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Malcolm Bruce Smith He died from diffuse lewy body disease in 2000. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15140792 |
SNPlex is a platform for SNP genotyping sold by Applied Biosystems (ABI). It is based on capillary electrophoresis to separate varying fragments of DNA, which allows the assay to be performed on ABI's 3730xl DNA analyzers. Currently, up to 48 SNPs can be genotyped in a single reaction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15141674 |
Edmund Getty MRIA (1799, Belfast – 1857, London) was an Irish antiquarian and naturalist. Getty was educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution. He became Ballast Master of the Belfast Ballast Board and, later, Secretary of the Belfast Harbour Board. He was responsible for the reclamation of the slob-lands on the County Down and building of a "Crystal Palace" park. He wrote "Chinese Seals in Ireland", "The History of the Harbour Board", "Last King of Ulster" and articles on Tory Island and round towers. He was a founder member of the Belfast Natural History Society and one of the founders of Belfast Botanic Gardens. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15146726 |
Pittsburgh Life Sciences Greenhouse (PLSG) is an investment firm based in the South Side neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania that provides resources and tools to entrepreneurial life sciences enterprises in Pittsburgh and western Pennsylvania in order to advance research and patient care. Since PLSG began operations in 2002, it has assisted more than 435 life sciences companies and has affected more than 10,000 jobs in western Pennsylvania. PLSG has provided 34 companies with office or laboratory space, and 14 have been relocated to Pittsburgh from outside the region. PLSG has invested over $20 million in 77 companies, which has leveraged over $1.5 billion in additional capital to the region. PLSG guides researchers, entrepreneurs and emerging companies through the challenges faced in early stages of company development. They provide support to companies developing product and service innovations in biotechnology tools, diagnostics/screening, healthcare IT, medical devices and therapeutics. PLSG also helps in the expansion of more mature life science companies, by supporting new product and market developments and connecting them to investors. grew out of an original plan known as BioVenture, developed by CMU and Pitt. The initiative received a major boost in 2001 when money from the state's settlement with the tobacco industry was pledged to create a life science greenhouse in Western Pennsylvania. In 2003, Pittsburgh Biomedical Corporation, a non-profit established in 1988 by the Pittsburgh Technology Council, consolidated with PLSG | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15158793 |
Pittsburgh Life Sciences Greenhouse Today, PLSG exists as a partnership between the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, University of Pittsburgh, Carnegie Mellon University, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and the regional foundation of community. Their state mission is to "create, nurture and help establish a globally dominant life sciences industry in western Pennsylvania." Capital Investment Programs: PLSG’s Technology Development Fund is a program designed to benefit the local economy. The Early Stage Fund is geared toward seed and early-stage life sciences companies, and works to achieve rapid company formation and technology commercialization milestones. Portfolio companies Cohera Medical, ALung Technologies and Personal Health Recording for Quality of Life have all seen success from the funds.[1] In addition to funding, PLSG’s Business Growth Programs help regional innovators make entry to market and sustain company growth. Venture Capital Partnerships help to guide VC firms and angel investors to opportunities within PLSG Portfolio companies. Since start of operations in 2002, PLSG has committed over $20 million into 77 life sciences companies and have attracted over $1 billion in additional capital for these emerging businesses. Business Growth Programs: PLSG helps companies at every stage move from laboratory to marketplace, to realize their full potential. They assist in creating a management team and business model that can build and sustain companies through commercialization milestones | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15158793 |
Pittsburgh Life Sciences Greenhouse Companies already generating product or service revenue can also growth their success with PLSG programs for market expansion, new product or service development, workforce development, investor relations and industry collaboration. ----[1] <nowiki>http://www.post-gazette.com/business/2014/04/05/Business-Briefs-143/stories/201404050019</nowiki> Biotechnology Companies: · Applied Isotope Technologies[1] · Celsense[2] · Crystalplex[3] · Falcon Genomics[4] · Immunetrics[5] · MS2 Array[6] · SpectraGenetics[1] Diagnostics: · Advanced Technology Healthcare Solutions · Cernostics[1] · Intelomed[2] · NanoLambda · RedPath Integrated Pathology[3] Healthcare IT: · Better Body[4] Image · Blenderhouse[5] · Brainstage[6] · Caliber Infosolutions[7] · Chronic Health Metrics · Hability[8] · Health Monitoring Systems[9] · MedRespond[10] · MedSage Technologies[11] · Mymedcoupons.com[12] · NewCare Solutions[13] · PHRQL[14] · Treatspace[15] · Well Bridge Health[16] Medical Devices: · ALung Technologies[17] · BioSafe[1] · Carmell Therapeutics[2] · ChemDAQ[3] · Circadiance[4] · Cohera Medical[5] · Flexicath[6] · Medrobotics[7] · NeuroInterventional Therapeutics · Neuro Kinetics[8] · Quantum Ops[9] · ReGear Life Sciences[10] · Rinovum[11] · Rubitection Inc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15158793 |
Pittsburgh Life Sciences Greenhouse [12] · Separation Design Group[13] · Spinal MetRX · Starr Life Sciences[14] · Vytrace · Wright Therapy Products[15] Therapeutics: · ATRP Solutions[16] · Biomed Research & Technologies · Cognition Therapeutics[17] · Complexa[18] · Knopp Biosciences[19] · Launchcyte[20] · Lipella Pharmaceuticals[1] · LSEC ----[1] <nowiki>http://www.lipella.com/</nowiki> ----[1] <nowiki>http://biosafe.com/</nowiki> [2] <nowiki>http://www.carmellrx.com/</nowiki> [3] <nowiki>http://www.chemdaq.com/</nowiki> [4] <nowiki>http://www.circadiance.com/</nowiki> [5] <nowiki>http://www.coheramedical.com/</nowiki> [6] <nowiki>http://www.flexicath.com/</nowiki> [7] <nowiki>http://www.medrobotics.com/</nowiki> [8] <nowiki>http://www.neuro-kinetics.com/</nowiki> [9] <nowiki>http://quantumops.com/</nowiki> [10] <nowiki>http://regearlife.com/</nowiki> [11] <nowiki>http://rinovum.com/</nowiki> [12] <nowiki>http://rubitection.com/</nowiki> [13] <nowiki>http://www.separationdesign.com/</nowiki> [14] <nowiki>http://www.starrlifesciences.com/</nowiki> [15] <nowiki>http://www.wrighttherapy.com/</nowiki> [16] <nowiki>http://www.atrpsolutions.com/</nowiki> [17] <nowiki>http://www.cogrx.com/</nowiki> [18] <nowiki>http://www.complexarx.com/</nowiki> [19] <nowiki>http://www.knoppneurosciences.com/</nowiki> [20] <nowiki>http://launchcyte.com/</nowiki> ----[1] <nowiki>http://www.cernostics.com/</nowiki> [2] <nowiki>http://intelomed.com/</nowiki> [3] <nowiki>http://www.redpathip.com/</nowiki> [4] <nowiki>http://www.betterbodyimage.com/story | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15158793 |
Pittsburgh Life Sciences Greenhouse php</nowiki> [5] <nowiki>http://blenderhouse.com/home/</nowiki> [6] <nowiki>http://www.brainstage.com/</nowiki> [7] <nowiki>http://www.caliberindia.com/</nowiki> [8] <nowiki>http://www.hability.net/index.php</nowiki> [9] <nowiki>http://www.hmsinc.com/</nowiki> [10] <nowiki>http://www.medrespond.com/</nowiki> [11] <nowiki>http://www.medsagetechnologies.com/</nowiki> [12] <nowiki>https://www.innovationworks.org/Our-Companies/Alphabetical-Listing/Portfolio-Details/ArticleId/899/MyMedCoupons-LLC</nowiki> [13] <nowiki>http://silentalertmonitor.com/index.html</nowiki> [14] <nowiki>http://www.phrql.com/</nowiki> [15] <nowiki>https://www.treatspace.com/</nowiki> [16] <nowiki>http://wellbridgehealth.com/</nowiki> [17] <nowiki>http://www.alung.com/</nowiki> ----[1] <nowiki>http://spectragenetics.com/about-us/</nowiki> ----[1] <nowiki>http://sidms.com/about</nowiki> [2] <nowiki>http://www.celsense.com/about.html</nowiki> [3] <nowiki>http://www.crystalplex.com/#start</nowiki> [4] <nowiki>http://www.falcongenomics.com/</nowiki> [5] <nowiki>http://www.immunetrics.com/</nowiki> [6] <nowiki>http://ms2array.com/</nowiki> Video | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15158793 |
Freeman law The is a statement in astronomy which says that disk galaxies have the same surface brightness, Σ at the center. It was described in 1970 by Ken Freeman. The was confirmed in year 2010 for a sample of 30000 Sloan Digital Sky Survey galaxy images and it can be used with the Tully-Fisher relation to determine the luminosity and therefore distance of an observed galaxy. However more recently it has been argued that the is an effect of selection bias. The is sometimes called the Fish-Freeman effect. The Fish law (or Fish's law) in astronomy is the analogue for the with disk galaxies replaced by elliptical galaxies. It was described in 1964 by Robert A. Fish based on photometric results for 29 elliptical galaxies. According to Brada and Milgrom, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15163555 |
Taketani Mitsuo He was jailed in 1938 following making contributions to the Marxist journal "Sekai Bunka" (World Culture). However, following the intervention of Yoshio Nishina, he was released into the custody of his professor, Yukawa Hideki. He applied Hegel's theory of dialectics, with the triad Phenomenon, Substance, and Essence. Having worked with Yukawa as he developed his discovery of the meson, he used this as an example of a new substance. According to Taketani, science starts from a Phenomenal Stage where its role is to describe our experience. Next, science then asks what sort of substance may make up the objects of experience, and also what is the structure they may have, which he calls the Substantial Stage. However, he then argues the question of an essence of both substance and phenomenon emerges as the Essential Stage, which syntheses of the previous two stages. The process is then reiterated with a similar cycle repeated at a higher level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15177414 |
Underpotential deposition (UPD), in electrochemistry, is a phenomenon of electrodeposition of a species (typically reduction of a metal cation to a solid metal) at a potential less negative than the equilibrium (Nernst) potential for the reduction of this metal. The equilibrium potential for the reduction of a metal in this context is the potential at which it will deposit onto itself. can then be understood to be when a metal can deposit onto another material more easily than it can deposit onto itself. The occurrence of underpotential deposition is often interpreted as a result of a strong interaction between the electrodepositing metal M with the substrate S (of which the electrode is built). The M-S interaction needs to be energetically favoured to the M-M interaction in the crystal lattice of the pure metal M. This mechanism is deduced from the observation that UPD typically occurs only up to a monolayer of M (sometimes up to two monolayers). The electrodeposition of a metal on a substrate of the same metal occurs at an equilibrium potential, thus defining the reference point for the underpotential deposition. is much sharper on monocrystals than on polycrystalline materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15182309 |
Sergei Kurzanov Sergei Mikhailovich Kurzanov (Сергей Михайлович Курзанов, born 1947) is a Russian (formerly Soviet) paleontologist at the Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He is known mainly for his work in Mongolia and the ex-Soviet republics in Central Asia. In 1976 he announced the discovery of "Alioramus". In 1981 he announced the discovery of "Avimimus". In 1998 a species of iguanodont dinosaur from Mongolia was named "Altirhinus kurzanovi" in his honor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15183022 |
