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Eutectic system The eutectic solidification is defined as follows: This type of reaction is an invariant reaction, because it is in thermal equilibrium; another way to define this is the change in Gibbs free energy equals zero. Tangibly, this means the liquid and two solid solutions all coexist at the same time and are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=152969 |
Eutectic system Eutectic alloys have two or more materials and have a eutectic composition. When a non-eutectic alloy solidifies, its components solidify at different temperatures, exhibiting a plastic melting range. Conversely, when a well-mixed, eutectic alloy melts, it does so at a single, sharp temperature. The var... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=152969 |
Eutectic system Since the solid product forms at the interface between the two reactants, it can form a diffusion barrier and generally causes such reactions to proceed much more slowly than eutectic or eutectoid transformations. Because of this, when a peritectic composition solidifies it does not show the lamellar st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=152969 |
Eutectic system The Gibbs free energy "G" depends on its own differential: Thus, the "G"/"T" derivative at constant pressure is calculated by the following equation: The chemical potential formula_5 is calculated if we assume that the activity is equal to the concentration: At the equilibrium, formula_7, thus formula_8... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=152969 |
First Point of Aries The First Point of Aries, also known as the Cusp of Aries, is the location of the vernal equinox, used as a reference point in celestial coordinate systems. In diagrams using such coordinate systems, it is often indicated with the symbol ♈︎. Named for the constellation of Aries, it is one of the tw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=153774 |
First Point of Aries The naming of Aries is late in the Babylonian zodiac where the equinox was in its earliest tradition marked as in the early Middle Bronze Age by actual coincidence with the Pleiades. The time also corresponds to the time of castration of male calves, mules and donkeys, "Sanguia" on the vernal equin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=153774 |
First Point of Aries Due to the slow precession of the equinoxes, the Zenith view (above a location) of constellations at a time of year from a given location have slowly moved west (by using solar epochs the drift is known). The tropical Zodiac is similarly affected and no longer corresponds with the constellations (t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=153774 |
Shortwave radiation (SW) is radiant energy with wavelengths in the visible (VIS), near-ultraviolet (UV), and near-infrared (NIR) spectra. There is no standard cut-off for the near-infrared range; therefore, the shortwave radiation range is also variously defined. It may be broadly defined to include all radiation with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=154581 |
Novartis International AG is a Swiss multinational pharmaceutical company based in Basel, Switzerland. It is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies by both market capitalization and sales. manufactures the drugs clozapine (Clozaril), diclofenac (Voltaren), carbamazepine (Tegretol), valsartan (Diovan), imatinib mes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Novartis Novartis's businesses are divided into three operating divisions: Innovative Medicines, Sandoz (generics) and Alcon (eyecare). In April 2019, spun off Alcon into a separate company. The Innovative Medicines division comprises two business units: Pharmaceuticals and Oncology. operates directly through subsidiar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics Division: In 2013, announced it was considering selling the vaccines and diagnostics division off. This sale was completed in late 2015, and the division was integrated into CSL's BioCSL operation, with the combined entity trading as Seqirus. In 2018, sold its consumer healthcare joint... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Novartis In 1884, Bindschedler and Busch was transformed into a joint-stock company named "Gesellschaft für Chemische Industrie Basel" (Company for Chemical Industry Basel). The acronym, CIBA, was adopted as the company's name in 1945. The foundation for Geigy was established in 1857, when Johann Rudolf Geigy-Merian (1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Novartis A follow up study from the 1996–2000 period indicated that while there were more cancer cases than expected, rates had significantly fallen and the difference was statistically insignificant compared to normal statewide cancer rates. Since 1996, the Toms River water system has been subject to the most stringen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Novartis Further pharmaceutical research began in 1917 under Arthur Stoll (1887–1971), who is the founder of Sandoz's pharmaceutical department in 1917. In 1918, Arthur Stoll isolated ergotamine from ergot; the substance was eventually used to treat migraine and headaches and was introduced under the trade name Gynerge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Novartis The drug became a cultural novelty of the 1960s after psychologist Timothy Leary at Harvard University began to promote its use for recreational and spiritual experiences among the general public. Sandoz opened its first foreign offices in 1964. In 1967, Sandoz merged with Wander AG (known for Ovomaltine and I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Novartis In 1998, the company entered into a biotechnology licensing agreement with the University of California at Berkeley Department of Plant and Microbial Biology. Critics of the agreement expressed concern over prospects that the agreement would diminish academic objectivity, or lead to the commercialization of ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Novartis In 2009, reached an agreement to acquire an 85% stake in the Chinese vaccines company Zhejiang Tianyuan Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. as part of a