC also owns Translarna, (Ataluren) marketed for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Together, the two products generated revenues of 174 million dollars and 260 million dollars in 2017 and 2018 respectively. Since 2003, PTC has been working on a drug for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. , PTC portfolio includes small-molecule compounds for treatment of spinal muscular atrophy (RG7916) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Ataluren and another exon skipping compound). In efforts to expand therapeutic offerings into other indications, PTC acquired Agilis Biotherapeutics in July 2018, a biotech company using DNA therapeutics to treat genetic disorders related to the central nervous system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13883765 |
DECHEMA model The is a more general version of Raoult's law and under ideal conditions simplifies to Raoult's law. The is a model for obtaining K values important in chemical engineering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13885920 |
Bloch spectrum The is a concept in quantum mechanics in the field of theoretical physics; this concept addresses certain energy spectrum considerations. Let "H" be the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation operator where "U" is a periodic function of period "α". The of "H" is defined as the set of values "E" for which all the solutions of ("H" − "E")φ = 0 are bounded on the whole real axis. The consists of the half-line "E" < "E" from which certain closed intervals ["E", "E"] ("j" = 1, 2, ...) are omitted. These are forbidden bands (or gaps) so the ("E", "E") are allowed bands. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13891942 |
Sven Erik Jørgensen (August 29, 1934 – March 5, 2016 in Copenhagen) was an ecologist and chemist. In 1958, he received a master of science in chemical engineering from the Danish Technical University, then doctor of environmental engineering (Karlsruhe University) and doctor of science in ecological modelling (Copenhagen University). He was an honourable doctor at Coimbra University, Portugal and at Dar es Salaam University, Tanzania. He received several awards: the Ruder Boskovic Medal, the Prigogine Prize, the Pascal Medal, the Einstein professorship at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Santa Chiara Prize for multidisciplinary teaching, and in 2004, together with William Mitsch, the Stockholm Water Prize. He taught courses in ecological modelling in 32 countries. After his retirement, he became professor emeritus in environmental chemistry at the University of Copenhagen. He published 366 papers of which 275 were in peer-reviewed international journals, and edited or authored 76 books, of which several have been translated into other languages (Chinese, Russian, Spanish, and Portuguese). In 1975 he founded a journal, "Ecological Modelling", and in 1978 he founded ISEM, the International Society of Ecological Modelling. He authored a textbook in ecological modeling “Fundamentals of Ecological Modelling”, which was published as a fourth edition together with Brian Fath in 2011. It has been translated into Chinese and Russian (third edition). Recently he authored the textbook “Introduction to Systems Ecology” | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13893964 |
Sven Erik Jørgensen It was published in English in 2012 and in Chinese in 2013. He was editor in chief of the Encyclopedia of Ecology published in 2008, and of the Encyclopedia of Environmental Management published during December 2012. He was the editorial board member of 18 international journals in the fields of ecology and environmental management. He was the president of ISEM and was elected to the European Academy of Sciences, for which he was chairman of the Section for Environmental Sciences. He married in 1970 and had one son. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13893964 |
Coomber's relationship can be used to describe how the internal pressure and dielectric constant of a non-polar liquid are related. As formula_1, which defines the internal pressure of a liquid, it can be found that: where formula_3 is equal to the number of molecules formula_4 is the ionization potential of the liquid formula_5 is a temperature dependent relation based on numerical constants of the pair summation from inter-particle geometry formula_6 is the polarizability formula_7 is the volume of the liquid where for most non-polar liquids formula_8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13899994 |
Giacomo Ciamician Giacomo Luigi Ciamician (; 27 August 1857 – 2 January 1922) was an Italian photochemist and senator of Armenian descent. Ciamician was born in Trieste, Italy (then part of Austrian Empire) from Armenian parents. Ciamician was an early researcher in the area of photochemistry, where from 1900 to 1914 he published 40 notes, and nine memoirs. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Giessen. His first photochemistry experiment was published in 1886 and was titled "On the conversion of quinone into quinol. In 1910 he became the first man born in Trieste to be nominated Senator, in the XXIII Legislation of the Kingdom of Italy. In 1912 he presented a paper before the 8th International Congress on Applied Chemistry later also published in "Science" in which he described the world's need for an energy transition to renewable energy. Ciamician saw the possibility to use photochemical devices that utilize solar energy to produce fuels to power the human civilization and called for their development. They would not only make humanity independent from coal, but could also rebalance the economic gap between rich and poor countries. His vision makes him one early proponents of artificial photosynthesis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13904758 |
Giacomo Ciamician : ""On the arid lands there will spring up industrial colonies without smoke and without smokestacks; forests of glass tubes will extend over the plains and glass buildings will rise everywhere; inside of these will take place the photochemical processes that hitherto have been the guarded secret of the plants, but that will have been mastered by human industry which will know how to make them bear even more abundant fruit than nature, for nature is not in a hurry and mankind is. And if in a distant future the supply of coal becomes completely exhausted, civilization will not be checked by that, for life and civilization will continue as long as the sun shines!'"' Ciamician received the honorary Doctor of Laws (DLL) from the University of Glasgow in June 1901. Ciamician died in Bologna. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13904758 |
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