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Giant-impact hypothesis Darwin's hypothesis was that a molten Moon had been spun from the Earth because of centrifugal forces, and this became the dominant academic explanation. Using Newtonian mechanics, he calculated that the Moon had orbited much more closely in the past and was drifting away from the Earth. This dr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51143 |
Giant-impact hypothesis Ward, who suggested that the Moon was formed by the tangential impact upon Earth of a body the size of Mars. It is hypothesised that most of the outer silicates of the colliding body would be vaporised, whereas a metallic core would not. Hence, most of the collisional material sent into orbit wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51143 |
Giant-impact hypothesis 1 billion years after the Solar System began to form. In astronomical terms, the impact would have been of moderate velocity. Theia is thought to have struck the Earth at an oblique angle when the Earth was nearly fully formed. Computer simulations of this "late-impact" scenario suggest an impac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51143 |
Giant-impact hypothesis The Earth would have gained significant amounts of angular momentum and mass from such a collision. Regardless of the speed and tilt of the Earth's rotation before the impact, it would have experienced a day some five hours long after the impact, and the Earth's equator and the Moon's orbit woul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51143 |
Giant-impact hypothesis One possible explanation is that Theia formed near the Earth. This empirical data showing close similarity of composition can only be explained by the standard giant-impact hypothesis as an extremely unlikely coincidence, where the two bodies prior to collision somehow had a similar composition.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51143 |
Giant-impact hypothesis According to research (2012) to explain similar compositions of Earth and the Moon based on simulations at the University of Bern by physicist Andreas Reufer and his colleagues, Theia collided directly with Earth instead of barely swiping it. The collision speed may have been higher than origina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51143 |
Giant-impact hypothesis Another model (2019) to explain the similarity of the Earth and moon's composition posits that shortly after the Earth formed, it was covered by a sea of hot magma, while the impacting object was likely made of solid material. Modelling suggests that this would lead to the impact heating the mag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51143 |
Giant-impact hypothesis Appropriate impact conditions satisfying the angular momentum constraints of the Earth-Moon system yield a Moon formed mostly from the mantles of the Earth and the impactor, while the core of the impactor accretes to the Earth. It is noteworthy that the Earth has the highest density of all the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51143 |
Giant-impact hypothesis Warm silica-rich dust and abundant SiO gas, products of high velocity (> 10 km/s) impacts between rocky bodies, have been detected by the Spitzer Space Telescope around the nearby (29 pc distant) young (~12 My old) star HD172555 in the Beta Pictoris moving group. A belt of warm dust in a zone b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51143 |
Giant-impact hypothesis Another possibility is that the strong tidal forces from the Sun would tend to destabilise the orbits of moons around close-in planets. For this reason, if Venus's slow rotation rate began early in its history, any satellites larger than a few kilometers in diameter would likely have spiraled in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51143 |
Giant-impact hypothesis Two-dimensional computer models suggest that the stability of Theia's proposed trojan orbit would have been affected when its growing mass exceeded a threshold of approximately 10% of the Earth's mass (the mass of Mars). In this scenario, gravitational perturbations by planetesimals caused Theia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51143 |
Giant-impact hypothesis This collision, simulations have supported, would have been at a low enough velocity so as not to form a crater; instead, the material from the smaller body would have spread out across the Moon (in what would become its far side), adding a thick layer of highlands crust. The resulting mass irre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51143 |
Giant-impact hypothesis In this hypothesis, the formation of the Moon occurs 60–140 million years after the formation of the Solar System. Previously, the age of the Moon had been thought to be 4.527 ± 0.010 billion years. The impact in this scenario would have created a magma ocean on Earth and the proto-Moon with bot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51143 |
Power number The power number "N" (also known as Newton number) is a commonly used dimensionless number relating the resistance force to the inertia force. The power-number has different specifications according to the field of application. E.g., for stirrers the power number is defined as: with | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51332 |
Interpretations of quantum mechanics An interpretation of quantum mechanics is an attempt to explain how the mathematical theory of quantum mechanics "corresponds" to reality. Although quantum mechanics has held up to rigorous and extremely precise tests in an extraordinarily broad range of experiments (not one predict... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54738 |
Interpretations of quantum mechanics The views of several early pioneers of quantum mechanics, such as Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg, are often grouped together as the "Copenhagen interpretation", though physicists and historians of physics have argued that this terminology obscures differences between the views so ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54738 |