strategic initiative to build a vaccines industry leader in this country and expand the group's limited presence in this fast-growing market segment. This proposed a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Novartis Also in 2012, became the biggest manufacturer of generic skin care medicine, after agreeing to buy Fougera Pharmaceuticals for $1.525 billion in cash. In 2013, the Indian Supreme Court issued a decision rejecting Novartis' patent application in India on the final form of Gleevec, Novartis's cancer drug; the ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Novartis In April 2014, announced that it would acquire GlaxoSmithKline's cancer drug business for $16 billion as well as selling its vaccines business to GlaxoSmithKline for $7.1 billion. In August 2014 "Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News" reported that had acquired a 15% stake in Gamida Cell for $35 million, wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Novartis In December, the company acquired Encore Vision, gaining the company's principle compound, EV06, is a first-in-class topical therapy for presbyopia. In December acquired Ziarco Group Limited, bolstering its presence in eczema treatments. In late October 2017, "Reuters" announced that would acquire Advanced Acc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Novartis In late December the company announced it would acquire France-based contract manufacturer, CellforCure from LFB - boosting its capacity to produce cell and gene therapies. On 9 April 2019, announced that it had completed the spin-off of Alcon as a separate commercial entity. Alcon was listed on the SIX exchan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Novartis The company's global research operations, called "Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR)" have their global headquarters in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Two research institutes reside within NIBR that focus on diseases in the developing world: Institute for Tropical Diseases, which works on tube... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Novartis In April 2014, divested its consumer health section with $3,5 billion worth of assets into a new joint venture with GlaxoSmithkline, named GSK Consumer Healthcare, of which will hold a 36,5% stake. In March 2018, GSK announced that it has reached an agreement with to acquire Novartis' 36.5% stake in their Cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Novartis In 1993, before India allowed patents on products, had patented imatinib, with salts vaguely specified, in many countries but could not patent it in India. The key differences between the two patent applications were that the 1998 patent application specified the counterion (Gleevec is a specific salt - imatin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Novartis When examination of Novartis' patent application began in 2005, it came under immediate attack from oppositions initiated by generic companies that were already selling Gleevec in India and by advocacy groups. The application was rejected by the patent office and by an appeal board. The key basis for the rejec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Novartis Although the court ruled narrowly, and took care to note that the subject application was filed during a time of transition in Indian patent law, the decision generated widespread global news coverage and reignited debates on balancing public good with monopolistic pricing, innovation with affordability etc. H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Novartis " On 17 May 2010, a jury in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York awarded $3,367,250 in compensatory damages against Novartis, finding that the company had committed sexual discrimination against twelve female sales representatives and entry-level managers since 2002, in matter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Novartis But aside from pleading guilty to one misdemeanor charge of mislabeling in an agreement that announced in February, the company denied wrongdoing." In the same New York Times article, Frank Lichtenberg, a Columbia professor who receives pharmaceutical financing for research on innovation in the industry, said ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Novartis Both Avastin and Lucentis were created by Genentech which is owned by Roche; Roche markets Avastin worldwide, and also markets Lucentis in the US. Lucentis has been approved worldwide as a treatment for wet macular degeneration and other retinal disorders; Avastin is used to treat certain cancers. Because the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Novartis In the summer of 2013, two Japanese universities retracted several publications of clinical trials that purported to show that Valsartan (branded as Diovan) had cardiovascular benefits, when it was found that statistical analysis had been manipulated, and that a employee had participated in the statistical ana... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Novartis claims it paid Cohen to help it understand and influence the new administration's approach to drug pricing and regulation. In July 2018, the US Senate committee report "White House Access for Sale" revealed that Ag's relationship with Cohen was "longer and more detailed". initially stated that the relationship... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Novartis To compound the problem in early August it emerged a senior manager sold almost $1 million worth of stock immediately before the FDA probe became public on August 6, but after the company had informed the FDA of the problem. As of September 2019 the FDA was still preparing its response to the scandal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 |
Heterogamy is a term applied to a variety of distinct phenomena in different scientific domains. Usually having to do with some kind of difference, "hetero", in reproduction, "gamy". See below for more specific senses. In reproductive biology, heterogamy is the alternation of differently organized generations, applied ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=162736 |
