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ISASMELT Construction is expected to be completed by mid-2014, and the capital cost is estimated at US$650 million. The estimated operating cost was given as US$69 per tonne of concentrate. The Kansanshi copper smelter project is estimated to be worth US$340–500 million per year in reduced concentrate freight costs, ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39223191 |
ISASMELT The slag is then tapped and the remaining copper matte is then converted to blister copper. The lead-rich slag is subsequently reduced in a blast furnace to produce lead metal, while the copper is refined and the contained precious metals recovered. The then Hüttenwerke Kayser smelter at Lünen in Germany insta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39223191 |
Bacterial Filtration Efficiency or BFE is a measurement of a respirator material's resistance to penetration of bacteria. Results are reported as percent efficiency and correlate with the ability of the fabric to resist bacterial penetration. Higher numbers in this test indicate better barrier efficiency. Wrap fabrics ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39226969 |
Corrosion under insulation (CUI) is a severe form of localized external corrosion that occurs in carbon and low alloy steel equipment that has been insulated. This form of corrosion occurs when water is absorbed by or collected in the insulation. The equipment begins to corrode as it is exposed to water and oxygen. CUI... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39228729 |
Configurational mechanics is a subdiscipline of continuum mechanics in which particular emphasis is placed on reckoning from the perspective of the material manifold. By contrast, in classical mechanics, reckoning is commonly made from the perspective of spatial coordinates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39230475 |
Yurii Sh. Matros Yurii Shaevich Matros () is a scientist in the field of chemical engineering, known for his achievement in the theory and practice of heterogeneous catalytic processes. He is acknowledged as a “Godfather” of realization of catalytic processes in forced unsteady state conditions. Matros developed a cata... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39235307 |
Yurii Sh. Matros In the 1960s and 1970s, he analyzed various levels of mathematical modeling of catalytic reactors, beginning with the reaction process over the catalyst surface and ending with the processes in catalyst pellet and catalytic reactor itself. As one of the first researchers in the field, he described non-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39235307 |
Yurii Sh. Matros Former president of the Siberian Branch of Academy of Sciences of USSR (1925–2013) (now Russian Academy of Sciences), Gury Marchuk remarked that this was the most influential idea in chemistry during last 50 years. Matros is one of the scientists of the Academy of Sciences who consistently brought his ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39235307 |
Yurii Sh. Matros Matros is the organizer and chairman of the traditional International Conference of Unsteady State Process in Catalysis which takes place periodically in Russia, Canada, Japan or the United States, every 3 to 4 years on average. Matros is often invited to give plenary lectures (PL) at prestigious inter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39235307 |
Yurii Sh. Matros Schmidt (Professor, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA); W. Harmon Ray (Steenbock Professor of Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA); Dan Luss (Cullen Professor and Chairman, University of Houston, TX, USA); Gilbert F. Froment (Directeur: Professor, Dr. Ir., Universiteit Ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39235307 |
Yurii Sh. Matros ” Another example of a recommendation includes the following fragment from the Head of Institute of Chemishe Verfahrenstechick of the University Stuttgart, Prof. Gerhat Eigenberger from April 23, 1992: “This letter attests to academic and experimental credentials of Dr. Y. Sh. Matros ... Dr. Matros is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39235307 |
Yurii Sh. Matros php?ID=32213 Matros’ achievements and scientific activity is reflected in more than 40 patents, 300 publications of which he is the author or coauthor, 5 books of which he is the author, 7 books of which he is the editor-in-chief with and without coauthors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39235307 |
Vivergo Fuels is a bio-ethanol producer, headquartered in Hessle, East Riding of Yorkshire, but whose plant is based at Salt End, Kingston upon Hull, England. The company produces bio-fuels from locally sourced wheat and besides producing bio-ethanol, a by-product of animal feed is also part of the bio-fuel process. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39236938 |
Vivergo Fuels Redhall, a Wakefield-based company, was awarded the £18 million contract to design and build the plant in February 2010. The project was to have been completed by the end of 2010, but by the time of the industrial action, it was four months behind schedule. Redhall later successfully sued Vivergo for brea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39236938 |
