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Geomorphology Geomorphologists may rely on geochronology, using dating methods to measure the rate of changes to the surface. Terrain measurement techniques are vital to quantitatively describe the form of the Earth's surface, and include differential GPS, remotely sensed digital terrain models and laser scanning, to q... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78534 |
Geomorphology Herodotus argued from observations of soils that the Nile delta was actively growing into the Mediterranean Sea, and estimated its age. Aristotle speculated that due to sediment transport into the sea, eventually those seas would fill while the land lowered. He claimed that this would mean that land and w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78534 |
Geomorphology Keith Tinkler has suggested that the word came into general use in English, German and French after John Wesley Powell and W. J. McGee used it during the International Geological Conference of 1891. John Edward Marr in his The Scientific Study of Scenery considered his book as, 'an Introductory Treatise o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78534 |
Geomorphology Penck thought that landform evolution was better described as an alternation between ongoing processes of uplift and denudation, as opposed to Davis's model of a single uplift followed by decay. He also emphasised that in many landscapes slope evolution occurs by backwearing of rocks, not by Davisian-styl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78534 |
Geomorphology Physiography later was considered to be a contraction of "physical" and "geography", and therefore synonymous with physical geography, and the concept became embroiled in controversy surrounding the appropriate concerns of that discipline. Some geomorphologists held to a geological basis for physiography ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78534 |
Geomorphology Nevertheless, interest in climatic geomorphology was also a reaction "against" Davisian geomorphology that was by the mid-20th century considered both un-innovative and dubious. Early climatic geomorphology developed primarily in continental Europe while in the English-speaking world the tendency was not ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78534 |
Geomorphology Shields, Thomas Maddock, Arthur Strahler, Stanley Schumm, and Ronald Shreve began to research the form of landscape elements such as rivers and hillslopes by taking systematic, direct, quantitative measurements of aspects of them and investigating the scaling of these measurements.. These methods began to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78534 |
Geomorphology His students followed in the same vein, making quantitative studies of mass transport (Anders Rapp), fluvial transport (Åke Sundborg), delta deposition (Valter Axelsson), and coastal processes (John O. Norrman). This developed into "the Uppsala School of Physical Geography". Today, the field of geomorphol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78534 |
Geomorphology In contrast to its disputed status in geomorphology, the cycle of erosion model is a common approach used to establish denudation chronologies, and is thus an important concept in the science of historical geology. While acknowledging its shortcomings modern geomorphologists Andrew Goudie and Karna Lidmar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78534 |
Geomorphology The interaction of living organisms with landforms, or biogeomorphologic processes, can be of many different forms, and is probably of profound importance for the terrestrial geomorphic system as a whole. Biology can influence very many geomorphic processes, ranging from biogeochemical processes controlli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78534 |
Geomorphology As rivers flow across the landscape, they generally increase in size, merging with other rivers. The network of rivers thus formed is a drainage system. These systems take on four general patterns: dendritic, radial, rectangular, and trellis. Dendritic happens to be the most common, occurring when the und... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78534 |
Geomorphology This concept contrasts with periglacial processes, which are directly driven by formation or melting of ice or frost. Soil, regolith, and rock move downslope under the force of gravity via creep, slides, flows, topples, and falls. Such mass wasting occurs on both terrestrial and submarine slopes, and has ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78534 |
Geomorphology Tectonic effects on geomorphology can range from scales of millions of years to minutes or less. The effects of tectonics on landscape are heavily dependent on the nature of the underlying bedrock fabric that more or less controls what kind of local morphology tectonics can shape. Earthquakes can, in term... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78534 |
Geomorphology Because ocean basins are the ultimate sinks for a large fraction of terrestrial sediments, depositional processes and their related forms (e.g., sediment fans, deltas) are particularly important as elements of marine geomorphology. Different geomorphological processes dominate at different spatial and tem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78534 |
Geomorphology Glaciers can cause extensive erosion and deposition in a short period of time, making them extremely important entities in the high latitudes and meaning that they set the conditions in the headwaters of mountain-born streams; glaciology therefore is important in geomorphology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78534 |
Pan (crater) Pan is the largest crater on Jupiter's moon Amalthea. It is kilometers across and at least 8 kilometers deep, with its center's coordinates being 30°N, 30°W. It is named after Pan, the Greek god of shepherds and the countryside, or the son of Amalthea and Hermes in some legends. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78880 |
