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Strep-tag Just like other short-affinity tags (His-tag, FLAG-tag), the can be easily fused to recombinant proteins during subcloning of its cDNA or gene. For its expression various vectors for various host organisms ("E. coli", yeast, insect, and mammalian cells) are available. A particular benefit of the is its rather... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22810498 |
Strep-tag The removal of desthiobiotin is indicated by a color change from yellow-orange to red (step 4+5). Finally, the HABA solution is washed out with a small volume of running buffer, thus making the column ready to use for the next purification run. The system offers a highly selective tool to purify proteins unde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22810498 |
DNA-encoded chemical library DNA-encoded chemical libraries (DEL) is a technology for the synthesis and screening on unprecedented scale of collections of small molecule compounds. DEL is used in medicinal chemistry to bridge the fields of combinatorial chemistry and molecular biology. The aim of DEL technology is to a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22810768 |
DNA-encoded chemical library So, in addition to the general discovery of target specific molecular compounds, the availability of binders to pharmacologically important, but so-far “undruggable” target proteins opens new possibilities to develop novel drugs for diseases that could not be treated so far. In eliminating ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22810768 |
DNA-encoded chemical library Phage-displayed antibodies can be isolated from large antibody libraries by mimicking molecular evolution: through rounds of selection (on an immobilized protein target), amplification and translation. In DEL the linkage of a small molecule to an identifier DNA code allows the facile identi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22810768 |
DNA-encoded chemical library Brenner and Janda suggested to generate individual encoded library members by an alternating parallel combinatorial synthesis of the heteropolymeric chemical compound and the appropriate oligonucleotide sequence on the same bead in a “split-&-pool”-based fashion (see below). Since unprotect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22810768 |
DNA-encoded chemical library Hits can be identified by DNA sequencing, however DNA translation and therefore molecular evolution is not feasible by these methods. The split and pool approaches developed by researchers at Praecis Pharmaceuticals (now owned by GlaxoSmithKline), Nuevolution (Copenhagen, Denmark) and ESAC ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22810768 |
DNA-encoded chemical library Furthermore, the DNA tagged BBs enable the generation of a genetic code for synthesized compounds and artificial translation of the genetic code is possible: That is the BB's can be recalled by the PCR-amplified genetic code, and the library compounds can be regenerated. This, in turn, enab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22810768 |
DNA-encoded chemical library A promising strategy for the construction of DNA-encoded libraries is represented by the use of multifunctional building blocks covalently conjugated to an oligonucleotide serving as a “core structure” for library synthesis. In a ‘pool-and-split’ fashion a set of multifunctional scaffolds u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22810768 |
DNA-encoded chemical library However the stepwise addition of at least three independent sets of chemical moieties to a tri-functional core building block for the construction and encoding of a very large DNA-encoded library (comprising up to 10 compounds) can also be envisaged.(Fig.2) Encoded Self-Assembling Chemical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22810768 |
DNA-encoded chemical library The compound represents the core structure of a series of portable albumin binding molecules and of Albufluor a recently developed fluorescein angiographic contrast agent currently under clinical evaluation. ESAC technology has been used for the isolation of potent inhibitors of bovine tryp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22810768 |
DNA-encoded chemical library In 2001 David Liu and co-workers showed that complementary DNA oligonucleotides can be used to assist certain synthetic reactions, which do not efficiently take place in solution at low concentration. A DNA-heteroduplex was used to accelerate the reaction between chemical moieties displayed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22810768 |
DNA-encoded chemical library The center of the DNA junction constitutes a volume on the order of a yoctoliter, hence the name YoctoReactor. This volume contains a single molecule reaction yielding reaction concentrations in the high mM range. The effective concentration facilitated by the DNA greatly accelerates chemic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22810768 |
DNA-encoded chemical library The yR design approach provides an unvarying reaction site with regard to both (a) distance between reactants and (b) sequence environment surrounding the reaction site. Furthermore, the intimate connection between the code and the BB on the oligo-BB moieties which are mixed combinatorially... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22810768 |