Chemical stability when used in the technical sense in chemistry, means thermodynamic stability of a chemical system. Thermodynamic stability occurs when a system is in its lowest energy state, or chemical equilibrium with its environment. This may be a dynamic equilibrium, where individual atoms or molecules change form, but their overall number in a particular form is conserved. This type of chemical thermodynamic equilibrium will persist indefinitely unless the system is changed. Chemical systems might include changes in the phase of matter or a set of chemical reactions. State A is said to be more thermodynamically stable than state B if the Gibbs energy of the change from A to B is positive. Thermodynamic stability applies to a particular system. The reactivity of a chemical substance is a description of how it might react across a variety of potential chemical systems and, for a given system, how fast such a reaction could proceed. Chemical substances or states can persist indefinitely even though they are not in their lowest energy state if they experience metastability - a state which is stable only if not disturbed too much. A substance (or state) might also be termed "kinetically persistent" if it is changing relatively slowly (and thus is not at thermodynamic equilibrium, but is observed anyway). Metastable and kinetically persistent species or systems are not considered truly stable in chemistry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15184877 |
Chemical stability Therefore, the term "chemically stable" should not be used by chemists as a synonym of "unreactive" because it confuses thermodynamic and kinetic concepts. On the other hand, highly chemically unstable species tend to undergo exothermic unimolar decompositions at high rates. Thus, high chemical instability may sometimes parallel unimolar decompositions at high rates. In everyday language, and often in materials science, a chemical substance is said to be "stable" if it is not particularly reactive in the environment or during normal use, and retains its useful properties on the timescale of its expected usefulness. In particular, the usefulness is retained in the presence of air, moisture or heat, and under the expected conditions of application. In this meaning, the material is said to be unstable if it can corrode, decompose, polymerize, burn or explode under the conditions of anticipated use or normal environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15184877 |
Thermal time scale In astrophysics, the thermal time scale or Kelvin-Helmholtz time scale is the approximate time it takes for a star to radiate away its total kinetic energy content at its current luminosity rate. Along with the nuclear and free-fall (aka dynamical) time scales, it is used to estimate the length of time a particular star will remain in a certain phase of its life and its lifespan if hypothetical conditions are met. In reality, the lifespan of a star is greater than what is estimated by the thermal time scale because as one fuel becomes scarce, another will generally take its place – hydrogen burning gives way to helium burning, which is replaced by carbon burning. The size of a star as well as its energy output generally determine a star's thermal lifetime because the measurement is independent of the type of fuel normally found at its center. Indeed, the thermal time scale assumes that there is no fuel at all inside the star and simply predicts the length of time it would take for the resulting change in outputted energy to reach the surface of the star and become visually apparent to an outside observer. formula_1 where G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the star, R is the radius of the star, and L is the star's luminosity. As an example, the Sun's thermal time scale is approximately 30 million years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15192512 |
Paracrine regulator A is a molecule or hormone produced by a tissue to regulate activity in that same tissue. Paracrine regulators are distinct from endocrine regulators, which secrete substances directly into the blood stream, thus accessing other tissues as well. Some paracrine regulators can also be autocrine regulators, which are produced by cells to induce changes within themselves. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15202596 |
Michael Frogley is a Quaternary palaeoecologist whose research interests currently include: He is a member of the ISOMED working group, involved in the analysis and synthesis of Mediterranean isotopic climatic records; he is also a founding member of the ECCUZ working group, concerned with examining the links between Late Holocene environmental and cultural change in the Cuzco region of Peru. In conjunction with Alex Chepstow-Lusy and Brian Bauer, unveiled "a new approach" to the problem of detailing Incan history by using the evidence deposited by Oribatid mites. Frogley graduated from Kingston University in 1993 with a BSc (Hons) in Geology. His doctoral research at the University of Cambridge (1993–97), was primarily concerned with the multi-proxy analysis of a sedimentary sequence from the Ioannina Lake basin in NW Greece. On gaining a Research Fellowship in Earth Sciences at St John's College, Cambridge (1996-2000), his post-doctoral work continued these investigations, focusing on the character of climatic variability in the Eastern Mediterranean during the last interglacial period. He joined the University of Sussex in October 2000 as a Lecturer in Physical Geography and became Senior Lecturer in October 2005. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15208469 |
Peter Jacob Hjelm Peter (Petter) Jacob Hjelm (2 October 1746 – 7 October 1813) was a Swedish chemist and the first person to isolate the element molybdenum in 1781, four years after its discovery by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele. Working with Molybdic acid, Hjelm chemically reduced molybdenum oxide with carbon in an oxygen-free atmosphere, resulting in carbon dioxide and a near-pure dark metal powder to which he gave the name 'molybdenum'. His first publication on molybdenum appeared in 1790. Hjelm was born at Sunnerbo in Småland, Sweden in 1746. The son of parish priest Erik Hjelm and Cecilia Cecilia Gistrénia, he was raised in the parish of Göteryd in Älmhult. After studying at the University of Uppsala, he received his Ph.D. He became professor at the Mining academy and in 1782 he became Proberare of the Royal Mint, with the job of analyzing minerals to determine their content. From 1784 on he was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. His last position was as director of the Chemical Laboratory at the Ministry of Mining. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15210243 |
Gordon Aylward Gordon Hillis Aylward is an Australian chemical author. He is known for writing the "SI Chemical Data" book. Aylward graduated on 20 May 1952 with a BSc (Honours) in Applied Chemistry from the then-new University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia. Later he received a MSc from the same university, and continued to teach Analytical Chemistry for 13 years there. During that period he organized the Approach to Chemistry summer schools, together with his co-teacher dr Tristan Findlay. To support the course, they wrote the book "SI Chemical Data" as the textbook. Later Aylward joined Macquarie University as Associate Professor and worked from 1970 till his retirement in 2005 in developing countries as a Science Education consultant for UNESCO, then for the World Bank and finally as a freelance Senior Science Education Advisor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15218575 |
Elkanah Billings (May 5, 1820 – June 14, 1876) is often referred to as Canada's first paleontologist. Billings was born on a farm by the Rideau River outside Bytown (Ottawa), now known as Billings Estate. His parents were named Lamira Dow and Braddish Billings. His family included an older sister named Sabra and an older brother Maj Braddish Billings Jr, who practised as an architect and served in the North-West Rebellion. His younger siblings were Samuel, Sarah (known as Sally) and Charles. He was originally educated in law and in 1845, he was called to the Canadian bar. In 1852, he founded the journal the "Canadian Naturalist (and Geologist)". He continued to practise law until 1856, when he was hired to be the first paleontologist for Geological Survey of Canada (GSC). In his lifetime, he identified 1065 new species and 61 new genera, including "Aspidella", the first documented fossil of the Ediacaran biota. He married Helen Walker Wilson in 1845. However, he was childless. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15228679 |
Non-protein nitrogen (or NPN) is a term used in animal nutrition to refer collectively to components such as urea, biuret, and ammonia, which are not proteins but can be converted into proteins by microbes in the ruminant stomach. Due to their lower cost compared to plant and animal proteins their inclusion in a diet can result in economic gain, but at too high levels cause a depression in growth and possible ammonia toxicity (microbes convert NPN to ammonia first before using that to make protein.) NPN can also be used to artificially raise crude protein values, which are measured based on nitrogen content, as protein is about 16% nitrogen, but, for example, urea is 47% nitrogen. The source of NPN is typically a chemical feed additive, or sometimes chicken waste and cattle manure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15234661 |
ABI Solid Sequencing This method should not be confused with "sequencing by synthesis," a principle used by Roche-454 pyrosequencing (introduced in 2005, generating millions of 200-400bp reads in 2009), and the Solexa system (now owned by Illumina) (introduced in 2006, generating hundreds of millions of 50-100bp reads in 2009) These methods have reduced the cost from $0.01/base in 2004 to nearly $0.0001/base in 2006 and increased the sequencing capacity from 1,000,000 bases/machine/day in 2004 to more than 5,000,000,000 bases/machine/day in 2009. Over 30 publications exist describing its use first for nucleosome positioning from Valouev et al., transcriptional profiling or strand sensitive RNA-Seq with Cloonan et al., single cell transcriptional profiling with Tang et al. and ultimately human resequencing with McKernan et al. The method used by this machine (sequencing-by-ligation) has been reported to have some issue sequencing palindromic sequences. A library of DNA fragments is prepared from the sample to be sequenced, and is used to prepare clonal bead populations. That is, only one species of fragment will be present on the surface of each magnetic bead. The fragments attached to the magnetic beads will have a universal P1 adapter sequence attached so that the starting sequence of every fragment is both known and identical. Emulsion PCR takes place in microreactors containing all the necessary reagents for PCR. The resulting PCR products attached to the beads are then covalently bound to a glass slide | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15236363 |
