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Inverted repeat The diverse genome-wide repeats are derived from transposable elements, which are now understood to "jump" about different genomic locations, without transferring their original copies. Subsequent shuttling of the same sequences over numerous generations ensures their multiplicity throughout the genome.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65132 |
Inverted repeat The replication origins of the phage G4 and other related phages comprise a segment of nearly 139 nucleotide bases that include three inverted repeats that are essential for replication priming. To a large extent, portions of nucleotide repeats are quite often observed as part of rare DNA combinations. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65132 |
Inverted repeat They are formed by two nested stem-loops such that the stem of one structure is formed from the loop of the other. There are multiple folding topologies among pseudoknots and great variation in loop lengths, making them a structurally diverse group. Inverted repeats are a key component of pseudoknots as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65132 |
Inverted repeat However, only the key stem-loops are shown in the illustration, which has been greatly simplified to help show the role of the inverted repeats. There are multiple inverted repeats in this riboswitch as indicated in green (yellow background) and blue (orange background). In the absence of FMN, the Anti-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65132 |
Inverted repeat This is exemplified in "E. coli", where genomic sequences with long inverted repeats are seldom replicated, but rather deleted with rapidity. Again, the long inverted repeats observed in yeast greatly favor recombination within the same and adjacent chromosomes, resulting in an equally very high rate of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65132 |
Inverted repeat During transcription, slippage and partial dissociation of the polymerase from the template strand can lead to both deletion and insertion mutations. Deletion occurs when a portion of the unwound template strand forms a stem-loop that gets "skipped" by the transcription machinery. Insertion occurs when ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65132 |
Inverted repeat In the illustration, a stem-loop formed from an imperfect inverted repeat is mutated with a thymine (T) nucleotide insertion as a result of an inter- or intrastrand switch. The addition of the T creates a base-pairing "match up" with the adenine (A) that was previously a "bump" on the left side of the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65132 |
List of life sciences The life sciences or biological sciences comprise the branches of science that involve the scientific study of life and organisms – such as microorganisms, plants, and animals including human beings. Life science is one of the two major branches of natural science, the other being physical science... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68140 |
Astrochemistry is the study of the abundance and reactions of molecules in the Universe, and their interaction with radiation. The discipline is an overlap of astronomy and chemistry. The word "astrochemistry" may be applied to both the Solar System and the interstellar medium. The study of the abundance of elements an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71268 |
Astrochemistry Spectroscopy was first used as an astronomical technique in 1802 with the experiments of William Hyde Wollaston, who built a spectrometer to observe the spectral lines present within solar radiation. These spectral lines were later quantified through the work of Joseph Von Fraunhofer. Spectroscopy was fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71268 |
Astrochemistry The theoretical importance granted to these spectroscopic results was greatly expanded upon the development of quantum mechanics, as the theory allowed for these results to be compared to atomic and molecular emission spectra which had been calculated "a priori". While radio astronomy was developed in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71268 |
Astrochemistry This has prompted a still ongoing search for interstellar molecules which are either of direct biological importance – such as interstellar glycine, discovered in 2009 – or which exhibit biologically relevant properties like Chirality – an example of which (propylene oxide) was discovered in 2016 - along... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71268 |
Astrochemistry carbon-based) compounds, such as alcohols, acids, aldehydes, and ketones. One of the most abundant interstellar molecules, and among the easiest to detect with radio waves (due to its strong electric dipole moment), is CO (carbon monoxide). In fact, CO is such a common interstellar molecule that it is us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71268 |
Astrochemistry Moreover, most organic compounds absorb and emit light in the infrared (IR) so, for example, the detection of methane in the atmosphere of Mars was achieved using an IR ground-based telescope, NASA's 3-meter Infrared Telescope Facility atop Mauna Kea, Hawaii. NASA's researchers use airborne IR telescope ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71268 |
Astrochemistry These compounds, as well as the amino acids, nucleobases, and many other compounds in meteorites, carry deuterium and isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen that are very rare on earth, attesting to their extraterrestrial origin. The PAHs are thought to form in hot circumstellar environments (around dy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71268 |
Astrochemistry However, if the hydrogen is molecular and thus not reactive, this permits the heavier atoms to react or remain bonded together, producing CO, CO, CN, etc. These mixed-molecular ices are exposed to ultraviolet radiation and cosmic rays, which results in complex radiation-driven chemistry. Lab experiments ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71268 |