DNA-encoded chemical library The low noise and background signal characteristic of BTE is attributed to the "dilution" of the random signal, the lack of surface artifacts and the high fidelity of the yR library and screening method. Screening is performed in a single tube method. Biologically active hits are identified... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22810768 |
DNA-encoded chemical library After selection and PCR amplification of the DNA-tags of the library compounds, concatamers containing multiple coding sequences were generated and ligated into a vector. Following Sanger sequencing of a representative number of the resulting colonies revealed the frequencies of the codes p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22810768 |
DNA-encoded chemical library Afterwards, microarrays are analyzed using a laser scan and spot intensities detected and quantified. The enrichment of the preferential binding compounds is revealed comparing the spots intensity of the DNA-microarray slide before and after selection. According to the complexity of the DNA... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22810768 |
Keller's reagent can refer to either of two different mixtures of acids. In metallurgy, is a mixture of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and hydrofluoric acid, used to etch aluminum alloys to reveal their grain boundaries and orientations. It is also sometimes called Dix–Keller reagent, after E. H. Dix, Jr., and Fred Ke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22812166 |
Edward Harrison Memorial Prize The was awarded from 1926 to 1979 by the Chemical Society and from 1980 to 2007 by its successor the Royal Society of Chemistry to a British chemist who was under 32 years, and working the fields of theoretical or physical chemistry. It commemorated the work of Edward Harrison who was cre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22813656 |
Harrison-Meldola Memorial Prizes The are annual prizes awarded by Royal Society of Chemistry to chemists in Britain who are 34 years of age or below. The prize is given to scientist who demonstrate the most meritorious and promising original investigations in chemistry and published results of those investigations. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22813684 |
N-linked glycosylation N"-linked glycosylation, is the attachment of an oligosaccharide, a carbohydrate consisting of several sugar molecules, sometimes also referred to as glycan, to a nitrogen atom (the amide nitrogen of an asparagine (Asn) residue of a protein), in a process called N"-glycosylation, studied in bioch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22814939 |
N-linked glycosylation "N"-linked glycans are almost always attached to the nitrogen atom of an asparagine (Asn) side chain that is present as a part of Asn–X–Ser/Thr consensus sequence, where X is any amino acid except proline (Pro). In animal cells, the glycan attached to the asparagine is almost inevitably "N"-acety... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22814939 |
N-linked glycosylation This core glycan is then elaborated and modified further, resulting in a diverse range of "N"-glycan structures. The process of "N"-linked glycosylation starts with the formation of dolichol-linked GlcNAc sugar. Dolichol is a lipid molecule composed of repeating isoprene units. This molecule is f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22814939 |
N-linked glycosylation There are three conditions to fulfill before a glycan is transferred to a nascent polypeptide: Oligosaccharyltransferase is the enzyme responsible for the recognition of the consensus sequence and the transfer of the precursor glycan to a polypeptide acceptor which is being translated in the endo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22814939 |
N-linked glycosylation A chaperone protein (calnexin/calreticulin) binds to the unfolded or partially folded protein to assist protein folding. The next step involves further addition and removal of sugar residues in the cis-Golgi. These modifications are catalyzed by glycosyltransferases and glycosidases respectively.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22814939 |
N-linked glycosylation Within the immune system the "N"-linked glycans on an immune cell's surface will help dictate that migration pattern of the cell, e.g. immune cells that migrate to the skin have specific glycosylations that favor homing to that site. The glycosylation patterns on the various immunoglobulins inclu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22814939 |
N-linked glycosylation On the other hand, eukaryotic expression hosts such as yeast and animal cells, have different glycosylation patterns. The proteins produced in these expression hosts are often not identical to human protein and thus, causes immunogenic reactions in patients. For example, "S.cerevisiae" (yeast) of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22814939 |
Dioxetanedione may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22819351 |
Bioelectrospray Electrospray Electrospray ionization Bio-electrospraying is a new technology that enables the deposition of living cells on various targets with a resolution that depends on cell size and not on the jetting phenomenon. It is envisioned that "unhealthy cells would draw a different charge at the needle fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22819973 |
