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GlaxoSmithKline The results of GSK's RECORD trial were published in June 2009. It confirmed an association between rosiglitazone and an increased risk of heart failure and fractures, but not of heart attack, and concluded that it "does not increase the risk of overall cardiovascular morbidity or mortality compared with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192517 |
GlaxoSmithKline An internal SmithKline Beecham document said in 1998, about withheld data from two GSK studies: "It would be commercially unacceptable to include a statement that [pediatric] efficacy had not been demonstrated, as this would undermine the profile of paroxetine." The company ghostwrote an article, publis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192517 |
GlaxoSmithKline The company was also fined for promoting Wellbutrin (bupropion) – approved at the time for major depressive disorder and also sold as a smoking-cessation aid, Zyban – for weight loss and the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, sexual dysfunction and substance addiction. GSK paid docto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192517 |
GlaxoSmithKline The trial court found that the defendants had engaged in several unlawful conspiracies, but dismissed the part of the suit seeking invalidation of patents and refused to grant as relief mandatory sales of the bulk drug chemical and compulsory licensing of the patents. The government appealed to the Supr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192517 |
GlaxoSmithKline In 2010, the US Department of Justice announced that GSK would pay a US$150million criminal fine and forfeiture, and a civil settlement of US$600million under the False Claims Act. The fines stemmed from production of improperly made and adulterated drugs from 2001, to 2005, at GSK's subsidiary, SB Phar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192517 |
GlaxoSmithKline Chinese authorities arrested four GSK executives as part of a four-month investigation into claims that doctors were bribed with cash and sexual favours. In 2014, a Chinese court found the company guilty of bribery and imposed a fine of US$490million. Mark Reilly, the British head of GSK's Chinese opera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192517 |
GlaxoSmithKline All charges were dismissed by the Verona court in January 2009. In 2006, in the United States GSK settled the largest tax dispute in IRS history, agreeing to pay US$3.1 billion. At issue were Zantac and other products sold in 1989–2005. The case revolved around intracompany transfer pricing—determining ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192517 |
Aleksei Yeliseyev Aleksei Stanislavovich Yeliseyev (; born July 13, 1934) is a retired Soviet cosmonaut who flew on three missions in the Soyuz programme as a flight engineer: Soyuz 5, Soyuz 8, and Soyuz 10. He made the world's eighth spacewalk during Soyuz 5 in 1969. Aleksei's father was Lithuanian with the last name ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197189 |
Georgy Shonin Georgy Stepanovich Shonin (; 3 August 1935 – 7 April 1997; born in Rovenky, Luhansk Oblast, (now Ukraine) but grew up in Balta of Ukrainian SSR) was a Soviet cosmonaut, who flew on the Soyuz 6 space mission. Shonin was part of the original group of cosmonauts selected in 1960. He left the space program in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197207 |
Anatoly Filipchenko Anatoly Vasilyevich Filipchenko (; born February 26, 1928) is a former Soviet cosmonaut of Ukrainian descent. He flew on the Soyuz 7 and Soyuz 16 missions. He was born in Davydovka, Voronezh Oblast, RSFSR. After leaving the space programme in 1982 Filipchenko became the Deputy Director of the OKB in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197528 |
Nikolai Rukavishnikov Nikolai Nikolayevich Rukavishnikov (; 18 September 1932 – 19 October 2002) was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew three space missions of the Soyuz programme: Soyuz 10, Soyuz 16, and Soyuz 33. Two of these missions, Soyuz 10 and Soyuz 33 were intended to dock with Salyut space stations, but failed to do ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=198603 |
Nikolai Rukavishnikov He died of a heart attack on 18 October 2002. He was awarded: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=198603 |
Chemical equation A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form of symbols and formulae, wherein the reactant entities are given on the left-hand side and the product entities on the right-hand side. The coefficients next to the symbols and formulae of entities are the absolute v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199040 |
Chemical equation It also indicates that two sodium molecules are required for every two hydrochloric acid molecules and the reaction will form two sodium chloride molecules and one diatomic molecule of hydrogen gas molecule for every two hydrochloric acid and two sodium molecules that react. The stoichiometric coeffic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199040 |
Chemical equation Therefore, the same charge must be present on both sides of the balanced equation. One balances a chemical equation by changing the scalar number for each chemical formula. Simple chemical equations can be balanced by inspection, that is, by trial and error. Another technique involves solving a system... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199040 |
Chemical equation It can be balanced by putting a 2 before O, giving the balanced equation: This equation does not have any coefficients in front of CH and CO, since a coefficient of 1 is dropped. Generally, any chemical equation involving "J" different molecules can be written as: where "R" is the symbol for the "j-th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199040 |
