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Kintarô Okamura He is the author of important studies about seaweeds. He's also well known for his educational books collection, the "Ohraimono". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15713239 |
Eduard Honrath Eduard Gustav Honrath (11 August 1837, Coblenz – 19 April 1893, Berlin) was a German entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera, particularly "Parnassius". Honrath was a well-known art dealer in Berlin. Among his entomological achievements, he described "Parnassius graeseri" (1885) (now "Parnassius bremeri graeseri" (a subspecies), "Parnassius stenosemus" and "Papilio neumoegeni" (both 1890) in the "Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift". He was a member of the Entomological Society of Berlin, and its president for many years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15718387 |
FLASH FLASH, acronym of "Free Electron LASer in Hamburg", a particle accelerator-based soft X-ray laser located at the DESY accelerator facilities in Hamburg, Germany. It can generate very powerful, ultrashort pulses (~10 s) of coherent radiation in the energy range 10 eV (electronvolt) to 200 eV. It started operation for external users in the year 2005 and is used for surface, molecular and atomic physics experiments. Intended applications are also the imaging of single biological complex molecules with time resolution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15727524 |
Stratospheric Processes And their Role in Climate Stratosphere-troposphere Processes and their Role in Climate (SPARC) is a core project of the World Climate Research Programme. Founded in 1992, SPARC has coordinated high-level research activities related to understanding Earth system processes for over two decades. More specifically, SPARC promotes and facilitates cutting-edge international research activities on how chemical and physical processes in the atmosphere interact with climate and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15730540 |
Stibiopalladinite is a mineral containing the chemical elements palladium and antimony. Its chemical formula is PdSb. It is a silvery white to steel grey opaque mineral crystallizing in the hexagonal crystal system. It was first described in 1929 for an occurrence in the Bushveld igneous complex of South Africa. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15730749 |
Cadmoselite is a rare cadmium selenide mineral with chemical formula CdSe. crystallizes in the hexagonal system and occurs as black to pale grey opaque crystals and grains. It was first described in 1957 for an occurrence in Tuva. The mineral occurs as interstitial grains in sandstone formed under reducing alkaline diagenetic conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15731442 |
Shōnen Matsumura Born in Akashi, Hyōgo, Dr. established Japan’s first course on entomology at Hokkaido University. The courses were both applied (on insects of importance in forestry and agriculture) and theoretical. He named over 1,200 species of Japanese insects and in 1926 he founded the entomological journal "Insecta Matsumurana." Matsumura wrote many scientific papers and books including "6,000 illustrated Insects of Japan-Empire" (1931). He died in Tokyo. His collection is in Hokkaido University in Sapporo. Howard, L. O. 1930 "History of applied Entomology (Somewhat Anecdotal)". Smiths. Miscell. Coll. 84 X+1-564. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15734774 |
Takashi Shirozu He wrote "Butterflies of Formosa in Colour" Osaka, Hoikusha (1960), "Early Stages of Japanese Butterflies in Colour" Hoikusha (with Akira Hara, 1960) and "Butterflies of Japan Illustrated in Colour" Tokyo, Hokuryu-kan (1964) all of which took advantage of Japanese advanced (optical) and colour printing technologies. He also published many scientific papers describing new species of butterflies. Dr. was a professor emeritus of Kyushu University and president emeritus of The Lepidopterological Society of Japan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15736604 |
Arginine alpha-ketoglutarate Arginine "alpha"-ketoglutarate (AAKG) is a salt of the amino acid arginine and "alpha"-ketoglutaric acid. It is marketed as a bodybuilding supplement. Peer-reviewed studies have found no increase in muscle protein synthesis or improvement in muscle strength from use of AAKG as a dietary supplement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15741707 |
Thomas Melvill Thomas Melvill(e) (1726 – December 1753) was a Scottish natural philosopher, who was active in the fields of spectroscopy and astronomy. The son of Helen Whytt and the Rev Andrew Melville, minister of Monimail (d. 29 July 1736), Thomas was a student at Glasgow University. In 1749, with Alexander Wilson, his landlord and later the first professor of astronomy at Glasgow University, made the first recorded use of kites in meteorology. They measured air temperature at various levels above the ground simultaneously with a train of kites. He most notably delivered a lecture entitled "Observations on light and colours" to the Medical Society of Edinburgh in 1752, in which he described what has been seen as the first flame test. In it he described how he had used a prism to observe a flame coloured by various salts. He reported that a yellow line was always seen at the same place in the spectrum; this was derived from the sodium which was present as an impurity in all his salts. Because of this, he is sometimes described as the father of flame emission spectroscopy, though he did not identify the source of the line, or propose his experiment as a method of analysis. He also proposed that light rays of different colours travelled at different speeds to explain the action of a prism, and suggested that this could be verified if the moons of Jupiter appeared as slightly different colours at different stages of their orbit. An experiment by James Short failed to confirm his hypothesis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15743250 |
Thomas Melvill Melvill died in Geneva in 1753, aged 27. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15743250 |
Tsunamitsu Adachi A soldier from 1921-1922, entered the faculty of agriculture of the University of Tokyo in 1925. Here he became an assistant in 1932 then an associate professor in 1948. In 1954, he accepted the post of professor at Toyo University. He retired in 1976. Adachi was the author 75 scientific papers, principally on entomology, most on Staphylinidae. He was the author of eleven new species all from Japan. Lee H. Herman (2001). "Catalog of the Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). 1758 to the end of the Second Millennium. I. Introduction, History, Biographical Sketches, and Omaliine Group", Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 265 : i+vi + 649 p. () Translated from French Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15751595 |
Flaminio Baudi di Selve (7 July 1821, Savigliano – 26 June 1901, Genoa) was an Italian entomologist who specialised in Coleoptera but also Heteroptera. He wrote Europae et circummediterraneae Faunae Tenebrionidum specierum, quae Comes Dejean in suo Catalogo, editio 3, consignavit, ejusdem collectione in R. Taurinensi Musaeo asservata, cum auctorum hodierne recepta denominatione collatio. Pars tertia. "Dtsch. Entomol. Z". 20: 225-267 (1876), "Catalogo dei coleotteri del Piemonte" Torino, Tip. e. Lit. Camilla E. Bertolero (1889) and very many shorter works on beetles.He described many new species. His insect collection, mainly Palearctic is shared between Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Turin Museum of Natural History and Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Regione Piemonte | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15753039 |
Phi Sigma (ΦΣ) is an honor society for students of biological sciences. is also the name of a local greek life organization at Trine University, in Angola Indiana, that branched from Sigma. The honor society was founded on March 17, 1915 at Ohio State University. It became a member of the Association of College Honor Societies in 1950. The Greek letters, Phi and Sigma, signify "fellows in science". The coat of arms contains the motto of the organization in Greek, which when translated means, "Truth shall spring from the earth." The coat displays the society's colors: white, yellow, and green. is reserved for students who have demonstrated interest in research, and are at the top of their class in their respective universities. At least one-fourth of their college training should include biological sciences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15758021 |
Niall McNeill Niall MacNeill (1899–1969) was an Irish army officer and entomologist who specialised in Odonata and Heteroptera. He was the son of Eoin MacNeill founder of the Irish Volunteers which Niall MacNeill joined later becoming an officer in the Irish Army. With the rank of Colonel he specialised in surveying, training with the Royal Engineers on the Isle of Wight. After retiring from the army he worked for the State Ordnance Survey and he was made Assistant Director in 1935. MacNeill is best known for his studies of larval Odonata on which he worked with A. Eric Gardner and Frederic Charles Fraser. He was a personal friend of both and of Cynthia Longfield. Niall MacNeill was a Member of the Royal Irish Academy and a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15767494 |
Biological cost In biology, the "biological cost" or "metabolic price" is a measure of the increased energy metabolism that is required to achieve a function. Drug resistance in microbiology, for instance, has a very high metabolic price, especially for antibiotic resistance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15769677 |
Rudolf Püngeler (15 February 1857 in Burtscheid – 1 February 1927 in Aachen) was a German entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera. He was a district court lawyer in Aachen. Püngeler described very many new species and named ten new genera of moths mainly in "Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris. Dresden". His most important work was on the Lepidoptera of Central Asia and China. His collection of Palaearctic Lepidoptera is in the Berlin Museum für Naturkunde. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15783332 |
2 base encoding 2 Base Encoding, also called SOLiD (sequencing by oligonucleotide ligation and detection), is a next-generation sequencing technology developed by Applied Biosystems and has been commercially available since 2008. These technologies generate hundreds of thousands of small sequence reads at one time. Well-known examples of such DNA sequencing methods include 454 pyrosequencing (introduced in 2005), the Solexa system (introduced in 2006) and the SOLiD system (introduced in 2007). These methods have reduced the cost from $0.01/base in 2004 to nearly $0.0001/base in 2006 and increased the sequencing capacity from 1,000,000 bases/machine/day in 2004 to more than 100,000,000 bases/machine/day in 2006. 2-base encoding is based on ligation sequencing rather than sequencing by synthesis. However, instead of using fluorescent labeled 9-mer probes that distinguish only 6 bases, 2-base encoding takes advantage of fluorescent labeled 8-mer probes that distinguish the two 3 prime most bases but can be cycled similar to the Macevicz method, thus greater than 6bp reads can be obtained (25-50bp published, 50bp in NCBI in Feb 2008). The enables reading each base twice without performing twice the work. The general steps common to many of these next-generation sequencing techniques include: In 1988, Whiteley "et al." demonstrated the use of fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide ligation for the detection of DNA variants. In 1995 Macevicz demonstrated repeated ligation of oligonucleotides to detect contiguous DNA variants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15791844 |
