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Modes of toxic action Because different modes of toxic action generally appear to be associated with different ranges of body residues, modes of toxic action can then be separated into categories. However, it is unlikely that every chemical has the same mode of toxic action in every organism, so this variability should... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39392026 |
Modes of toxic action The objective of environmental risk assessment is to protect the environment from adverse effects. Researchers are further developing QSAR models with the ultimate goal providing a clear insight about a mode of toxic action, but also about what the actual target site is, the concentration of the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39392026 |
Bernard L. Shaw Bernard Leslie Shaw, FRS is an English chemist who has made notable contributions to organometallic chemistry. He is Emeritus Professor of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry at the University of Leeds. Together with his longtime collaborator Joseph Chatt, Shaw contributed to the development of organopla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39404321 |
Standard dimension ratio (SDR) is a method of rating a pipe's durability against pressure. The standard dimension ratio describes the correlation between the pipe dimension and the thickness of the pipe wall. Common nominations are SDR11, SDR17 and SDR35. Pipes with a lower SDR can withstand higher pressures. formula_1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39410762 |
Origin and occurrence of fluorine Fluorine is relatively rare in the universe compared to other elements of nearby atomic weight. On earth, fluorine is essentially found only in mineral compounds because of its reactivity. The main commercial source, fluorite, is a common mineral. At 400 ppb, fluorine is estimated to b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39415735 |
Origin and occurrence of fluorine Finally, in asymptotic giant branch (a type of red giant) stars, fusion reactions occur in pulses and convection could lift fluorine out of the inner star. Only the red giant hypothesis has supporting evidence from observations. In space, fluorine commonly combines with hydrogen to for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39415735 |
Origin and occurrence of fluorine Fluorapatite (Ca(PO)F) is mined along with other apatites for its phosphate content and is used mostly for production of fertilizers. Most of the Earth's fluorine is bound in this mineral, but because the percentage within the mineral is low (3.5%), the fluorine is discarded as waste. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39415735 |
Origin and occurrence of fluorine It was suggested that radiation from small amounts of uranium within the crystals had caused the free fluorine defects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39415735 |
1994 Oslo Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions The Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions is an agreement to provide for a further reduction in sulphur emissions or transboundary fluxes. It is a protocol to the Convention on Long... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39415751 |
Mallotojaponin may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39416783 |
Cymenes The cymenes (methylcumenes, isopropyltoluenes) constitute a group of substances of aromatic hydrocarbons, which structure consists of a benzene ring with an isopropyl group (−CH(CH)), and a methyl group (−CH) as a substituent. Through their different arrangement, they form three structural isomers with the mole... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39417701 |
C30H26O13 The molecular formula CHO (molar mass: 594.52 g/mol, exact mass: 594.137340 u) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39417963 |
Alkaline hydrolysis Alkaline hydrolysis, in organic chemistry, usually refers to types of nucleophilic substitution reactions in which the attacking nucleophile is a hydroxide ion. In the alkaline hydrolysis of esters and amides the hydroxide ion nucleophile attacks the carbonyl carbon in a nucleophilic acyl substituti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39419082 |
Transition engineering is the professional-engineering discipline that deals with the application of the principles of science to the design, innovation and adaptation of engineered systems that meet the needs of today without compromising the ecological, societal and economic systems on which future generations will d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39425504 |
Transition engineering There are two serious problems driving the emergence of Transition Engineering; the exponential growth in the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere and the lack of growth and imminent decline of conventional oil production known as peak oil. The concentration of carbon dioxide in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39425504 |
Transition engineering At the beginning of the 1900s, business owners viewed workplace safety as a wasted investment and politicians were slow to change. After the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire in New York City killed 156 trapped workers, 62 engineers came together to investigate how to make the workplace a safer pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39425504 |
Transition engineering However, the actual production rate of conventional oil has not increased since 2005 and is projected to decline by more than 50% by 2050. GATE opened the first group in the UK in Feb 2014. GATE is a Professional Engineering Institution; a membership association and learned society, and comprises... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39425504 |
Transition engineering those ships responsible for destroying the Cod spawning beds) were manufactured in the year that the fish stocks collapsed. The Global Association for Transition Engineering is registered charity number 1166048, registered with the UK Charity Commission on 14 March 2016. It is a "Charitable Incor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39425504 |
Recalescence is an increase in temperature that occurs while cooling metal when a change in structure with an increase in entropy occurs. The heat responsible for the change in temperature is due to the change in entropy. When a structure transformation occurs the Gibbs free energy of both structures are more or less t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39438424 |