Chemical equation The problem of balancing a chemical equation then becomes the problem of determining the "J"-dimensional null space of the composition matrix. It is important to note that only for "J"=1, will there be a unique solution. For "J">1 there will be an infinite number of solutions to the balancing problem,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199040 |
Chemical equation The net ionic equation of the proceeding reactions is: or, in "reduced" balanced form, In a neutralization or acid/base reaction, the net ionic equation will usually be: There are a few acid/base reactions that produce a precipitate in addition to the water molecule shown above. An example is the reac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199040 |
Selective breeding (also called artificial selection) is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which typically animal or plant males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together. Domesticate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=200646 |
Selective breeding For example, in some grains, an increase in seed size may have resulted from certain ploughing practices rather than from the intentional selection of larger seeds. Most likely, there has been an interdependence between natural and artificial factors that have resulted in plant domestication. of both... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=200646 |
Selective breeding These sheep were exported widely, including to Australia and North America, and have contributed to numerous modern breeds, despite the fact that they fell quickly out of favor as market preferences in meat and textiles changed. Bloodlines of these original New Leicesters survive today as the English... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=200646 |
Selective breeding Darwin used the term "artificial selection" twice in the 1859 first edition of his work "On the Origin of Species", in Chapter IV: Natural Selection, and in Chapter VI: Difficulties on Theory: Animals with homogeneous appearance, behavior, and other characteristics are known as particular breeds or p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=200646 |
Selective breeding Purebred breeding aims to establish and maintain stable traits, that animals will pass to the next generation. By "breeding the best to the best," employing a certain degree of inbreeding, considerable culling, and selection for "superior" qualities, one could develop a bloodline superior in certain ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=200646 |
Selective breeding Plant breeding has been used for thousands of years, and began with the domestication of wild plants into uniform and predictable agricultural cultigens. High-yielding varieties have been particularly important in agriculture. Selective plant breeding is also used in research to produce transgenic an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=200646 |
Selective breeding This in turn led to failure in quantifying economic benefits that successful selective breeding programs produce. Documentation of the genetic changes was considered important as they help in fine tuning further selection schemes. Aquaculture species are reared for particular traits such as growth ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=200646 |
Selective breeding (1977) showed that growth gains by 30% could be achieved by selectively breeding rainbow trout for three generations. A 7% increase in growth was recorded per generation for rainbow trout by Kause et al. (2005). In Japan, high resistance to IPNV in rainbow trout has been achieved by selectively breed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=200646 |
Selective breeding Moav and Wohlfarth (1976) showed positive results when selecting for slower growth for three generations compared to selecting for faster growth. Schaperclaus (1962) showed resistance to the dropsy disease wherein selected lines suffered low mortality (11.5%) compared to unselected (57%). Growth was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=200646 |
Selective breeding A selective breeding program at Cork harbour uses broodstock from 3– to 4-year-old survivors and is further controlled until a viable percentage reaches market size. Over the years ‘Rossmore' oysters have shown to develop lower prevalence of "B. ostreae" infection and percentage mortality. Ragone Cal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=200646 |
Selective breeding Oceanos S.A. in Colombia selected the survivors of the disease from infected ponds and used them as parents for the next generation. They achieved satisfying results in two or three generations wherein survival rates approached levels before the outbreak of the disease. The resulting heavy losses (up... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=200646 |
Selective breeding The process is also more practical and easier to understand than sibling analysis. is better for traits such as physiology and behavior that are hard to measure because it requires fewer individuals to test than single-generation testing. However, there are disadvantages to this process. Because a si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=200646 |
Magnetic resonance can mean: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=203359 |
Theodor Svedberg Theodor ("The") Svedberg (30 August 1884 – 25 February 1971) was a Swedish chemist and Nobel laureate for his research on colloids and proteins using the ultracentrifuge, active at Uppsala University. was born in Gävleborg, Sweden. He was the son of Augusta Alstermark and Elias Svedberg. He earned his ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=204819 |
Brett J. Gladman Brett James Gladman (born 1966) is a Canadian astronomer and a full professor at the University of British Columbia's Department of Physics and Astronomy in Vancouver, British Columbia. He holds the Canada Research Chair in planetary astronomy. He does both theoretical work (large-scale numerical simul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=206687 |