2 base encoding In 2003, Dressman "et al." demonstrated the use of emulsion PCR to generate millions of clonally amplified beads which one could perform these repeated ligation assays on. In 2005, Shendure "et al." performed a sequencing procedure which combined Whiteley and Dressman techniques performing ligation of fluorescent labeled "8 base degenerate" 9-mer probes which distinguished a different base according to the probes label and non degenerate base. This process was repeated (without regenerating an extendable end as in Macevicz) using identical primers but with probes with labels which identified different non-degenerate base to sequence 6bp reads in 5->3 direction and 7bp reads in the 3->5 direction. The SOLiD Sequencing System uses probes with dual base encoding. The underlying chemistry is summarized in the following steps: - Step 1, Preparing a Library: This step begins with shearing the genomic DNA into small fragments. Then, two different adapters are added (for example A1 and A2). The resulting library contains template DNA fragments, which are tagged with one adapter at each end (A1-template-A2). - Step 2, Emulsion PCR: In this step, the emulsion (droplets of water suspended in oil) PCR reaction is performed using DNA fragments from library, two primers (P1 and P2) that complement to the previously used adapters (P1 with A1 and P2 with A2), other PCR reaction components and 1μm beads coupled with one of the primers (e.g. P1) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15791844 |
2 base encoding make dilution from DNA library to maximize the droplet that contain one DNA fragment and one bead into a single emulsion droplet. In each droplet, DNA template anneals to the P1-coupled bead from its A1 side. Then DNA polymerase will extend from P1 to make the complementary sequence, which eventually results in a bead enriched with PCR products from a single template. After PCR reaction, templates are denatured and disassociate from the beads. Dressman "et al." first describe this technique in 2003. - Step 3, Bead Enrichment: In practice, only 30% of beads have target DNA. To increase the number of beads that have target DNA, large polystyrene beads coated with A2 are added to the solution. Thus, any bead containing the extended products will bind polystyrene bead through its P2 end. The resulting complex will be separated from untargeted beads, and melt off to dissociate the targeted beads from polystyrene. This step can increase the throughput of this system from 30% before enrichment to 80% after enrichment. After enrichment, the 3’-end of products (P2 end) will be modified which makes them capable of covalent bonding in the next step. Therefore, the products of this step are DNA-coupled beads with 3’-modification of each DNA strand. - Step 4, Bead Deposition: In this step, products of the last step are deposited onto a glass slide. Beads attach to the glass surface randomly through covalent bonds of the 3’-modified beads and the glass | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15791844 |
2 base encoding - Step 5, Sequencing Reaction: As mentioned earlier, unlike other next-generation methods which perform sequencing through synthesis, 2-base encoding is based on sequencing by ligation. The ligation is performed using specific 8-mer probes: These probes are eight bases in length with a free hydroxyl group at the 3’ end, a fluorescent dye at the 5’ end and a cleavage site between the fifth and sixth nucleotide. The first two bases (starting at the 3' end) are complementary to the nucleotides being sequenced. Bases 3 through 5 are degenerate and able to pair with any nucleotides on the template sequence. Bases 6-8 are also degenerate but are cleaved off, along with the fluorescent dye, as the reaction continues. Cleavage of the fluorescent dye and bases 6-8 leaves a free 5' phosphate group ready for further ligation. In this manner positions n+1 and n+2 are correctly base-paired followed by n+6 and n+7 being correctly paired, etc. The composition of bases n+3,n+4 and n+5 remains undetermined until further rounds of the sequencing reaction. The sequencing step is basically composed of five rounds and each round consists of about 5-7 cycles (Figure 2). Each round begins with the addition of a P1-complementary universal primer. This primer has, for example, n nucleotides and its 5’-end matches exactly with the 3’-end of the P1. In each cycle, 8-mer probes are added and ligated according to their first and second bases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15791844 |
2 base encoding Then, the remaining unbound probes are washed out, the fluorescent signal from the bound probe is measured, and the bound probe is cleaved between its fifth and sixth nucleotide. Finally the primer and probes are all reset for the next round. In the next round a new universal primer anneals the position n-1 (its 5’-end matches to the base exactly before the 3’-end of the P1) and the subsequent cycles are repeated similar to the first round. The remaining three rounds will be performed with new universal primers annealing positions n-2, n-3 and n-4 relative to the 3'-end of P1. A complete reaction of five rounds allows the sequencing of about 25 base pairs of the template from P1. - Step 6, Decoding Data: For decoding the data, which are represented as colors, we must first know two important factors. First, we must know that each color indicates two bases. Second, we need to know one of the bases in the sequence: this base is incorporated in the sequence in the last (fifth) round of step5. This known base is the last nucleotide of the 3’-end of the known P1. Therefore, since each color represents two nucleotides in which the second base of each dinucleotide unit constitutes the first base of the following dinucleotide, knowing just one base in the sequence will lead us to interpret the whole sequence(Figure 2). In practice direct translation of color reads into base reads is not advised as the moment one encounters an error in the color calls it will result in a frameshift of the base calls | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15791844 |
2 base encoding To best leverage the "error correction" properties of two base encoding it is best to convert your base reference sequence into color-space. There is one unambiguous conversion of a base reference sequence into color-space and while the reverse is also true the conversion can be wildly inaccurate if there are any sequencing errors. Mapping color-space reads to a color-space reference can properly utilize the two-base encoding rules where only adjacent color differences can represent a true base polymorphism. Direct decoding or translation of the color reads into bases cannot do this efficiently without other knowledge. More specifically, this method is not an error correction tool but an error transformation tool. Color-space transforms your most common error mode (single measurement errors) into a different frequency than your most common form of DNA variation (SNPs or single base changes). These single base changes affect adjacent colors in color space. There are logical rules which help correct adjacent errors into 'valid' and 'invalid' adjacent errors. The likelihood of getting two adjacent errors in a 50-bp read can be estimated. There are 49 ways of making adjacent changes to a 50 letter string (50-bp read). There are 1225 ways of making non-adjacent changes to a 50 letter string (50 choose 2). Simplistically, if one assumes errors are completely random (they are usually higher frequency at the end of reads) only 49 out of 1225 errors will be candidates for SNPs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15791844 |
2 base encoding In addition, only one third of the adjacent errors can be valid errors according to the known labeling of the probes thus delivering only 16 out of 1225 errors which can be candidates for SNPs. This is particularly useful for low coverage SNP detection as it reduces false positives at low coverage, Smith "et al." Each base in this sequencing method is read twice. This changes the color of two adjacent color space calls, therefore in order to miscall a SNP, two adjacent colors must be miscalled. Because of this the SNP miscall rate is on the order of e^2, where e is the device error rate. When base calling single color miscalls cause errors on the remaining portion of the read. In SNP calling this can be corrected, which results in a lower SNP calling error rate. However for simplistic de novo assembly you are left with the raw device error rate which will be significantly higher than the 0.06% reported for SNP calling. Quality filtering of the reads can deliver higher raw accuracy reads which when aligned to form color contigs can deliver reference sequences where can be better leveraged. Hybrid assemblies with other technologies can also better utilize the 2 base encoding. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15791844 |
Manipulation of atoms by optical field When a group of atoms is super-cooled to temperatures near absolute zero, they form a Bose–Einstein condensate, a state of matter where quantum effects can be observed in the macroscopic system. In this state, the trajectories of the atoms can be manipulated using light. If a super-cooled atomic gas is placed in a standing light wave produced by two counter-propagating lasers of certain frequency, the atoms are diffracted in different order. A cold atom absorbs a photon from one of the laser beams and emits a photon in the other beam receiving a net momentum of formula_1 in the direction of the absorbed photon. Here formula_2 is the magnitude of the wave vector of the laser. This is called two-photon recoil process. In such situation, a BEC cloud sitting at the center of a trap is split into two identical clouds. The clouds then travel in opposite directions with a velocity, formula_3 in the direction of the photon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15795860 |
Rhondda Jones Rhondda Elizabeth Jones (born 1945) was the first Professor of Zoology and the first female professor at James Cook University, and served as Deputy Vice-Chancellor from 1997 to 2000. Professor Jones was previously the Chair of the Academic Board of James Cook University. In 2019 she is Director, Research Development in the division of Tropical Health & Medicine at James Cook University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15796061 |