Vivergo Fuels In November 2017, the plant was subject to an enforced closure by the company. Vivergo claimed that the business was unsustainable due to the government not adhering to its own Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) policy. Currently, the company produces E5, an up 5% blending product that is meant to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39236938 |
Kabat numbering scheme The is a scheme for the numbering of amino acid residues in antibodies based upon variable regions. The scheme is useful when comparing these variable regions between antibodies. Its foundations were laid by the American biomedical scientist Elvin A. Kabat, who started collecting and aligning ami... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39241335 |
Scandium sulfate is the scandium salt of sulfuric acid and has the formula Sc(SO). It is used in agriculture as a very dilute solution as a seed treatment to improve the germination of corn, peas, wheat, and other plants. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39241652 |
Froth treatment (Athabasca oil sands) Bitumen froth treatment is a process used in the Athabasca oil sands (AOS) bitumen recovery operations to remove fine inorganics—water and mineral particles—from bitumen froth, by diluting the bitumen with a light hydrocarbon solvent—either naphthenic or paraffinic—to reduce the vi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39242726 |
Froth treatment (Athabasca oil sands) Each grain of quartz sand, which is extremely abrasive and has an angular shapes, is "completely enveloped within bitumen". Each sand grain is surrounded by a thin film of water and bitumen covers the aqueous layer and the angular sand grain. The bitumen-and water-covered grains of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39242726 |
Froth treatment (Athabasca oil sands) Viscosity is one of the pressure–volume–temperature (PVT) properties that is estimated during the different stages of oil exploration, production, recovery, and transportation. In bitumen, asphaltenes, which are often defined as the fraction which cannot be dissolved in n-heptane, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39242726 |
Froth treatment (Athabasca oil sands) The quality of bitumen froth prior to the frothing treatment—a solvent-based gravity separation treatment—is "too low to be processed by an upgrader or refinery." The water-based gravity separation alone cannot remove the remaining contaminants, which are 10 to 15% solids and up to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39242726 |
Froth treatment (Athabasca oil sands) Its objective is to separate mineral solids and water from the bitumen froth. The bitumen froth is diluted with naphthenic or paraffinic solvents to lower its viscosity to facilitate the separation. Bitumen froth treatment is the "removal of inorganics (mineral particles and water ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39242726 |
Froth treatment (Athabasca oil sands) In Canada, the Regina, Saskatchewan-Co-op Refinery Complex—formerly the Consumers Co-operative Refinery Limited (CCRL)—has a heavy oil upgrader section of the plant with the necessary Coker unit capable of processing the oil sands product, such as Lloydminster heavy oil, which is a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39242726 |
Froth treatment (Athabasca oil sands) " They found that "under worst-case exposure conditions, acute toxicity is unlikely in wild mammals exposed to naphthenic acids" in [Athabasca oil sands] (AOS) tailings pond water, "but repeated exposure may have adverse health effects." In 1990, the Paraffinic Solvent Froth Treatm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39242726 |
Froth treatment (Athabasca oil sands) PSFT technology is also in use at Imperial Oil's Kearl Oil Sands, and Teck Resources's Fort Hills open-pit oil sands mining operation. Teck plans on using it at its proposed massive Frontier open-pit oil sands mining operation. PSFT technology, which eliminates the use of an upgrad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39242726 |
Büchner–Curtius–Schlotterbeck reaction The Buchner–Curtius–Schlotterbeck reaction is the reaction of aldehydes or ketones with aliphatic diazoalkanes to form homologated ketones. It was first described by Eduard Buchner and Theodor Curtius in 1885 and later by Fritz Schlotterbeck in 1907. Two German chemists also prece... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39242968 |
Büchner–Curtius–Schlotterbeck reaction The relative yield of each possible carbonyl is determined by the migratory preferences of the R-groups. The epoxide product is formed by an intramolecular addition reaction in which a lone pair from the oxygen attacks the carbocation (6). This reaction is exothermic due to the st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39242968 |
Büchner–Curtius–Schlotterbeck reaction The reaction has since been modified to proceed in the presence of Lewis acids and common organic solvents such as THF and dichloromethane. Reactions generally run at room temperature for about an hour, and the yield ranges from 70%-80% based on the choice of Lewis acid and solven... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39242968 |