Interpretations of quantum mechanics The main conclusion of the authors is that "the Copenhagen interpretation still reigns supreme", receiving the most votes in their poll (42%), besides the rise to mainstream notability of the many-worlds interpretations: More or less, all interpretations of quantum mechanics share t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54738 |
Interpretations of quantum mechanics Since the 1950s, antirealism is more modest, usually instrumentalism, permitting talk of unobservable aspects, but ultimately discarding the very question of realism and posing scientific theory as a tool to help humans make predictions, not to attain metaphysical understanding of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54738 |
Interpretations of quantum mechanics They characterised element of reality as a quantity whose value can be predicted with certainty before measuring or otherwise disturbing it, and defined a complete physical theory as one in which every element of physical reality is accounted for by the theory. In a semantic view of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54738 |
Interpretations of quantum mechanics Bell's theorem, combined with experimental testing, restricts the kinds of properties a quantum theory can have, the primary implication being that quantum mechanics cannot satisfy both the principle of locality and counterfactual definiteness. Regardless of Einstein's concerns abou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54738 |
Interpretations of quantum mechanics Quantum informational approaches have attracted growing support. They subdivide into two kinds. The state is not an objective property of an individual system but is that information, obtained from a knowledge of how a system was prepared, which can be used for making predictions ab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54738 |
Interpretations of quantum mechanics Consequently, if quantum mechanics is to be a complete theory, relational quantum mechanics argues that the notion of "state" describes not the observed system itself, but the relationship, or correlation, between the system and its observer(s). The state vector of conventional quan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54738 |
Interpretations of quantum mechanics QBism draws from the fields of quantum information and Bayesian probability and aims to eliminate the interpretational conundrums that have beset quantum theory. QBism deals with common questions in the interpretation of quantum theory about the nature of wavefunction superposition,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54738 |
Interpretations of quantum mechanics The phenomena associated with measurement are claimed to be explained by decoherence, which occurs when states interact with the environment producing entanglement, repeatedly "splitting" the universe into mutually unobservable alternate histories—effectively distinct universes with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54738 |
Interpretations of quantum mechanics In the words of Einstein: The most prominent current advocate of the ensemble interpretation is Leslie E. Ballentine, professor at Simon Fraser University, author of the text book "Quantum Mechanics, A Modern Development". An experiment illustrating the ensemble interpretation is pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54738 |
Interpretations of quantum mechanics It was proposed in 2003 by Wojciech Zurek and a group of collaborators including Ollivier, Poulin, Paz and Blume-Kohout. The development of the theory is due to the integration of a number of Zurek’s research topics pursued over the course of twenty-five years including: pointer sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54738 |
Interpretations of quantum mechanics Objective collapse theories differ from the Copenhagen interpretation by regarding both the wave function and the process of collapse as ontologically objective (meaning these exist and occur independent of the observer). In objective theories, collapse occurs either randomly ("spon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54738 |
Interpretations of quantum mechanics Variations of the consciousness causes collapse interpretation include: Other physicists have elaborated their own variations of the consciousness causes collapse interpretation; including: Quantum logic can be regarded as a kind of propositional logic suitable for understanding the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54738 |
Interpretations of quantum mechanics In these theories, a single measurement cannot fully determine the state of a system (making them a type of hidden-variables theory), but given two measurements performed at different times, it is possible to calculate the exact state of the system at all intermediate times. The col... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54738 |
Interpretations of quantum mechanics BST has applications to Bell's theorem, quantum computation and quantum gravity. It also has some resemblance to hidden-variable theories and the ensemble interpretation: particles in BST have multiple well defined trajectories at the microscopic level. These can only be treated sto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54738 |
Interpretations of quantum mechanics A notable exponent of a tendency of silence was Paul Dirac who once wrote: "The interpretation of quantum mechanics has been dealt with by many authors, and I do not want to discuss it here. I want to deal with more fundamental things." This position is not uncommon among practition... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54738 |
Geophysics () is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis. The term "geophysics" sometimes refers only to geological applications: Earth's shape; its gravitational... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54962 |
Geophysics In the 20th century, geophysical methods were developed for remote exploration of the solid Earth and the ocean, and geophysics played an essential role in the development of the theory of plate tectonics. is applied to societal needs, such as mineral resources, mitigation of natural hazards and environmenta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54962 |