HCM-6A is an LAE galaxy that was found in 2002 by a team led by Esther Hu from the University of Hawaii, using the Keck II Telescope in Hawaii. is located behind the Abell 370 galactic cluster, near M77 in the constellation Cetus, which enabled the astronomers to use Abell 370 as a gravitational lens to get a clearer image of the object. was the farthest object known at the time of its discovery. It exceeded SSA22−HCM1 ("z" = 5.74) as the most distant normal galaxy known, and quasar SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 ("z" = 6.28) as the most distant object known. In 2003, SDF J132418.3+271455 ("z" = 6.578) was discovered, and took over the title of most remote object known, most remote galaxy known, and most remote normal galaxy known. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15796200 |
Informative site In phylogenetics, informative site is a term used in the context of maximum parsimony, to refer to a characteristic that can usefully distinguish between samples at a genetic level (for example samples from different species or sub-species). The informative site is a position in the relevant set of sequences at which there are at least two different character states at that point in the sequences, and each of those states occurs in at least two of the sequences. Character states can take on multiple types of data, including morphological (such as the presence of wings, tentacles, etc.) or molecular information such as sequences of DNA or proteins. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15806009 |
Raymond R. Rogers Raymond Robert Rogers is a professor and chair of geology at Macalester College. He earned his B.S. in geology from Northern Arizona University in 1985, his M.S. from the University of Montana in 1989, and his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1995 Rogers' specializations are as a sedimentary geologist and taphonomist, with a focus on the study of terrestrial and marginal marine depositional systems, particularly those with abundant fossils. He is one of the editors of the book "Bonebeds: Genesis, Analysis, and Paleobiological Significance", from the University Of Chicago Press (2008). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15816225 |
Christian von Steven (; 19 January 1781, in Fredrikshamn, Finland – 30 April 1863, in Simferopol, Crimea) was a Finnish-born Russian botanist and entomologist. Steven studied medicine at Saint Petersburg University before working at a centre for silk production in the Caucasus where he commenced as an assistant, progressing to inspector (1806). In 1812, he participated in the creation of a Nikitsky Botanical Garden at Nikita in the Crimea, which he directed from 1824. From 1826 to 1851, he directed a Magnanery. In 1815, he was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He collected an important herbarium which is deposited at the Botanical Museum of the University of Helsinki. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15840184 |
John Nugent Fitch (24 October 1840–11 January 1927) was a British botanical illustrator and lithographer, best known for his contribution of 528 plates to "The Orchid Album", a landmark work of eleven volumes published between 1872 and 1897. Fitch was the nephew of botanical artist Walter Hood Fitch (1817-1892). Fitch also contributed to Curtis's Botanical Magazine from 1878, joining a select group of illustrators such as William Kilburn, James Sowerby, Sydenham Edwards, William Jackson Hooker and Walter Hood Fitch. Fitch also produced plates for "Lepidoptera Indica" by Frederic Moore. Fitch was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1877. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15840962 |
Hoelite is a mineral, discovered in 1922 at Mt. Pyramide, Spitsbergen, Norway and named after Norwegian geologist Adolf Hoel (1879–1964). Its chemical formula is CHO (9,10-anthraquinone). It is a very rare organic mineral which occurs in coal fire environments in association with sal ammoniac and native sulfur. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15843784 |
Tohru Fukuyama Fukuyama studied chemistry at Nagoya University with degrees Bachelor's (1971) and Master's (1973) degrees. As a graduate student, he then worked at Harvard University, where he received his doctorate in 1977 as an academic student of Yoshito Kishi. Until 1978, he continued his research as a postdoc in the Department of Chemistry of Harvard University and then moved to Rice University as an assistant professor, where in 1988 he obtained the rank of a chair holder. In 1995, he accepted a professorship in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan. Since 2013, Fukuyama has been working as a professor at the Nagoya University - more precisely: Designated Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences. The 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner Satoshi Ōmura is his old friend. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15848953 |
Kenkichi Sonogashira Kenkichi Sonogashira | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15857645 |
Makoto Kumada Makoto Kumada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15857750 |
Hideki Sakurai He discovered the Sakurai reaction in 1976. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15858294 |
Kurimoto Masayoshi He was physician to the 11th Tokugawa shōgun Tokugawa Ienari lectured on Materia Medica. In 1811 he wrote "Kurimoto’s Iconographia Insectorum" which records 500 Japanese insects. In 1826 he met Philipp Franz von Siebold and they worked together. gave him drawings of Crustacea. One of these Squilla maculata a Mantis shrimp was used by Wilhem de Haan in Siebold’s "Fauna Japonica". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15858961 |
Fauna Japonica is a series of monographs on the zoology of Japan. It was the first book written in a European language (French) on the Japanese fauna, and published serially in five volumes between 1833 and 1850. The full title is . Based on the collections made by Philipp Franz von Siebold (who edited the text) and his successor Heinrich Bürger in Japan, Fauna Japonica's vertebrate volumes were authored by the Leyden Museum naturalists Coenraad Jacob Temminck and Hermann Schlegel. Wilhem de Haan, also at the Leyden museum wrote the invertebrate volumes assisted by the Japanese artist naturalists Keiga Kawahara, Kurimoto Masayoshi and others.The volumes were a rare chance for European naturalists to learn about the wildlife in isolationist Japan. The 5 volumes that make up "Fauna Japonica" were published by P. F. von Siebold and Lugduni Batavorum between 1833 and 1850. Originally intended to include all Japanese fauna, the published volumes pertain to Vertebrates and Crustacea only. Though a lot of the content was based on his own collections of specimen, von Siebold was the editor and publisher, not the writer of "Fauna Japonica". C. J. Temminck and H. Schlegel authored the Vertebrata volumes, for which von Siebold did write an introduction, and W. de Haan wrote the volume on the Crustacea. While an 1849 letter between Temminck, then director of the Leiden Museum, and the Netherlands Ministry of Internal Affairs, indicates that J. A | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15860399 |
Fauna Japonica Herklots studied the other invertebrates in von Siebold's collection, no volume of his was published in this series. The publication of the each volume was done in the form of several fascicles called "Decades" over many years. This process poses many problems for modern scientists trying to keep track of the nomenclature of Japanese wildlife, because both text and plates often introduced nomenclature and described new taxa with inconsistent priority. For example, the volume devoted to bird, "Aves," was published in 12 "livraisons" ("deliveries" in French). The problem is or special concern for de Haan's Crustacea volume, in which many new genera and species were described.The problem arises because of uncertain dating on each component of these volumes. For a sense of how widley dispersed in time the publication of even a single volume can be, the following table records the different dates of publication for the different "Decades" of the first volume of "Fauna Japonica", Crustacea. "Fauna Japonica" was considered important for its comprehensiveness, specifically of relevance to carcinologists. The Crustacea volume especially is consulted by those researching Decapods and Stomatopods. The work was influential on Philipp Franz von Siebold's reputation as a scientist in Europe and Japan. Numerous reprints and facsimiles have been issued since, some including unpublished artwork by collaborator Keiga Kawahara. Von Siebold's collection is now housed at the Horus Botanicus Leiden, the botanical garden in Leiden. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15860399 |
Maximon (particle) Maximon – an hypothetical elementary particle of maximum mass in the mass spectrum of elementary particles having mass of 5 × 10 eV. Maximons can be electrically charged or neutral, they can have internal temperature of maximum or absolute zero, spin. They can look like black holes also. Existence of maximons was postulated by Soviet academician M. A. Markov in 1966. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15864430 |
Specific force is defined as the non-gravitational force per unit mass. (also called g-force and mass-specific force) is measured in meters/second² (m·s) which is the units for acceleration. Thus, specific force is not actually a force, but a type of acceleration. However, the (mass-)specific force is not a coordinate-acceleration, but rather a proper acceleration, which is the acceleration relative to free-fall. Forces, specific forces, and proper accelerations are the same in all reference frames, but coordinate accelerations are frame-dependent. For free bodies, the specific force is the cause of, and a measure of, the body's proper acceleration. The g-force acceleration is the same as the specific force. The acceleration of an object free falling towards the earth depends on the reference frame (it disappears in the free-fall frame, also called the inertial frame), but any g-force "acceleration" will be present in all frames. This specific force is zero for freely-falling objects, since gravity acting alone does not produce g-forces or specific forces. Accelerometers on the surface of the Earth measure a constant 9.8 m/s^2 even when they are not accelerating (that is, when they do not undergo coordinate acceleration). This is because accelerometers measure the proper acceleration produced by the g-force exerted by the ground (gravity acting alone never produces g-force or specific force) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15868806 |
Specific force Accelerometers measure specific force (proper acceleration), which is the acceleration relative to free-fall, not the "standard" acceleration that is relative to a coordinate system. In open channel hydraulics, specific force (formula_2) has a different meaning: where Q is the discharge, g is the acceleration due to gravity, A is the cross-sectional area of flow, and z is the depth of the centroid of flow area A. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15868806 |
Iwasaki Tsunemasa also Kan-en ( or , 1786–1842) was a Japanese botanist, zoologist and entomologist. He was also a samurai in the service of the Tokugawa shogunate. He wrote: Ueno Masuzo (year?) Japanese entomology in the first half of the nineteenth century "Japanese journal of entomology" Vol.27, No.1(19590315) pp. 4–9 The Entomological Society of Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15875824 |