Reduced gas A reduced gas is a gas with a low oxidation number (or high reduction), and is usually hydrogen-rich. Strongly reduced gases include methane, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=81723 |
Chemical synthesis is the artificial execution of useful chemical reactions to obtain one or several products. This occurs by physical and chemical manipulations usually involving one or more reactions. In modern laboratory uses, the process is reproducible, reliable, and established to work the same in multiple labora... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=85029 |
Chemical synthesis In multistep synthesis, a chemical compound is synthesised though a series of individual chemical reactions, each with their own work-up. For example, a laboratory synthesis of paracetamol can consist of three individual synthetic steps. In cascade reactions multiple chemical transformations take pla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=85029 |
Mannan may refer to a plant polysaccharide that is a linear polymer of the sugar mannose. Plant mannans have β(1-4) linkages. It is a form of storage polysaccharide. Ivory nut is a source of mannan. may also refer to a cell wall polysaccharide found in yeasts. This type of mannan has a α(1-6) linked backbone and α(1-2)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=86604 |
Khālid ibn ʿAbd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrūdhī () was a Zanji slave who was taken to Persia in the 9th century. Together with ʿAlī ibn ʿĪsā al-Asṭurlābī in 827, he measured at 35 degrees north latitude, in the valley of the Tigris, the length of a meridian arc and thus the Earth's circumference, getting a result of 40,248 km ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=86820 |
Gene knockout A gene knockout (abbreviation: KO) is a genetic technique in which one of an organism's genes is made inoperative ("knocked out" of the organism). However, KO can also refer to the gene that is knocked out or the organism that carries the gene knockout. Knockout organisms or simply knockouts are used to s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89242 |
Gene knockout The construct can be delivered to stem cells either through microinjection or electroporation. This method then relies on the cell's own repair mechanisms to recombine the DNA construct into the existing DNA. This results in the sequence of the gene being altered, and most cases the gene will be translate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89242 |
Gene knockout This may be done imperfectly, therefore sometimes causing insertions or deletions of base pairs, which cause frameshift mutations. These mutations can render the gene in which they occur nonfunctional, thus creating a knockout of that gene. This process is more efficient than homologous recombination, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89242 |
Gene knockout The guide RNA can be engineered to match a desired DNA sequence through simple complementary base pairing, as opposed to the time-consuming assembly of constructs required by zinc-fingers or TALENs. The coupled Cas9 will cause a double stranded break in the DNA. Following the same principle as zinc-finger... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89242 |
Gene knockout Knockout organisms are also used as screening tools in the development of drugs, to target specific biological processes or deficiencies by using a specific knockout, or to understand the mechanism of action of a drug by using a library of knockout organisms spanning the entire genome, such as in "Sacchar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89242 |
Nils Gabriel Sefström (2 June 1787 – 30 November 1845) was a Swedish chemist. Sefström was a student of Berzelius and, when studying the brittleness of steel in 1830, he rediscovered a new chemical element, to which he gave the name vanadium. Vanadium was first discovered by the Spanish-Mexican mineralogist Andrés Manu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=92311 |
Monsanto The Company () was an American agrochemical and agricultural biotechnology corporation founded in 1901. In 2018, it was acquired by Bayer as part of its crop science division. It was headquartered in Creve Coeur, Missouri. developed Roundup, a glyphosate-based herbicide, in the 1970s, and became a major produc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto After gaining US and EU regulatory approval, the sale was completed on June 7, 2018 where the name was no longer used, but Monsanto's previous product brand names were maintained. The company ranked 199th on the 2018 Fortune 500 of the largest United States corporations by revenue. In 1901 was founded in St. L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto In 1936, acquired Thomas & Hochwalt Laboratories in Dayton, Ohio, to acquire the expertise of Charles Allen Thomas and Carroll A. Hochwalt. The acquisition became Monsanto's Central Research Department. Thomas spent the rest of his career at Monsanto, serving as President (1951–1960) and Board Chair (1960–1965... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto In 1977, stopped producing PCBs; Congress banned PCB production two years later. In the mid‑1960s, William Standish Knowles and his team invented a way to selectively synthesize enantiomers via asymmetric hydrogenation. This was the first method for the catalytic production of pure chiral compounds. Knowles' t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto In 1974, Harvard University and signed a 10-year research grant to support the cancer research of Judah Folkman, which became the largest such arrangement ever made; medical inventions arising from that research were the first for which Harvard allowed its faculty to submit patent application. scientists were ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto In 1996, purchased Agracetus, the biotechnology company that had generated the first transgenic cotton, soybeans, peanuts and other crops, and from which had been licensing technology since 1991. first entered the maize seed business when it purchased 40% of Dekalb in 1996; it purchased the remainder of the