Heterogamy and homogamy are also used to describe marriage or union between people of unlike and like sex (or gender) respectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=162736 |
Secondary circulation In fluid dynamics, a secondary circulation is a weak circulation that plays a key maintenance role in sustaining a stronger primary circulation that contains most of the kinetic energy and inertia of a flow. For example, a (horizontally swirling), but their evolution and maintenance against fricti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=164321 |
Annual cycle An annual cycle refers to a set of changes or events that uniformly, or consistently, take place at the same time of year. In biology, the annual cycle for plants and animals details behavioral and chemical changes that take place as the seasons advance. In business, a business cycle refers to the way mode... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=164548 |
Annual cycle there is no significant long-term trend), a meaningful annual cycle will result that can be used to calculate an anomaly time series. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=164548 |
Storm track Storm tracks are the relatively narrow zones in seas and oceans where storms travel driven by the prevailing winds. The Atlantic and Pacific have storm tracks along which most Atlantic or Pacific extratropical cyclones or tropical cyclones travel. The storm tracks usually begin in the westernmost parts of A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=164596 |
Mean flow In fluid dynamics, the fluid flow is often decomposed into a mean flow – and deviations from the mean. The averaging can be done either in space or in time, or by ensemble averaging. Calculation of the mean flow may often be as simple as the mathematical mean: simply add up the given flow rates and then divid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=164597 |
Prognostic variable In the context of prognostics, a prognostic variable is a measured or estimated variable that is correlated with the health condition of a system, and may be used to predict its residual useful life. An ideal prognostic variable is easily measured or calculated, and provides an exact estimation of h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=164681 |
Prognostic variable The term "prognostic" is given to some values or variables that are directly predicted by the model, such as temperature, water vapour, salinity, depth in atmospheric or ocean models; i.e., variables that can be directly obtained as a model outcome. On the other hand, there are some other variables ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=164681 |
Natural history is a domain of inquiry involving organisms, including animals, fungi and plants, in their natural environment, leaning more towards observational than experimental methods of study. A person who studies natural history is called a naturalist or natural historian. encompasses scientific research but is n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=166380 |
Natural history The study of nature revived in the Renaissance, and quickly became a third branch of academic knowledge, itself divided into descriptive natural history and natural philosophy, the analytical study of nature. In modern terms, natural philosophy roughly corresponded to modern physics and chemistry, while... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=166380 |
Natural history Definitions from biologists often focus on the scientific study of individual organisms in their environment, as seen in this definition by Marston Bates: "is the study of animals and Plants—of organisms. ... I like to think, then, of natural history as the study of life at the level of the individual—o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=166380 |
Natural history Because organisms are functionally inseparable from the environment in which they live and because their structure and function cannot be adequately interpreted without knowing some of their evolutionary history, the study of natural history embraces the study of fossils as well as physiographic and oth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=166380 |
Natural history A slightly different framework for natural history, covering a similar range of themes, is also implied in the scope of work encompassed by many leading natural history museums, which often include elements of anthropology, geology, paleontology and astronomy along with botany and zoology, or include bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=166380 |
Natural history was basically static through the Middle Ages in Europe—although in the Arabic and Oriental world it proceeded at a much brisker pace. From the thirteenth century, the work of Aristotle was adapted rather rigidly into Christian philosophy, particularly by Thomas Aquinas, forming the basis for natural the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=166380 |
Natural history In modern Europe, professional disciplines such as botany, geology, mycology, palaeontology, physiology and zoology were formed. "Natural history", formerly the main subject taught by college science professors, was increasingly scorned by scientists of a more specialized manner and relegated to an "ama... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=166380 |
Natural history Three of the greatest English naturalists of the nineteenth century, Henry Walter Bates, Charles Darwin, and Alfred Russel Wallace—who all knew each other—each made natural history travels that took years, collected thousands of specimens, many of them new to science, and by their writings both advanced... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=166380 |
Natural history They may also have geological and microscopical sections. Examples of these societies in Britain include the Natural History Society of Northumbria founded in 1829, London Natural History Society (1858), Birmingham Natural History Society (1859), British Entomological and Natural History Society founded... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=166380 |