Büchner–Curtius–Schlotterbeck reaction In the reactions of "o"-nitrobenzaldehyde, "p"-nitrobenzaldehyde, and phenylacetaldehyde with diazomethane, the ratio of epoxide to carbonyl is increased by the inclusion of methanol in the reaction mixture. The opposite influence has also been observed in the reaction of piperona... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39242968 |
Büchner–Curtius–Schlotterbeck reaction In the reaction between "o"-nitropiperonal (IX) and diazomethane, an aryl shift leads to production of the epoxide (X) in 9 to 1 excess of the ketone product (XI). When diazoethane is substituted for diazomethane, a hydride shift produces the ketone (XII), the only isolable produc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39242968 |
Büchner–Curtius–Schlotterbeck reaction It is possible to isolate nitrogen-containing compounds using the Büchner–Curtius–Schlotterbeck reaction. For example, an acyl-diazomethane can react with an aldehyde in the presence of a DBU catalyst to form isolable α-diazo-β-hydroxy esters (shown below). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39242968 |
Hydrodefluorination (HDF) is a type of organic reaction in which in a substrate a carbon–fluorine bond is replaced by a carbon–hydrogen bond. The topic is of some interest to scientific research. In one general strategy for the synthesis of fluorinated compounds with a specific substitution pattern, the substrate is a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39244732 |
Klyne–Prelog system In stereochemistry, the (named for William Klyne and Vladimir Prelog) for describing conformations about a single bond offers a more systematic means to unambiguously name complex structures, where the torsional or dihedral angles are not found to occur in 60° increments. Klyne notation views the pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39253041 |
Oil mist refers to oil droplets suspended in the air in the size range 1~10 μm. may form when high pressure fuel oil, lubricating oil, hydraulic oil, or other oil is sprayed through a narrow crack, or when leaked oil connects with a high temperature surface, vaporizes, and comes in contact with low air temperature. Thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39259290 |
Oil mist 1 International Maritime Organization (IMO) 2 International Association of Classification Societies Ltd unified requirements concerning MACHINERY INSTALLATIONS 3 Oil Companies International Marine Forum Ship Inspection Report (SIRE) Programme/ Vessel Inspection Questionnaires for Oil Tankers, Combination Carri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39259290 |
Spectral line shape describes the form of a feature, observed in spectroscopy, corresponding to an energy change in an atom, molecule or ion. Ideal line shapes include Lorentzian, Gaussian and Voigt functions, whose parameters are the line position, maximum height and half-width. Actual line shapes are determined princ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39260084 |
Spectral line shape A Lorentzian line shape function can be represented as where "L" signifies a Lorentzian function standardized, for spectroscopic purposes, to a maximum value of 1; "formula_3" is a subsidiary variable defined as where formula_5 is the position of the maximum (corresponding to the transition energy "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39260084 |
Spectral line shape Lines are relatively sharp on the scale of measurement so that applications such as atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP) are used for elemental analysis. Atoms also have distinct x-ray spectra that are attributable to the excitation o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39260084 |
Spectral line shape alter the relaxation time, and hence spectral line shape, of those protons that are in water molecules that are transiently attached to the paramagnetic atoms, resulting contrast enhancement of the MRI image. This allows better visualisation of some brain tumours. Some spectroscopic curves can be ap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39260084 |
Spectral line shape This can be used to apparently improve spectral resolution. The diagram shows the second derivative of the black curve in the diagram above it. Whereas the smaller component produces a shoulder in the spectrum, it appears as a separate peak in the 2nd. derivative. Fourth derivatives, formula_21, can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39260084 |
C22H25NO2 The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39261491 |
Liver support system A liver support system is a therapeutic device to assist in performing the functions of the liver in persons with liver damage. The primary functions of the liver include removing toxic substances from the blood, manufacturing blood proteins, storing energy in the form of glycogen, and secreting bi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39261916 |
Liver support system Both types of hepatic insufficiency, ALF and ACLF, can potentially be reversible and liver functionality can return to a level similar to that prior to the insult or precipitating event. LTx is the only treatment that has shown an improvement in the prognosis and survival with most severe cases of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39261916 |