Coherent effects in semiconductor optics The interaction of matter with light, i.e., electromagnetic fields, is able to generate a coherent superposition of excited quantum states in the material. "Coherent" denotes the fact that the material excitations have a well defined phase relation which originates from the phas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39444110 |
Coherent effects in semiconductor optics Then, a few prominent examples for coherent effects in semiconductor optics are described all of which can be understood theoretically on the basis of the SBEs. Macroscopically, Maxwell's equations show that in the absence of free charges and currents an electromagnetic field in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39444110 |
Coherent effects in semiconductor optics The macroscopic polarization formula_1 is computed by summing over all microscopic transition dipoles formula_14 via formula_15, where formula_16 is the dipole matrix element which determines the strength of individual transitions between the states formula_11 and formula_12, fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39444110 |
Coherent effects in semiconductor optics Ignoring many-body effects and the coupling to other quasi particles and to reservoirs, the dynamics of photoexcited two-level systems can be described by a set of two equations, the so-called optical Bloch equations. These equations are named after Felix Bloch who formulated th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39444110 |
Coherent effects in semiconductor optics For a realistic description of optical processes in solid materials, it is essential to go beyond the simple picture of the optical Bloch equations and to treat many-body interactions that describe the coupling among the elementary material excitations by, e.g., the see article ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39444110 |
Coherent effects in semiconductor optics , they are functions of the time-dependent polarizations formula_55 and occupations formula_56 and formula_57, respectively, at all crystal momenta formula_58. Due to this coupling among the excitations for all values of the crystal momentum formula_52, the optical excitations i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39444110 |
Coherent effects in semiconductor optics The terms given explicitly in the SBEs above arise from a treatment of the Coulomb interaction in the time-dependent Hartree–Fock approximation. Whereas this level is sufficient to describe excitonic resonances, there are several further effects, e.g., excitation-induced dephasi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39444110 |
Coherent effects in semiconductor optics These two approaches and several other approximation schemes can be viewed as special cases of the so-called cluster expansion in which the nonlinear optical response is classified by correlation functions which explicitly take into account interactions between a certain maximum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39444110 |
Coherent effects in semiconductor optics A finite number of frequencies results in temporal modulations of the squared modulus of the polarization formula_65 and thus of the intensity of the emitted electromagnetic field formula_66 with time periods formula_67. For the case of just two frequencies the squared modulus o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39444110 |
Coherent effects in semiconductor optics For example, consider a four-wave-mixing experiment in which the first short laser pulse excites all transitions at formula_27. As a result of the destructive interference between the different frequencies the overall polarization decays to zero. A second pulse arriving at formu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39444110 |
Coherent effects in semiconductor optics Besides the rather simple effect of inhomogeneous broadening, spatial fluctuations of the energy, i.e., disorder, which in semiconductor nanostructure may, e.g., arise from imperfection of the interfaces between different materials, can also lead to a decay of the photon echo am... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39444110 |
Coherent effects in semiconductor optics , optical transitions to states such as biexcitons which are only possible if the system is in an excited state. The bleaching and the positive contributions are generally present in both coherent and incoherent situations where the polarization vanishes but occupations in excit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39444110 |
Coherent effects in semiconductor optics Such deviations are because in semiconductors typically many-body effects dominate the optical response and therefore it is required to solve the SBEs instead of the optical Bloch equations to obtain an adequate understanding. An important example was presented in Ref. where it ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39444110 |
Coherent effects in semiconductor optics Due to the cooperativity that originates from the coherent coupling of the subsystems, the radiative decay rate formula_88 is increased by formula_81, i.e., formula_90 where formula_91 is the radiative decay of a single two-level system. Thus the coherent optical polarization de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39444110 |
Coherent effects in semiconductor optics , phototransport phenomena where optical fields generate and/or probe electronic currents, the combined spectroscopy with optical and Terahertz field, see article Terahertz spectroscopy and technology, and the rapidly developing area of semiconductor quantum optics, see article ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39444110 |
Thomas M. Klapötke Thomas Matthias Klapötke (born February 24, 1961 in Göttingen) is a German inorganic chemist. He was Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at University of Glasgow from 1992 to 1997. Since 1997, he has been Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU). Klapötke curr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39446026 |
ABA Chemicals is a Chinese chemical manufacturing company headquartered in Taicang. The company was founded in 2006 as Suzhou ABA Chemicals, and is traded on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange as 300261. The company provides contract development and manufacturing services to the pharmaceutical, biotechnological, and agrochemi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39446967 |