Windsock A windsock is a conical textile tube that resembles a giant sock. Windsocks can be used as a basic guide to wind direction and speed, or as decoration. Windsocks are used to tell wind speed and the direction of the wind speed itself. Windsocks typically are used at airports to indicate the direction and streng... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=166760 |
Windsock Per FAA standards, a properly-functioning windsock will orient itself to a breeze of at least and will be fully extended by a wind of . Per Transport Canada standards: a wind will fully extend the wind sock, a wind will cause the wind sock to be 5° below the horizontal, a wind will cause the wind sock to be 30... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=166760 |
Protein production is the biotechnological process of generating a specific protein. It is typically achieved by the manipulation of gene expression in an organism such that it expresses large amounts of a recombinant gene. This includes the transcription of the recombinant DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA), the translation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=167540 |
Protein production The oldest and most widely used expression systems are cell-based and may be defined as the ""combination of an expression vector, its cloned DNA, and the host for the vector that provide a context to allow foreign gene function in a host cell, that is, produce proteins at a high level"". Overexpress... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=167540 |
Protein production Because bacteria are prokaryotes, they are not equipped with the full enzymatic machinery to accomplish the required post-translational modifications or molecular folding. Hence, multi-domain eukaryotic proteins expressed in bacteria often are non-functional. Also, many proteins become insoluble as i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=167540 |
Protein production coli" are well developed and work by increasing the number of copies of the gene or increasing the binding strength of the promoter region so assisting transcription. For example, a DNA sequence for a protein of interest could be cloned or subcloned into a high copy-number plasmid containing the "lac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=167540 |
Protein production Unlike gram-negative bacteria, the gram-positive "Corynebacterium" lack lipopolysaccharides that function as antigenic endotoxins in humans. The non-pathogenic and gram-negative bacteria, "Pseudomonas fluorescens", is used for high level production of recombinant proteins; commonly for the developmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=167540 |
Protein production Genes are not expressed continuously because infected host cells eventually lyse and die during each infection cycle. Non-lytic insect cell expression is an alternative to the lytic baculovirus expression system. In non-lytic expression, vectors are transiently or stably transfected into the chromoso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=167540 |
Protein production Cell-free production of proteins is performed "in vitro" using purified RNA polymerase, ribosomes, tRNA and ribonucleotides. These reagents may be produced by extraction from cells or from a cell-based expression system. Due to the low expression levels and high cost of cell-free systems, cell-based ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=167540 |
Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria. The polysaccharide structure represents the main storage form of glucose in the body. functions as one of two forms of energy reserves, glycogen being for short-term and the other form being tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=168986 |
Glycogen stores in skeletal muscle serve as a form of energy storage for the muscle itself; however, the breakdown of muscle glycogen impedes muscle glucose uptake from the blood, thereby increasing the amount of blood glucose available for use in other tissues. Liver glycogen stores serve as a store of glucose for use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=168986 |
Glycogen Due to the way glycogen is synthesised, every glycogen granule has at its core a glycogenin protein. in muscle, liver, and fat cells is stored in a hydrated form, composed of three or four parts of water per part of glycogen associated with 0.45 millimoles (18 mg) of potassium per gram of glycogen. Glucose is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=168986 |
Glycogen For the next 8–12 hours, glucose derived from liver glycogen is the primary source of blood glucose used by the rest of the body for fuel. Glucagon, another hormone produced by the pancreas, in many respects serves as a countersignal to insulin. In response to insulin levels being below normal (when blood leve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=168986 |
Glycogen The empirical formula for glycogen of () was established by Kekulé in 1858. synthesis is, unlike its breakdown, endergonic—it requires the input of energy. Energy for glycogen synthesis comes from uridine triphosphate (UTP), which reacts with glucose-1-phosphate, forming UDP-glucose, in a reaction catalysed by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=168986 |
Glycogen Glucose-1-phosphate is then converted to glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) by phosphoglucomutase. A special debranching enzyme is needed to remove the α(1-6) branches in branched glycogen and reshape the chain into a linear polymer. The G6P monomers produced have three possible fates: The most common disease in which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=168986 |
Glycogen The best possible outcome of this strategy replaces about 35% of glucose consumed at heart rates above about 80% of maximum. Second, through endurance training adaptations and specialized regimens (e.g. fasting low-intensity endurance training), the body can condition type I muscle fibers to improve both fuel ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=168986 |
Twig A twig is a thin branch of a tree or bush. The buds on the twig are an important diagnostic characteristic, as are the abscission scars where the leaves have fallen away. The color, texture, and patterning of the twig bark are also important, in addition to the thickness and nature of any pith of the twig. There a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=169193 |