co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto As a result, the new continued to be a party to numerous lawsuits over the prior Monsanto. Pharmacia was bought by Pfizer in 2003.) In 2005 acquired Emergent Genetics and its Stoneville and NexGen cotton brands. Emergent was the third largest U.S. cotton seed company, with about 12% of the U.S. market. Monsant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto In 2008, purchased Dutch seed company De Ruiter Seeds for €546 million, and sold its POSILAC bovine somatotropin brand and related business to Elanco Animal Health, a division of Eli Lilly & Co, in August for $300 million plus "additional contingent consideration". In 2012 purchased for $210 million Precision ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto The sale closed on June 7, 2018; Bayer announced its intent to discontinue the name, with the combined company operating solely under the Bayer brand. Following its 1970 introduction, Monsanto's last commercially relevant United States patent on the herbicide glyphosate (brand name RoundUp) expired in 2000. Gl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto developed a Roundup Ready genetically modified wheat (MON 71800) but ended development in 2004 due to concerns from wheat exporters about the rejection of genetically modified (GM) wheat by foreign markets. Two patents were critical to Monsanto's GM soybean business; one expired in 2011 and the other in 2014. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto As of 2012, the agricultural seed lineup included "Roundup Ready" alfalfa, canola and sugarbeet; Bt and/or "Roundup Ready" cotton; sorghum hybrids; soybeans with various oil profiles, most with the "Roundup Ready" trait; and a wide range of wheat products, many of which incorporate the nontransgenic "clearfiel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto Among the factors that may have contributed to pink bollworm resistance to the Cry1Ac protein in Bollgard I in Gujarat are limited refuge planting and early use of unapproved Bt cotton seed, planted prior to GEAC approval of Bollgard I cotton, which may have had lower protein expression levels." The company ad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto Broccoli, with the brand name "Beneforté", with increased amounts of glucoraphanin was introduced in 2010 following development by its Seminis subsidiary. Until it ended production in 1977, was the source of 99% of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) used by U.S. industry. They were sold under brand names inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto developed and sold recombinant bovine somatotropin (also known as rBST and rBGH), a synthetic hormone that increases milk production by 11–16% when injected into cows. In October 2008, sold this business to Eli Lilly for $300 million plus additional considerations. The use of rBST remains controversial with re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto Nevertheless, most seed companies contract only with farmers who agree not to plant harvested seeds. Terminator technology has been developed by governmental labs, university researchers and companies. The technology has not been used commercially. Rumors that and other companies intended to introduce terminat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto Argentina approved "Roundup Ready" soy in 1996. Between 1996 and 2008 soy production grew from 14 million acres to 42 million acres. The growth was driven by Argentine investors' interest in export markets. The consolidation led to a decrease in production of many staples such as milk, rice, maize, potatoes an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto In 2016 reached an agreement with Argentina's government on soybean seed royalty payments. agreed to give the Argentine Seed Institute (Inase) oversight over crops grown from Monsanto's Intacta genetically modified soybean seeds. Before the agreement, Argentine farmers generally avoided royalties by using seed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto In 2005, the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee, the Indian regulatory authority, released a study on field tests of certain Bt cotton strains in AP and ruled that could not market those strains in AP because of poor yields. At about the same time, the state agriculture minister barred the company from sel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto Critics including Vandana Shiva said that the crop failures could "often be traced to" Monsanto's Bt cotton, that the seeds increased farmer indebtedness and argued that misrepresented the profitability of their Bt Cotton, causing losses leading to debt. In 2009, Shiva wrote that Indian farmers who had previou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto ICAR and CCRI stated that the cost of cotton cultivation had jumped as a consequence of rising pesticide costs, while total Bt cotton production in the five years from 2007 to 2012 had declined. Brofiscin Quarry was used as a waste site from about 1965 to 1972 and accepted waste from BP, Veolia and Monsanto. A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto In August 2003, Solutia and agreed to pay plaintiffs $700 million to settle claims by over 20,000 Anniston residents. As of November 2013, was associated with nine "active" Superfund sites and 32 "archived" sites in the US, in the EPA's Superfund database. was sued and settled multiple times for damaging the h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto " As of August 30, 2013, while the source of the GM wheat remained unknown, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan had all resumed placing orders. has faced controversy in the United States over claims that its herbicide products might be carcinogens. There is limited evidence that human cancer risk might increase as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto In March 2017, 40 plaintiffs filed a lawsuit at the Alameda County Superior Court, a branch of the California Superior Court, asking for damages caused by the company's glyphosate-based weed-killers, including Roundup, and demanding a jury trial. On August 10, 2018, lost the first decided case. Dewayne Johnson... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto Following a lawsuit by a peach farmer alleging that Dicamba used as a weed killer drifted in the wind from adjacent crops to destroy his peach orchards, a Missouri trial jury found in February 2020 that and codefendant BASF were negligent in design of Dicamba and failed to warn farmers about the product, award... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto Miller, under his own name, had been drafted by Monsanto. As reported by the New York Times, asked Miller to write an article rebutting the findings of the International Agency for Research on Cancer where he had indicated willingness “if I could start from a high-quality draft.” Forbes later removed his blog ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto C based Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), the world's largest biotechnology trade association, which provides "advocacy, business development, and communications services." Between 2010 and 2011 BIO spent a total of $16.43 million on lobbying. The Company Citizenship Fund aka Citizenship Fund is a pol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto When asked how negotiations with were conducted, Lord Donoughue, then the Labour Party Agriculture minister in the House of Lords, stated that all information relating to the matter would be "kept secret". During the 24 months prior to the 1997 British election representatives had 22 meetings at the department... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto '" The leaked documents showed that in 2009, when the Spanish government's policy approving MON810 was under pressure from EU interests, Monsanto's Director for Biotechnology for Spain and Portugal requested that the US government support Spain on the matter. The leaks indicated that Spain and the US had worke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto In September 2017 lobbyists were banned from the European parliament after the refused to attend a parliamentary hearing into allegations of regulatory interference. After the 2010 Haiti earthquake, donated $255,000 for disaster relief and 60,000 seed sacks (475 tons) of hybrid (non-GM) corn and vegetable seed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto However, farmers feared that they were being given seeds that would "threaten local varieties" and an estimated 8,000–12,000 farmers attended a protest of the donation on June 4, 2010, organized by a Haitian farmers' association, the Peasant Movement of Papay, where a small pile of seeds was symbolically burne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Monsanto The journal "Science" ranked in its Top 20 Employers list between 2011 and 2014. In 2012, it described the company as "innovative leader in the industry", "makes changes needed" and "does important quality research". executive Robert Fraley won the World Food Prize for "breakthrough achievements in founding, d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 |
Agricultural biotechnology Agricultural biotechnology, also known as agritech, is an area of agricultural science involving the use of scientific tools and techniques, including genetic engineering, molecular markers, molecular diagnostics, vaccines, and tissue culture, to modify living organisms: plants, animals, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93829 |
Agricultural biotechnology For example, the honeycrisp apple exhibits a specific texture and flavor due to the crossbreeding of its parents. In traditional practices, pollen from one plant is placed on the female part of another, which leads to a hybrid that contains genetic information from both parent plants. Plant b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93829 |
Agricultural biotechnology However, either naturally or through the use of chemicals, that number of chromosomes can change, resulting in fertility changes or size modification within the crop. Seedless watermelons are created in this manner; a 4-set chromosome watermelon is crossed with a 2-set chromosome watermelon t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93829 |
Agricultural biotechnology Genome editing is used to develop herbicide resistant canola to help farmers control weeds. has been used to improve the nutritional content of a variety of crops in an effort to meet the needs of an increasing population. Genetic engineering can produce crops with a higher concentration of v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93829 |
Agricultural biotechnology Bt corn and cotton are now commonplace, and cowpeas, sunflower, soybeans, tomatoes, tobacco, walnut, sugar cane, and rice are all being studied in relation to Bt. Weeds have proven to be an issue for farmers for thousands of years; they compete for soil nutrients, water, and sunlight and prov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93829 |
Agricultural biotechnology Currently, only a small number of genetically modified crops are available for purchase and consumption in the United States. The USDA has approved soybeans, corn, canola, sugar beets, papaya, squash, alfalfa, cotton, apples, and potatoes. GMO apples (arctic apples) are non-browning apples an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93829 |
Aphotic zone The aphotic zone (aphotic from Greek prefix + "without light") is the portion of a lake or ocean where there is little or no sunlight. It is formally defined as the depths beyond which less than 1 percent of sunlight penetrates. Consequently, bioluminescence is essentially the only light found in this zone... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=98275 |
Solid-state physics is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through methods such as quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy. It is the largest branch of condensed matter physics. studies how the large-scale properties of solid materials result from their atomic-scale properties. Thus, soli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102847 |