Bioelectrospray The potential of the method was demonstrated by investigating cytogenetic and physiological changes of human lymphocyte cells as well as conducting comprehensive genetic, genomic and physiological state studies of human cells and cells of the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22819973 |
Trinder glucose activity test The is a diagnostic test used in medicine to determine the presence of glucose or glucose oxidase. The test employs the Trinder reagent, and is a colour change test resulting from the Trinder reaction. The Trinder reagent, named after P. Trinder of the Biochemistry Department of the Royal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22821460 |
Tetrabutylammonium tribromide is a pale orange solid with the formula [N(CH)]Br. It is a salt of the lipophilic tetrabutylammonium cation and the linear tribromide anion. The salt is sometimes used as a reagent used in organic synthesis as a conveniently weighable, solid source of bromine. The compound is prepared by t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22826470 |
Ringer's solution is a solution of several salts dissolved in water for the purpose of creating an isotonic solution relative to the body fluids of an animal. typically contains sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate, with the last used to balance the pH. Other additions can includ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22827976 |
Light non-aqueous phase liquid A light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) is a groundwater contaminant that is not soluble in water and has lower density than water, in contrast to a DNAPL which has higher density than water. Once a LNAPL infiltrates the ground, it will stop at the height of the water table because the L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22830139 |
Crystal structure prediction (CSP) is the calculation of the crystal structures of solids from first principles. Reliable methods of predicting the crystal structure of a compound, based only on its composition, has been a goal of the physical sciences since the 1950s. Computational methods employed include simulated a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22832517 |
Crystal structure prediction The latter are capable of solving the global optimization problem with up to around a hundred degrees of freedom, while the approach of metadynamics is to reduce all structural variables to a handful of "slow" collective variables (which often works). Predicting organic crystal structures i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22832517 |
Crystal structure prediction More recent efforts to predict crystal structures have focused on estimating crystal free energy by including the effects of temperature and entropy in organic crystals using vibrational analysis or molecular dynamics. The following codes can predict stable and metastable structures given c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22832517 |
Molecular models of DNA structures are representations of the molecular geometry and topology of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules using one of several means, with the aim of simplifying and presenting the essential, physical and chemical, properties of DNA molecular structures either "in vivo" or "in vitro". These... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22833956 |
Molecular models of DNA From the very early stages of structural studies of DNA by X-ray diffraction and biochemical means, molecular models such as the Watson-Crick nucleic acid double helix model were successfully employed to solve the 'puzzle' of DNA structure, and also find how the latter relates to its key functio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22833956 |
Molecular models of DNA The development of the first correct double helix molecular model of DNA by Crick and Watson may not have been possible without the biochemical evidence for the nucleotide base-pairing ([A---T]; [C---G]), or Chargaff's rules. Although such initial studies of DNA structures with the help of molec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22833956 |
Molecular models of DNA Supercoiling, packing with histones in chromosome structures, and other such supramolecular aspects also involve "in vivo" DNA topology which is even more complex than DNA molecular geometry, thus turning molecular modeling of DNA into an especially challenging problem for both molecular biologi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22833956 |
Molecular models of DNA Both DNA nanostructures and DNA computing biochips have been built. The chemical structure of DNA is insufficient to understand the complexity of the 3D structures of DNA. In contrast, animated molecular models allow one to visually explore the three-dimensional (3D) structure of DNA. The DNA mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22833956 |
Molecular models of DNA The structure of DNA shows a variety of forms, both double-stranded and single-stranded. The mechanical properties of DNA, which are directly related to its structure, are a significant problem for cells. Every process which binds or reads DNA is able to use or modify the mechanical properties o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22833956 |