Liver support system Nevertheless, they are therapies with high complexity that require a complex logistic approach for implementation; a very high cost and possible inducement of important side effects such as immunological issues (porcine endogenous retrovirus transmission), infectious complications and tumor transmi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39261916 |
Liver support system These systems use conventional dialysis methods with an albumin containing dialysate that is later regenerated by means of adsorption columns, filled with activated charcoal and ion exchange resins. At present, there are two artificial extracorporeal liver support systems: the Molecular Adsorbents ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39261916 |
Liver support system MARS is an extracorporeal hemodialysis system composed of three different circuits: blood, albumin and low-flux dialysis. The blood circuit uses a double lumen catheter and a conventional hemodialysis device to pump the patient's blood into the MARS FLUX, a biocompatible polysulfone high-flux dialy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39261916 |
Liver support system A systematic review of the literature from 1999 to June 2011 was performed in the following databases: The LiverNet is a database dedicated to the liver diseases treated with the support of extracorporeal therapies. To date, the most currently used system is the Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating Sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39261916 |
Liver support system Evidence suggests that HE develops as some neurotoxins and neuro active substances, produced after hepatocellular breakdown, accumulates in the brain as a consequence of a portosystemic shunt and the limited detoxification capability of the liver. Substances involved are ammonia, manganese, aromati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39261916 |
Liver support system " published their three years experience on MARS analyzing the impact of the treatment in the cerebral level for 63 patients reporting an improvement in Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) for all observed in all patients. In the last 22 patients, cerebral perfusion pressure was monitored by Doppler (mean flo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39261916 |
Liver support system Nevertheless, when they looked at the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Score (MELD), a significant reduction in both groups, MARS and controls, was recorded (p<0,01 y p<0,05, respectively). Likewise, in several case series, an improvement in HE grade with MARS therapy is also reported. Hemodynamic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39261916 |
Liver support system Cardiac output and heart rate also decreased in the MARS group as a consequence of an improvement in the hyperdynamic circulation. Therefore, it was shown that a statistically significant improvement was obtained with MARS when compared with the SMT. Catalina et al. have also evaluated systemic and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39261916 |
Liver support system Pierre Versin is one of the pioneers in the study of hepatorenal syndrome in patients with liver impairment. Great efforts have been made trying to improve the prognosis of this type of patient; however, few have solved the problem. Orthotopic liver transplantation is the only treatment that has sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39261916 |
Liver support system Although mechanisms explaining previous findings are not yet fully understood, it has been reported that there was a decrease in plasma rennin concentrations in patients diagnosed with acute on chronic liver failure with renal impairment that were treated with MARS. Likewise, other studies have sug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39261916 |
Liver support system , that was specifically addressing the topic, it is reported that MARS and Prometheus systems lower to the same extent biliary acids plasma concentration. Heemann "et al". and Laleman "et al". have also published a significant improvement for these organic ions. Pruritus is one of the most common c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39261916 |
Liver support system Nevertheless, some authors have concluded that besides the good results found in the literature, application of MARS therapy in refractory pruritus requires larger evidence. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics for a majority of drugs can be significantly be modified with liver failure, affecting ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39261916 |
Liver support system was a significance difference in survival found for patients diagnosed with ALF treated with extracorporeal liver support systems. Nevertheless, these reviews included all kind of liver support systems and used a heterogeneous type of publication ( abstracts, clinical trials, cohort, etc.). There i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39261916 |