Astrochemistry The sparseness of interstellar and interplanetary space results in some unusual chemistry, since symmetry-forbidden reactions cannot occur except on the longest of timescales. For this reason, molecules and molecular ions which are unstable on Earth can be highly abundant in space, for example the H ion.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71268 |
Astrochemistry On August 29, 2012, and in a world first, astronomers at Copenhagen University reported the detection of a specific sugar molecule, glycolaldehyde, in a distant star system. The molecule was found around the protostellar binary "IRAS 16293-2422", which is located from Earth. Glycolaldehyde is needed to f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71268 |
Astrochemistry PAHs seem to have been formed shortly after the Big Bang, are widespread throughout the universe, and are associated with new stars and exoplanets. On August 11, 2014, astronomers released studies, using the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) for the first time, that detailed the distrib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71268 |
Environmental geology Environmental geology, like hydrogeology, is an applied science concerned with the practical application of the principles of geology in the solving of environmental problems. It is a multidisciplinary field that is closely related to engineering geology and, to a lesser extent, to environmental g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72584 |
Weathering is the breaking down of rocks, soil, and minerals as well as wood and artificial materials through contact with the Earth's atmosphere, water, and biological organisms. occurs "in situ" (on site), that is, in the same place, with little or no movement, and thus should not be confused with erosion, which invo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72585 |
Weathering The various agents act in concert to convert primary minerals (feldspars and micas) to secondary minerals (clays and carbonates) and release plant nutrient elements in soluble forms. The materials left over after the rock breaks down combined with organic material creates soil. The mineral content of the soi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72585 |
Weathering In glacial areas, huge moving ice masses embedded with soil and rock fragments grind down rocks in their path and carry away large volumes of material. Plant roots sometimes enter cracks in rocks and pry them apart, resulting in some disintegration; the burrowing of animals may help disintegrate rock. Howeve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72585 |
Weathering The repeated heating and cooling exerts stress on the outer layers of rocks, which can cause their outer layers to peel off in thin sheets. The process of peeling off is also called exfoliation. Although temperature changes are the principal driver, moisture can enhance thermal expansion in rock. Forest fire... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72585 |
Weathering Certain frost-susceptible soils expand or heave upon freezing as a result of water migrating via capillary action to grow ice lenses near the freezing front. This same phenomenon occurs within pore spaces of rocks. The ice accumulations grow larger as they attract liquid water from the surrounding pores. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72585 |
Weathering Coastal geography is formed by the weathering of wave actions over geological times or can happen more abruptly through the process of salt weathering. In pressure release, also known as unloading, overlying materials (not necessarily rocks) are removed (by erosion, or other processes), which causes underlyi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72585 |
Weathering Salt crystallization may also take place when solutions decompose rocks (for example, limestone and chalk) to form salt solutions of sodium sulfate or sodium carbonate, of which the moisture evaporates to form their respective salt crystals. The salts which have proved most effective in disintegrating rocks ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72585 |
Weathering Chemical weathering changes the composition of rocks, often transforming them when water interacts with minerals to create various chemical reactions. Chemical weathering is a gradual and ongoing process as the mineralogy of the rock adjusts to the near surface environment. New or "secondary minerals" develo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72585 |
Weathering evaporites), oxidation potential (iron-rich minerals, such as pyrite), or instability relative to surficial conditions (see Goldich dissolution series) will weather through dissolution naturally, even without acidic water. One of the most well-known solution weathering processes is carbonation, the process i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72585 |
Weathering In such reactions, pure water ionizes slightly and reacts with silicate minerals. An example reaction: This reaction theoretically results in complete dissolution of the original mineral, if enough water is available to drive the reaction. In reality, pure water rarely acts as a H donor. Carbon dioxide, thou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72585 |
Weathering the effect of moss growing on roofs is classed as weathering. Mineral weathering can also be initiated or accelerated by soil microorganisms. Lichens on rocks are thought to increase chemical weathering rates. For example, an experimental study on hornblende granite in New Jersey, USA, demonstrated a 3x – 4x... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72585 |
Weathering The demonstrated or hypothesised mechanisms used by bacteria to weather minerals include several oxidoreduction and dissolution reactions as well as the production of weathering agents, such as protons, organic acids and chelating molecules. Buildings made of any stone, brick or concrete are susceptible to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72585 |