Binary phase In materials chemistry, a binary phase or binary compound is a chemical compound containing two different elements. Some binary phase compounds are molecular, e.g. carbon tetrachloride (CCl). More typically binary phase refers to extended solids. Famous examples zinc sulfide, which contains zinc and sulfur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=175638 |
Lignotuber A lignotuber is a woody swelling of the root crown possessed by some plants as a protection against destruction of the plant stem, such as by fire. The crown contains buds from which new stems may sprout, as well as stores of starch that can support a period of growth in the absence of photosynthesis. The te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=179211 |
Lignotuber Ones at the Vergelegen Estate in Cape Town, South Africa which were planted in the late 1600s have muffin-shaped lignotubers up to six feet (2 meters) high and about thirty feet (9 meters) in diameter. Perhaps the largest lignotuber in Australia would be that of "Old Bottle Butt", a Red Bloodwood Tree (Corym... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=179211 |
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA, pronounced ), formerly known as the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, is a trade group representing companies in the pharmaceutical industry in the United States. Founded in 1958, PhRMA's stated mission is advocacy for public policies that encourage t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=179628 |
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America The Partnership for Prescription Assistance is a program by PhRMA and its member companies that connects patients in-need with information on low-cost and free prescription medication. PhRMA has in 2017 raised concerns over price increases for generic drugs out of pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=179628 |
Lithification (from the Ancient Greek word "lithos" meaning 'rock' and the Latin-derived suffix "-ific") is the process in which sediments compact under pressure, expel connate fluids, and gradually become solid rock. Essentially, lithification is a process of porosity destruction through compaction and cementation. in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=182735 |
Sedimentology encompasses the study of modern sediments such as sand, silt, and clay, and the processes that result in their formation (erosion and weathering), transport, deposition and diagenesis. Sedimentologists apply their understanding of modern processes to interpret geologic history through observations of sedi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=182779 |
Sedimentology The scientific basis of this is the principle of uniformitarianism, which states that the sediments within ancient sedimentary rocks were deposited in the same way as sediments which are being deposited at the Earth's surface today. Sedimentological conditions are recorded within the sediments as they are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=182779 |
Sedimentology The principle of cross-cutting relationships states that whatever cuts across or intrudes into the layers of strata is younger than the layers of strata. The methods employed by sedimentologists to gather data and evidence on the nature and depositional conditions of sedimentary rocks include; The longsta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=182779 |
Petuntse (from 白墩子 in pinyin: bai2 dun1 zi0), also spelled petunse and bai dunzi, baidunzi, is a historic term for a wide range of micaceous or feldspathic rocks. However, all will have been subject to geological decomposition processes that result in a material which, after processing, is suitable as an ingredient in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186138 |
Intermontane is a physiographic adjective formed from the prefix "inter-" (""signifying among, between, amid, during, within, mutual, reciprocal") and the adjective "montane" (""inhabiting, or growing in mountainous regions, especially cool, moist upland slopes below the timberline."") The corresponding "physiographic"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186446 |
Nikolaas Tinbergen Nikolaas "Niko" Tinbergen (; ; 15 April 1907 – 21 December 1988) was a Dutch biologist and ornithologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behavior pat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188094 |
Nikolaas Tinbergen After the war, Tinbergen moved to England, where he taught at the University of Oxford and was a fellow first at Merton College, Oxford and later at Wolfson College, Oxford. Several of his graduate students went on to become prominent biologists including Richard Dawkins, Marian Dawkins, Desmond Morr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188094 |
Nikolaas Tinbergen His model for how certain behavioural reactions are provoked was based on work by Konrad Lorenz. Lorenz postulated that for each instinctive act there is a specific energy which builds up in a reservoir in the brain. In this model, Lorenz envisioned a reservoir with a spring valve at its base that an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188094 |
Nikolaas Tinbergen The final step was for the bee to insert its mouthparts into the flower and initiate suckling. Tinbergen envisioned this as concluding the reaction set for honey bee feeding behaviour. In 1973 Tinbergen, along with Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188094 |
Nikolaas Tinbergen Tinbergen's contribution to these studies included the testing of the hypotheses of Lorenz/von Frisch by means of "comprehensive, careful, and ingenious experiments" as well as his work on supernormal stimuli. The work of Tinbergen during this time was also regarded as having possible implications fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188094 |
Nikolaas Tinbergen This was the concept that one could build an artificial object which was a stronger stimulus or releaser for an instinct than the object for which the instinct originally evolved. He constructed plaster eggs to see which a bird preferred to sit on, finding that they would select those that were large... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188094 |