Geophysics The gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun give rise to two high tides and two low tides every lunar day, or every 24 hours and 50 minutes. Therefore, there is a gap of 12 hours and 25 minutes between every high tide and between every low tide. Gravitational forces make rocks press down on deeper rocks, incr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54962 |
Geophysics Seismic waves are vibrations that travel through the Earth's interior or along its surface. The entire Earth can also oscillate in forms that are called normal modes or free oscillations of the Earth. Ground motions from waves or normal modes are measured using seismographs. If the waves come from a localize... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54962 |
Geophysics Relative to the solid Earth, the atmosphere has a net positive charge due to bombardment by cosmic rays. A current of about 1800 amperes flows in the global circuit. It flows downward from the ionosphere over most of the Earth and back upwards through thunderstorms. The flow is manifested by lightning below ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54962 |
Geophysics In the highly conductive liquid iron of the outer core, magnetic fields are generated by electric currents through electromagnetic induction. Alfvén waves are magnetohydrodynamic waves in the magnetosphere or the Earth's core. In the core, they probably have little observable effect on the Earth's magnetic f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54962 |
Geophysics Geologists observed geomagnetic reversal recorded in volcanic rocks, through magnetostratigraphy correlation (see natural remanent magnetization) and their signature can be seen as parallel linear magnetic anomaly stripes on the seafloor. These stripes provide quantitative information on seafloor spreading, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54962 |
Geophysics This flow is reflected in phenomena such as isostasy, post-glacial rebound and mantle plumes. The mantle flow drives plate tectonics and the flow in the Earth's core drives the geodynamo. Geophysical fluid dynamics is a primary tool in physical oceanography and meteorology. The rotation of the Earth has prof... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54962 |
Geophysics Its physical properties shape the hydrosphere and are an essential part of the water cycle and climate. Its thermodynamic properties determine evaporation and the thermal gradient in the atmosphere. The many types of precipitation involve a complex mixture of processes such as coalescence, supercooling and s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54962 |
Geophysics For example, the Earth's mean specific gravity () is far higher than the typical specific gravity of rocks at the surface (), implying that the deeper material is denser. This is also implied by its low moment of inertia (, compared to for a sphere of constant density). However, some of the density increase ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54962 |
Geophysics For a complete model of the Earth, mineral physics is needed to interpret seismic velocities in terms of composition. The mineral properties are temperature-dependent, so the geotherm must also be determined. This requires physical theory for thermal conduction and convection and the heat contribution of rad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54962 |
Geophysics Accurate measurements of position, along with earth deformation and gravity, are the province of geodesy. While geodesy and geophysics are separate fields, the two are so closely connected that many scientific organizations such as the American Geophysical Union, the Canadian Geophysical Union and the Intern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54962 |
Geophysics In 2002, NASA launched the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), wherein two twin satellites map variations in Earth's gravity field by making measurements of the distance between the two satellites using GPS and a microwave ranging system. Gravity variations detected by GRACE include those caused... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54962 |
Geophysics It was not until good steel needles could be forged that compasses were used for navigation at sea; before that, they could not retain their magnetism long enough to be useful. The first mention of a compass in Europe was in 1190 AD. In circa 240 BC, Eratosthenes of Cyrene deduced that the Earth was round an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54962 |
High-energy astronomy High energy astronomy is the study of astronomical objects that release electromagnetic radiation of highly energetic wavelengths. It includes X-ray astronomy, gamma-ray astronomy, and extreme UV astronomy, as well as studies of neutrinos and cosmic rays. The physical study of these phenomena is r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55233 |
Timeline of knowledge about the interstellar and intergalactic medium Timeline of knowledge about the interstellar medium and intergalactic medium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58934 |
List of biologists This is a list of notable biologists with a biography in Wikipedia. It includes zoologists, botanists, ornithologists, entomologists, malacologists, naturalists and other specialities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59018 |
Soil science Sometimes terms which refer to branches of soil science, such as pedology (formation, chemistry, morphology, and classification of soil) and edaphology (how soils interact with living things, especially plants), are used as if synonymous with soil science. The diversity of names associated with this discip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59413 |
Soil science Many concepts essential to understanding soil come from individuals not identifiable strictly as soil scientists. This highlights the interdisciplinary nature of soil concepts. Dependence on and curiosity about soil, exploring the diversity and dynamics of this resource continues to yield fresh discoveries... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59413 |