ABI Solid Sequencing Primers hybridize to the P1 adapter sequence within the library template. A set of four fluorescently labelled di-base probes compete for ligation to the sequencing primer. Specificity of the di-base probe is achieved by interrogating every 1st and 2nd base in each ligation reaction. Multiple cycles of ligation, detection and cleavage are performed with the number of cycles determining the eventual read length. Following a series of ligation cycles, the extension product is removed and the template is reset with a primer complementary to the n-1 position for a second round of ligation cycles. Five rounds of primer reset are completed for each sequence tag. Through the primer reset process, each base is interrogated in two independent ligation reactions by two different primers. For example, the base at read position 5 is assayed by primer number 2 in ligation cycle 2 and by primer number 3 in ligation cycle 1. According to ABI, the SOLiD 3plus platform yields 60 gigabases of usable DNA data per run. Due to the two base encoding system, an inherent accuracy check is built into the technology and offers 99.94% accuracy. The chemistry of the systems also means that it is not hindered by homopolymers unlike the Roche 454 FLX system and so large and difficult homopolymer repeat regions are no longer a problem to sequence. Naturally the technology will be used to sequence DNA, but because of the high parallel nature of all next generation technologies they also have applications in transcriptomics and epigenomics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15236363 |
ABI Solid Sequencing Microarrays was once the mainstay of the transcriptomics the last ten years and array based technology has subsequently branched out to other areas. However, they are limited in that only information can be obtained for probes that are on the chip. Only information for organisms for which chips are available can obtained, and they come with all the problems of hybridizing large numbers of molecules (differing hybridizing temperatures). RNA-Seq transcriptomics by next gen sequencing will mean these barriers no longer hold true. Any organism's entire transcriptome could be potentially sequenced in one run (for very small bacterial genomes) and not only would the identification of each transcript be available but expression profiling is possible as quantitative reads can also be achieved. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a method for determining transcription factor binding sites and DNA-protein interactions. It has in the past been combined with array technology (ChIP-chip) with some success. Next gen sequencing can also be applied in this area. Methylation immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) can also be performed and also on arrays. The ability to learn more about methylation and TF binding sites on a genome wide scale is a valuable resource and could teach us much about disease and molecular biology in general. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15236363 |
Vivaldi (crater) Vivaldi is a crater at 14.5°N, 86°W on Mercury. It is 210 km in diameter and was named after Italian composer Antonio Vivaldi. It has a prominent and nearly continuous inner ring whose diameter measures about half that of the outer ring. Unlike some of the lunar multiringed structures, no vestiges of additional rings are apparent around this crater. It is classified as c3 age. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15260602 |
Thomas Carr (paleontologist) Thomas D. Carr is a vertebrate paleontologist who received his Ph.D. from the University of Toronto in 2005. He is now a member of the biology faculty at Carthage College in Kenosha, Wisconsin. Much of his work centers on tyrannosauroid dinosaurs. Carr published the first quantitative analysis of tyrannosaurid ontogeny in 1999, establishing that several previously-recognized genera and species of tyrannosaurids were in fact juveniles of other recognized taxa. Carr shared the Lanzendorf Prize for scientific illustration at the 2000 Society of Vertebrate Paleontology conference for the artwork in this article. In 2005, he and two colleagues described and named "Appalachiosaurus", a late-surviving basal tyrannosauroid found in Alabama. He is also scientific advisor to the Dinosaur Discovery Museum in Kenosha, Wisconsin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15269528 |
Phytosemiotics is a branch of biosemiotics that studies the sign processes in plants, or more broadly, the vegetative semiosis. Vegetative semiosis is a type of sign processes that occurs at cellular and tissue level, including cellular recognition, plant perception, plant signal transduction, intercellular communication, immunological processes, etc. The term 'phytosemiotics' was introduced by Martin Krampen in 1981. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15280547 |
Sholem Aleichem (crater) Sholem Aleichem is a crater on Mercury, named after the Yiddish writer Sholem Aleichem. The plains deposits filling the crater's interior have been deformed by linear ridges. Adjacent to Sholem Aleichem to the southeast is the older and larger crater Vyāsa, and further to the east is Stravinsky. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15281192 |
Voluntary observing ship program Due to the importance of surface weather observations from the surface of the ocean, the voluntary observing ship program, known as VOS, was set up to train crews how to take weather observations while at sea and also to calibrate weather sensors used aboard ships when they arrive in port, such as barometers and thermometers. An Automatic Voluntary Observing Ships (AVOS) System is an automated weather station that transmits VOS program reports. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15290612 |
Humidity indicator A humidity indicator is a moisture-sensitive chemical that changes color when the indicated relative humidity is exceeded. Some chemicals are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15293185 |
Pople notation The is named after the Nobel laureate John Pople and is a simple method of presenting second-order spin coupling systems in NMR. The notation labels each (NMR active) nucleus with a letter of the alphabet. The difference in chemical shift, δ, relative to the J-coupling between nuclei mirrors the separation of the letter labels in the Latin alphabet. The letters used tend to be limited to A,B,M,N,X,Y. For example, AB indicates two nuclei which have similar chemical shifts (Δδ similar to or smaller than J), whereas AX indicates two which lie further apart on the spectrum (Δδ significantly larger than J). AB would similarly indicate a spin system containing two equivalent nuclei (A) and a third, inequivalent one (B). Nuclei which are in equivalent "chemical" environments (that is, symmetry-related), but inequivalent "magnetic" environments are distinguished with a prime; e.g. AA'. This key aspect of the notation, i.e., using a prime to differentiate between chemical equivalence only compared to full magnetic equivalence, was introduced by Richards and Schaefer in 1958. The notation can be used to represent systems of more than two nuclei, for example AMX represents three nuclei, each moderately separated from the others, and ABX represents two nuclei whose peaks are closely spaced and one other nucleus which is more distant. Examples: PHCl is an AX system whereas CHCHF is an AMX system, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15293846 |
Monster (physics) A monster, in quantum physics, is an arrangement of matter that has maximum disorder. The high-entropy state of monsters has been theorized as being responsible for the high entropy of black holes; while the likelihood of any given star entering a "monster" state while collapsing is small, quantum mechanics takes into account all possible outcomes so the monster's entropy has to be taken into account when calculating black hole entropy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15301222 |
Life Nature Library The is a series of 25 hardbound books published by Time-Life between 1961 and 1965, with revisions to 1968. It has been translated from English into eight languages and sold in 90 countries. Each volume explores an important division of the natural world and is written for educated laymen by a primary author (or authors) "and the Editors of LIFE". The 25 volumes: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15325578 |
Storm cell A storm cell is an air mass that contains up and down drafts in convective loops and that moves and reacts as a single entity, functioning as the smallest unit of a storm-producing system. An organized grouping of thunder clouds will thus be considered as a series of storm cells with their up/downdrafts being independent or interfering one with the other. A storm cell extend over an area the size of a few tens of square milles/kilometers and last 30 minutes or so. When the updraft and the environmental wind shear is well coordinated, the size and the duration of the cell can be much grater leading to a supercell. Finally, storm cells can form on the outflow of previous cells leading to multicellular thunderstorms or mesoscale convective systems. Slow motion of these more intense storm cells or groups of cells can produce large precipitation accumulations and flash flood, or other dangerous other phenomena like hail and tornadoes. One can distinguish three stages in the evolution of a thunderstorm cell: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15327229 |
Tinley Moraine The is a moraine around the Lake Michigan basin in North America. It was formed during the Wisconsin Glaciation and is younger than the higher and wider terminal moraine called the Valparaiso Moraine, which is located farther from the lake than the Tinley Moraine. Compared to the Valparaiso Moraine, the is much narrower and occupies a similar swath, about closer to Lake Michigan, and passes through the communities of Flossmoor, Western Springs, and Arlington Heights. The moraine probably was named after the village of Tinley Park, a village southwest of Chicago that lies on the moraine. The is a secondary ridge north of the Valparaiso Morainic System. Mapping suggests, that the Lake Michigan Lobe probably receded northward of the Valparaiso Moraine and then advanced towards the Valparaiso Moraine to form the Tinley Moraine. The begins as an offshoot of the Valparaiso Moraine in southern Lake County, Illinois in the kettle lake region around Lake Zurich and follows the eastern crest southward through Des Plaines, Illinois, and Argonne National Laboratory, where it is broken by the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, then sweeping southeast towards Dyer, Indiana. Trending east towards Valparaiso, Indiana, the rejoins the Valparaiso Moraine near Wheeler, Indiana. From here, eastward, the remnant becomes mixed with the Lake Border Moraine. The Lake Border Morainic System is younger than the and dates from the Glenwood stage of glacial Lake Chicago. The is considered pre-Glenwood | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15340905 |
Tinley Moraine There is little difference between the soils mixture of the and the Valparaiso Moraine. There is a greater quantity of silt and clay similar to a fine grained lake sediments. The clay-rich and pebble-poor till implies that existence of a glacial lake on the margin of the ice. The till mixture predates the Lake Chicago beaches, of which the Glenwood Beach is the oldest and contemporary with the Lake Border Moraine along the Michigan shore. The would be an earlier recession of the Michigan Lobe a short ways north, returning southward, with both wind and water driven drifts, mixed with the return of the ice front for a short duration before the northward retreat of the ice front, establishing the Lake Chicago sequence of shorelines and moraine features in northern Wisconsin and Michigan. The impounded meltwater trapped between the ice front and the Valparaiso Moraine, found a breach in the moraine east of the Illinois-Indiana boundary following West Creek into the sluiceway of the Kankakee River. An additional release may have been in the vicinity of the Deep River – Stoney Run divide east of Crown Point. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15340905 |
Tirawa (crater) Tirawa basin is a large impact crater on Saturn's moon Rhea, at . It was glimpsed by "Voyager 1" during its flyby of the moon and later photographed in greater detail by the "Cassini" orbiter. Tirawa is deep in places, as measured in NASA Voyager images, and is across. The crater has a slightly elliptic outline and an elongated central peak complex suggesting it was caused by an oblique impact. Tirawa overlaps Mamaldi, a larger and more degraded basin to its southwest. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15356354 |