Poison Ivy (character) Poison Ivy (Dr. Pamela Lillian Isley () is a fictional supervillain appearing in comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in Batman stories. Poison Ivy was created by Robert Kanigher and Sheldon Moldoff, and made her debut in "Batman" #181 (June 1966). Poison Ivy has been portrayed as a love ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) She has also been voiced by Diane Pershing in the DC animated universe, Piera Coppola on "The Batman" animated series, Tasia Valenza for the "" video game franchise, Riki Lindhome in "The Lego Batman Movie", and Lake Bell in "Harley Quinn". Poison Ivy was created by Robert Kanigher and Sheldon Mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) The character did not have an origin in her first appearances during the 1960s; she was merely a temptress. An origin story was later written for her. Poison Ivy is typically depicted with long flowing hair, plant vines extending over her neck or limbs, and a green one-piece suit adorned with lea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) Later, Woodrue flees from the authorities leaving Isley in the hospital for six months. Enraged at the betrayal, she suffers from violent mood swings, being sweet one moment and evil the next. When her boyfriend has a car accident after mysteriously suffering from a massive fungal overgrowth, Isl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) After being willingly apprehended by Batman, she resolves that she can never leave Gotham, at least not until the world was safe for plants. From then on, she dedicates herself to the impossible mission of "purifying" Gotham. At one point, Batman travels to Seattle to ascertain information on Pam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) At times, Ivy demonstrates positive and maternal traits. When Gotham City is destroyed in an and declared , she holds dominion over Robinson Park and turns it into a tropical paradise rather than fight over territory like most of Batman's enemies. Sixteen children who are orphaned during the quak... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) Batman, originally intending to take the orphans away from Ivy, recognizes that staying with her is what is best for them, and they remain in her care until the city is restored. Also, as part of a bargain to keep her freedom, Batman arranges it so that Ivy provides fresh produce to the starving ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) Later on, she and other Gotham characters are manipulated by the Riddler and Hush. Her task is to hypnotize both Superman and Catwoman, using Catwoman to steal ransom money from Killer Croc after the original plan is interrupted by Batman while Superman serves as a 'bodyguard' when she hides in M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) "One Year Later", Ivy is alive and active. Her control over flora has increased, referred to as being on a par with Swamp Thing or Floronic Man. She also appears to have resumed her crusade against the corporate enemies of the environment with a new fanaticism, regarding Batman no longer as a mai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) She and Killer Croc unsuccessfully attempt to murder Damian Wayne. Shortly after, she escapes from Black Mask's control and forms an alliance with Catwoman and Harley Quinn, leading into the ongoing series "Gotham City Sirens". During Hush's ploy to hurt Batman through hurting his loved ones, Hus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) However, Ivy fears that Catwoman has lost her edge and prowess, and consults with Zatanna on the nature of Catwoman's injuries. Zatanna responds that Catwoman has psychological wounds that would need healing. Ivy resolves that she and Harley would provide Catwoman with "positive female reinforcem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) When Harley Quinn betrays her friends and breaks into Arkham Asylum with the goal of killing the Joker, she ultimately chooses instead to release Joker from his cell, and together the two orchestrate a violent takeover of the facility. Poison Ivy arrives and tries to convince Harley Quinn that th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) In The New 52 (the 2011 reboot of the DC Comics universe), Poison Ivy is recruited into the covert-ops group known as the Birds of Prey. Though she is specifically hand-picked by the team's leader, Black Canary, the other members of the group protest Ivy's inclusion, citing her violent past and c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) While in college, Pamela sold pheromone pills to other students to study its effects until she was caught by police. She used a powerful version of the pills to control the dean's mind so he would drop the charges and let her graduate with honors. While visiting her father in prison, she kissed h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) Ivy raises Rose, Hazel and Thorn who grow to adult size at an exponential rate, becoming young women within 35 weeks. When the girls sneak out to see Gotham City at night for the first time, they cause an incident at a strip club that gets the police involved, and Ivy has to help them escape. Ret... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) DC opted to rebrand its titles under the "DC Universe" name in December 2017, using the continuity established from DC Rebirth. In the "Better Together" story arc of "Trinity", Poison Ivy finds a dreamworld and the White Mercy entity, both created by the Black Mercy plant for Mongul, through her ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) Here, Batman asks Poison Ivy for help with a deadly bacteria, which was unleashed by Mr. Freeze, informing her about an infected girl and giving her samples of it. Upon examining it, Ivy realizes that the infected girl is already dead and Batman wanted to evoke her sympathy as he is actually seek... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) Poison Ivy captures Harley Quinn—who realizes that Poison Ivy isn't herself—Green Arrow, Nightwing, Robin, and Killer Croc as they try to solve what's going on and stop it. They escape when Poison Ivy violently reacts to her plants being harmed during an attack by several members of the Teen Tita... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) They fought against Damage (Ethan Avery) who is trying to protect people from them. However, Poison Ivy eventually resists the control of these forces, as she thinks that people are worth saving and doesn't want to be a killer. At the end, Swamp Thing (Alec Holland) reveals to Ethan Avery that th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) She helps Harley explain to the local assassins that Harley posted her own bounty while sleepwalking and that trying to kill her would just lead to their deaths and no pay day. Harley rescued her from a super villain's mind control while Ivy was secretly held prisoner and used by said villain in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) Isley introduced a mixture of several potent toxins originating from a selection of venomous predators and poisonous plant life into her bloodstream to act as a mutagen, making her touch deadly while also giving her complete immunity to all types of toxins and poisons, including Joker venom. Some... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) While in Arkham Asylum, she manipulates and animates plants, using roots to form supports for a tunnel she and another inmate named Magpie dig to escape, and also spawning glowing fungi to entertain Magpie. Plant vines are also commonly seen extending over her limbs and neck, creating part of her... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) Beyond her metahuman traits, Ivy is shown to be exceptionally physically fit both due to gymnastics and her enhanced health; being both similar to Harley Quinn in skill as well as showing enough hand-to-hand combat prowess to challenge Batman without relying solely on her powers. Although Poison ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) But when she subsequently kisses a dying Batman, she unknowingly cures her intended victim and establishes a budding romantic tension between them. During the "No Man's Land" arc, Batman comes to her rescue while she is held captive by Clayface, with Ivy remarking that she knew he would. In "Batm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) Subsequently, Ivy is returned to Arkham Asylum, her twisted love for Batman stronger than ever. In one of the annuals of "", a mutual attraction between Poison Ivy and the Batman is obvious right from the start. Ivy considers Batman "the perfect man", and in a conversation with his butler, Alfred... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) Upon being cured, he falls, but saves himself, and saves Ivy as Gotham Tower collapses when — assuming Batman dead — Poison Ivy tries to kill herself, once more insinuating that it is more than just lust she feels for him. Ivy and Batman share a moment together speaking, watching her plant creati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) In "Gothtopia", Batman comes to her rescue when he realizes she was telling him the truth, even though he put her in Arkham. First she punches him for not believing her claims, and then she kisses him for coming to her rescue, poisoning him with her mind control toxin. Resisting it, he warns that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) In June 2015, Poison Ivy was revealed to be bisexual by "Harley Quinn" series writers Jimmy Palmiotti and Amanda Conner, stating that she is in a romantic relationship with Harley "without the jealousy of monogamy". In "Harley Quinn" #8, Harley went on a vacation with Ivy to a nudist colony in wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) Poison Ivy joins Two-Face's gang for a short period of time during "", when she murders crime boss Lucia Viti on Two-Face's orders. She is notably the only member of the gang to be upset by Two-Face's casual murder of fellow gang member Solomon Grundy, a plant-based entity. The gang is broken up ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) In "JLA/Avengers" #3, Poison Ivy appears as a servant of Krona and attacks Aquaman and the Vision as a part of a group of villains. Poison Ivy strangles Aquaman in vines but is blasted by Iron Man and defeated. Poison Ivy is featured in the "Smallville Season 11" digital comic based on the TV ser... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) Before she can figure out where she is, she gets attacked by Swamp Thing as the 2 of them battle, before they stop and use their powers to save the forest from Trigon's hellfire. As Trigon and Mister Mxyzptlk's battle continues to tear reality apart, the 2 teams retreat into the respective houses... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) Ivy, along with several other Batman villains, is tricked by Jack Napier (who in this reality was a Joker who had been force fed an overdose of pills by Batman which temporarily cured him of his insanity) into drinking drinks that had been laced with particles from Clayface's body. This was done ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Poison Ivy (character) She appeared as a boss in: Poison Ivy appears in the "Batman: Arkham" series voiced primarily by Tasia Valenza. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 |
Natural History (Pliny) The Natural History () is a work by Pliny the Elder. It is one of the largest single works to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day and purports to cover all ancient knowledge. The work's subject area is thus not limited to what is today understood by natural history; Pliny himse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74215 |
Natural History (Pliny) Much of his writing was done at night; daytime hours were spent working for the emperor, as he explains in the dedicatory preface addressed to Vespasian's elder son, the future emperor Titus, with whom he had served in the army (and to whom the work is dedicated). As for the nocturnal hours spen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74215 |
Natural History (Pliny) Nature for Pliny was divine, a pantheistic concept inspired by the Stoic philosophy which underlies much of his thought. But the deity in question was a goddess whose main purpose was to serve the human race: "nature, that is life" is human life in a natural landscape. After an initial survey of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74215 |