Solid-state physics In others, the atoms share electrons and form covalent bonds. In metals, electrons are shared amongst the whole crystal in metallic bonding. Finally, the noble gases do not undergo any of these types of bonding. In solid form, the noble gases are held together with van der Waals forces resulting fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102847 |
Solid-state physics During the early Cold War, research in solid state physics was often not restricted to solids, which led some physicists in the 1970s and 1980s to found the field of condensed matter physics, which organized around common techniques used to investigate solids, liquids, plasmas, and other complex mat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102847 |
Solid-state physics By assuming that the material contains immobile positive ions and an "electron gas" of classical, non-interacting electrons, the Drude model was able to explain electrical and thermal conductivity and the Hall effect in metals, although it greatly overestimated the electronic heat capacity. Arnold S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102847 |
Solid-state physics Deviations from periodicity are treated by quantum mechanical perturbation theory. Modern research topics in solid-state physics include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102847 |
Menlo Park, California Menlo Park is a city at the eastern edge of San Mateo County, in the San Francisco Bay Area of California, in the United States. It is bordered by San Francisco Bay on the north and east; East Palo Alto, Palo Alto, and Stanford to the south; Atherton, North Fair Oaks, and Redwood City to the west... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=105222 |
Menlo Park, California The Bayshore Freeway (part of U.S. Route 101) traverses Menlo Park northwest to southeast near the shoreline and somewhat parallel to it to the southwest is El Camino Real. The intersection of El Camino Real and Santa Cruz Avenue is considered the heart of the city. Nearby, the Menlo Park Civic c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=105222 |
Menlo Park, California In the hills are Sharon Heights and Stanford Hills. Several other neighborhoods are closely associated with Menlo Park but are actually in unincorporated San Mateo county; these include Menlo Oaks and Fair Oaks (latter part of the North Fair Oaks census area) between Bayshore and Middlefield, Uni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=105222 |
Menlo Park, California The 1867 station building still stands on the platform of the current Caltrain station, used by the local Chamber of Commerce. It holds the record as the oldest, continually operating train station in all of California. The town of Menlo Park grew up around this station, becoming a popular home f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=105222 |
Menlo Park, California At the start of World War II, the US government bought the estate of Timothy Hopkins from his widow and created the Palo Alto General Hospital later renamed the Dibble General Hospital (after Colonel John Dibble who was killed in 1943). After the war ended, some of the land was sold to the city a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=105222 |
Menlo Park, California Among the Hispanic population, 4,303 were of Mexican ancestry. The Census reported that 31,181 people (97.4% of the population) lived in households, 599 (1.9%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 246 (0.8%) were institutionalized. There were 12,347 households, out of which 4,112 (3... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=105222 |
Menlo Park, California 18,972 people (59.2% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 12,209 people (38.1%) lived in rental housing units. As of the census of 2009, there were 33,690 people, 12,543 households, and 7,248 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 14,026 hou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=105222 |
Menlo Park, California 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.8% of those under age 18 and 8.7% of those over age 64. As of 2009 the median income for a family was $123,251. City Council members are elected at-large to staggered, 4-year terms, in non-partisan municipal elections held every two ye... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=105222 |
Menlo Park, California For high school, Menlo Park is part of the Sequoia Union High School District, with all of Menlo Park falling into the boundaries of Menlo-Atherton High School or TIDE Academy, a small high school established in 2019. Catholic parochial schools are St. Raymond Catholic Elementary School and Nativ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=105222 |
Menlo Park, California As of 2012, Facebook announced it would be the biggest employer in Menlo Park at 6,600 employees. According to the city's 2018 "Comprehensive Annual Financial Report", the top employers in the city were: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=105222 |
Willem Hendrik Keesom He also developed the first mathematical description of dipole–dipole interactions in 1921. Thus, dipole–dipole interactions are also known as Keesom interactions. He was previously a student of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who had discovered superconductivity (a feat for which Kamerlingh Onnes receive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=113455 |
Surfactant Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two liquids, between a gas and a liquid, or between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants. The word "surfactant" is a blend of "surface-act... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=133176 |
Surfactant Other types of aggregates can also be formed, such as spherical or cylindrical micelles or lipid bilayers. The shape of the aggregates depends on the chemical structure of the surfactants, namely the balance in size between the hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. A measure of this is the hydrophilic-lipop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=133176 |