Soil science The classification is based mainly on soil morphology as an expression pedogenesis. A major difference with USDA soil taxonomy is that soil climate is not part of the system, except insofar as climate influences soil profile characteristics. Many other classification schemes exist, including vernacular sys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59413 |
Soil science Fallou was working on the origins of soil before Dokuchaev was born, however Dokuchaev's work was more extensive and is considered to be the more significant to modern soil theory than Fallou's. Previously, soil had been considered a product of chemical transformations of rocks, a dead substrate from which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59413 |
Soil science Further refinement of the soil concept is occurring in view of an appreciation of energy transport and transformation within soil. The term is popularly applied to the material on the surface of the Earth's moon and Mars, a usage acceptable within a portion of the scientific community. Accurate to this mod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59413 |
Soil science The concept of soil quality, however, has not been without its share of controversy and criticism, including critiques by Nobel Laureate Norman Borlaug and World Food Prize Winner Pedro Sanchez. A more traditional role for soil scientists has been to map soils. Most every area in the United States now has ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59413 |
Triboluminescence is an optical phenomenon in which light is generated when a material is mechanically pulled apart, ripped, scratched, crushed, or rubbed (see tribology). The phenomenon is not fully understood, but appears to be caused by the separation and reunification of static electrical charges. The term comes fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60875 |
Triboluminescence The first recorded observation is attributed to English scholar Francis Bacon when he recorded in his 1620 "Novum Organum" that "It is well known that all sugar, whether candied or plain, if it be hard, will sparkle when broken or scraped in the dark." The scientist Robert Boyle also reported on some ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60875 |
Triboluminescence When the charges recombine, the electrical discharge ionizes the surrounding air, causing a flash of light. Research further suggests that crystals which display triboluminescence must lack symmetry (thus being anisotropic in order to permit charge separation) and be poor conductors. However, there ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60875 |
Triboluminescence Wint-O-Green Life Savers work especially well for creating such sparks, because wintergreen oil (methyl salicylate) is fluorescent and converts ultraviolet light into blue light. is a biological phenomenon observed in mechanical deformation and contact electrization of epidermal surface of osseous and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60875 |
Triboluminescence Recently, Srilakshmi and Misra reported an additional phenomenon of secondary EMR during plastic deformation and crack propagation in uncoated and metal-coated metals and alloys. EMR during the micro-plastic deformation and crack propagation from several metals and alloys and transient magnetic field ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60875 |
Triboluminescence Deformation induced EMR can be divided into three categories: effects in ionic crystal materials; effects in rocks and granites; and, effects in metals and alloys. EMR emission depends on the orientation of the grains in individual crystals since material properties are different in differing directio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60875 |
Triboluminescence If the Poisson's ratio is lower, it is harder for the material to strain transversally and hence higher is the probability of new fractures. Mechanism of plastic deformation is very important for safe operation of any component under dynamic conditions. This EMR can be utilized in developing sensors/s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60875 |
Photoconductivity is an optical and electrical phenomenon in which a material becomes more electrically conductive due to the absorption of electromagnetic radiation such as visible light, ultraviolet light, infrared light, or gamma radiation. When light is absorbed by a material such as a semiconductor, the number of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60885 |
Photoconductivity Some photodetector applications in which photoresistors are often used include camera light meters, street lights, clock radios, infrared detectors, nanophotonic systems and low-dimensional photo-sensors devices. Some materials exhibit deterioration in photoconductivity upon exposure to illumination. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60885 |
Radio-frequency induction or RF induction is the use of a radio frequency magnetic field to transfer energy by means of electromagnetic induction in the near field. A radio-frequency alternating current is passed through a coil of wire that acts as the transmitter, and a second coil or conducting object, magnetically c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60994 |
Division (biology) Division is a taxonomic rank in biological classification that is used differently in zoology and in botany. In botany and mycology, "division" refers to a rank equivalent to phylum. The use of either term is allowed under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, and both are commonly used i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61889 |