Maeda Toshiyasu (Toyama) Toshiyasu was born in Edo as Keitaro (啓太郎), the second son of Maeda Toshinori, but was still underage on his father’s death, so the domain was assigned to Maeda Toshitsuyo instead. In 1811, he was adopted by Toshitsuyo to restore the line of succession and became "daimyō" in 1835 when Toshitsuyo retired due to illness. On taking office, the domain was hit hard by a crop failure, which continued through 1838 as part of the Tenpō famine. The domain defaulted on all its debts, and was forced to take a 30,000 "ryō" loan from the shogunate in 1838, followed by an additional 25,000 "ryō" the following year. In 1841, the domain reported that it did not have the funds to make its required "sankin kōtai" to Edo. In 1846, citing ill heath, Toshiyasu went into retirement in favor of his sixth son, Maeda Toshitomo. His wife was a daughter of Asano Narikata of Hiroshima Domain. Along with Kuroda Narikiyo of Fukuoka Domain, he was also a noted scientist, and organised a society of naturalists which met each month. An account was written of the subject discussed, for instance, in September 1840 they discussed the beetle family Scarabaeidae and wrote "Kyōro-shakō-zusetsu" in which twenty chafer species are scientifially drawn and described.As these studies were refined each member of the group became a specialist | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15877412 |
Maeda Toshiyasu (Toyama) Maede learned the Dutch language (the Japanese naturalists followed Philipp Franz von Siebold and also learned the French language Siebold's choice for Fauna Japonica and Flora Japonica) and translated the Dutch language Systema Naturae into Japanese. He is also noted for authoring the "Honzō Tsūkan", an encyclopaedia of Chinese medicinal herbs, which remained uncompleted in 94 volumes at the time of his death. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15877412 |
Twistor correspondence In mathematical physics, the twistor correspondence is a natural isomorphism between massless Yang-Mills fields on Minkowski space and sheaf cohomology classes on a real hypersurface of CP. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15890221 |
George Laurence George Craig Laurence (21 January 1905 – 6 November 1987) was a Canadian nuclear physicist. He was educated at Dalhousie University, and at Cambridge University under Ernest Rutherford. He was appointed as Radium and X-ray physicist to the Canadian National Research Council in 1930. In 1939-40 he attempted to build a graphite-uranium reactor in Ottawa, anticipating Enrico Fermi's work by several months. In 1942 he joined the Anglo-French nuclear research team at the Montreal Laboratory, where he was responsible for recruiting Canadian scientists. The laboratory later transferred to the Chalk River, and built the ZEEP Reactor, the first outside the U.S.A. In 1946-47 he was in the Canadian delegation to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission. He then returned to Montreal Laboratory and continued to carry out his research from 1950 to 1961. He was then at the Chalk River Laboratory, and was President of the Atomic Energy Control Board from 1961 to 1970. Laurence Court, a street in Deep River, Ontario, is named in his honour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15892739 |
Karst fenster is a geomorphic feature formed from the dissolution of carbonate bedrock. In this feature, a spring emerges, then the discharge abruptly disappears into a sinkhole. The word "fenster" is German for 'window', as these features are windows into the karst landscape. The term is used to denote an unroofed portion of a cavern which reveals part of a subterranean river. A complex system of caves, known as karst topography, evolves from the effects of water erosion on carbonate rocks such as limestone, dolomite or gypsum. "A karst fenster is caused by a caving in of portions of the roof of a subterranean stream, thus making some of the underground stream visible from the surface". Theories in the creation of karst topography and karst fensters involve vadose water above the water table, and deep-circulating phreatic water (water in the zone of saturation) eroding away subsurface rock. Karst fensters may also form because of weathering from above. An example of a karst fenster or window is Cedar Sink in Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA. Wm. von Osinski illustrated how karst windows develop by roof rock collapse. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15899225 |
Szczepan Szczeniowski Professor Szczepan Eugeniusz Szczeniowski (1898–1979), was a Polish physicist, and author of numerous papers on cosmic rays, electron diffraction and ferromagnetism. In early 1930s, he taught at the Jan Kazimierz University in Lwow, in 1937 moving to the Stefan Batory University in Wilno. After World War II, he settled in Poznań, also cooperating with the Warsaw Polytechnic. Szczeniowski was a member of many prestigious organizations - Technical Science Academy, Polish Academy of Knowledge and Polish Academy of Sciences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15899436 |
Cyril Callister Cyril Percy Callister (16 February 1893 – 5 October 1949) was an Australian chemist and food technologist who developed the Vegemite yeast spread. The son of a teacher and postmaster, and one of seven children, he attended the Ballarat School of Mines and later won a scholarship to the University of Melbourne. He gained a Bachelor of Science degree in 1914 and a Master of Science degree in 1917. In early 1915, Callister was employed by food manufacturer Lewis & Whitty, but later that year he enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force. After 53 days, however, he was withdrawn from active service on the order of the Minister for Defence and assigned to the Munitions Branch, making explosives in Britain. Following the end of World War I, he married Scottish girl Katherine Hope Mundell and returned to Australia and resumed employment with Lewis & Whitty in 1919. In the early 1920s, Callister was employed by Fred Walker and given the task of developing a yeast extract, as imports from the United Kingdom of Marmite had been disrupted in the aftermath of World War I. He experimented on spent brewer's yeast and independently developed what came to be called Vegemite, first sold by Fred Walker & Co in 1923. Working from the details of a James L. Kraft patent, Callister was successful in producing processed cheese. The Walker Company negotiated a deal for the rights to manufacture the product, and in 1926, the Kraft Walker Cheese Company Ltd was established | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15906222 |
Cyril Callister Callister was appointed chief scientist and production superintendent of the new company. Between 1919 and 1927 he had 3 children (two boys and a girl) named Ian, Bill and Jean. They were the original vegemite kids. During World War II Ian unfortunately died. Callister got his Doctorate from the University of Melbourne in 1931, with his submission largely based on his work in developing Vegemite. He was a prominent member of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute, helping it to get a Royal Charter in 1931. Callister died in 1949, following a heart attack and is buried at Box Hill Cemetery. A biography of Callister, "The Man Who Invented Vegemite", written by his grandson Jamie Callister, was published in 2012. Callister is the great uncle to Kent Callister, a professional snowboarder who has competed at the Winter Olympics for Australia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15906222 |
Dale Clayton Dale Hartwell Clayton (born October 23, 1957), a parasitologist and professor of evolution at the University of Utah. Clayton is the taxonomist of "Strigiphilus garylarsoni". named the new species of feather louse after his favorite cartoonist, Gary Larson. Clayton has been interested in the relationships between parasites and their hosts since he was in high school. He was so intrigued with these relationships that he was able to use the research that he gathered in a high school science fair project in his Ph.D. thesis. The information was on the impact of parasites on avian conditions. He is specifically interested in the factors that allow parasite specificity, specification, co-specification, competition, and adaptive radiation. Thus far, his favorite research has been on birds and their feather-feeding lice. teaches the following classes: has received his education from the following institutions: has received the following honors: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15911980 |
Magnetogastrography is the science of recording magnetogastrograms (MGGs). Magnetogastrograms are recordings of magnetic fields resulting from electrical currents in the stomach. The magnetic fields are typically recorded using SQUIDs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15970289 |
Protonosphere The protonosphere is a layer of the Earth's atmosphere (or any planet with a similar atmosphere) where the dominant components are atomic hydrogen and ionic hydrogen (protons). It is the outer part of the ionosphere, and extends to the interplanetary medium. Hydrogen dominates in the outermost layers because it is the lightest gas, and in the heterosphere, mixing is not strong enough to overcome differences in constituent gas densities. Charged particles are created by incoming ionizing radiation, mostly from solar radiation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15985775 |
In vitro compartmentalization "In vitro" compartmentalization (IVC) is an emulsion-based technology that generates cell-like compartments "in vitro". These compartments are designed such that each contains no more than one gene. When the gene is transcribed and/or translated, its products (RNAs and/or proteins) become 'trapped' with the encoding gene inside the compartment. By coupling the genotype (DNA) and phenotype (RNA, protein), compartmentalization allows the selection and evolution of phenotype. method was first developed by Tawfik et al. Based on the idea that Darwinian evolution relies on the linkage of genotype to phenotype, Tawfik et al. designed aqueous compartments of water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions to mimic cellular compartments that can link genotype and phenotype. Emulsions of cell-like compartments were formed by adding "in vitro" transcription/translation reaction mixture to stirred mineral oil containing surfactants. The mean droplet diameter was measured to be 2.6 um by laser diffraction. As a proof of concept, Tawfik el al. designed an experiment that would transcribe and translate M. HaeIII gene in the presence of 107-fold excess of genes encoding another enzyme folA. 3’ of each gene is purposely designed to contain HaeIII R/M sequences, and when HaeIII methyltransferase was expressed from a M.HaeIII gene, it would methylate HaeIII R/M sequence and cause the gene to be resistant to restriction enzyme digestion. By selecting for DNA sequences that survive the endonuclease digestion, Tawfik el al | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15991162 |