Nikolaas Tinbergen Some of the publications of Tinbergen are: Publications about Tinbergen and his work: Tinbergen was a member of the advisory committee to the Anti-Concorde Project and was also an atheist. Tinbergen married Elisabeth Rutten (1912-1990) and they had five children. Later in life he suffered depression ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188094 |
GlaxoSmithKline The company has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. , it had a market capitalisation of £81 billion (about US$107 billion), the fourth largest on the London Stock Exchange. It has a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange. The company devel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192517 |
GlaxoSmithKline Glaxo Laboratories was incorporated as a distinct subsidiary company in London in 1935. Joseph Nathan's shareholders reorganised the group's structure in 1947, making Glaxo the parent and obtained a listing on the London Stock Exchange. Glaxo acquired Allen & Hanburys in 1958. The Scottish pharmacologis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192517 |
GlaxoSmithKline Glaxo Wellcome restructured its R&D operation that year, cutting 10,000 jobs worldwide, closing its R&D facility in Beckenham, Kent, and opening a Medicines Research Centre in Stevenage, Hertfordshire. Also that year, Glaxo Wellcome acquired the California-based Affymax, a leader in the field of combina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192517 |
GlaxoSmithKline By the 1960s Beecham was extensively involved in pharmaceuticals and consumer products such as Macleans toothpaste, Lucozade and synthetic penicillin research. John K. Smith opened his first pharmacy in Philadelphia in 1830. In 1865, Mahlon Kline joined the business, which 10 years later became Smith, K... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192517 |
GlaxoSmithKline The company's global headquarters are at GSK House, Brentford, London, officially opened in 2002, by then-Prime Minister Tony Blair. The building was erected at a cost of £300million and was home to 3,000 administrative staff. GSK completed the acquisition of New Jersey-based Block Drug in 2001, for . I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192517 |
GlaxoSmithKline In 2011, in a US$660-million deal, Prestige Brands Holdings took over 17 GSK brands with sales of US$210million, including BC Powder, Beano, Ecotrin, Fiber Choice, Goody's Powder, Sominex and Tagamet. In 2012, the company announced that it would invest £500million in manufacturing facilities in Ulversto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192517 |
GlaxoSmithKline Philip Hampton, at that time chair of the Royal Bank of Scotland, became GSK chairman in September 2015. On 31 March 2017, Emma Walmsley became CEO. She is the first female CEO of the company. In December 2017, Reuters reported that Glaxo had increased its stake in its Saudi Arabian unit to 75% (from 49... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192517 |
GlaxoSmithKline In October 2019, GSK agreed to sell its rabies vaccine, RabAvert, and its tick-borne encephalitis vaccine, Encepur, to Bavarian Nordic for US$1.06billion (€955million). In March 2018, GSK announced that it has reached an agreement with Novartis to acquire Novartis's 36.5% stake in their Consumer Healthc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192517 |
GlaxoSmithKline , SR One tended to invest only if the company aligned with GSK's business. In September 2019, GSK announced it would acquire Sitari Pharmaceuticals and its transglutaminase 2 small molecule program for the treatment of celiac disease. GSK manufactures products for major disease areas such as asthma, can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192517 |
GlaxoSmithKline Known as RTS,S, the vaccine was developed as a joint project with the PATH vaccines initiative and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The company has committed to making the vaccine available in developing countries for five percent above the cost of production. , RTS,S, which uses GSK's proprietary... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192517 |
GlaxoSmithKline In March 2014, it recalled Alli, an over-the-counter weight-loss drug, in the United States and Puerto Rico because of possible tampering, following customer complaints. , GSK had offices in over 115 countries and employed over 99,000 people, 12,500 in R&D. The company's single largest market is the Uni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192517 |
GlaxoSmithKline , over 5billion treatments had been delivered, and 18 of 73 countries in which the disease is considered endemic had progressed to the surveillance stage. In 2009, the company said it would cut drug prices by 25 percent in 50 of the poorest nations, release intellectual property rights for substances an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192517 |
GlaxoSmithKline The US$3billion included a criminal fine of US$956,814,400 and forfeiture of US$43,185,600. The remaining US$2billion covered a civil settlement with the government under the False Claims Act. The investigation was launched largely on the basis of information from four whistleblowers who filed qui tam (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192517 |
GlaxoSmithKline As part of the settlement GSK signed a five-year corporate integrity agreement with the Department of Health and Human Services, which obliged the company to make major changes in the way it did business, including changing its compensation programmes for its sales force and executives, and to implement... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192517 |
GlaxoSmithKline From 2001, reports began to link the thiazolidinediones (the class of drugs to which rosiglitazone belongs) to heart failure. In April that year, GSK began a six-year, open-label, randomized trial, known as RECORD, to examine rosiglitazone and cardiovascular events. Two GSK meta-analyses in 2005, and 20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192517 |
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