Brett J. Gladman During 2008–2011 he served as member and chair of the Science Advisory Council of the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. He was awarded a Killam Research Fellowship in 2015. Partial listing only below; discoveries number in the many hundreds of asteroids and Kuiper Belt objects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=206687 |
Ice XII is a metastable, dense, crystalline phase of solid water, a type of ice. was first reported in 1996 by C. Lobban, J.L. Finney and W.F. Kuhs and, after initial caution, was properly identified in 1998. It was first obtained by cooling liquid water to at a pressure of . was discovered existing within the phase st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210385 |
Protein engineering is the process of developing useful or valuable proteins. It is a young discipline, with much research taking place into the understanding of protein folding and recognition for protein design principles. It is also a product and services market, with an estimated value of $168 billion by 2017. Ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering Computational protein design algorithms seek to identify novel amino acid sequences that are low in energy when folded to the pre-specified target structure. While the sequence-conformation space that needs to be searched is large, the most challenging requirement for computational protein design is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering This method is capable of aligning up to 190,000 sequences by utilizing the k-tuple method. Next sequences are clustered using the mBed and "k"-means methods. A guide tree is then constructed using the UPGMA method that is used by the HH align package. This guide tree is used to generate multiple se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering Next, the manually processed alignment is utilized for further coevolutionary measurements using distinct correlated mutation algorithms. These algorithms result in a coevolution scoring matrix. This matrix is filtered by applying various significance tests to extract significant coevolution values ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering Following the development of a potential model, energy search techniques including molecular dynamic simulations, Monte Carlo simulations and genetic algorithms are applied to the protein. These methods use database information regarding structures to match homologous structures to the created prote... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering Protein threading can be used when a reliable homologue for the query sequence cannot be found. This method begins by obtaining a query sequence and a library of template structures. Next, the query sequence is threaded over known template structures. These candidate models are scored using scoring ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering Advantages of directed evolution are that it requires no prior structural knowledge of a protein, nor is it necessary to be able to predict what effect a given mutation will have. Indeed, the results of directed evolution experiments are often surprising in that desired changes are often caused by m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering Allying experimental evolution with modern computational methods is likely the broadest, most fruitful strategy for generating functional macromolecules unknown to nature. The main challenges of designing high quality mutant libraries have shown significant progress in the recent past. This progress... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering Mutants may also be generated using recombination of multiple homologous genes. Nature has evolved a limited number of beneficial sequences. Directed evolution makes it possible to identify undiscovered protein sequences which have novel functions. This ability is contingent on the proteins ability ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering Following PCR, the genes are cloned into a plasmid and introduced to competent cell systems. These cells are then screened for desired traits. Plasmids are then isolated for colonies which show improved traits, and are then used as templates the next round of mutagenesis. Error prone PCR shows biase... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering Error prone rolling circle amplification is advantageous relative to error prone PCR because of its use of universal random hexamer primers, rather than specific primers. Also the reaction products of this amplification do not need to be treated with ligases or endonucleases. This reaction is isothe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering This method involves alteration in length of the sequence via simultaneous deletion and insertion of chunks of bases of arbitrary length. This method has been shown to produce proteins with new functionalities via introduction of new restriction sites, specific codons, four base codons for non-natur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering Use of mutator strains is useful at introducing many types of mutation; however, these strains show progressive sickness of culture because of the accumulation of mutations in the strains own genome. Focused mutagenic methods produce mutations at predetermined amino acid residues. These techniques r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering A second round of PCR is then performed in which these duplexes are denatured and annealed with the primer sets again to produce heteroduplexes, in which each strand has a mutation. Any gaps in these newly formed heteroduplexes are filled with DNA polymerases and further amplified. Sequence saturati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering This method utilizes user defined site directed mutagenesis at single or multiple sites simultaneously. OSCARR is an acronym for One Pot Simple Methodology for Cassette Randomization and Recombination. This randomization and recombination results in randomization of desired fragments of a protein. O... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering Sexual methods of directed evolution involve "in vitro" recombination which mimic natural "in vivo" recombination. Generally these techniques require high sequence homology between parental sequences. These techniques are often used to recombine two different parental genes, and these methods do cre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering These reassembled sequences are then amplified using PCR and subjected to further selection processes. This method is advantageous relative to DNA shuffling because there is no use of DNase1, thus there is no bias for recombination next to a pyrimidine nucleotide. This method is also advantageous du... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering This method is carried out until the parental length chimeric gene sequence is obtained. Execution of this method only requires flanking primers to begin. There is also no need for Dnase1 enzyme. This method has been shown to generate chimeric gene libraries with an average of 14 crossovers per chim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering This method introduces mutations into specific regions of genes while leaving other parts intact by utilizing the high frequency of homologous recombination in yeast. This method utilizes a bacteriophage with a modified life cycle to transfer evolving genes from host to host. The phage's life cycle ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering During these PCR cycles the fragments act as templates and primers. This results in chimeric full length genes, which are then subjected to screening. Fragments of parental genes are created using controlled digestion by exonuclease III. These fragments are blunted using endonuclease, and are ligate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering The first with gene A on the N-terminus. And the other having gene B on the N-terminus. These hybrid gene fragments are separated using either restriction enzyme digestion or PCR with terminus primers via agarose gel electrophoresis. These isolated fragments are then mixed together and further diges... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering This circular construct is then linearized using restriction enzymes for which the restriction sites are present in the linker region. This results in a library of chimeric genes in which contribution of genes to 5' and 3' end will be reversed as compared to the starting construct. This method resul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering This results in the reconstruction of complete proteins by assembly of modules encoding different structural units. This method begins with the amplification of gene fragments which need to be recombined, using uracil dNTPs. This amplification solution also contains primers, PfuTurbo, and Cx Hotstar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering The first step in the process begins with amplification of fragments that need to be recombined along with the vector backbone. This amplification is accomplished using primers with phosphorothiolated nucleotides at 5' ends. Amplified PCR products are cleaved in an ethanol-iodine solution at high te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering These PCR product are converted to single strands via avidin-biotin binding to the 5' end of the primes containing stem sequences that were biotin labeled. Next, biotinylated 5' half strands and non-biotinylated 3' half strands are used as 5' and 3' half strands for the next Y-ligation cycle. Semi-r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering Biochemical and biophysical studies, along with fine-tuning of predictive frameworks will be useful to experimentally evaluate the functional significance of individual design features. Better understanding of these functional contributions will then give feedback for the improvement of future desig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering Once a protein has undergone directed evolution, ration design or semi-ration design, the libraries of mutant proteins must be screened to determine which mutants show enhanced properties. Phage display methods are one option for screening proteins. This method involves the fusion of genes encoding ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering Enzyme engineering is the application of modifying an enzyme's structure (and, thus, its function) or modifying the catalytic activity of isolated enzymes to produce new metabolites, to allow new (catalyzed) pathways for reactions to occur, or to convert from some certain compounds into others (biot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering Computation-aided design has also been used to engineer complex properties of a highly ordered nano-protein assembly. A protein cage, E. coli bacterioferritin (EcBfr), which naturally shows structural instability and an incomplete self-assembly behavior by populating two oligomerization states, is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Protein engineering A "in silico" method, PoreDesigner, was successfully developed to redesign bacterial channel protein (OmpF) to reduce its 1nm pore size to any desired sub-nm dimension. Transport experiments on the narrowest designed pores revealed complete salt rejection when assembled in biomimetic block-polymer m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 |
Weed of cultivation A weed of cultivation is any plant that is well-adapted to environments in which land is cultivated for growing some other plant. Many are quite specialised and can only thrive and reproduce where the ground has been broken by plough or spade. They are invariably annual and reproduction is by seed a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216354 |
Karolinska Institute The (KI; ; sometimes known as the (Royal) Caroline Institute in English) is a research-led medical university in Solna within the Stockholm urban area of Sweden. It covers areas such as biochemistry, genetics, pharmacology, pathology, anatomy, physiology and medical microbiology, among others. It i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216908 |