Natural History (Pliny) Nature's variety and versatility were claimed to be infinite: "When I have observed nature she has always induced me to deem no statement about her incredible." This led Pliny to recount rumours of strange peoples on the edges of the world. These monstrous races – the Cynocephali or Dog-Heads, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74215 |
Natural History (Pliny) Pliny's purpose in writing the "Natural History" was to cover all learning and art so far as they are connected with nature or draw their materials from nature. He says:My subject is a barren one – the world of nature, or in other words life; and that subject in its least elevated department, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74215 |
Natural History (Pliny) One of Pliny's authorities is Marcus Terentius Varro. In the geographical books, Varro is supplemented by the topographical commentaries of Agrippa, which were completed by the emperor Augustus; for his zoology, he relies largely on Aristotle and on Juba, the scholarly Mauretanian king, "studior... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74215 |
Natural History (Pliny) Often in summer after taking a meal, which with him, as in the old days, was always a simple and light one, he would lie in the sun if he had any time to spare, and a book would be read aloud, from which he would take notes and extracts. Pliny the Younger told the following anecdote illustrating... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74215 |
Natural History (Pliny) Pliny wrote the first ten books in AD 77, and was engaged on revising the rest during the two remaining years of his life. The work was probably published with little revision by the author's nephew Pliny the Younger, who, when telling the story of a tame dolphin and describing the floating isla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74215 |
Natural History (Pliny) In 1141 Robert of Cricklade wrote the "Defloratio Historiae Naturalis Plinii Secundi" consisting of nine books of selections taken from an ancient manuscript. The work was one of the first classical manuscripts to be printed, at Venice in 1469 by Johann and Wendelin of Speyer, but J.F. Healy des... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74215 |
Natural History (Pliny) He considers it a weakness to try to find the shape and form of God, or to suppose that such a being would care about human affairs. He mentions eclipses, but considers Hipparchus's almanac grandiose for seeming to know how Nature works. He cites Posidonius's estimate that the moon is 230,000 mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74215 |
Natural History (Pliny) It describes the elephant and hippopotamus in detail, as well as the value and origin of the pearl and the invention of fish farming and oyster farming. The keeping of aquariums was a popular pastime of the rich, and Pliny provides anecdotes of the problems of owners becoming too closely attache... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74215 |
Natural History (Pliny) He mentions different varieties of pepper, whose values are comparable with that of gold and silver, while sugar is noted only for its medicinal value. He is critical of perfumes: "Perfumes are the most pointless of luxuries, for pearls and jewels are at least passed on to one's heirs, and cloth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74215 |
Natural History (Pliny) The methods used to cultivate crops are described in Book XVIII. He praises Cato the Elder and his work "De Agri Cultura", which he uses as a primary source. Pliny's work includes discussion of all known cultivated crops and vegetables, as well as herbs and remedies derived from them. He describ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74215 |
Natural History (Pliny) Fine gold wire can be woven into cloth, although imperial clothes usually combined it with natural fibres like wool. He once saw Agrippina the Younger, wife of Claudius, at a public show on the Fucine Lake involving a naval battle, wearing a military cloak made of gold. He rejects Herodotus's cl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74215 |
Natural History (Pliny) He says mercury is used for gilding copper, while antimony is found in silver mines and is used as an eyebrow cosmetic. The main ore of mercury is cinnabar, long used as a pigment by painters. He says that the colour is similar to "scolecium", probably the kermes insect. The dust is very toxic, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74215 |
Natural History (Pliny) The account of magnetism includes the myth of Magnes the shepherd. Pliny moves into crystallography and mineralogy, describing the octahedral shape of the diamond and recording that diamond dust is used by gem engravers to cut and polish other gems, owing to its great hardness. He states that ro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74215 |
Natural History (Pliny) The anecdotic element has been ascribed to Duris (XXXIV:61); the notices of the successive developments of art and the list of workers in bronze and painters to Xenocrates; and a large amount of miscellaneous information to Antigonus. Both Xenocrates and Antigonus are named in connection with Pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74215 |
Natural History (Pliny) Pliny mentions the works of art collected by Vespasian in the Temple of Peace and in his other galleries (XXXIV:84), but much of his information about the position of such works in Rome is from books, not personal observation. The main merit of his account of ancient art, the only classical work... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74215 |
Natural History (Pliny) The description probably refers to mining in Northern Spain, especially at the large Las Médulas site. Pliny describes methods of underground mining, including the use of fire-setting to attack the gold-bearing rock and so extract the ore. In another part of his work, Pliny describes the use of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74215 |