Liver support system and Hassanein "et al". noticed a non significant improvement in survival, probably because of the short number of patients included in the trials. In the majority of available MARS studies published with patients diagnosed with ALF, either transplanted or not, survival was greater in the MARS group... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39261916 |
Liver support system Searching strategies yielded 74 clinical trials: 17 randomized controlled trials, 5 case control and 52 cohort studies. Eight studies were included in the meta-analysis: three addressing acute liver failure, one with MARS therapy and five addressing acute on chronic, being four MARS related. Author... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39261916 |
Liver support system detected one patient with thrombocytopenia in both the MARS and Prometheus treatment groups, and an additional patient with clotting of the dialysis circuit and hypotension, only in the Prometheus group. Kramer "et al". (Biologic-DT) wrote about 3 cases with disseminated intravascular coagulation i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39261916 |
Liver support system describing the impact of complications in hospitalization costs in patients diagnosed with alcoholic liver failure. Cost of 11 patients treated with standard medical care (SMT) were compared to those that received MARS, in addition to SMT (12 patients). In the MARS group, there was less in-hospital... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39261916 |
Liver support system Two years later, same authors published the results of 149 patients diagnosed with ACLF. There were 67 patients (44,9%) treated with MARS and 82 patients (55,1%) were allocated to receive SMT. Mean survival time was 692 days in the MARS group (33% at 3 years) and 453 days in the controls (15% at 3 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39261916 |
Liver support system Blood Flow The trend is to use high flow rates, although it is determined by the technical specifications of the combined machine and catheters’ size Intermittent treatments: Continuous treatments: Dyalisate Flow Rate Intermittent treatments: Continuous treatments: Replacement Flow Rate Heparin Ant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39261916 |
Liver support system More recently, on December 17, 2012, MARS therapy has been cleared by the FDA for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy due to a decompensation of a chronic liver disease Clinical trials conducted with MARS treatment in HE patients having a decompensation of chronic liver disease demonstrated a t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39261916 |
Darken's equations In 1948, Lawrence Stamper Darken published an article entitled "Diffusion, Mobility and Their Interrelation through Free Energy in Binary Metallic Systems", in which he derived two equations describing solid-state diffusion in binary solutions. Specifically, the equations Darken created relate “binar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39262593 |
Darken's equations For a binary system this is defined by "C" + "C" = "C", where "C" is the overall concentration of the system that remains constant, and "C" and "C" are the corresponding component's concentration. This is equivalent to saying that the partial molar volumes of the two components are constant and equal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39262593 |
Darken's equations The experiment supported the concept that a concentration gradient in a binary alloy would result in the different components having different velocities in the solid solution. The experiment showed that in brass zinc had a faster relative velocity than copper, since the molybdenum wires moved farthe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39262593 |
Darken's equations For this equation to be applicable, the analyzed system must have a constant concentration and can be modeled by the Boltzmann–Matano solution. For the derivation, a hypothetical case is considered where two homogeneous binary alloy rods of two different compositions are in contact. The sides are pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39262593 |
Darken's equations Fick’s first law, the previous equation stated for diffusion, describes the entirety of the system for only small distances from the origin, since at large distances advection needs to be accounted for. This results in the total rate of transport for the system being influenced by both factors, diffu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39262593 |
Darken's equations This transformation then yields The above equation, in terms of the variable "x", only takes into account diffusion, so the term for the motion of the markers must also be included, since the frame of reference is no longer moving with the marker particles. In the equation below, formula_2 is the vel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39262593 |
Darken's equations These conditions then allow the equation to be rearranged to give Since "C" is assumed to be constant, formula_23. Rewriting this equation in terms of atom fraction formula_24 and formula_25 yields Referring back to the derivation for Darken's first equation, formula_2 is written as Inserting this va... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39262593 |