ChIP sequencing ChIP-sequencing, also known as ChIP-seq, is a method used to analyze protein interactions with DNA. ChIP-seq combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to identify the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins. It can be used to map global binding sites precisely for any protein of interest. Previously, ChIP-on-chip was the most common technique utilized to study these protein–DNA relations. ChIP-seq is primarily used to determine how transcription factors and other chromatin-associated proteins influence phenotype-affecting mechanisms. Determining how proteins interact with DNA to regulate gene expression is essential for fully understanding many biological processes and disease states. This epigenetic information is complementary to genotype and expression analysis. ChIP-seq technology is currently seen primarily as an alternative to ChIP-chip which requires a hybridization array. This introduces some bias, as an array is restricted to a fixed number of probes. Sequencing, by contrast, is thought to have less bias, although the sequencing bias of different sequencing technologies is not yet fully understood. Specific DNA sites in direct physical interaction with transcription factors and other proteins can be isolated by chromatin immunoprecipitation. ChIP produces a library of target DNA sites bound to a protein of interest "in vivo" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15360151 |
ChIP sequencing Massively parallel sequence analyses are used in conjunction with whole-genome sequence databases to analyze the interaction pattern of any protein with DNA, or the pattern of any epigenetic chromatin modifications. This can be applied to the set of ChIP-able proteins and modifications, such as transcription factors, polymerases and transcriptional machinery, structural proteins, protein modifications, and DNA modifications. As an alternative to the dependence on specific antibodies, different methods have been developed to find the superset of all nucleosome-depleted or nucleosome-disrupted active regulatory regions in the genome, like DNase-Seq and FAIRE-Seq. ChIP is a powerful method to selectively enrich for DNA sequences bound by a particular protein in living cells. However, the widespread use of this method has been limited by the lack of a sufficiently robust method to identify all of the enriched DNA sequences.The ChIP wet lab protocol contains ChIP and hybridization. There are essentially five parts to the ChIP protocol that aid in better understanding the overall process of ChIP. In order to carry out the ChIP, the first step is cross-linking using formaldehyde and large batches of the DNA in order to obtain a useful amount. The cross-links are made between the protein and DNA, but also between RNA and other proteins. The second step is the process of chromatin fragmentation which breaks up the chromatin in order to get high quality DNA pieces for ChIP analysis in the end | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15360151 |
ChIP sequencing These fragments should be cut to become under 500 base pairs each to have the best outcome for genome mapping. The third step is called chromatin immunoprecipitation, which is what ChIP is short for. The ChIP process enhance specific crosslinked DNA-protein complexes using an antibody against the protein of interest followed by incubation and centrifugation to obtain the immunoprecipitation. The immunoprecipitation step also allows for the removal of non-specific binding sites. The fourth step is DNA recovery and purification, taking place by the reversed effect on the cross-link between DNA and protein to separate them and cleaning DNA with an extraction. The fifth and final step is the analyzation step of the ChIP protocol by the process of qPCR, ChIP-on-chip (hybrid array) or ChIP sequencing. Oligonucleotide adaptors are then added to the small stretches of DNA that were bound to the protein of interest to enable massively parallel sequencing. Through the analysis, the sequences can then be identified and interpreted by the gene or region to where the protein was bound. After size selection, all the resulting ChIP-DNA fragments are sequenced simultaneously using a genome sequencer. A single sequencing run can scan for genome-wide associations with high resolution, meaning that features can be located precisely on the chromosomes. ChIP-chip, by contrast, requires large sets of tiling arrays for lower resolution. There are many new sequencing methods used in this sequencing step | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15360151 |
ChIP sequencing Some technologies that analyze the sequences can use cluster amplification of adapter-ligated ChIP DNA fragments on a solid flow cell substrate to create clusters of approximately 1000 clonal copies each. The resulting high density array of template clusters on the flow cell surface is sequenced by a Genome analyzing program. Each template cluster undergoes sequencing-by-synthesis in parallel using novel fluorescently labelled reversible terminator nucleotides. Templates are sequenced base-by-base during each read. Then, the data collection and analysis software aligns sample sequences to a known genomic sequence to identify the ChIP-DNA fragments. Sensitivity of this technology depends on the depth of the sequencing run (i.e. the number of mapped sequence tags), the size of the genome and the distribution of the target factor. The sequencing depth is directly correlated with cost. If abundant binders in large genomes have to be mapped with high sensitivity, costs are high as an enormously high number of sequence tags will be required. This is in contrast to ChIP-chip in which the costs are not correlated with sensitivity. Unlike microarray-based ChIP methods, the precision of the ChIP-seq assay is not limited by the spacing of predetermined probes. By integrating a large number of short reads, highly precise binding site localization is obtained. Compared to ChIP-chip, ChIP-seq data can be used to locate the binding site within few tens of base pairs of the actual protein binding site | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15360151 |
ChIP sequencing Tag densities at the binding sites are a good indicator of protein–DNA binding affinity, which makes it easier to quantify and compare binding affinities of a protein to different DNA sites. STAT1 DNA association: ChIP-seq was used to study STAT1 targets in HeLA S3 cells which are clones of the HeLA line that are used for analysis of cell populations.. The performance of ChIP-seq was then compared to the alternative protein–DNA interaction methods of ChIP-PCR and ChIP-chip. Nucleosome Architecture of Promoters: Using ChIP-seq, it was determined that Yeast genes seem to have a minimal nucleosome-free promoter region of 150bp in which RNA polymerase can initiate transcription. Transcription factor conservation: ChIP-seq was used to compare conservation of TFs in the forebrain and heart tissue in embryonic mice. The authors identified and validated the heart functionality of transcription enhancers, and determined that transcription enhancers for the heart are less conserved than those for the forebrain during the same developmental stage. Genome-wide ChIP-seq: ChIP-sequencing was completed on the worm "C. elegans" to explore genome-wide binding sites of 22 transcription factors. Up to 20% of the annotated candidate genes were assigned to transcription factors. Several transcription factors were assigned to non-coding RNA regions and may be subject to developmental or environmental variables. The functions of some of the transcription factors were also identified | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15360151 |
ChIP sequencing Some of the transcription factors regulate genes that control other transcription factors. These genes are not regulated by other factors. Most transcription factors serve as both targets and regulators of other factors, demonstrating a network of regulation. Inferring regulatory network: ChIP-seq signal of Histone modification were shown to be more correlated with transcription factor motifs at promoters in comparison to RNA level. Hence author proposed that using histone modification ChIP-seq would provide more reliable inference of gene-regulatory networks in comparison to other methods based on expression. ChIP-seq offers an alternative to ChIP-chip. STAT1 experimental ChIP-seq data have a high degree of similarity to results obtained by ChIP-chip for the same type of experiment, with greater than 64% of peaks in shared genomic regions. Because the data are sequence reads, ChIP-seq offers a rapid analysis pipeline as long as a high-quality genome sequence is available for read mapping and the genome doesn't have repetitive content that confuses the mapping process. ChIP-seq also has the potential to detect mutations in binding-site sequences, which may directly support any observed changes in protein binding and gene regulation. As with many high-throughput sequencing approaches, ChIP-seq generates extremely large data sets, for which appropriate computational analysis methods are required. To predict DNA-binding sites from ChIP-seq read count data, peak calling methods have been developed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15360151 |
ChIP sequencing The most popular method is MACS which empirically models the shift size of ChIP-Seq tags, and uses it to improve the spatial resolution of predicted binding sites. Another relevant computational problem is Differential peak calling, which identifies significant differences in two ChIP-seq signals from distinct biological conditions. Differential peak callers segment two ChIP-seq signals and identify differential peaks using Hidden Markov Models. Examples for two-stage differential peak callers are ChIPDiff and ODIN. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15360151 |
Galactocentric distance is a star's distance from the center of a galaxy. For example, our Sun is about 27,000 light-years (8 kpc) from the center of the Milky Way. may also refer to a galaxy's distance from another galaxy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15375090 |
Mozambique National Institute of Meteorology The () is the national meteorological organization of Mozambique. It is responsible for monitoring weather in the country and for providing warning of imminent tropical storms or meteorological changes that could potentially threaten the country. For instance when Cyclone Elita struck the south-eastern African coast in 2004, the advised people living in Nampula, Zambezia, Sofala, and Inhambane Provinces to make preparations for strong winds and rainfall. The headquarters are in the capital of Maputo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15382029 |
Matisse (crater) Matisse is an impact crater on the Southern hemisphere of Mercury. Matisse takes its name from the French artist Henri Matisse. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15385934 |
Domatium A domatium (plural: domatia, from the Latin "domus", meaning home) is a tiny chamber produced by plants that houses arthropods. Ideally domatia differ from galls in that they are produced by the plant rather than being induced by their inhabitants, but the distinction is not sharp; the development of many types of domatia is influenced and promoted by the inhabitants. Most domatia are inhabited either by mites or ants, in what can be a mutualist relationship, but other arthropods such as thrips may take parasitic advantage of the protection offered by this structure. Domatia occupied by ants are called myrmecodomatia. An important class of myrmecodomatia comprise large, hollow spines of certain acacias such as "Acacia sphaerocephala", in which ants of the genera "Pseudomyrmex" and "Tetraponera" make their nests. Plants that provide myrmecodomatia are called myrmecophytes. The variety of the plants that provide myrmecodomatia, and the ranges of forms of such domatia are considerable. Some plants, such as "Myrmecodia", grow large bulbous structures riddled with channels in which their ants may establish themselves, both for mutual protection and for the nutritive benefit of the ants' wastes. Often domatia are formed on the lower surface of leaves, at the juncture of the midrib and the veins. They usually consist of small depressions partly enclosed by leaf tissue or hairs. Many members of the family Lauraceae develop leaf domatia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15400040 |