Molecular models of DNA It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes. In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in plasmids and chromatin. Howeve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22833956 |
Molecular models of DNA A simple example of a paracrystalline lattice is shown in the following figure for a silica glass: Liquid crystals also have paracrystalline rather than crystalline structures. Highly hydrated B-DNA occurs naturally in living cells in such a paracrystalline state, which is a dynamic one despite ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22833956 |
Molecular models of DNA coli, bacterial DNA primase template suggesting very complex dynamics at the interfaces between the enzymes and the DNA template, and molecular models of the mutagenic, chemical interaction of potent carcinogen molecules with DNA. These are all represented in the gallery below. Technological app... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22833956 |
Automotive oil recycling involves the recycling of used oils and the creation of new products from the recycled oils, and includes the recycling of motor oil and hydraulic oil. Oil recycling also benefits the environment: increased opportunities for consumers to recycle oil lessens the likelihood of used oil being dump... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22834446 |
Automotive oil recycling Next, industrial fuel is separated out of the used oil then vacuum distillation removes the lube cut (that is, the fraction suitable for reuse as lubricating oil) leaving a heavy oil that contains the used oil's additives and other by-products such as asphalt extender. The lube cut next undergo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22834446 |
Automotive oil recycling Re-refining one unit of used motor oil will yield: Refining one unit of crude oil will yield: The sludge ("residue") associated with engine oil recycling, which collects at the bottom of re-refining vacuum distillation towers, is known by various names, including "re-refined engine oil bottoms"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22834446 |
Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights The (CIAAW) is an international scientific committee of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) under its Division of Inorganic Chemistry. Since 1899, it is entrusted with periodic critical evaluation of atomic weights of chemical elements and o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39042932 |
Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights With so many different values being reported, the American Chemical Society (ACS), in 1892, appointed a permanent committee to report on a standard table of atomic weights for acceptance by the Society. Clarke, who was then the chief chemist for the U.S. Geological S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39042932 |
Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights Clarke (USA), Prof. Karl Seubert (Germany), and Prof. Thomas Edward Thorpe (UK) were elected, and the International Committee on Atomic Weights published its inaugural report in 1903 under the chairmanship of Prof. Clarke. Since 1899, the Commission periodically and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39042932 |
Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights The endorsement of the oxygen scale created significant backlash in the chemistry community, and the inaugural Atomic Weights Report was thus published using both scales. This practice soon ceded and the oxygen scale remained the international standard for decades to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39042932 |
Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights At the Commission’s meeting in 1951, it was recognized that the isotopic-abundance variation of sulfur had a significant effect on the internationally accepted value of an atomic weight. In order to indicate the span of atomic-weight values that may apply to sulfur f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39042932 |
Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights Likewise, Francis Aston was a member of the Commission when he was awarded the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on isotope measurements. Incidentally, the 1925 Atomic Weights report was signed by three Nobel laureates. Among other notable scientists who hav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39042932 |
Lactate shuttle hypothesis The lactate shuttle hypothesis was proposed by professor George Brooks of the University of California at Berkeley, describing the movement of lactate intracellularly (within a cell) and intercellularly (between cells). The hypothesis is based on the observation that lactate is formed and uti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39047203 |
Lactate shuttle hypothesis Lactate is then transported from the peripheral tissues to the liver by means of the Cori Cycle where it is reformed into pyruvate through the reverse reaction using lactate dehydrogenase. By this logic, lactate was traditionally considered a toxic metabolic byproduct that could give rise to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39047203 |