Karolinska Institute Together they form an academic health science centre. While most of the medical programs are taught in Swedish, the bulk of the PhD projects are conducted in English. The institute's name is a reference to the Caroleans. The was founded by King Karl XIII on 13 December 1810 as an "academy for the t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216908 |
Karolinska Institute This original institute was situated in the Royal Bakery on Riddarholmen (a small but central island in Stockholm) and within a just a couple of years had grown to encompass four professorships in anatomy, natural history and pharmacy, theoretical medicine and practical medicine (internal medicine ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216908 |
Karolinska Institute This new institute building was built in stages, mostly during the 1880s and into the first decade of the 20th century; it stands to this day, and has remained largely unchanged since its opening. Although it had already gained the right to confer general degrees, KI wasn't licensed to confer medic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216908 |
Karolinska Institute By 1930 the Swedish parliament had decided that a new teaching hospital was needed and resolved to build the new facility at Norrbacka in the Solna area of Stockholm. The hospital was, from the start, planned to have its theoretical and practical functions side by side, essentially signalling the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216908 |
Karolinska Institute By the early 1970s the Huddinge Hospital became increasingly affiliated with the institute and, as more and more of the Karolinska Institute's departments start to move into the hospital buildings, the area developed to become what is KI's Huddinge campus today. It was here that the medical informa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216908 |
Karolinska Institute The year 1997 marked a major point in the history of the as it was finally granted official university status with a stated mission to "contribute to the improvement of human health through research, education and information". This newly acquired status later led to the incorporation of the Stockh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216908 |
Karolinska Institute The year 2010 marked yet another significant event in the history of the KI as the institute celebrated its 200th anniversary under the patronage of King Carl XVI Gustaf. Shortly thereafter, the institute withdrew from the League of European Research Universities. In 2013, Anders Hamsten assumed hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216908 |
Karolinska Institute The close proximity of the Karolinska University Hospital and other teaching hospitals in the Stockholm area thus plays an important role during the education. Approximately 6,000 full-time students are taking educational and single subject courses at Bachelor and Master levels at the Karolinska In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216908 |
Karolinska Institute In February 2015, the KI announced it had received a record $50 million donation from Lau Ming-wai, who chairs Hong Kong property developer Chinese Estates Holdings, and would establish a research centre in the city. Within a few days, "Next Magazine" revealed that Chuen-yan – son of Hong Kong Chie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216908 |
Karolinska Institute Leung the son probably could get similar junior posts in many other prestigious-sounding – at least to brand-obsessed Hongkongers – research institutes; it's not that big a deal." The institute became infamous in the 2010s for its failure to prevent the deaths of seven patients at the hands of one ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216908 |
Karolinska Institute Gerdin found that Macchiarini had committed research misconduct in seven out of seven papers, by not getting ethical approval for the some of his operations, and misrepresenting the result of some of those operations, as well as work he had done in animals. In August 2015, after considering the fin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216908 |
Karolinska Institute While Macchiarini admitted that the synthetic trachea did not work in the current state, he did not agree that trying it on several additional patients without further testing had been inappropriate. Allegations were also made that patients' medical conditions both before and after the operations, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216908 |
Karolinska Institute After the special aired, the requested Sweden's national scientific review board to review six of Macchiarini's publications about the procedures. The board published its findings in October 2017, and concluded that all six were the result of scientific misconduct, in particular by failing to repor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216908 |
Karolinska Institute The reason for creating a special body for the decisions concerning the Nobel Prize was the fact that the is a state-run university, which in turn means that it is subject to various laws that apply to government agencies in Sweden and similar Swedish public sector organisations, such as freedom of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216908 |
Calx is a substance formed from an ore or mineral that has been heated. Calx, especially of a metal, is now known as an oxide. According to the obsolete phlogiston theory, the calx was the true elemental substance, having lost its phlogiston in the process of combustion. "Calx" is also sometimes used in older texts on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=219761 |
Tar pit A tar pit, or more accurately an asphalt pit or asphalt lake, is the result of a type of petroleum seep where subterranean bitumen leaks to the surface creating a large area of natural asphalt. This happens because, after the material reaches the surface, its lighter components vaporize leaving only the thick a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224043 |