Domatium Domatia are also found in some rainforest tree species in the families Alangiaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Fabaceae, Icacinaceae, Meliaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae and Simaroubaceae. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15400040 |
Sigmund Schenkling (11 July 1865, in Laucha an der Unstrut – 16 December 1946, in Eisleben) was a German entomologist who specialised in Coleoptera. Schenkling's collection is held by the German Entomological Institute. It is notable for Cleridae, Erotylidae, Languriidae, Helotidae and Endomychidae the families he specialised in Major works only. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15412029 |
Homogeneous isotropic turbulence is an idealized version of the realistic turbulence, but amenable to analytical studies. The concept of isotropic turbulence was first introduced by G.I. Taylor in 1935. The meaning of the turbulence is given below, G.I. Taylor also suggested a way of obtaining almost homogeneous isotropic turbulence by passing fluid over a uniform grid. The theory was further developed by Theodore von Kármán and Leslie Howarth (Kármán–Howarth equation) under dynamical considerations. Kolmogorov's theory of 1941 was developed using Taylor's idea as a platform. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15413167 |
Thermal emittance or thermal emissivity is the ratio of the radiant emittance of heat of a specific object or surface to that of a standard black body. Emissivity and emittivity are both dimensionless quantities given in the range of 0 to 1, but emissivity refers to a material property (of a homogeneous material), while emittivity refers to specific samples or objects. For building products, thermal emittance measurements are taken for wavelengths in the infrared. Determining the thermal emittance and solar reflectance of building materials, especially roofing materials, can be very useful for reducing heating and cooling energy costs in buildings. Combined index Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) is often used to determine the overall ability to reflect solar heat and release thermal heat. A roofing surface with high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance will reflect solar heat and release absorbed heat readily. High thermal emittance material radiates thermal heat back into the atmosphere more readily than one with a low thermal emittance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15418290 |
Holozoic nutrition (Greek: "holo"-whole ; "zoikos"-of animals) is a type of heterotrophic nutrition that is characterized by the internalization (ingestion) and internal processing of gaseous, liquids or solid food particles. Protozoa, such as amoebas, and most of the free living animals, such as humans, exhibit this type of nutrition. In the energy and organic building blocks are obtained by ingesting and then digesting other organisms or pieces of other organisms, including blood and decaying organic matter. This contrasts with holophytic nutrition, in which energy and organic building blocks are obtained through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and with saprozoic nutrition, in which digestive enzymes are released externally and the resulting monomers (small organic molecules) are absorbed directly from the environment. There are several stages of holozoic nutrition, which often occur in separate compartments within an organism (such as the stomach and intestines): | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15430615 |
Heinrich Christian Burckhardt (26 February 1811, Adelebsen – 14 December 1879, Hannover) was a German forester and entomologist. In 1853 Burckhardt became the first civil director of forest administration in the Kingdom of Hanover (after 1866 a province of Prussia. He wrote "Säen und Pflanzen nach forstlicher Praxis: ein Beitrag zur Holzerziehung" (Sowing and planting in forestry practice: a contribution to forest education) published in Hannover by Rümpler in 1855. This work contains sections on pest insects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15432121 |
Monterey Accelerated Research System (MARS) is a cabled-based observatory system below the surface of Monterey Bay, developed and managed by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. The system, operational since November 10, 2008, incorporates a undersea cable that carries data and power to benthic instrument nodes, AUVs, and various benthic and moored instrumentation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15445422 |
Rain-out model The rain-out model is a model of planetary science that describes the first stage of planetary differentiation and core formation. According to this model, a planetary body is assumed to be composed primarily of silicate minerals and NiFe (i.e. a mixture of nickel and iron). If temperatures within this body reach about 1500 K, the minerals and the metals will melt. This will produce an emulsion in which globules of liquid NiFe are dispersed in a magma of liquid silicates, the two being immiscible. Because the NiFe globules are denser than the silicates, they will sink under the influence of gravity to the centre of the planetary body—in effect, the globules of metal will "rain out" from the emulsion to the centre, forming a core. According to the rain-out model, core formation was a relatively rapid process, taking a few dozen millennia to reach completion. This occurred at the end of a lengthy process in which the planets were assembled from colliding planetary embryos. Only the collisions of such large embryos could generate enough heat to melt entire bodies. Furthermore, it was only after all of the iron and nickel delivered by impacting bodies had arrived that core formation could proceed to completion. However, this process of core formation was preceded by a long period of partial differentiation, in which some of the nickel and iron within the planetary embryos had begun to separate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15448809 |
Rain-out model The rain-out model can be invoked to explain core formation in all the terrestrial planets, given that these consist primarily of silicates, nickel and iron. It can also be adapted to account for core formation in smaller bodies composed of ices and silicates. In such a case, it would be the denser silicates which would rain out to form a rocky core, while the volatile components would form an icy mantle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15448809 |
Wind stress In physical oceanography and fluid dynamics, the wind stress is the shear stress exerted by the wind on the surface of large bodies of water – such as oceans, seas, estuaries and lakes. It is the force component parallel to the surface, per unit area, as applied by the wind on the water surface. The wind stress is affected by the wind speed, the shape of the wind waves and the atmospheric stratification. It is one of the components of the air–sea interaction, with others being the atmospheric pressure on the water surface, as well as the exchange of heat and mass between the water and the atmosphere. The air blowing parallel to a water body imparts motion to the surface water by shear action. This is a downward transfer of momentum from the air to the water that ultimately generates a drift current underneath. The water surface also deforms under the action of wind and becomes wavy for increasing wind speeds, which modifies the grip that the wind has on the surface itself. The mechanics of the interaction between wind and water becomes thus increasingly complex. The Beaufort scale, for example, shows the correspondence between wind speed and sea states. The magnitude of this shear force per unit contact area ("τ", shear stress) is estimated through wind-shear or wind-drag formulas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15452231 |
Wind stress These formulas parametrize the shear stress as a function of the wind speed at a certain height above the surface ("U") in the form where formula_2 is the density of the air; "C" is a dimensionless quantity wind-drag coefficient and is a repository function for all remaining dependencies. The height at which the wind speed is referred to in wind-drag formulas is usually 10 meters above the water surface. The expression of "C" contains, in first place, the correction to dependency on the second power of "U" for different ranges of "U". The functional form of "C" is determined by an empirical formula that is determined from experiments in the laboratory and/or in the field. Different formulas have been established by various authors for different wind-speed ranges and taking into account the mechanics of the wind to varying degrees of detail. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15452231 |
Rabbit (nuclear engineering) In the field of nuclear engineering, a rabbit refers to a pneumatically controlled tool used to insert small samples of material inside the core of a nuclear reactor usually for the purpose studying the effect of irradiation on the material. Some rabbits have special linings to screen out certain types of neutrons. (For example, the Missouri University of Science and Technology research reactor uses a cadmium-lined rabbit to allow only high-energy neutrons through to samples in its core.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15460100 |
Kern arc The is an extremely rare atmospheric optical phenomenon belonging to the family of ice crystal halos. It is a complete and faint circle around the zenith, in contrast to the related and much more common circumzenithal arc, which is only ever a partial circle. The is named after H.F.A. Kern in the Netherlands, who first reported it in 1895. Since then it has been reported on six occasions. It is formed by rays entering the top faces of horizontal plate crystals and leaving through a near vertical side face. rays undergo an internal reflection off a side face inclined at 60° to the exit face. Near "triangular" hexagonal crystals with three alternate side faces much shorter than the others allow the to occur. The first photographs of the were taken by Marko Mikkilä close to Vuokatti Ski Resort, Sotkamo, Finland on 17 November 2007. The photographs were in natural sunlight taken from an artificial cloud of ice crystals created by snowguns. At the Vuokatti Ski Resort about 100 snowguns may operate at one time. The temperature was −15 to −18 °C in clear sky and almost no wind. Nikon D70 and Nikon FM cameras were used with Sigma 8mm EX F4, Sigma 15mm EX F2.8 lenses. Some samples of ice crystals were also collected, confirming their nearly triangular base. Mikkilä's photographs were first published in Tähdet ja avaruus-magazine 1/2008. The magazine is published by URSA, the Finnish association of astronomy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15467377 |