Lactate shuttle hypothesis Astrocytes express MCT4, a low affinity transporter for lactate (Km = 35mM), suggesting its function is to export lactate produced by glycolysis. Conversely, neurons express MCT2, a high affinity transporter for lactate (Km = 0.7mM). Thus, it is hypothesized that the astrocytes produce lactat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39047203 |
Lactate shuttle hypothesis Because lactate can either be oxidized in the mitochondria (back to pyruvate for entry into the Krebs’ cycle, generating NADH in the process), or serve as a gluconeogenic precursor, the intracellular lactate shuttle has been proposed to account for the majority of lactate turnover in the huma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39047203 |
Lactate shuttle hypothesis Furthermore, it was shown that training increases MCT1 protein levels in skeletal muscle mitochondria, and that corresponded with an increase in the ability of muscle to clear lactate from the body during exercise. The affinity of MCT for pyruvate is greater than lactate, however two reaction... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39047203 |
Lactate shuttle hypothesis Specifically, the interconversion of NAD+ and NADH between compartments has been hypothesized to occur in the mitochondria. However, the evidence for this is lacking, as both lactate and pyruvate are quickly metabolized inside the mitochondria. However, the existence of the peroxisomal lactat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39047203 |
Lactate shuttle hypothesis Brooks demonstrated in his earlier studies that little difference in lactate production rates were seen in trained and untrained subjects at equivalent power outputs. What was seen, however, was more efficient clearance rates of lactate in the trained subjects suggesting an upregulation of MC... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39047203 |
Lactate shuttle hypothesis Other cells in the same tumor may have access to or recruit sources of oxygen (via angiogenesis), allowing it to undergo aerobic oxidation. The lactate shuttle could occur as the hypoxic cells anaerobically metabolize glucose and shuttle the lactate via MCT to the adjacent cells capable of us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39047203 |
Stephen Liddle Stephen T. Liddle FRSC is an English professor of inorganic chemistry at the University of Manchester. He is Head of Inorganic Chemistry and Co-Director of the Centre for Radiochemistry Research at the University of Manchester since 2015. Liddle was born in Sunderland, in the North East of England, in 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39064863 |
Stephen Liddle He was Chairman of COST Action CM1006, a 22 country, research network of over 120 research groups in f-block chemistry (2011-2015), is an advisor to the Commonwealth Scholarship Commission (2013-), and is an elected category 3 member of Senate, the University of Manchester (2016-). Liddle's research is f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39064863 |
Stephen Liddle Liddle is known for his work on "The Periodic Table of Videos", a series of videos from the University of Nottingham presented on YouTube, which feature educational vignettes on the periodic table. He is executive producer for Chemistry at Manchester Explains Research Advances (CAMERA), a series of video... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39064863 |
C7H10O7 The molecular formula CHO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39070884 |
Crack closure is a phenomenon in fatigue loading, where the opposing faces of a crack remain in contact even with an external load acting on the material. As the load is increased, a critical value will be reached at which time the crack becomes "open". occurs from the presence of material propping open the crack faces... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39078701 |
Crack closure Crack growth is generally a function of the stress intensity factor range, formula_5 for an applied loading cycle and is However, crack closure occurs when the fracture surfaces are in contact below the "opening" level stress intensity factor formula_7 even though under positive load, allowing us to defin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39078701 |
Crack closure These steels transform from the austenitic to the martensitic lattice structure under sufficiently high deformation, which leads to an increase of the material volume ahead of the crack tip. Therefore, compression stresses are likely to arise as the crack surfaces contact each other. This transformation-i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39078701 |
Crack closure Due to the anisotropy and heterogeneity in the micro structure, out-of-plane deformation occurs locally when Mode II loading is applied, and thus microscopic roughness of fatigue fracture surfaces is present. As a result, these mismatch wedges come into contact during the fatigue loading process, resultin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39078701 |
Barsoum elements is a finite element analysis technique used in fracture analysis to determine the stress intensity factor of a crack. It was introduced by R. Barsoum in 1976. In this method, the usual isoparametric 6 node triangular or 8 node isoparametric quadrilateral elements are employed. The mid side nodes on 2 a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39082552 |