In vitro compartmentalization found there was enrichment for the M.HaeIII genes, i.e. 1000 fold in the first round of selection. Water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions are created by mixing aqueous and oil phases with the help of surfactants. A typical IVC emulsion is formed by first generating oil-surfactant mixture by stirring, and then gradually adding the aqueous phase to the oil-surfactant mixture. For stable emulsion formation, a mixture of HLB (hydrophile-lipophile balance) and low HLB surfactants are needed. Some combinations of surfactants used to generate oil-surfactant mixture are mineral oil / 0.5% Tween 80 / 4.5% Span 80 / sodium deoxycholate and a more heat stable version, light mineral oil / 0.4% Tween 80 / 4.5% Span 80 / 0.05% Triton X-100. The aqueous phase containing transcription and/or translation components is slowly added to the oil surfactants, and the formation of w/o is facilitated by homogenizing, stirring or using hand extruding device. The emulsion quality can be determined by light microscopy and/or dynamic light scattering techniques. The emulsion is quite diverse, and greater homogenization speeds helps to produce smaller droplets with narrower size distribution. However, homogenization speeds has to be controlled, since speed over 13,500 r.p.m tends to result in a significant loss of enzyme activity on the level of transcription. The most widely used emulsion formation gives droplets with a mean diameter of 2-3μm, and an average volume of ~5 femtoliters, or 10 aqueous droplet per ml of emulsions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15991162 |
In vitro compartmentalization The ratio of genes to droplets is designed such that most of the droplets contains no more than a single gene statistically. IVC enables the miniaturization of large-scale techniques that can now be done on the micro scale including coupled "in vitro" transcription and translation (IVTT) experiments. Streamlining and integrating transcription and translation allows for fast and highly controllable experimental designs. IVTT can be done both in bulk emulsions and in microdroplets by utilizing droplet-based microfluidics. Microdroplets, droplets on the scale of pico to femtoliters, have been successfully used as single DNA molecule vessels. This droplet technology allows high throughput analysis with many different selection pressures in a single experimental setup. IVTT in microdroplets is preferred when overexpression of a desired protein would be toxic to a host cell minimizing the utility of the transcription and translation mechanisms. IVC has used bacterial cell, wheat germ and rabbit reticulocyte (RRL) extracts for transcription and translation. It is also possible to use bacterial reconstituted translation system such as PURE in which translation components are individually purified and later combined. When expressing eukaryote or complex proteins, it is desirable to use eukaryotic translation systems such as wheat germ extract or more superior alternative, RRL extract. In order to use RRL for transcription and translation, traditional emulsion formulation cannot be used as it abolishes translation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15991162 |
In vitro compartmentalization Instead, a novel emulsion formulation: 4% Abil EM90 / light mineral oil was developed and demonstrated to be functional in expressing luciferase and human telomerase. Once transcription and/or translation has completed in the droplets, emulsion will be broken by successive steps of removing mineral oil and surfactants to allow for subsequent selection. At this stage, it is crucial to have a method to ‘track’ each gene products to the encoding gene as they become free floating in a heterogeneous population of molecules. There are three major approaches to track down each phenotype to its genotype. The first method is to attach each DNA molecule with a biotin group and an additional coding sequence for streptavidin (STABLE display). All the newly formed proteins/peptides will be in fusion with streptavidin molecules and bind to their biotinylated coding sequence. An improved version attached two biotin molecules to the ends of a DNA molecule to increase the avidity between DNA molecule and streptavidin-fused peptides, and used a low GC content synthetic streptavidin gene to increase efficiency and specificity during PCR amplification. The second method is to covalently link DNA and protein. Two strategies have been demonstrated. The first is to form M.HaeIII fusion proteins. Each expressed protein/polypeptide will be in fusion with Hae III DNA methyltransferase domain, which is able to bind covalently to DNA fragments containing the sequence 5′-GGC*-3′, where C* is 5-fluoro-2 deoxycytidine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15991162 |
In vitro compartmentalization The second strategy is to use monomeric mutant of VirD2 enzyme. When a protein/peptide is expressed in fusion with Agrobacterium protein VirD2, it will bind to its DNA coding sequence that has a single-stranded overhang comprising VirD2 T-border recognition sequences. The third method is to link phenotype and genotype via beads. The beads used will be coated with streptavidin to allow for the binding of biotinylated DNA, in addition, the beads will also display cognate binding partner to the affinity tag that will be expressed in fusion with the protein/peptide. Depending on the phenotype to be selected, difference selection strategies will be used. Selection strategy can be divided into three major categories: selection for binding, selection for catalysis and selection for regulation. The phenotype to be selected can range from RNA to peptide to protein. By selecting for binding, the most commonly evolved phenotypes are peptide/proteins that have selective affinity to a specific antibody or DNA molecule. An example is the selection of proteins that have affinity to zinc finger DNA by Sepp et al. By selecting for catalytic proteins/RNAs, new variants with novel or improved enzymatic property are usually isolated. For example, new ribozyme variants with trans-ligase activity were selected and exhibited multiple turnovers. By selecting for regulation, inhibitors of DNA nucleases can be selected, such as protein inhibitors of the Colicin E7 DNase | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15991162 |
In vitro compartmentalization Comparing to other "in vitro" display technologies, IVC has two major advantages. The first advantage is its ability to control reactions within the droplets. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic components can be delivered to each droplet in a step-wise fashion without compromising the chemical integrity of the droplet, and thus by controlling what to be added and when to be added, the reaction in each droplet is controlled. In addition, depending on the nature of the reaction to be carried out, the pH of each droplet can also be changed. More recently, photocaged substrates were used and their participation in a reaction was regulated by photo-activation. The second advantage is that IVC allows the selection of catalytic molecules. As an example, Griffiths et al. was able to select for phosphotriesterase variants with higher K by detecting product formation and amount using anti-product antibody and flow cytometry respectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15991162 |
Membrane stabilizing effect Membrane stabilizing effects involve the inhibition or total abolishing of action potentials from being propagated across the membrane. This phenomenon is common in nerve tissues as they are the carrier of impulses from the periphery to the central nervous system. Membrane stabilization is the method through which local anesthetics work. They block the propagation of action potentials across nerve cells, thereby producing a nerve block. Some beta-blockers also possess what is referred to as membrane stabilizing activity (MSA). This effect is similar to the membrane stabilizing activity of sodium channel blockers that represent Class I antiarrhythmics. MSA agents produced by beta-blockers reduce the increase of cardiac action potential, while also leading to other electrophysiological effects. However, MSA occurs only at very high concentrations and is not of clinical relevance, except after large doses of MSA compounds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15995335 |
Friedrich Wilhelm Konow (11 July 1842, in Mechow – 18 March 1908, in Teschendorf) was a German entomologist who specialised in Hymenoptera especially Tenthredinidae. Konow was a vicar studying entomology in his spare time. He wrote "Familie Tenthredinidae" in Wytsman's, "Genera Insectorum" ( Fascicle 29) 176 pp. 1905) and very many short papers describing new species of worldwide Tenthredinidae. His collection is shared between the German Entomological Institute, Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg and Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15998628 |
Jan Łopuszański (physicist) Jan Łopuszański (21 October 1923 – 30 April 2008) was a Polish theoretical physicist and author of several textbooks about classical, statistical and quantum physics. In the field of quantum field theory, he is most famous as co-author of the Haag-Lopuszanski-Sohnius theorem concerning the possibility of supersymmetry in renormalizable QFT's. Jan Łopuszański was born on 21 October 1923 in Lwów, Poland. During 1945-50 he studied physics at the University of Wrocław. In 1950, he received his M.A. in Wrocław, in 1955 his Ph.D. at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow. Since 1947, he was part of regular staff member at the University of Wrocław. In 1968, he became a full professor. During the years 1957–59, he was the vice dean and during the years 1962–65, was dean of the Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. From 1970 to 1984, he was director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics (Instytut Fizyki Teoretycznej Uniwersytet Wroclawski). From 1960 onward, he held the chair for mathematical methods in physics until he retired in 1994. In 1976, he was elected a corresponding member and in 1986 permanent member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. In 1996, he became a corresponding member of the Poland Academy of Arts and Sciences in Cracow. He had visiting professorships in Utrecht, NYU, IAS in Princeton, New Jersey, SUNY at Stony Brook, University of Göttingen, Bielefeld, Max Planck Institute in Munich, CERN in Geneva and ICTP in Trieste | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16018591 |
Jan Łopuszański (physicist) He was also member of the editor board of Reports on Mathematical Physics and Fortschritte der Physik. He wrote about 80 original professional papers, 40 review articles and 5 major textbooks. J. Łopuszański had a son named Maciej with Halina Pidek, and after divorcing her, was married to Barbara Zasłonka. His hobbies are reported to be baroque music and gardening. On 30 April 2008 Jan Łopuszański died of a heart attack in his home in Wrocław. Textbooks by J. Łopuszański: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16018591 |