Ursa (Finland) Ursa Astronomical Association () is the largest astronomical association in Finland. Ursa was founded on 2 November 1921. Founding members include a renowned Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä. In 1926 Ursa established the Ursa Observatory in Kaivopuisto district of Helsinki. In 2007 the Tähtikallio Observatory & Education Center was established in Artjärvi, its current equipment includes an Astrofox 36" Folded Newtonian Open tube telescope, an Alluna 16" Ritchey-Chrétien telescope, a Meade 16" LX200GPS Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope, a Sky-Watcher ED 120mm refractor telescope fitted with a Baader AstroSolar Solar Filter and a piggybacked Coronado SolarMax 40 H-Alpha telescope. Ursa's primary functions include advancing amateur astronomy and astronomical education. They have also published a magazine "Tähdet ja avaruus" since 1971. Anyone can join Ursa for an annual fee. The organization has thirteen sections specialized in different aspects of amateur astronomy (and meteorology): In addition, Ursa has two loosely organized hobby groups: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15497994 |
Index of Earth science articles Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet. There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth science. There are four major disciplines in earth sciences, namely geography, geology, geophysics and geodesy. These major disciplines use physics, chemistry, biology, chronology and mathematics to build a quantitative understanding of the principal areas or "spheres" of the Earth system. Articles related to Earth science include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15503387 |
Marine counterparts of land creatures The idea that there are specific marine counterparts to land creatures, inherited from the writers on natural history in Antiquity, was firmly believed in Islam and in Medieval Europe. It is exemplified by the creatures represented in the medieval animal encyclopedias called bestiaries, and in the parallels drawn in the moralising attributes attached to each. "The creation was a mathematical diagram drawn in parallel lines," T. H. White said a propos the bestiary he translated. "Things did not only have a moral they often had physical counterparts in other strata. There was a horse in the land and a sea-horse in the sea. For that matter there was probably a Pegasus in heaven". The idea of perfect analogies in the fauna of land and sea was considered part of the perfect symmetry of the Creator's plan, offered as the "book of nature" to mankind, for which a text could be found in "Job": But ask the animals, and they will teach you, or the birds of the air, and they will tell you; or speak to the earth, and it will teach you, or let the fish of the sea inform you. Which of all these does not know that the hand of the Lord has done this? In his hand is the life of every creature and the breath of all mankind. The idea appears in the Jewish Tannaic sources as well, as brought down in Babylonian Talmud, Chulin 127a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15522138 |
Marine counterparts of land creatures Rashi (Psalms 49:2) traces this to a biblical source – the land is referred to as "Chaled", from the weasel (chulda), because the weasel is the only animal on dry land that does not have its counterpart in the sea. All of Creation was considered to reflect the Creator, and Man could learn about the Creator through studying the Creation, an assumption that underlies the "watchmaker analogy" offered as a proof of God's existence. The correspondence between the realms of earth and sea, extending to its denizens, offers examples of the taste for allegory engendered by Christian and Islamic methods of exegesis, which also encouraged the doctrine of signatures, a "key" to the meaning and use of herbs. The source text that was most influential in compiling the bestiaries of the 12th and 13th centuries was the "Physiologus", one of the most widely read and copied secular texts of the Middle Ages. Written in Greek in Alexandria the 2nd century CE and accumulating further "exemplary" beasts in the next three centuries and more, "Physiologus" was transmitted in the West in Latin, and eventually translated into many vernacular languages: many manuscripts in various languages survive. Aelian, "On the Characteristics of Animals" (A. F. Scholfield, in Loeb Classical Library, 1958) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15522138 |
Marine counterparts of land creatures Christian writers, trained in anagogical thinking and expecting to find spiritual instruction inherent in the processes of Nature, disregarded the caveat in Pliny's Natural History, where the idea is presented as a "vulgar opinion": Hence it is that the vulgar notion may very possibly be true, that whatever is produced in any other department of Nature, is to be found in the sea as well; while, at the same time, many other productions are there to be found which nowhere else exist. That there are to be found in the sea the forms, not only of terrestrial animals, but of inanimate objects even, is easily to be understood by all who will take the trouble to examine the grape-fish, the sword-fish, the sawfish, and the cucumber-fish, which last so strongly resembles the real cucumber both in colour and in smell. Pliny points out that many more things are found in the sea than on the land, and also mentions the correspondences that may be discovered between many non-living objects of the land and living creatures in the sea. Saint Augustine of Hippo reasons based on analogy, that since there is a serpent in the grass, there must be an eel in the sea; because there is a Leviathan in the sea, there must be a Behemoth on the land. ("City of God"? xi.15?) The reaction to such anagogical thinking set in with the unfolding of critical scientific thought in the 17th century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15522138 |
Marine counterparts of land creatures Sir Thomas Browne devoted a chapter of his "Pseudodoxia Epidemica" to dispelling such a belief: Chapter XXIV: "That all Animals in the land are in their kinde in the Sea." During the Enlightenment the ancient conception was given an innovative and rationalized cast by Benoît de Maillet in describing the transformations and metamorphoses undergone by creatures of the sea to render them fit for life on land, a proto-evolutionist concept, though it was based on superficial morphological similarities: There are in the Sea, Fish of almost all the Figures of Land-Animals, and even of Birds. She includes Plants, Flowers, and some Fruits; the Nettle, the Rose, the Pink, the Melon and the Grape, are to be found there.<br> <br> As for the Quadrupeds, we not only find in the Sea, Species of the same Figure and Inclinations, and in the Waves living on the same Aliments by which they are nourished on Land, we have also Examples of those Species living equally in the Air and in the Water | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15522138 |
Marine counterparts of land creatures Have not the Sea-Apes precisely the same figure with those of the Land? Though in "Moby-Dick" Ishmael, with a nod to Sir Thomas Browne's wording, denies the claim that land animals find their counterparts in the sea,For though some old naturalists have maintained that all creatures of the land are of their kind in the sea; and though taking a broad general view of the thing, this may very well be; yet coming to specialties, where, for example, does the ocean furnish any fish that in disposition answers to the sagacious kindness of the dog? The accursed shark alone can in any generic respect be said to bear comparative analogy to him. in discussing dolphins trained to aid scuba divers, a 1967 "Popular Mechanics" article could still casually state: "It's hoped that the marine counterparts of some land animals can be trained to become useful members of the Man-in-the-Sea program." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15522138 |
Emanuele Paternò di Sessa was an Italian chemist, discoverer of the Paternò–Büchi reaction. He was born in Palermo in 1847 as the Marquess of Sessa, in a branch of the House of Paternò, and studied at the University of Palermo with Stanislao Cannizzaro. In 1871 he became lecturer at the University of Torino, but returned to Palermo in the following year as Cannizzaro's successor. In 1892 he became a professor at the University of Rome. His main area of research was photochemistry, and discovered the Paternò–Büchi reaction in 1909. The reaction was improved by George Büchi, its other namesake, in 1954. He was politically active. He was the Mayor of Palermo (1890–1892), and in 1890 he was appointed by King Victor Emmanuel III a member of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy and was elected vice president (1904-1919) of the Italian upper house. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15524097 |
Excitation function is a term used in nuclear physics to describe a graphical plot of the yield of a radionuclide or reaction channel as a function of the bombarding projectile energy or the calculated excitation energy of the compound nucleus. The excitation function typically resembles a Gaussian bell curve. Mathematically, it is described as a Breit-Wigner function, owing to the resonant nature of the production of the compound nucleus. A nuclear reaction should be described by a complete study of the exit channel (1n,2n,3n etc) excitation functions in order to allow a determination of the optimum energy to be used to maximize the yield. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15524134 |
Lev Chugaev Lev Aleksandrovich Chugaev (16 October 1873 – 26 September 1922) was a Russian chemist. At the height of his career, he was professor of chemistry at the University of Petersburg, being the successor to Dmitri Mendeleev. He was active in the fields of inorganic chemistry, especially platinum group complexes, as well as organic chemistry. He is also known as Leo Aleksandrovich Tschugaeff or Tschugaev. Chugaev discovered that dimethylglyoxime forms a scarlet solid upon reaction with nickel(II) ions. This reaction was one of the first "spot tests" for a metal ion. An adherent to the theories of Alfred Werner, Chugaev made several contributions to the chemistry of platinum. The salt [Pt(NH)Cl]Cl containing the chloropentammineplatinum(IV) ion, is called "Chugaev's salt". Other complexes prepared in his laboratory include [Pt(SEt)][PtCl], [Pt(NH)OH]Cl, [Os(SC(NH))]ClHO. Chugaev also studied complexes of hydrazine. One of his complexes, since also called Chugaev's salt, was the product of the reaction of platinum(II) salts with methyl isocyanide and hydrazine. After many decades, this compound was shown to be a carbene complex, probably the first metal carbene complex ever reported. He discovered the Chugaev reaction during his work on thujene and terpene. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15525553 |
Diachronism In geology, a diachronism (Greek "dia", "through" + "chronos", "time" + "-ism"), or diachronous deposit, is a sedimentary rock formation in which the material, although of a similar nature, varies in age with the place where it was deposited. Typically this occurs as a result of a marine transgression or regression, or the progressive development of a delta. As the shoreline advances or retreats, a succession of continuous deposits representing different environments (for example beach, shallow water, deeper water) may be left behind. Although each type of deposit (facies) may be continuous over a wide area, its age varies according to the position of the shoreline through time. An example is the sandy beds near the end of the lower Carboniferous of the west of England (the "Drybrook sandstone" of the Forest of Dean). Deposition of this began much later in the Bristol area than further north. The detection of diachronous beds can be quite problematic since fossil assemblages tend to migrate geographically with their environment of formation. They are generally revealed by the presence of marker species, fossils which can be dated reliably from other beds. The term may also be applied to other features that vary in age, such as erosion surfaces, areas of uplift, etc. It is also sometimes applied to fossils which appear sporadically at different times in different places due to migration, though such usage is regarded by some authors as incorrect. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15525935 |