Auger architectomics is a scientific imaging technique that allows biologists, working in the field of nano-technology, to slice open the cells of living organisms to view and assess their internal workings. Using argon gas etching to open the cells and a scanning electron microscope to create a three-dimensional view,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39455714 |
Auger architectomics This unfolded into the development of the anti-mitochondrial antifungal assay (3A system), where yeast sensors are used to indicate anti-mitochondrial activity in compounds. These compounds, aimed at selectively switching off the mitochondria, therefore, might find application in combating various ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39455714 |
Auger architectomics Dehydration regimes based on alcohol extraction procedures were installed and optimised, while fixation using various fixatives was included. Electron conductivity of samples throughout Argon etching was assured by optimised gold sputtering. Firstly, the biological sample is plated with gold to sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39455714 |
Auger architectomics This is considered a paradigm shift, since naked gas bubbles are not expected inside any type of cell due to structured water in the cytoplasm. This was exposed in a fluconazole-treated bubble-like sensor of the yeast "Nadsonia". This is the only technology known at present that can accomplish this... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39455714 |
Terahertz spectroscopy and technology Terahertz spectroscopy detects and controls properties of matter with electromagnetic fields that are in the frequency range between a few hundred gigahertz and several terahertz (abbreviated as THz). In many-body systems, several of the relevant states have an energy difference th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39456566 |
Terahertz spectroscopy and technology Present-day experiments can already output "E"("t") that has a peak value in the range of MV/cm (megavolts per centimeter). To estimate how strong such fields are, one can compute the level of energy change such fields induce to an electron over microscopic distance of one nanomete... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39456566 |
Terahertz spectroscopy and technology For example, electrons in conduction band and holes, i.e., electronic vacancies, in valence band attract each other via the Coulomb interaction. Under suitable conditions, electrons and holes can be bound to excitons that are hydrogen-like states of matter. At the same time, the ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39456566 |
Terahertz spectroscopy and technology For unexcited, intrinsic semiconductors one can determine the complex permittivity or THz-absorption coefficient and refractive index, respectively. The frequency of transversal-optical phonons, to which THz photons can couple, lies for most semiconductors at several THz. Free carr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39456566 |
Terahertz spectroscopy and technology At resonance, the dipole "d" defines the Rabi energy Ω = "d" "E"("t") that determines the time scale at which the 1"s"-to-2"p" transition proceeds. For example, one can excite the excitonic transition with an additional optical pulse which is synchronized with the THz pulse. This t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39456566 |
Terahertz spectroscopy and technology The Rabi splitting has also been measured with a short THz pulse and also the onset to multi-THz-photon ionization has been detected, as the THz fields are made stronger. Recently, it has also been shown that the Coulomb interaction causes nominally dipole-forbidden intra-excitonic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39456566 |
Dunham expansion In quantum chemistry, the is an expression for the rotational-vibrational energy levels of a diatomic molecule: where "v" and "J" are the vibrational and rotational quantum numbers. The constant coefficients formula_2 are called Dunham parameters with formula_3 representing the electronic energy. The e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39456961 |
PageRank algorithm in biochemistry The PageRank algorithm has several applications in biochemistry. ("PageRank" is an algorithm used in Google Search for ranking websites in their results, but it has been adopted for other purposes also. According to Google, PageRank works by "counting the number and quality of links t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39458335 |
PageRank algorithm in biochemistry After finding the target protein in the bacterium (or protozoan parasite), one could design small molecular drug compounds that bind to the protein and inhibit it. Public availability of biological network data makes the process of searching for new drug targets easier than it was bef... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39458335 |
PageRank algorithm in biochemistry In this metabolic network, w is personalized to proteins; w is larger for those proteins that appear in higher concentrations in the proteomics analysis of certain diseases. This personalized PageRank may identify other related proteins to the disease. However, by using only the perso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39458335 |
C24H29ClO4 The molecular formula CHClO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39466369 |
Cláudio Costa Neto Claudio Costa Neto (born Rio de Janeiro, December 11, 1932) is a Brazilian chemical and chemical engineer, one of the founders of the Institute of Chemistry, UFRJ. He is currently emeritus professor at the Institute of Chemistry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. He got his BSc degree in In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39466812 |
Rock mass plasticity Plasticity theory for rocks is concerned with the response of rocks to loads beyond the elastic limit. Historically, conventional wisdom has it that rock is brittle and fails by fracture while plasticity is identified with ductile materials. In field scale rock masses, structural discontinuities ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39471791 |
Rock mass plasticity The strength is the limit to elastic behavior and delineates the regions where plasticity theory is applicable. Laboratory tests for characterizing rock plasticity fall into four overlapping categories: confining pressure tests, pore pressure or effective stress tests, temperature-dependent tests, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39471791 |