Guelfo Cavanna (27 February 1850, Ferrara – 18 December 1920, Florence) was an Italian entomologist. Cavanna was a teacher at the University of Florence and secretary of the Società Entomologica Italiana from 1875 to 1892. In 1880 he worked on the insect fauna of the then unexplored regions of Vulture and Pollino in southern Italy. Many specialists worked on the insects collected (now in La Specola) and the results were published as Narrazione della escursione fatta al Vulture ed al Pollino nel luglio del 1880 da A. Biondi, C. Caroti e G. Cavanna, pp. 3–30; Parte II. Catalogo degli animali raccolti al Vulture, al Pollino ed in altri luoghi dell’Italia meridionalee centrale, pp. 31–87; "Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana" 14:3-87 and subsequent parts. He was accompanied by the botanist Antonio Biondi (1848-1929). He also wrote a 2 volume student manual entitled "Zoologia, ad uso dei ginnasi" (Sansoni Editore 1909). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16018818 |
Geology of Canada The geology of Canada is a subject of regional geology and covers the country of Canada, which is the second-largest country in the world. Geologic units and processes are investigated on a large scale to reach a synthesized picture of the geological development of the country. Geologically, Canada is one of the oldest regions in the world, with more than half of the region consisting of precambrian rocks that have been above sea level since the beginning of the Palaeozoic era. Canada's mineral resources are diverse and extensive. Across the Canadian Shield and in the north there are large iron, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, and uranium reserves. Large diamond concentrations have been recently developed in the Arctic, making Canada one of the world's largest producers. Throughout the Shield there are many mining towns extracting these minerals. The largest, and best known, is Sudbury, Ontario. Sudbury is an exception to the normal process of forming minerals in the Shield since there is significant evidence that the Sudbury Basin is an ancient meteorite impact crater. The nearby, but less known Temagami Magnetic Anomaly has striking similarities to the Sudbury Basin. Its magnetic anomalies are very similar to the Sudbury Basin, and so it could be a second metal-rich impact crater. The Shield is also covered by vast boreal forests that support an important logging industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16024718 |
Theodor Franz Wilhelm Kirsch (29 September 1818, Düben, Torgau - 8 July 1889, Dresden) was a German entomologist who specialised in Coleoptera. Kirsch was curator of entomology at the Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde Dresden in Dresden. His collection is shared between Upper Silesian Museum (Muzeum Górnośląskie w Bytomiu) in Bytom and Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde Dresden in Dresden. He described the birdwing butterfly "Troides riedeli". Partial list | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16036966 |
Nojima Fault Nojima Fault | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16059617 |
Theodor Emil Schummel (23 May 1786, Breslau—24 February 1848) was a German entomologist who specialised in Diptera. Schummel was a private tutor in Breslau. He was a member of Schlesische Gesellschaft für vaterländische Cultur (Silesian Society for Patriotic Culture) a largely scientific society which received royal ratification in 1809 after the draft of its constitution was sent to the government in Königsberg and published many of his shorter scientific papers on insects in the society's journal "Übersicht der Arbeiten und Veränderungen der Schlesischen Gesellschaft für Vaterländische Kultur", abbreviated "Übers Arb. Ver. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Kult. " Partial list | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16068464 |
Sborgite is a sodium borate mineral with formula Na[BO(OH)]·3HO. The formula can be written as the oxide formulation, NaO.5BO.10HO. Sometimes called sodium pentaborate pentahydrate it contains the pentaborate anion, (BO(OH)). is colorless with monoclinic crystals. It was named for Umberto Sborgi, (1883–1955), Professor of Chemistry, University of Milan, Italy. occurs in Tuscany, Italy and the Furnace Creek district, Death Valley, California, US. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16070689 |
Longinos Navás (7 March 1858 Cabacés, Tarragona – 31 December 1938 Girona) was a Spanish entomologist who specialised in Plecoptera and Neuropteroidea. Father was a Jesuit priest. He published extensively on the Neuroptera fauna of Spain in "Memorias de la Real. Academia Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona".His papers on worldwide fauna are published in this, other Spanish, German, Italian and American entomological journals.Navás described very many new species. His Neuroptera are in the Museu de Ciencias Naturals, Museum of Natural Sciences, Barcelona.His Lepidoptera collections are in Museo Paleontologico de la Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16075689 |
Independent electron approximation The independent electron approximation is used in both the free electron model and the nearly-free electron model. In this approximation we do not consider electron-electron interaction in a crystal. It is more difficult to treat electron-electron interactions than ion-electron interactions because: Electron-electron interactions are often weaker than ion-electron interactions due to the following: One major effect of electron-electron interactions is that electrons distribute around the ions so that they screen the ions in the lattice from other electrons. Electron-electron interactions may be very important for certain properties in materials. For example, the theory covering much of superconductivity is BCS theory, in which the attraction of pairs of electrons to each other, termed "Cooper pairs", is the mechanism behind superconductivity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16086895 |
Otto Zdansky Otto Karl Josef Zdansky (28 November 1894, Vienna – 26 December 1988, Uppsala) was an Austrian paleontologist. He graduated from the Philosophical School at the University of Vienna in Paleontology on March 21, 1921 with the academic degree 'Dr. phil.' (dissertation: 'Über die Temporalregion des Schildkrötenschädels'). He is best known for his work in China, where he, as an assistant to Johan Gunnar Andersson, discovered a fossil tooth of the Peking Man in 1921 at the Dragon Bone Hill, although he did not disclose it until 1926 when he published it in "Nature" after an analysis by Davidson Black. He is also famous for his excavations of mammal fossils in Baode County area (Pao Te Hsien), Shanxi Province. Zdansky in 1923 excavated the sauropod dinosaur "Euhelopus zdanskyi" named after him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16089297 |
Chemical similarity (or molecular similarity) refers to the similarity of chemical elements, molecules or chemical compounds with respect to either structural or functional qualities, i.e. the effect that the chemical compound has on reaction partners in inorganic or biological settings. Biological effects and thus also similarity of effects are usually quantified using the biological activity of a compound. In general terms, function can be related to the chemical activity of compounds (among others). The notion of "chemical similarity" (or "molecular similarity") is one of the most important concepts in chemoinformatics. It plays an important role in modern approaches to predicting the properties of chemical compounds, designing chemicals with a predefined set of properties and, especially, in conducting drug design studies by screening large databases containing structures of available (or potentially available) chemicals. These studies are based on the similar property principle of Johnson and Maggiora, which states: "similar compounds have similar properties". is often described as an inverse of a measure of distance in descriptor space. Examples for inverse distance measures are molecule kernels, that measure the structural similarity of chemical compounds. The similarity-based virtual screening (a kind of ligand-based virtual screening) assumes that all compounds in a database that are similar to a query compound have similar biological activity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16090759 |
Chemical similarity Although this hypothesis is not always valid, quite often the set of retrieved compounds is considerably enriched with actives. To achieve high efficacy of similarity-based screening of databases containing millions of compounds, molecular structures are usually represented by "molecular screens" (structural keys) or by fixed-size or variable-size "molecular fingerprints". Molecular screens and fingerprints can contain both 2D- and 3D-information. However, the 2D-fingerprints, which are a kind of binary fragment descriptors, dominate in this area. Fragment-based structural keys, like MDL keys, are sufficiently good for handling small and medium-sized chemical databases, whereas processing of large databases is performed with fingerprints having much higher information density. Fragment-based Daylight, BCI, and UNITY 2D (Tripos) fingerprints are the best known examples. The most popular similarity measure for comparing chemical structures represented by means of fingerprints is the Tanimoto (or Jaccard) coefficient "T". Two structures are usually considered similar if "T" > 0.85 (for Daylight fingerprints). However, it is a common misunderstanding that a similarity of "T" > 0.85 reflects similar bioactivities in general ("the 0.85 myth"). The concept of chemical similarity can be expanded to consider chemical similarity network theory, where descriptive network properties and graph theory can be applied to analyze large chemical space, estimate chemical diversity and predict drug target | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16090759 |
Chemical similarity Recently, 3D chemical similarity networks based on 3D ligand conformation have also been developed, which can be used to identify scaffold hopping ligands. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16090759 |
Syngas fermentation Syngas fermentation, also known as synthesis gas fermentation, is a microbial process. In this process, a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, known as syngas, is used as carbon and energy sources, and then converted into fuel and chemicals by microorganisms. The main products of syngas fermentation include ethanol, butanol, acetic acid, butyric acid, and methane. Certain industrial processes, such as petroleum refining, steel milling, and methods for producing carbon black, coke, ammonia, and methanol, discharge enormous amounts of waste gases containing mainly CO and into the atmosphere either directly or through combustion. Biocatalysts can be exploited to convert these waste gases to chemicals and fuels as, for example, ethanol. There are several microorganisms, which can produce fuels and chemicals by syngas utilization. These microorganisms are mostly known as acetogens including "Clostridium ljungdahlii", "Clostridium autoethanogenum", "Eubacterium limosum", "Clostridium carboxidivorans" P7, "Peptostreptococcus productus", and "Butyribacterium methylotrophicum". Most use the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway. process has advantages over a chemical process since it takes places at lower temperature and pressure, has higher reaction specificity, tolerates higher amounts of sulfur compounds, and does not require a specific ratio of CO to . On the other hand, syngas fermentation has limitations such as: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16091349 |