Natural History (Pliny) For example, one twentieth century historian has argued that Pliny's reliance on book-based knowledge, and not direct observation, shaped intellectual life to the degree that it "stymie[d] the progress of western science". This sentiment can be observed in the early modern period when Niccolò Le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74215 |
Natural History (Pliny) Further, Calvino compares Pliny to Immanuel Kant, in that God is prevented by logic from conflicting with reason, even though (in Calvino's view) Pliny makes a pantheistic identification of God as being immanent in nature. As for destiny, Calvino writes: The art historian Jacob Isager writes in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74215 |
Natural History (Pliny) [It] broadly described all entities found in nature, or derived from nature, that could be seen in the Roman world and read about in its books: art, artifacts, and peoples as well as animals, plants, and minerals were included in his project. Findlen contrasts Pliny's approach with that of his i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74215 |
Biological hazard A biological hazard, or biohazard, is a biological substance that poses a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily humans. This could include a sample of a microorganism, virus or toxin that can adversely affect human health. A biohazard could also be a substance harmful to other animals. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=77060 |
Biological hazard " In an article he wrote for "Science" in 1967, the symbol was presented as the new standard for all biological hazards ("biohazards"). The article explained that over 40 symbols were drawn up by Dow artists, and all of the symbols investigated had to meet a number of criteria: The chosen symbol score... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=77060 |
International Polar Year The International Polar Years (IPY) are collaborative, international efforts with intensive research foci on the polar regions. Karl Weyprecht, an Austro-Hungarian naval officer, motivated the endeavor in 1875, but died before it first occurred in 1882–1883. Fifty years later (1932–1933) a seco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78204 |
International Polar Year Six additional meteorological stations were organized by Neumayer at Moravian mission stations on the east coast of Labrador. Observations focused on meteorology, geomagnetism, auroral phenomena, ocean currents, tides, structure and the motion of ice and atmospheric electricity. More than 40 me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78204 |
International Polar Year At an international conference of directors of meteorological services in Copenhagen in 1928 it was decided to undertake another intensive and coordinated international research effort focused on the polar regions during 1932–1933, the 50th anniversary of the First International Polar Year. It ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78204 |
International Polar Year The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), an interdisciplinary body of ICSU assumed responsibility for coordinating all IPY-related Antarctic research, and the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), an ICSU affiliate body, promoted and helped to plan the Arctic-focused IPY ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78204 |
International Polar Year However, many activities continued beyond that date. The IPY Science Program covered eleven areas: Polar atmosphere, Arctic ocean, Southern Ocean, Greenland ice sheet and Arctic glaciers, Antarctic ice sheets, Sub-glacial aquatic environments, Permafrost, Earth structure and geodynamics at the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78204 |
International Polar Year The IPY Science Conference was held 8–12 June in Oslo, Norway and was organized by the WMO, ICSU, IASC and the Research Council of Norway and marked the official end of the fourth IPY. The conference aim was to celebrate and publish early results from the 2007–2008 (IPY) and enable direct inter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78204 |
International Polar Year The Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS) was founded during the fourth IPY. Following a meeting in Stockholm at the end of September 2007, the IPY International Youth Steering Committee (IYSC) and the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS) merged under a new struct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78204 |
International Polar Year These weeks, coinciding with the polar equinoxes, are filled with outreach activities and events designed to engage school children and the wider public in polar science. The Publications Database (IPYPD) attempts to identify and describe all publications that result from, or are about, any of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78204 |
Geomorphology (from Ancient Greek: γῆ, "gê", "earth"; μορφή, "morphḗ", "form"; and λόγος, "lógos", "study") is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features created by physical, chemical or biological processes operating at or near the Earth's surface. Geomorphologists seek to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78534 |
Geomorphology Geologic processes include the uplift of mountain ranges, the growth of volcanoes, isostatic changes in land surface elevation (sometimes in response to surface processes), and the formation of deep sedimentary basins where the surface of the Earth drops and is filled with material eroded from other parts... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78534 |
Geomorphology Many geomorphologists are particularly interested in the potential for feedbacks between climate and tectonics, mediated by geomorphic processes. In addition to these broad-scale questions, geomorphologists address issues that are more specific and/or more local. Glacial geomorphologists investigate glaci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78534 |
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