Pfizer Inc. () is an American multinational pharmaceutical corporation headquartered in New York City. It is one of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, and its shares have been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since 2004. ranked No. 57 on the 2018 Fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer The company has made the second-largest pharmaceutical settlement with the United States Department of Justice. In 1849, was founded in New York City by German-American Charles and his cousin Charles F. Erhart from Ludwigsburg, Germany. They launched the chemicals business, Charles and Company, from a building a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer They discovered Terramycin (oxytetracycline) in 1950, and this changed the company from a manufacturer of fine chemicals to a research-based pharmaceutical company. developed a drug discovery program focused on in vitro synthesis in order to augment its research in fermentation technology. The company also estab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer On June 26, 2006, announced it would sell its Consumer Healthcare unit (manufacturer of Listerine, Nicorette, Visine, Sudafed and Neosporin) to Johnson & Johnson for $16.6 billion. Development of torcetrapib, a drug that increases production of HDL, or "good cholesterol", which reduces LDL thought to be correlat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer 3 million on investigations and legal fees and recovered about $5.1 million, with another $5 million tied up in ongoing cases. On May 6, 2013, told The Associated Press it would begin selling Viagra directly to patients via its website. acquired Warner–Lambert in 2000 for $111.8 billion, at the time, created the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer In 1941, the company established headquarters in Skokie, Illinois. It was acquired by the Monsanto Company, headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1985. The Upjohn Company was a pharmaceutical manufacturing firm founded in 1886 in Kalamazoo, Michigan, by Dr. William E. Upjohn, a graduate of the University of M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer In 2003, the new made Greenstone (originally established as a division of Upjohn) its generic division, and focused on selling authorized generics of Pfizer's products. In 2008, announced 275 job cuts at the Kalamazoo manufacturing facility. Kalamazoo was previously the world headquarters for the Upjohn Company.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer " Analysts said at the time, "The Warner–Lambert and Pharmacia mergers do not appear to have achieved gains for shareholders, so it is unclear who benefits from the Wyeth–merger to many critics." In October 2010, agreed to buy King Pharmaceuticals for $3.6 billion in cash or $14.25 per share: an approximately 40... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer In June 2015, the company acquired two meningitis drugs from GlaxoSmithKline—Nimenrix and Mencevax—for around $130 million, expanding the company's meningococcal disease portfolio of drugs. In May 2016, the company announced it would acquire Anacor Pharmaceuticals for $5.2 billion, expanding the companies portfo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer In June, announced it would acquire Array Biopharma for $10.6 billion boosting its oncology pipeline. Plans to spin out Zoetis, the Agriculture Division of and later Animal Health, were announced in 2012. filed for registration of a Class A stock with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 201... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer 43 on a volume of 60.7 million shares. Including debt, the deal is valued at around $17 billion. Hospira is the largest producer of generic injectable pharmaceuticals in the world. On the final day of trading, Hospira shares traded for $89.96 each, giving a market capitalisation of $15.56 billion. On November 23... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer On April 6, 2016, and Allergan announced they would be calling off the merger after the Obama administration introduced new laws intended to limit corporate tax inversions (the extent to which companies could move their headquarters overseas in order to reduce the amount of taxes they pay). In 2018 announced it ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer The deal builds on an earlier 2018 deal where GSK bought out Novartis' stake in the GSK-Novartis consumer healthcare joint business. In late July 2019, the company announced that it would spin off and merge its off-patent medicine division, Upjohn, with Mylan, forming a brand new pharmaceutical business with sal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer In 2007, announced plans to completely close the Ann Arbor, Nagoya and Amboise Research facilities by the end of 2008, eliminating 2,160 jobs and idling the $300 million Michigan facility, which in recent years had seen expansion worth millions of dollars. On June 18, 2007, announced it would move the Animal Hea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer As of 2017, split its business into two primary segments: (1) innovative health, which includes branded drugs and vaccines, and (2) essential health. In 2016, innovative health generated $29.2 billion in revenue and essential health generated $23.6 billion. Key current and products include: In addition to market... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer Warner–Lambert admitted to charges that it violated FDA regulations by promoting the drug for pain, psychiatric conditions, migraine, and other unapproved uses, and paid $430 million to resolve criminal and civil health care liability charges. A recent Cochrane review concluded that gabapentin is ineffective in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer had to also put a searchable database of all payments to physicians the company had made on the website by March 31, 2010. Peter Rost was vice president in charge of the endocrinology division at Pharmacia before and during its acquisition by Pfizer. During that time he raised concerns internally about kickbacks... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer In 2013, the company pleaded guilty to criminal mis-branding violations under the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. By August 2014 it had paid $491 million in civil and criminal penalties. According to "Harper's Magazine" publisher John MacArthur, withdrew "between $400,000 and a million dollars" worth of ads from th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer representatives and personnel from a contract research organization (CRO) traveled to Kano, Nigeria to set up a clinical trial and administer an experimental antibiotic, trovafloxacin, to approximately 200 children. Local Kano officials report that more than 50 children died in the experiment, while many others ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer The letter states that the drug's oral form was safer and easier to administer, that Trovan had been used safely in over 5000 Americans prior to the Nigerian trial, that mortality in the patients treated by was lower than that observed historically in African meningitis epidemics, and that no unusual side effect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer "McClain, of Deep River, suspects she was inadvertently exposed, through work by a former colleague in 2002 or 2003, to an engineered form of the lentivirus, a virus similar to the one that can lead to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, also known as AIDS." The court found that McClain failed to demonstrate th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer The court filings show that a research agreement was made with Monsanto, whose pharmaceutical business was later acquired by Pfizer, to develop a better aspirin. The enzyme that Dr. Simmons claims to have discovered would induce pain and inflammation while causing gastrointestinal problems, which Celebrex is use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer , or any other private entity, but rather, to revitalize the local economy by creating temporary and permanent jobs, generating a significant increase in tax revenue, encouraging spin-off economic activities and maximizing public access to the waterfront”. The Supreme Court allowed the eminent domain to proceed.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer In June 2002, a chemical explosion at the Groton plant injured seven people and caused the evacuation of over 100 homes in the surrounding area. is a leading member of the U.S. Global Leadership Coalition, a Washington D.C.-based coalition of over 400 major companies and NGOs that advocates for a larger Internat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pfizer Since 2004, has received a 100% rating every year on the Corporate Equality Index, released by the Human Rights Campaign Foundation. In 2012, Pfizer's Canadian division, which then employed 2,890 people, was named one of Montreal's Top 15 Employers, the only research-based pharmaceutical company to receive this ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62304 |
Pharmacia was a pharmaceutical and biotechnological company in Sweden that merged with the American pharmaceutical company Upjohn in 1995. company was founded in 1911 in Stockholm, Sweden by pharmacist Gustav Felix Grönfeldt at the "Elgen" Pharmacy. The company is named after the Greek word φαρμακεία, transliterated "p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62313 |
Pharmacia In 1986 Fine Chemicals acquired LKB-produkter AB and changed name to Biotech. Biotech expanded their role in the "biotech revolution" through its acquisition of PL Laboratories from Pabst Brewery offering a line of recombinant DNA specialty research chemicals. Sold to private interests in the 1990s, was first... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62313 |
Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical, biological and information sciences (including ecology, biology, physics, chemistry, plant science, zoology, mineralogy, oceanography, limnology, soil science, geology and physical geography, and atmospheric science) to the study of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64919 |
Environmental science came alive as a substantive, active field of scientific investigation in the 1960s and 1970s driven by (a) the need for a multi-disciplinary approach to analyze complex environmental problems, (b) the arrival of substantive environmental laws requiring specific environmental protocols of investiga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64919 |
Environmental science The National Center for Education Statistics in the United States defines an academic program in environmental science as follows: A program that focuses on the application of biological, chemical, and physical principles to the study of the physical environment and the solution of environmental p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64919 |
Environmental science Ecologists might investigate the relationship between a population of organisms and some physical characteristic of their environment, such as concentration of a chemical; or they might investigate the interaction between two populations of different organisms through some symbiotic or competitive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64919 |
Environmental science Chemists would then characterize the molecular bonding of the solvent to the specific soil type, and biologists would study the impacts upon soil arthropods, plants, and ultimately pond-dwelling organisms that are the food of the endangered amphibian. Geosciences include environmental geology, env... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64919 |
Environmental science One can examine the specifics of environmental science by reading examples of Environmental Impact Statements prepared under NEPA such as: "Wastewater treatment expansion options discharging into the San Diego/Tijuana Estuary", "Expansion of the San Francisco International Airport", "Development o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64919 |
Inverted repeat An inverted repeat (or IR) is a single stranded sequence of nucleotides followed downstream by its reverse complement. The intervening sequence of nucleotides between the initial sequence and the reverse complement can be any length including zero. When the intervening length is zero, the composite sequ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65132 |
Inverted repeat They define the boundaries in transposons and indicate regions capable of self-complementary base pairing (regions within a single sequence which can base pair with each other). These properties play an important role in genome instability and contribute not only to cellular evolution and genetic divers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65132 |
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