Alejandro Strachan is a scientist in the field of computational materials and a professor of materials engineering at Purdue University. Before joining Purdue University, he was a staff member at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Strachan studied physics at the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. He received his maste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39084991 |
Alejandro Strachan He is currently co-principal investigator for the Network for Computational Nanotechnology (NCN) and nanoHUB (with principal investigator Gerhard Klimeck) and co-leads the Center for Predictive Material and Devices (c-PRIMED), also with Klimeck. Strachan is also active in education, particularly thro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39084991 |
Crack growth resistance curve In materials modeled by linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), crack extension occurs when the applied energy release rate formula_1 exceeds formula_2, where formula_2 is the material's resistance to crack extension. Conceptually formula_4 can be thought of as the energetic "gain" assoc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39087496 |
Crack growth resistance curve R-curves can alternatively be discussed in terms of stress intensity factors formula_14 rather than energy release rates formula_15, where the R-curves can be expressed as the fracture toughness (formula_16, sometimes referred to as formula_17) as a function of crack length formula_18. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39087496 |
Crack growth resistance curve Another category of R-curve that is common in real materials is a "rising R-curve" (formula_2 increases as formula_9 increases). In materials with rising R-curves, as a crack propagates, the resistance to further crack propagation increases, and it requires a higher and higher applied form... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39087496 |
Crack growth resistance curve If formula_39 is infinitesimally greater than formula_40 but formula_41 then the crack will grow by an infinitesimally small increment formula_31 such that formula_43 and then crack growth will arrest. If the applied crack driving force formula_44 was gradually increased over time (through... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39087496 |
Crack growth resistance curve It is usually not feasible to reach this steady-state condition, as it often requires very long crack extensions before reaching this condition, and thus would require large testing specimen geometries (and thus high applied forces) to observe. As such, most materials with rising R-curves ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39087496 |
Crack growth resistance curve A crack in a thin sheet tends to produce a steeper R curve than a crack in a thick plate because there is a low degree of stress triaxiality at the crack tip in the thin sheet while the material near the tip of the crack in the thick plate may be in plane strain. The R curve can also chang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39087496 |
Crack growth resistance curve While the C(W) specimen had gained substantial popularity for collecting KR curve data, many organizations still conduct wide panel, center cracked tension tests to obtain fracture toughness data. As with the plane-strain fracture toughness standard, ASTM E399, the planar dimensions of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39087496 |
Widespread fatigue damage (WFD) in a structure is characterised by the simultaneous presence of fatigue cracks at multiple points that are of sufficient size and density that while individually they may be acceptable, link-up of the cracks could suddenly occur and the structure could fail. For example, small fatigue cr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39088988 |
Isotopes in medicine A medical isotope is an isotope used in medicine. The first uses of isotopes in medicine were in radiopharmaceuticals, and this is still the most common use. However more recently, separated stable isotopes have also come into use. Examples of non-radioactive medical isotopes are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39090181 |
Aneugen An aneugen is a substance that causes a daughter cell to have an abnormal number of chromosomes or aneuploidy. A substance's aneugenicity reflects its ability to induce aneuploidy. Exposure of males to lifestyle, environmental and/or occupational hazards may increase the risk of spermatozoa aneuploidy. Tobacco ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39090240 |
Concrete fracture analysis Concrete is widely used construction material all over the world. It is composed of aggregate, cement and water. Composition of concrete varies to suit for different applications desired. Even size of the aggregate can influence mechanical properties of concrete to a great extent. Concrete is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39092774 |
Concrete fracture analysis Quasi-brittle materials possess considerable hardness which is similar to ceramic hardness, so often it is called ceramic hardness. The reason for ceramic hardness can be explained on the basis of subcritical cracking that happens during loading of concrete. Subcritical cracking in concrete w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39092774 |