Rock mass plasticity Extension tests (with confining pressure greater than the compressive stress) show that the intermediate principal stress as well as the strain rate has an effect on the strength. The experiments on the effect of strain rate by Serdengecti and Boozer show that increasing the strain rate makes rock ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39471791 |
Rock mass plasticity The equations that govern the deformation of jointed rocks are the same as those used to describe the motion of a continuum: where formula_2 is the mass density, formula_3 is the material time derivative of formula_4, formula_5 is the particle velocity, formula_6 is the particle displacement, formu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39471791 |
Rock mass plasticity The jump conditions across stationary internal stress discontinuities require that the tractions across these surfaces be continuous, i.e., where formula_24 are the stresses in the sub-bodies formula_25, and formula_26 is the normal to the surface of discontinuity. For small strains, the kinematic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39471791 |
Rock mass plasticity For rocks under high hydrostatic stresses, brittle failure is preceded by plastic deformation and the failure criterion is used to determine the onset of plastic deformation. Typically, perfect plasticity is assumed beyond the yield point. However strain hardening and softening relations with nonlo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39471791 |
Rock mass plasticity However, determination of the plastic part of the strain requires a flow rule and a hardening model. Typical flow plasticity theories (for small deformation perfect plasticity or hardening plasticity) are developed on the basis on the following requirements: The above requirements can be expressed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39471791 |
Rock mass plasticity For a work hardening material, the yield surface can expand with increasing stress. We assume Drucker's second stability postulate which states that for an infinitesimal stress cycle this plastic work is positive, i.e., The above quantity is equal to zero for purely elastic cycles. Examination of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39471791 |
GeneTalk is a web-based platform, tool, and database, for filtering, reduction and prioritization of human sequence variants from next-generation sequencing (NGS) data. allows editing annotation about sequence variants and build up a crowd sourced database with clinically relevant information for diagnostics of genetic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39479634 |
GeneTalk Registered users provide information about their field of knowledge in their profile and can be contacted by other users. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39479634 |
History of fluorine Fluorine is a relatively new element in human applications. In ancient times, only minor uses of fluorine-containing minerals existed. The industrial use of fluorite, fluorine's source mineral, was first described by early scientist Georgius Agricola in the 16th century, in the context of smelting. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39483774 |
History of fluorine Pliny the Elder described a soft stone from Persia used in cups that may have been fluorite. Fluorite carvings from about 1000 AD have been discovered in the Americas in Indian burial grounds. The word "fluorine" derives from the Latin stem of the main source mineral, fluorite, which was first menti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39483774 |
History of fluorine Andreas Sigismund Marggraf made the first definite preparation of hydrofluoric acid in 1764 when he heated fluorite with sulfuric acid in glass, which was greatly corroded by the product. In 1771, Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele repeated this reaction. Scheele recognized the product of the reac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39483774 |
History of fluorine Davy, as well as the notable French chemists Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard, experienced severe pains from inhaling hydrogen fluoride gas; Davy's eyes were damaged. Irish chemists Thomas and George Knox developed fluorite apparatus for working with hydrogen fluoride, but nonethele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39483774 |
History of fluorine Frémy therefore devised a method for producing dry hydrogen fluoride by acidifying potassium bifluoride (KHF). Unfortunately, pure hydrogen fluoride did not pass an electric current. Frémy also tried electrolyzing molten calcium fluoride and probably produced some fluorine (since he made calcium met... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39483774 |
History of fluorine " Moissan's 1887 publication documents reaction attempts of fluorine gas with several substances: sulfur (flames), hydrogen (explosion), carbon (no reaction), etc. Later, Moissan devised a less expensive apparatus for making fluorine: copper equipment coated with copper fluoride. Moissan also constr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39483774 |
History of fluorine In 1938, polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) was discovered by accident by a recently hired DuPont PhD, Roy J. Plunkett. While working with a cylinder of tetrafluoroethylene, he was unable to release the gas, although the weight had not changed. Scraping down the container, he found white flakes of a p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39483774 |
History of fluorine In 1969, Robert Gore developed an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membrane which led to the large Gore-Tex business in breathable rainwear. The company developed many other uses of PTFE. In the 1970s and 1980s, concerns developed over the role chlorofluorocarbons play in damaging the ozone ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39483774 |
Elimination (pharmacology) In pharmacology the elimination or excretion of a drug is understood to be any one of a number of processes by which a drug is eliminated (that is, cleared and excreted) from an organism either in an unaltered form (unbound molecules) or modified as a metabolite. The kidney is the main excret... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39490943 |
Elimination (pharmacology) As the acid is ionised, it cannot pass through the plasma membrane back into the blood stream and instead gets excreted with the urine. Acidifying the urine has the same effect for weakly basic drugs. On other occasions drugs combine with bile juices and enter the intestines. In the intestine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39490943 |