Scutellum (botany) The Scutellum is part of the structure of a barley and rice seed—the modified seed leaf. The scutellum (from the Latin "scutella" meaning "small shield") can also refer to the equivalence of a thin cotyledon in monocots (especially members of the grass family). It is very thin with high surface area, and serves to absorb nutrients from the endosperm during germination. The scutellum is believed to contain an as yet unidentified protein transporter that facilitates starch movement from the endosperm to the embryo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15530718 |
Aleksandr Arbuzov Aleksandr Erminingeldovich Arbuzov (12 October 1877 – 22 January 1968) was a Russian Empire and Soviet chemist who discovered the Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction. A native of Bilyarsk, Arbuzov studied in the Kazan University under Alexander Mikhaylovich Zaytsev. He graduated in 1900 and became professor at the same university in 1911. After World War II he was put in charge of the Soviet Institute of Organic Chemistry. Arbuzov was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1943. In addition to his scientific research, Arbuzov also wrote "A Brief Sketch of the Development of Organic Chemistry in Russian" (1948). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15541504 |
Hamaker constant The "A" can be defined for a Van der Waals (VdW) body–body interaction: where formula_2 and formula_3 are the number densities of the two interacting kinds of particles, and "C" is the coefficient in the particle–particle pair interaction. It is named after H. C. Hamaker. The provides the means to determine the interaction parameter "C" from the Van der Waals pair potential, formula_4. Hamaker's method and the associated ignores the influence of an intervening medium between the two particles of interaction. In the 1950s Lifshitz developed a description of the VdW energy but with consideration of the dielectric properties of this intervening medium (often a continuous phase). The Van der Waals forces are effective only up to several hundred angstroms. When the interactions are too far apart, the dispersion potential decays faster than formula_5; this is called the retarded regime, and the result is a Casimir–Polder force. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15544038 |
Ridley–Watkins–Hilsum theory In solid state physics the (RWH) explains the mechanism by which differential negative resistance is developed in a bulk solid state semiconductor material when a voltage is applied to the terminals of the sample. It is the theory behind the operation of the Gunn diode as well as several other microwave semiconductor devices, which are used practically in electronic oscillators to produce microwave power. It is named for British physicists Brian Ridley, Tom Watkins and Cyril Hilsum who wrote theoretical papers on the effect in 1961. Negative resistance oscillations in bulk semiconductors had been observed in the laboratory by J. B. Gunn in 1962, and were thus named the "Gunn effect", but physicist Herbert Kroemer pointed out in 1964 that Gunn's observations could be explained by the RWH theory. In essence, RWH mechanism is the transfer of conduction electrons in a semiconductor from a high mobility valley to lower-mobility, higher-energy satellite valleys. This phenomenon can only be observed in materials that have such energy band structures. Normally, in a conductor, increasing electric field causes higher charge carrier (usually electron) speeds and results in higher current consistent with Ohm's Law. In a multi-valley semiconductor, though, higher energy may push the carriers into a higher energy state where they actually have higher effective mass and thus slow down. In effect, carrier velocities and current drop as the voltage is increased | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15544777 |
Ridley–Watkins–Hilsum theory While this transfer occurs, the material exhibits a decrease in current – that is, a negative differential resistance. At higher voltages, the normal increase of current with voltage relation resumes once the bulk of the carriers are kicked into the higher energy-mass valley. Therefore the negative resistance only occurs over a limited range of voltages. Of the type of semiconducting materials satisfying these conditions, gallium arsenide (GaAs) is the most widely understood and used. However RWH mechanisms can also be observed in indium phosphide (InP), cadmium telluride (CdTe), zinc selenide (ZnSe) and indium arsenide (InAs) under hydrostatic or uniaxial pressure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15544777 |
Raimondo Feletti (1851-1927) was an Italian physician and zoologist. Feletti worked at a clinic in Catania where a street is named for him "Via Raimondo Feletti".With Giovanni Batista Grassi he published several works on malarial parasites in birds. They described, and introduced the names "Haemamoeba vivax" (1890) and "H. malariae" (1889) for, two of the malaria parasites, soon revising the genus to "Plasmodium". In 1889 Grassi and Feletti, as an honor to Laveran, proposed the genus name "Laverania" . It is now a subgenus of "Plasmodium". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15569567 |
Andrewsite is a now discredited mineral originally reported at the Wheal Phoenix mine, near Liskeard in Cornwall. It was named for Thomas Andrews FRS, the English chemist. It has been shown to be a mixture of hentschelite and rockbridgeite, with minor chalcosiderite. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15580858 |
Boreas (journal) Boreas is a peer-reviewed academic journal that has been published on behalf of the Collegium Boreas since 1972. The journal covers all branches of quaternary research, including biological and non-biological aspects of the quaternary environment in both glaciated and non-glaciated areas. Formerly published by Taylor & Francis, "Boreas" has been published by Wiley-Blackwell since 1998. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 2.457. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15586403 |
Orchidology The orchidology is the scientific study of orchids. It is an organismal-level branch of botany. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15601579 |
Nitrogen–phosphorus detector The nitrogen–phosphorus detector (NPD) is also known as thermionic specific detector (TSD) is a detector commonly used with gas chromatography, in which thermal energy is used to ionize an analyte. It is a type of flame thermionic detector (FTD), the other being the alkali flame-ionization detector (AFID also known as AFD). With this method, nitrogen and phosphorus can be selectively detected with a sensitivity that is 10 times greater than that for carbon. A concentration of hydrogen gas is used such that it is just below the minimum required for ignition. A rubidium or cesium bead, which is mounted over the nozzle, ignites the hydrogen (by acting catalytically), and forms a cold plasma. Excitation of the alkali metal results in ejection of electrons, which in turn are detected as a current flow between an anode and cathode in the chamber. As nitrogen or phosphorus analytes exit the column, they cause a reduction in the work function of the metal bead, resulting in an increase in current. Since the alkali metal bead is consumed over time, it must be replaced regularly . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15603775 |
Nicolae Frolov (1876–1948) was a Romanian geologist and agronomist from Bessarabia. He was noted for his work in explicating the hydrology of Bessarabia and as director of the Chișinău National Museum. Born in Corneşti, Ungheni, Bessarabia, he graduated from Chișinău Theological Seminary and then went to Estonia where in 1904 he graduated from the University of Dorpat (now Tartu). After which he taught at the universities of St, Petersburg, Kiev and Odessa. In 1921, he moved to Chişinău and was appointed as director of the Chișinău Museum. He taught agronomy and agricultural economics at the university there until 1940, when he retired and moved to Romania. He died in Iaşi. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15613454 |
Gene knock-in In molecular cloning and biology, a knock-in (or gene knock-in) refers to a genetic engineering method that involves the one-for-one substitution of DNA sequence information in a genetic locus or the insertion of sequence information not found within the locus. Typically, this is done in mice since the technology for this process is more refined and there is a high degree of shared sequence complexity between mice and humans. The difference between knock-in technology and traditional transgenic techniques is that a knock-in involves a gene inserted into a specific locus, and is thus a "targeted" insertion. It is the opposite of gene knockout. A common use of knock-in technology is for the creation of disease models. It is a technique by which scientific investigators may study the function of the regulatory machinery (e.g. promoters) that governs the expression of the natural gene being replaced. This is accomplished by observing the new phenotype of the organism in question. The BACs and YACs are used in this case so that large fragments can be transferred. originated as a slight modification of the original knockout technique developed by Martin Evans, Oliver Smithies, and Mario Capecchi. Traditionally, knock-in techniques have relied on homologous recombination to drive targeted gene replacement, although other methods using a transposon-mediated system to insert the target gene have been developed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15620079 |
Gene knock-in The use of "loxP" flanking sites that become excised upon expression of Cre recombinase with gene vectors is an example of this. Embryonic stem cells with the modification of interest are then implanted into a viable blastocyst, which will grow into a mature chimeric mouse with some cells having the original blastocyst cell genetic information and other cells having the modifications introduced to the embryonic stem cells. Subsequent offspring of the chimeric mouse will then have the gene knock-in. has allowed, for the first time, hypothesis-driven studies on gene modifications and resultant phenotypes. Mutations in the human p53 gene, for example, can be induced by exposure to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and the mutated copy of the p53 gene can be inserted into mouse genomes. Lung tumors observed in the knock-in mice offer support for the hypothesis of BaP’s carcinogenicity. More recent developments in knock-in technique have allowed for pigs to have a gene for green fluorescent protein inserted with a CRISPR/Cas9 system, which allows for much more accurate and successful gene insertions. The speed of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knock-in also allows for biallelic modifications to some genes to be generated and the phenotype in mice observed in a single generation, an unprecedented timeframe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15620079 |
Gene knock-in Knock-in technology is different from knockout technology in that knockout technology aims to either delete part of the DNA sequence or insert irrelevant DNA sequence information to disrupt the expression of a specific genetic locus. technology, on the other hand, alters the genetic locus of interest via a one-for-one substitution of DNA sequence information or by the addition of sequence information that is not found on said genetic locus. A gene knock-in therefore can be seen as a gain of function mutation and a gene knockout a loss of function mutation, but a gene knock-in may also involve the substitution of a functional gene locus for a mutant phenotype that results in some loss of function. Because of the success of gene knock-in methods thus far, many clinical applications can be envisioned. Knock-in of sections of the human immunoglobulin gene into mice has already been shown to allow them to produce humanized antibodies that are therapeutically useful. It should be possible to modify stem cells in humans to restore targeted gene function in certain tissues, for example possibly correcting the mutant gamma-chain gene of the IL-2 receptor in hematopoietic stem cells to restore lymphocyte development in people with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. While gene knock-in technology has proven to be a powerful technique for the generation of models of human disease and insight into proteins "in vivo", numerous limitations still exist | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15620079 |