Earth ellipsoid An is a mathematical figure approximating the Earth's form, used as a reference frame for computations in geodesy, astronomy, and the geosciences. Various different ellipsoids have been used as approximations. It is an ellipsoid of revolution whose minor axis (shorter diameter), which connects the geographical North Pole and South Pole, is approximately aligned with the Earth's axis of rotation. The ellipsoid is defined by the equatorial axis "a" and the polar axis "b"; their difference is about 21 km, or 0.335%. Additional parameters are the mass function "J2", the correspondent gravity formula, and the rotation period (usually 86164 seconds). Many methods exist for determination of the axes of an Earth ellipsoid, ranging from meridian arcs up to modern satellite geodesy or the analysis and interconnection of continental geodetic networks. Amongst the different set of data used in national surveys are several of special importance: the Bessel ellipsoid of 1841, the international Hayford ellipsoid of 1924, and (for GPS positioning) the WGS84 ellipsoid. One should distinguish between two types of ellipsoid: mean and reference. A data set which describes the global average of the Earth's surface curvature is called the "mean Earth Ellipsoid". It refers to a theoretical coherence between the geographic latitude and the meridional curvature of the geoid. The latter is close to the mean sea level, and therefore an ideal has the same volume as the geoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16112368 |
Earth ellipsoid While the mean is the ideal basis of global geodesy, for regional networks a so-called "reference ellipsoid" may be the better choice. When geodetic measurements have to be computed on a mathematical reference surface, this surface should have a similar curvature as the regional geoid - otherwise, reduction of the measurements will get small distortions. This is the reason for the "long life" of former reference ellipsoids like the Hayford or the Bessel ellipsoid, despite the fact that their main axes deviate by several hundred meters from the modern values. Another reason is a judicial one: the coordinates of millions of boundary stones should remain fixed for a long period. If their reference surface changes, the coordinates themselves also change. However, for international networks, GPS positioning, or astronautics, these regional reasons are less relevant. As knowledge of the Earth's figure is increasingly accurate, the International Geoscientific Union IUGG usually adapts the axes of the to the best available data. High precision land surveys can be used to determine the distance between two places at nearly the same longitude by measuring a base line and a chain of triangles. (Suitable stations for the end points are rarely at the same longitude). The distance Δ along the meridian from one end point to a point at the same latitude as the second end point is then calculated by trigonometry. The surface distance Δ is reduced to Δ', the corresponding distance at mean sea level | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16112368 |
Earth ellipsoid The intermediate distances to points on the meridian at the same latitudes as other stations of the survey may also be calculated. The geographic latitudes of both end points, φ (standpoint) and φ (forepoint) and possibly at other points are determined by astrogeodesy, observing the zenith distances of sufficient numbers of stars. If latitudes are measured at end points only, the radius of curvature at the midpoint of the meridian arc can be calculated from R = Δ'/(|φ-φ|). A second meridian arc will allow the derivation of two parameters required to specify a reference ellipsoid. Longer arcs with intermediate latitude determinations can completely determine the ellipsoid. In practice multiple arc measurements are used to determine the ellipsoid parameters by the method of least squares. The parameters determined are usually the semi-major axis, formula_1, and either the semi-minor axis, formula_2, or the inverse flattening formula_3, (where the flattening is formula_4). Geodesy no longer uses simple meridian arcs, but complex networks with hundreds of fixed points linked by the methods of satellite geodesy. The reference ellipsoid models listed below have had utility in geodetic work and many are still in use. The older ellipsoids are named for the individual who derived them and the year of development is given. In 1887 the English surveyor Colonel Alexander Ross Clarke CB FRS RE was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Society for his work in determining the figure of the Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16112368 |
Earth ellipsoid The international ellipsoid was developed by John Fillmore Hayford in 1910 and adopted by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) in 1924, which recommended it for international use. At the 1967 meeting of the IUGG held in Lucerne, Switzerland, the ellipsoid called GRS-67 (Geodetic Reference System 1967) in the listing was recommended for adoption. The new ellipsoid was not recommended to replace the International Ellipsoid (1924), but was advocated for use where a greater degree of accuracy is required. It became a part of the GRS-67 which was approved and adopted at the 1971 meeting of the IUGG held in Moscow. It is used in Australia for the Australian Geodetic Datum and in South America for the South American Datum 1969. The GRS-80 (Geodetic Reference System 1980) as approved and adopted by the IUGG at its Canberra, Australia meeting of 1979 is based on the equatorial radius (semi-major axis of Earth ellipsoid) formula_1, total mass formula_6, dynamic form factor formula_7 and angular velocity of rotation formula_8, making the inverse flattening formula_3 a derived quantity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16112368 |
Earth ellipsoid The minute difference in formula_3 seen between GRS-80 and WGS-84 results from an unintentional truncation in the latter's defining constants: while the WGS-84 was designed to adhere closely to the GRS-80, incidentally the WGS-84 derived flattening turned out to be slightly different than the GRS-80 flattening because the normalized second degree zonal harmonic gravitational coefficient, that was derived from the GRS-80 value for J2, was truncated to 8 significant digits in the normalization process. An ellipsoidal model describes only the ellipsoid's geometry and a normal gravity field formula to go with it. Commonly an ellipsoidal model is part of a more encompassing geodetic datum. For example, the older ED-50 (European Datum 1950) is based on the Hayford or International Ellipsoid. WGS-84 is peculiar in that the same name is used for both the complete geodetic reference system and its component ellipsoidal model. Nevertheless, the two concepts—ellipsoidal model and geodetic reference system—remain distinct. Note that the same ellipsoid may be known by different names. It is best to mention the defining constants for unambiguous identification. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16112368 |
Chloracidobacterium In taxonomy, is a genus of the Acidobacteria. This is a group of photosynthetic bacteria were discovered in 2007 and their identification extends the number of bacterial phyla that can carry out chlorophyll-based photosynthesis from five to six. The organism "Candidatus thermophilum" was initially detected through the bioinformatics analyses of metagenomic sequence data from the microbial mats collected from a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park. It was later isolated after the inhibition of "Synechococcus sp." in the microbial mats samples, leading to a co-culture "C. thermophilum", "Anoxybacillus" sp. and "Meiothermus species." "C. thermophilum" was plated on Midnight Medium (CTM) media to culture it for pure isolation. Genomic sequencing of the bacterium revealed that it did not contain genes for the enzymes to reduce sulfate, yet it was dependent on a reduced sulfur source. The researchers likely speculated that it shared a mutualistic relationship with the cocultures of "Meiothermus sp". and "Anoxybacillus sp". for access to reduced sulfur sources. In addition, the bacterium was determined to be aerophilic, moderately thermophilic, anoxygenic and photoheterotrophic. Ultimately, they found that it is dependent on a reduced sulfur source, bicarbonate, L-lysine and vitamin B for pre culture isolation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16124500 |
Magnetic isotope effect Magnetic isotope effects arise when a chemical reaction involves spin-selective processes, such as the radical pair mechanism. The result is that some isotopes react preferentially, depending on their nuclear spin quantum number I. This is in contrast to more familiar mass-dependent isotope effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16135470 |
DENIS-P J020529.0−115925 is a brown dwarf system in the constellation of Cetus. It is located 64 light-years (19.8 parsecs) away, based on the system's parallax. It was first found in the Deep Near Infrared Survey of the Southern Sky. This is a triple brown dwarf system: objects that do not have enough mass to fuse hydrogen like stars. The two brightest components, designated A and B respectively, are both L-type objects. As of 2003, the two were separated 0.287° along a position angle of 246°. Component B was observed to elongated, suggesting a third component. This third component, named C, is a T-type object. It is separated about 1.9 astronomical units (au) from B, and based on a total mass of , the two may orbit each other every 8 years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16144332 |
August Bischler (April 29, 1865 – May 26, 1957) was a Russian Empire-born ethnic Crimea German chemist who later emigrated to Switzerland. He discovered the Bischler–Möhlau indole synthesis reaction in 1892 and, together with Bernard Napieralski, discovered the Bischler–Napieralski reaction in 1893. He received his Ph.D. at the University of Zurich 1889 worked at the University of Zurich and from 1899 at the University of Basel. After becoming a Swiss citizen in 1925 he worked in the chemical industry in Geneva. Bernard Napieralski was a Ph.D. student of Bischler at the University of Zurich in 1893. Napieralski was born in Ostrowy, Poland, 1861. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16164453 |
Zdenko Hans Skraup (March 3, 1850 – September 10, 1910) was a Czech-Austrian chemist who discovered the Skraup reaction, the first quinoline synthesis. Skraup was born in Prague, where he attended the Oberrealschule from 1860 till 1866 and subsequently studied (1866–1871) at the Technical University of Prague. After being assistant of Heinrich Ludwig Buff for less than a year he worked at a china factory but changed to the mint in Vienna in 1873. He became assistant of Rochleder in 1873, although a promotion in his old job was granted. Rochleder died the following year, but Skraup stayed with his successors Franz Schneider and Adolf Lieben. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Gießen March 17, 1875. He finished his habilitation at the University of Vienna in 1879, but because his degree was from a German university he had to wait until 1881 till he became professor at the Vienna Trade Academie. In 1886, he changed to the University of Graz and to the University of Vienna in 1906. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16178277 |