Darken's equations The gradient in potential energy, denoted by F, is the force which causes atoms to diffuse. To begin, the flux "J" is equated to the product of the differential of the gradient and the mobility "B", which is defined as the diffusing atom's velocity per unit of applied force. In addition, "N" is Avoga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39262593 |
Darken's equations More complicated equations than presented must be used in cases where there is convection. One application in which Darken’s equations play an instrumental role is in analyzing the process of diffusion bonding. Diffusion bonding is used widely in manufacturing to connect two materials without using a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39262593 |
Darken's equations Darken’s first equation, formula_54, can be rewritten in terms of vacancy flux, formula_55. Use of Darken’s equation in this form has important implications for determining the flux of vacancies into a material undergoing diffusion bonding, which, due to the Kirkendall effect, could lead to porosity ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39262593 |
Syngas to gasoline plus (STG+) is a thermochemical process to convert natural gas, other gaseous hydrocarbons or gasified biomass into drop-in fuels, such as gasoline, diesel fuel or jet fuel, and organic solvents. This process follows four principal steps in one continuous integrated loop, comprising four fixed bed re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39274704 |
Syngas to gasoline plus Biomass gasification technologies are less established, though several systems being developed utilize fixed bed or fluidized bed reactors. Other technologies for syngas to liquid fuels synthesis include the Fischer-Tropsch process and the methanol to gasoline processes. Research conducted at Pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39274704 |
Syngas to gasoline plus This refining typically adds additional costs, causing some industry leaders to label the economics of commercial-scale Fischer-Tropsch processes as challenging. The STG+ technology offers several differentiators that distinguish it from other methanol to gasoline processes. These differences in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39274704 |
Syngas to gasoline plus This eliminates the need for storage of two products, including pressure storage for liquefied petroleum gas and storage of liquid methanol. Simplifying a gas to liquids process by combining multiple steps into fewer reactors leads to increased yield and efficiency, enabling less expensive facil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39274704 |
Faraday Medal (electrochemistry) The Faraday Medal is awarded by the Electrochemistry Group of the Royal Society of Chemistry. Since 1977, it honours distinguished mid-career electrochemists working outside of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland for their research advancements. The laureates are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39283803 |
Charles Goodyear Medal The is the highest honor conferred by the American Chemical Society, Rubber Division. Established in 1941, the award is named after Charles Goodyear, the discoverer of vulcanization, and consists of a gold medal, a framed certificate and prize money. The medal honors individuals for "outstanding ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39286085 |
Arsonic acid is the simplest of the arsonic acids. It is a hypothetical compound, although the tautomeric arsenious acid (As(OH)) is well established. In contrast to the instability of HAsO(OH), the phosphorus compound with analogous stoichiometry exists as the tetrahedral tautomer. Similarly, organic derivatives such ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39289972 |
Tetramethyluric acid may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39292209 |
C9H12N4O3 The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39292230 |
C18H16O4 The molecular formula CHO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39292725 |
Compounds of fluorine Fluorine forms a great variety of chemical compounds, within which it always adopts an oxidation state of −1. With other atoms, fluorine forms either polar covalent bonds or ionic bonds. Most frequently, covalent bonds involving fluorine atoms are single bonds, although at least two examples of a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39292926 |
Compounds of fluorine The fluorine–fluorine bond of the difluorine molecule is relatively weak when compared to the bonds of heavier dihalogen molecules. The bond energy is significantly weaker than those of Cl or Br molecules and similar to the easily cleaved oxygen–oxygen bonds of peroxides or nitrogen–nitrogen bonds... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39292926 |
Compounds of fluorine Wood and even water burn with flames when subjected to a jet of fluorine, without the need for a spark. Reactions of elemental fluorine with metals require different conditions that depend on the metal. Often, the metal (such as aluminium, iron, or copper) must be powdered because many metals pass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39292926 |