Gene knock-in Many of these are shared with the limitations of knockout technology. First, combinations of knock-in genes lead to growing complexity in the interactions that inserted genes and their products have with other sections of the genome and can therefore lead to more side effects and difficult-to-explain phenotypes. Also, only a few loci, such as the ROSA26 locus have been characterized well enough where they can be used for conditional gene knock-ins; making combinations of reporter and transgenes in the same locus problematic. The biggest disadvantage of using gene knock-in for human disease model generation is that mouse physiology is not identical to that of humans and human orthologs of proteins expressed in mice will often not wholly reflect the role of a gene in human pathology. This can be seen in mice produced with the ΔF508 fibrosis mutation in the CFTR gene, which accounts for more than 70% of the mutations in this gene for the human population and leads to cystic fibrosis. While ΔF508 CF mice do exhibit the processing defects characteristic of the human mutation, they do not display the pulmonary pathophysiological changes seen in humans and carry virtually no lung phenotype. Such problems could be ameliorated by the use of a variety of animal models, and pig models (pig lungs share many biochemical and physiological similarities with human lungs) have been generated in an attempt to better explain the activity of the ΔF508 mutation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15620079 |
Alexander Kirilow Drenowski (22 July 1879, Ruse – 24 April 1967, Sofia) was a Bulgarian entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera. Between 1904 and 1953 Drenowski wrote 77 scientific papers on the butterflies of Bulgaria.His most significant work was on the butterflies of the Bulgarian high mountains Rila, Pirin, Rhodope and Stara Planina. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15637220 |
Peter Kolbe (1675–1726) (also referred to as Kolb, Kolben or Colbe) was sent to the Cape of Good Hope with letters of introduction from Nicolaas Witsen, mayor of Amsterdam, with a mandate to compile a comprehensive description of South Africa and for astronomical and surveying research. Kolbe is best remembered for his publication in 1719 in Nuremberg of "Caput Bonae Spei Hodiernum". Kolbe's checklist of the Cape fauna was the first to be published. In the Dutch edition, "Naauwkeurige beschryving van de Kaap de Goede Hoop" published in Amsterdam in 1727, his account devotes 45 pages to mammals, 22 to birds, 24 to fishes, and 20 pages to snakes, insects and other animals. As did a lot of writers of natural history at the time, he was prone to including exaggerated tales. His discovery and description of a giraffe elicited much interest in Europe, and even though Julius Caesar had brought one to Rome in about 46 BC, no reliable source had produced compelling proof of the existence of this rather improbable creature. Kolbe was appointed in 1705 as the first official astronomer in South Africa and worked at the Cape between 1705 and 1713, providing a detailed account of day-to-day life at the Cape, also describing the geography, climate, flora and fauna, followed by an accurate study of the Hottentots, covering their language, religion, lifestyle and customs. Kolbe's account was first published in German in Nuremberg in 1719 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15638655 |
Peter Kolbe ""Several beautiful country seats, vineyards and gardens are to be seen on almost every side of the Table-Hill. The Company has here two very spacious, rich and beautiful Gardens. In one of them stands, erected at the Company's Expense, a noble Pleasure-House for the Governor, and near it a beautiful Grove of Oaks, called the Round-Bush from which this Garden (Rondebosch) takes its Name, being called the Round-Bush garden. The other Garden which is at some distance from this is called Newland because but lately planted. Both these gardens are finely watered by the Springs on the Table-Hill and the Company draws from them a very considerable Revenue."" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15638655 |
Dehydrating agent A dehydrating agent may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15642090 |
Sullivan (Mercurian crater) Sullivan is a crater on Mercury. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15644028 |
Maralinga: Australia's Nuclear Waste Cover-up Maralinga: Australia’s Nuclear Waste Cover-up is a book by Alan Parkinson about the clean-up of the British atomic bomb test site at Maralinga in South Australia, published in 2007. Parkinson, a nuclear engineer, explains that the clean-up of Maralinga in the late 1990s was compromised by cost-cutting and simply involved dumping hazardous radioactive debris in shallow holes in the ground. Parkinson states that "What was done at Maralinga was a cheap and nasty solution that wouldn't be adopted on white-fellas land." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15652989 |
Peterson Identification System The is a practical method for the field identification of animals, plants and other natural phenomena. It was devised by ornithologist Roger Tory Peterson in 1934 for the first of his series of "Field Guide"s (See Peterson Field Guides.) Peterson devised his system "so that live birds could be identified readily at a distance by their 'field marks' without resorting to the bird-in-hand characters that the early collectors relied on. During the last half century the binocular and the spotting scope have replaced the shotgun." As such, it both reflected and contributed to awareness of the emerging early environmental movement. Created for use by amateur naturalists and laymen, rather than specialists, the "Peterson System" is essentially a pictorial key based upon readily noticed visual impressions rather than on the technical features of interest to scientists. The technique involves patternistic drawings with arrows that pinpoint the key field comparisons between similar species. Since the first Peterson "Field Guide", the system has been expanded to about three dozen volumes in the series as well as being emulated by many other publishers and authors of field guides. It has become the near-universally accepted standard, first in the United States and Europe and then around the world. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15654603 |
Colour retention agent Colour retention agents are food additives that are added to food to prevent the colour from changing. Many of them work by absorbing or binding to oxygen before it can damage food (antioxidants). For example, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is often added to brightly coloured fruits such as peaches during canning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15665197 |
Emil Votoček (5 October 1872 – 11 October 1950) was a Czech chemist, composer and music theorist. He is noted for his chemistry textbooks and multilingual dictionaries in both chemistry and music. Votoček studied at the Czech Institute of Technology later in Mulhouse and received his PhD with Bernhard Tollens at the University of Göttingen for his chemistry of sugar. In 1895 he returned to the Czech Institute of Technology where he became lecturer and professor in 1907. His academic career ended with the closure of the institute by the Nazis in 1939. He held six honorary doctorates and was an honorary member of various corporations and societies. His chemistry career kept him from doing anything about his interest in music until the age of thirty. Then he studied music with František Špilka for six years. But his other work again intervened, for a further 25 years. From his early 60s through to his mid 70s, he wrote about 60 works, including five orchestral works, much chamber music, piano sonatas and pieces, and songs. He also compiled a Czech dictionary of French and Italian musical terms. Votoček wrote approximately 70 music compositions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15673733 |
Lajos Winkler (May 21, 1863 – April 14, 1939) was a Hungarian analytical chemist. He is best known today for his discovery of the Winkler method for the measurement of oxygen dissolved in water. Relatively little is in print in English concerning the life of Lajos Winkler. Winkler studied science at the Budapest University of Science, receiving his doctorate there in 1890, while working with Carl von Than. He stayed on to work as a lecturer, among other positions, and directed the Institute of Chemistry, starting in 1909, for more than 25 years. He is said to have published several hundred papers, to have helped found the "Hungarian Journal of Chemistry", and to have been a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. See also the study of Vamos for more information and references. Natural water contains molecular oxygen (O), necessary for life in ponds, rivers, and so on. A common nineteenth-century test for determining dissolved oxygen, as described by Alfred Wanklyn, involved boiling the water sample and collecting, over mercury, the gases released, for subsequent analysis. In 1888, while still a doctoral student, discovered a much safer, and more precise, method of dissolved-oxygen analysis, which is still widely used today. The Winkler method uses the dissolved oxygen to convert manganese(II) hydroxide into manganese(III) species, and then analyzing for the latter by titration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15687732 |
Transition temperature is the temperature at which a material changes from one crystal state (allotrope) to another. More formally, it is the temperature at which two crystalline forms of a substance can co-exist in equilibrium. For example, when rhombic sulfur is heated above 95.6 °C it changes form into monoclinic sulfur. When cooled below 95.6 °C it reverts to rhombic sulfur. At 95.6 °C the two forms can co-exist. Another example is tin, which transitions from a cubic shape below 13.2 °C to a tetragonal shape above that temperature. In the case of ferroelectric or ferromagnetic crystals a transition temperature may be known as the Curie temperature. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15690323 |
Samarendra Maulik Samarendra Nath Maulik (1881 in Tamluk – 1950 in Chelsea) was an Indian entomologist. Maulik was a specialist in Coleoptera, and worked at the British Museum (Natural History) where he studied leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae; he had also held the position of Professor of Zoology at the University of Calcutta. He wrote three volumes in "The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma" series. According to his obituary, Maulik attempted to adopt a scientific attitude in his approach to all problems. His views were liberal, and he was an atheist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15699696 |
Onlap or overlap is the geologic phenomenon of successively wedge-shaped younger rock strata extending progressively further across an erosion surface cut in older rocks. It is generally associated with a marine transgression. It is a more general term than overstep, in which the younger beds overlap onto successively older beds. The opposite is offlap. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15709627 |
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