Concrete fracture analysis But it is evident that in concrete, there is some intermediate space between cracked and uncracked portion. This region is defined as the "Fracture Process Zone (FPZ)". FPZ consists of micro cracks which are minute individual cracks situated nearer to crack tip. As the crack propagates these ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39092774 |
Concrete fracture analysis For this a strain controlled loading of un-notched specimen of each materials can be done. From the observations we can draw these conclusions: "Pre-peak" "Post-peak" Fracture energy is defined as the energy required to open unit area of crack surface. It is a material property and does not d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39092774 |
Concrete fracture analysis where This clearly proves that material size and even the component size like aggregate size can influence cracking of concrete. Because of the heterogeneous nature of concrete, it responds to already existing crack testing models "anomaly". And it is evident that alteration of existing model... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39092774 |
Concrete fracture analysis Proposed by Bazant and Oh in 1983, this theory can well attribute materials whose homogeneous nature changes over a certain range randomly. So we select any particular more or less homogeneous volume for the purpose of analysis. Hence we can determine the stresses and strains. The size of thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39092774 |
Green bullet Green bullet, green ammunition or green ammo are nicknames for a United States Department of Defense program to eliminate the use of hazardous materials from small arms ammunition and from small arms ammunition manufacturing. Initial objectives were elimination of ozone-depleting substances, volatile organ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39095186 |
Green bullet October 11, 2013 Governor Jerry Brown of California signed into law AB 711 Hunting: nonlead ammunition. Cost reductions from conversion to green ammo are estimated at "$2.5 million required for waste removal at each outdoor firing range as well as the $100 thousand annual costs for lead contamination monit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39095186 |
Green bullet Enhanced Performance Round, Lead-Free The Army Research Laboratory and other participants developed the M855A1, Enhanced Performance Round (EPR), by applying ballistics concepts originally used in large-caliber cartridges to small arms. The result was significant improvements to lethality of small arms. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39095186 |
Green bullet The lead-free cartridges also reduce environmental impact by removing more than 2,000 metric tons of lead per year that otherwise could end up in the environment. The EPR contains an environmentally-friendly projectile that eliminates lead from the manufacturing process in direct support of Army commitment... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39095186 |
Green bullet Inferior external ballistics cause lighter bullets to be less effective against distant targets. Increasing bullet length may require a faster rifling twist to maintain stability. Some early trials versions of the M16 rifle had 1:14" twist barrels, but this was increased to 1:12" twist in early military pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39095186 |
KaiC is a gene belonging to the KaiABC gene cluster (with KaiA, and KaiB) that, together, regulate bacterial circadian rhythms, specifically in cyanobacteria. encodes for the protein which interacts with the KaiA and KaiB proteins in a post-translational oscillator (PTO). The PTO is cyanobacteria master clock that is c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39103747 |
KaiC Based on a number of single-domain homologous genes in other species, "KaiC" is hypothesized to have horizontally transferred from Bacteria to Archaea, eventually forming the double-domain "KaiC" through duplication and fusion. "KaiC'"s key role in circadian control and homology to "RecA" suggest its individual ev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39103747 |
KaiC was later found to have both autokinase and autophosphatase activity. These findings suggested that circadian rhythm was controlled by a TTFL mechanism, which is consistent with other known biological clocks. In 2000, S. elongatus was observed in constant dark (DD) and constant light (LL). In DD, transcription and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39103747 |
KaiC acts as a non-specific transcription regulator that represses transcription of the "kaiBC" promoter. Its crystal structure has been solved at 2.8 Å resolution; it is a homohexameric complex (approximately 360 kDa) with a double-doughnut structure and a central pore which is open at the N-terminal ends and partiall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39103747 |
KaiC Further, the diameter of the rings in are suitable to accommodate single stranded DNA. Additionally, the surface potential at the CII ring and the C-terminal channel opening is mostly positive. The compatibility of the diameter as well as the surface potential charge suggests that DNA may be able to bind to the C-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39103747 |
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