Compounds of fluorine Therefore, fluorine's only common oxidation state is −1. It differs from this value in elemental fluorine, where the atoms are bonded to each other and thus at oxidation state 0, and a few polyatomic ions: the very unstable anions and with intermediate oxidation states exist at very low temperatur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39292926 |
Compounds of fluorine 23); in other words, the trifluoro derative is 33,800 times stronger an acid than acetic. Fluorine is a principal component of the strongest known charge-neutral acid, . There is evidence for an even stronger acid, , but it has not proved isolable. In a molecule that is composed of a central atoms... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39292926 |
Compounds of fluorine Hydrogen fluoride and water also form several compounds in the solid state, most notably a 1:1 compound that does not melt until −40 °C (−40 °F), which is 44 degrees Celsius (79 degrees Fahrenheit) above the melting point of pure HF. Unlike other hydrohalic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39292926 |
Compounds of fluorine Metal fluorides are rather dissimilar from other metal halides, adopting distinctive structures. In many respects, metal fluorides are more similar to oxides, often having similar bonding and crystal structures. Owing to its high electronegativity, fluorine stabilizes metals in higher oxidation st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39292926 |
Compounds of fluorine ), which surrounds each metal cation with 8 fluorides. Some difluorides adopt the rutile structure, named after a form of titanium dioxide and adopted by several other metal dioxides also. The structure is tetragonal and puts metal atoms in octahedral coordination. Beryllium difluoride is differen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39292926 |
Compounds of fluorine Iron and gallium trifluorides have the FeF structure, which is similar to rhenium trioxide. Only ScF is cubic (ReO) at ambient temperature; this material also has the unusual property of negative thermal expansion, meaning it shrinks on heating, over a quite broad temperature range. Gold trifluori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39292926 |
Compounds of fluorine They have octahedrally coordinated metal atoms with four of the fluorines shared and two unshared. The melting points, where known, are below 300 °C. Manganese tetrafluoride is an unstable solid that decomposes even at room temperature. Only one of the two allotropes, α-MnF, is understood. In this... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39292926 |
Compounds of fluorine The room-temperature (alpha) form has the same linear chain structure as bismuth pentafluoride. As a molecular (gas) species, UF has a square pyramidal structure. The metals that make well-characterized hexafluorides include nine metals in the center of the periodic table (molybdenum, technetium, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39292926 |
Compounds of fluorine The study predicted that, if made, OsF would have Os–F bonds of two different lengths. The nonmetal binary fluorides are volatile compounds. They show a great difference between period 2 and other fluorides. For instance, period 2 elements elements fluorides never exceed the octet in their atoms. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39292926 |
Compounds of fluorine Reactions with organomagnesium compounds, alcohols, amines, and ammonia yield adduction compounds. Fluorosilicic acid, a derivative of SiF, is a strong acid in aqueous solution (the anhydrous form does not exist). Pnictogens (nitrogen's periodic table column) show very similar trends in reactivity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39292926 |
Compounds of fluorine The hexafluorides are the result of direct fluorination of the elements (compare: other hexahalides of these elements do not even exist). They increase in reactivity with atomic number: SF is extremely inert, SeF is less noble (for example, reacts with ammonia at 200 °C (400 °F)), and TeF easily h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39292926 |
Compounds of fluorine One such acid, fluoroantimonic acid (HSbF), is the strongest charge-neutral acid known. The dispersion of the charge on the anion affects the acidity of the solvated proton (in form of ): The compound has an extremely low pK of −28 and is 10 quadrillion (10) times stronger than pure sulfuric acid.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39292926 |
Compounds of fluorine , krypton difluoride. Krypton tetrafluoride was reported in 1963, but was subsequently shown to be a mistaken identification; the compound seems to be very hard to synthesize now (although even the hexafluoride may exist). In accordance with the periodic trends, radon is more reactive toward fluor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39292926 |
Compounds of fluorine ) The main problem that prevents fluorine from forming the highest states in covalent hepta- and octafluorides is that it is hard to attach such a large number of ligands around a single atom; the number of ligands is halved in analogous oxides. However, octafluoride anions, such as the octafluoro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39292926 |
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