Halley's Comet Opal The is the largest uncut black opal in the world, according to the Guinness Book of World Records. It is so named because it was unearthed in 1986, a year when Halley's Comet could be seen from Earth. It is the third largest gem grade black opal ever recorded, the largest one extant, and the largest specimen ever found in its region. It was found at Lightning Ridge, New South Wales, Australia by the Lunatic Hill Mining Syndicate. It weighs (13.99 ounces) and is about the size of a man's fist. The is a very fine specimen, with few flaws or blemishes and a large green and orange thick color bar which goes through the opal. Formed about 20 million years ago, it is an example of a nobby, which is a natural lump-shaped opal found only at Lightning Ridge. As of 2006 it was for sale at $1.2 million. Other notable individual opals: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16181619 |
Henry Hurd Swinnerton (1875–1966) was a British geologist (Not to be confused with American geologist A.C. Swinnerton). He was professor of geology at University College Nottingham from 1910 to 1946. Swinnerton was educated at the Royal College of Science, and earned a doctorate in zoology (D.Sc) from the University of London in July 1902. In the 1930s Swinnerton was a member of the Fenland Research Committee, contributing valuable knowledge of the geomorphology of the Lincolnshire coast. In 1942 he was awarded the Murchison Medal of the Geological Society of London. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16182302 |
Fission Product Pilot Plant The Fission Product Pilot Plant, building 3515 at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), was built in 1948 to extract radioactive isotopes from liquid radioactive waste. It was formerly known as the 'ruthenium-106 tank arrangement'. It is a relatively small facility; the task of extracting radioactive isotopes later took place at a number of specialised buildings nearby. References differ as to when the plant was built; 'radioactive waste management at ORNL' says that it was completed in 1957, the 1955 Annual Report has engineering drawings indicating that the building was fully designed in 1955, but other references suggest that there was a building on the site in 1948. The plant was extensively contaminated during operation, particularly by waste produced while flushing out the tanks inside for maintenance. Operations at FPPP ended in the early 1960s, and the plant was entombed in concrete up to 1.5 metres (5') thick; there was a proposal made in 1993 for dismantling the plant by robot from the inside, but it's not clear whether this was carried out. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16188434 |
Electric field NMR (EFNMR) spectroscopy differs from conventional NMR spectroscopy in that a sample containing suitable nuclei is polarised by a strong dc electric field instead of a constant magnetic field. The nuclei are stimulated (perturbed) by means of an alternating magnetic field, generated by passing an alternating current through a set of coils. The resulting magnetic resonance signal is small, and as in conventional NMR is typically sensed using a second set of coils and an amplifier. The shifting and splitting of spectral lines of atoms and molecules due to the presence of an external static electric field is referred to as the Stark effect. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16204605 |
Chancey Juday (May 5, 1871 – March 29, 1944) together with G. Evelyn Hutchinson, and his close collaborator, Edward A. Birge were pioneers of North American limnology. Birge and Juday founded an influential school of limnology on Lake Mendota at the University of Wisconsin. Edward Birge hired through this program to help him take samples of lakes in Wisconsin. Their main sampling took place on Lake Mendota. The two, Juday and Birge, studied dissolved oxygen and temperature, leading future limnologists to a better understanding of stratification. Juday, born 5 May 1871 at Millersburg, Indiana, completed his A.B. (1896) and A.M. (1897) degrees at Indiana University. Many years later he was also awarded an honorary LL.D. Juday was one of the founders of the Limnological Society of America, serving as its president for two years. He was awarded the Leidy Award (1943) by the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. Juday died on March 29, 1944, but in 1950 shared posthumously the Einar Naumann Medal of the International Association of Limnology with Birge. Juday was hired by Birge, and they studied Lake Mendota in Madison, Wisconsin. Their findings involving dissolved oxygen and temperature lead future limnologists to important information regarding stratification in lakes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16208756 |
Johann Christian Mikan (born December 5, 1769 in Teplitz, died December 28, 1844 in Prague) was an Austrian-Czech botanist, zoologist and entomologist. He was the son of Joseph Gottfried Mikan. Mikan was a professor of natural history at the University of Prague. He was one of three leading naturalists on the Austrian Brazil Expedition. He wrote "Monographia Bombyliorum Bohemiæ, iconibus illustrata" in 1796, "Entomologische Beobachtungen, Berichtigungen und Entdeckungen" in 1797, and "Delectus Florae et Faunae Brasiliensis, etc." in 1820. Mikan described many new species, including the black lion tamarin. Mikan is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of South American snake, "Dipsas mikanii". The genus "Mikania" Willd. (Asteraceae) was named for his father Joseph Gottfried Mikan (1743–1814), professor of botany and chemistry at the Prague University. Mikan (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16210362 |
Marine band (geology) Marine band is a geological term for a bed of rock, commonly black or dark grey shale, containing an abundance of fossils of marine organisms. These strata represent episodes of flooding by seawater and are important in enabling the comparison or correlation of rock sequences in different localities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16217120 |
Nimrod (synchrotron) Nimrod (National Institute Machine Radiating on Downs,"the Mighty Hunter" Nimrod; name attrib. W. Galbraith) was a 7 GeV proton synchrotron operating in the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the United Kingdom between 1964 and 1978. Nimrod delivered its last particles at 17:00 hrs on 6 June 1978. Although roughly contemporary with the CERN PS its conservative design used the "weak focussing" principle instead of the much more cost-effective "strong-focussing" technique, which would have enabled a machine of the same cost to reach much higher energies. The design and construction of Nimrod was carried out at a capital cost of approximately £11 million. It was used for studies of nuclear and sub-nuclear phenomena. Nimrod was dismantled and the space it occupied reused for the synchrotron of the ISIS neutron source. The magnet power supply included 2 motor-alternator-flywheel sets. Each drive motor was 5,000 HP. Each flywheel was 30 tonnes. Each alternator was 60 MVA 12.8kV. Magnet currents would pulse at 10,550 A. http://www.isis.stfc.ac.uk/about-isis/target-station-2/publications/issue-1-september-20038209.pdf | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16239927 |
Vacuum Rabi oscillation A vacuum Rabi oscillation is a damped oscillation of an initially excited atom coupled to an electromagnetic resonator or cavity in which the atom alternately emits photon(s) into a single-mode electromagnetic cavity and reabsorbs them. The atom interacts with a single-mode field confined to a limited volume "V" in an optical cavity. Spontaneous emission results as a consequence of coupling between the atom and the vacuum fluctuations of the cavity field. The vacuum Rabi frequency is given by where formula_2 is the location of the atom, formula_3 for plane-wave fields, formula_4 is the field polarization, formula_5 is the electric field per photon, and formula_6 is the dipole matrix element. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16265577 |
Annals of the Former World is a book on geology written by John McPhee and published in 1998 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. It won the 1999 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction. The book presents a geological history of North America, and was researched and written over the course of two decades beginning in 1978. It consists of a compilation of five books, the first four of which were previously published as "Basin and Range" (1981), "In Suspect Terrain" (1983), "Rising from the Plains" (1986), and "Assembling California" (1993), plus a final book, "Crossing the Craton". A narrative table of contents provides an overview of the project, which largely consisted of a series of road journeys by McPhee across the North American continent in the company of noted geologists. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16267127 |
Ageostrophy is the real condition that works against geostrophic wind or geostrophic currents in the ocean, and works against an exact balance between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force. While geostrophic currents or winds come from an equilibrium of a particular system, ageostrophy is more often observed because of other forces such as friction or the centrifugal force from curved fluid flow. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16296529 |
Gottlieb Kirchhoff Gottlieb Sigismund Constantin Kirchhoff (19 February 1764 – 14 February 1833) was a Russian chemist of German origin. In 1792–1802, Assistant Director and then Director of the Head Pharmacy at Saint Petersburg. Corresponding member (1807–1812) and since 1812 Full member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (Russia). In 1811, he became the first person to convert starch into a sugar (corn syrup), by heating it with sulfuric acid in acid-catalyzed reaction. This sugar was eventually named glucose. He also developed a method of refining vegetable oil, and established a factory that prepared two tons of refined oil a day. Since the sulfuric acid was not consumed, it was the first documented example of catalysis in organic chemistry. (A term that Jöns Jacob Berzelius would later coin.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16337604 |
Naresh Dadhich (physicist) "For the humanities professor of the same name, see Naresh Dadhich (humanities professor)." Naresh Dadhich (born September 1, 1944) is a theoretical physicist, formerly at Inter-University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA). He was also the director of IUCAA until August 31, 2009. Presently he holds the M.A. Ansari Chair in Theoretical Physics at Centre for Theoretical Physics, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi. He became the director of IUCAA in July 2003. He is currently a visiting faculty of the University of KwaZulu-Natal at Durban, South Africa and also works with gravity research groups in Portsmouth, UK and Bilbao, Spain. Naresh Dadhich's specialties include classical and quantum gravity and relativistic astrophysics. Along with his colleagues he has published over 100 scientific papers. He has supervised several PhD students. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16362670 |
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