Tar pit Other microorganisms have been found living in microliter-sized droplets of water recovered from Pitch Lake in Trinidad, including bacteria from the orders Burkholderiales and Enterobacteriales. "Helaeomyia petrolei", the petroleum fly, spends its larval stage within the tar pit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224043 |
Bowen ratio The is used to describe the type of heat transfer for a surface that has moisture. Heat transfer can either occur as sensible heat (differences in temperature without evapotranspiration) or latent heat (the energy required during a change of state, without a change in temperature). The is generally used to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224300 |
Bowen ratio The Bowen ratio, formula_10, is less than one over surfaces with abundant water supplies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224300 |
Capping inversion A capping inversion is an elevated inversion layer that caps a convective planetary boundary layer. The boundary layer is the part of the atmosphere which is closest to the ground. Normally, the sun heats the ground, which in turn heats the air just above it. Thermals form when this warm air rises int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224303 |
Capping inversion This selective process of only allowing the strongest updrafts to form thunderstorms often results in outbreaks of severe weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224303 |
Liquid water path - in units of [g/m²] is a measure of the total amount of liquid water present between two points in the atmosphere. LWP is an important quantity in understanding radiative transfer in the atmosphere. It is defined as the integral of liquid water content between two points in the atmosphere. For nadir ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224320 |
Liquid water path Again, the largest increase is seen with lower levels of liquid water path. These connections are due to the proportionality between the liquid water path and the optical depth of the cloud. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224320 |
Gaston Briart was a Belgian geologist and mining engineer who worked and studied rock formations at Prince Léopold mine, Kipushi, Katanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The mineral Briartite, discovered in Kipushi in 1965, is named in his honour. J.J. Lhoest, Famous mineral localities: The Kipushi mine, Zaire in Mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228766 |
Old age refers to ages nearing or surpassing the life expectancy of human beings, and is thus the end of the human life cycle. Terms and euphemisms include old people, the elderly (worldwide usage), OAPs (British usage which stands for Old Age Pensioner), seniors (American usage), senior citizens (American usage), olde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Old age The United Nations has agreed that 65+ years may be usually denoted as old age and this is the first attempt at an international definition of old age. However, for its study of old age in Africa, the World Health Organization (WHO) set 55 as the beginning of old age. At the same time, the WHO recognized that t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Old age However, after 75, they will become increasingly frail, a condition marked by serious mental and physical debilitation. Therefore, rather than lumping together all people who have been defined as old, some gerontologists have recognized the diversity of old age by defining sub-groups. One study distinguishes th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Old age For example, people may be considered old when they become grandparents or when they begin to do less or different work in retirement. Senior citizen is a common euphemism for an old person used in American English, and sometimes in British English. It implies that the person being referred to is retired. This ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Old age In commerce, some businesses offer customers of a certain age a "senior discount". The age at which these discounts are available varies between 55, 60, 62 or 65, and other criteria may also apply. Sometimes a special "senior discount card" or other proof of age needs to be obtained and produced to show entitle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Old age These marks do not occur at the same chronological age for everyone. Also, they occur at different rates and order for different people. Marks of old age can easily vary between people of the same chronological age. A basic mark of old age that affects both body and mind is "slowness of behavior". This "slowing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Old age These discourses take part in a general idea of successful ageing. However, at about age 80, all people experience similar morbidity. Even with healthy lifestyles, most 85+ people will undergo extended "frailty and disability". Early old age is a pleasant time; children are grown, retirement from work, time to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Old age Rubin contrasts the "real old age" with the "rosy pictures" painted by middle-age writers. Writing at the age of 87, Mary C. Morrison describes the heroism required by old age: to live through the disintegration of one's own body or that of someone you love. Morrison concludes, "old age is not for the fainthear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Old age Historical periods reveal a mixed picture of the "position and status" of old people, but there has never been a "golden age of aging". Studies have disproved the popular belief that in the past old people were venerated by society and cared for by their families. Veneration for and antagonism toward the aged h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
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