Surfactant surface tension as a function of time, can be obtained by the maximum bubble pressure apparatus The structure of surfactant layers can be studied by ellipsometry or X-Ray reflectivity. Surface rheology can be characterized by the oscillating drop method or shear surface rheometers such as double-cone, double... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=133176 |
Surfactant Skin irritancy generally increases in the series non-ionic, amphoteric, anionic, cationic surfactants. Surfactants are routinely deposited in numerous ways on land and into water systems, whether as part of an intended process or as industrial and household waste. Anionic surfactants can be found in soils as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=133176 |
Surfactant Interest in biodegradable surfactants has led to much interest in "biosurfactants" such as those derived from amino acids. Attracting much attention is the non-biodegradability of fluorosurfactant, e.g. perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The annual global production of surfactants was 13 million tonnes in 2008. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=133176 |
Surfactant The displacement of air from the matrix of cotton pads and bandages so that medicinal solutions can be absorbed for application to various body areas; the displacement of dirt and debris by the use of detergents in the washing of wounds; and the application of medicinal lotions and sprays to surface of skin ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=133176 |
Surfactant Pulmonary surfactants are also naturally secreted by type II cells of the lung alveoli in mammals. Surfactants are used with quantum dots in order to manipulate the growth,assembly, and electrical properties of quantum dots, in addition to mediating reactions on their surfaces. Research is ongoing in how sur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=133176 |
Surfactant If a surfactant contains a head with two oppositely charged groups, it is termed zwitterionic. Commonly encountered surfactants of each type include: Anionic surfactants contain anionic functional groups at their head, such as sulfate, sulfonate, phosphate, and carboxylates. Prominent alkyl sulfates include ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=133176 |
Surfactant The anionic part can be more variable and include sulfonates, as in the sultaines CHAPS (3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate) and cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine. Betaines such as cocamidopropyl betaine have a carboxylate with the ammonium. The most common biological zwitterionic surfact... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=133176 |
Overburden pressure Overburden pressure, also called lithostatic pressure, confining pressure or vertical stress, is the pressure or stress imposed on a layer of soil or rock by the weight of overlying material. The Oxford Dictionary of Earth Sciences describes 'confining pressure' as "the combined hydrostatic stress a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=146153 |
Overburden pressure This should be compared with the equivalent concept of hydrostatic pressure in hydrodynamics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=146153 |
Chemical property A chemical property is any of a material's properties that becomes evident during, or after, a chemical reaction; that is, any quality that can be established only by changing a substance's chemical identity. Simply speaking, chemical properties cannot be determined just by viewing or touching the sub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=147027 |
Celera Corporation Celera is a subsidiary of Quest Diagnostics which focuses on genetic sequencing and related technologies. It was founded in 1998 as a business unit of Applera, spun off into an independent company in 2008, and finally acquired by Quest Diagnostics in 2011. Originally headquartered in Rockville, Maryl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=149307 |
Celera Corporation Critics of initial efforts by Celera Genomics to hold back data from sections of genome they sequenced for commercial exploitation felt that it would retard progress in science as a whole. These critics pointed to the open access policy for gene sequences from the publicly funded Human Genome Project... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=149307 |
Subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoological names with "-inae". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=151983 |
Speleology is the scientific study of caves and other karst features, as well as their make-up, structure, physical properties, history, life forms, and the processes by which they form (speleogenesis) and change over time (speleomorphology). The term "speleology" is also sometimes applied to the recreational activity ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=152630 |
Speleology An international speleological congress was proposed at a meeting in Valence-sur-Rhone, France in 1949 and first held in 1953 in Paris. The International Union of (UIS) was founded in 1965. The growth of speleology is directly linked with that of the sport of caving, both because of the stimulation of public... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=152630 |
Speleology To some degree moisture is always available in actively forming Karst caves. Cut off from the sunlight and steady deposition of plant detritus, caves are poor habitats in comparison with wet areas on the surface. The majority of energy in cave environments comes from the surplus of the ecosystems outside. On... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=152630 |
Eutectic system A eutectic system ( ) from the Greek "εύ" (eu = well) and "τήξις" (tēxis = melting) is a homogeneous mixture of substances that melts or solidifies at a single temperature that is lower than the melting point of any of the constituents. The eutectic temperature is the lowest possible melting temperature... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=152969 |
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