Elimination (pharmacology) Or put another way, the time that it takes for the plasma concentration to fall by half from its maximum levels. The difference in a drug's concentration in arterial blood (before it has circulated around the body) and venous blood (after it has passed through the body's organs) represents th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39490943 |
Elimination (pharmacology) The «renal clearance» rate will be determined by factors such as the degree of plasma protein binding as the drug will only be filtered out if it is in the unbound free form, the degree of saturation of the transporters (active secretion depends on transporter proteins that can become saturat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39490943 |
Transition metal thiolate complex Transition metal thiolate complexes are metal complexes containing thiolate ligands. Thiolates are ligands that can be classified as soft Lewis bases. Therefore, thiolate ligands coordinate most strongly to metals that behave as soft Lewis acids as opposed to those that behave as hard ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39491679 |
Transition metal thiolate complex This phenomenon is illustrated by the synthesis of cuprous thiolates from cupric precursors: Thiolate clusters of the type [FeS(SR)] occur in iron–sulfur proteins. Synthetic analogues can be prepared by combined redox and salt metathesis reactions: Divalent sulfur exhibits bond angles ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39491679 |
Kharasch–Sosnovsky reaction The is the radical oxidation of an allylic alkene to a allylic alcohol using a copper catalyst and a peroxy ester (e.g. tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate) or a peroxide. Chiral ligands can be used to render the reaction asymmetric, constructing chiral C–O bonds via C–H bond activation. This is notab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39494260 |
Rubber Chemistry and Technology is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research, technical developments, and chemical engineering relating to rubber and its allied substances. It was established in 1928, with Carroll C. Davis as its first editor-in-chief. It is published by the American Chemical Socie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39496339 |
Trifluoromethylsulfur pentafluoride Trifluoromethylsulfur pentafluoride, CFSF, is a rare industrial greenhouse gas. It was first identified in the atmosphere in 2000. is considered to be one of the several "super-greenhouse gases". On a per molecule basis, it is considered to be the most potent greenhouse gas present i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39498136 |
Active center (polymer science) An active center (sometimes called active site or kinetic-chain carrier) in polymer science refers to the site on a chain carrier at which reaction occurs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39498243 |
Indian Salt Service is a Central Civil Service of the Government of India. Under the administrative control of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, it is one of the smallest Central services under the Government of India. The organized and uniform collection of tax revenue on salt in British India began under the Bri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39501095 |
Indian Salt Service In 1944, the Government of India passed the Central Excises and Salt Act which unified and amended all laws dealing with duties on excise and salt. The Salt Department was originally a part of the Central Board of Revenue under the Ministry of Finance, but since a reorganisation of the ministries of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39501095 |
Indian Salt Service The Deputy Salt Commissioners head regional offices and the Assistant Salt Commissioners are in charge of divisional offices of the organisation. The Service has four regional offices at Chennai, Mumbai, Ahmedabad and Kolkata and field offices in the salt producing states. The Salt Service is tasked... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39501095 |
4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide (4-caffeoylquinic-1,5-lactone or 4-CQL) is found in roasted coffee beans. It is formed by lactonization of 4-"O"-caffeoylquinic acid during the roasting process. It is reported to possess opioid antagonist properties in mice. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39501838 |
Drucker stability (also called the postulates) refers to a set of mathematical criteria that restrict the possible nonlinear stress-strain relations that can be satisfied by a solid material. The postulates are named after Daniel C. Drucker. A material that does not satisfy these criteria is often found to be unstable ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39504221 |
Ionomics is the measurement of the total elemental composition of an organism to address biological problems. Questions within physiology, ecology, evolution, and many other fields can be investigated using ionomics, often coupled with bioinformatics and other genetic tools. Observing an organism's ionome is a powerful... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39505431 |
Ionomics Among the best are Inductively-Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), synchrotron-based microXRF, and Neutron activation analysis (NAA). This latter technique has been applied to perform ionomics in the study of b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39505431 |
Cupping tester Cupping testers are employed in the testing of the elongation and deformability of lacquers and protective coatings applied to metal substrates. This sort of test is essential because it allows one to test the durability of a lacquer or protective coating before the coating is applied to a product. The c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39509720 |
Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique) In molecular biology, mutagenesis is an important laboratory technique whereby DNA mutations are deliberately engineered to produce libraries of mutant genes, proteins, strains of bacteria, or other genetically modified organisms. The various constituents of a gene, as well as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39510164 |
Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique) Mutagenesis that is not random has allowed researchers to clone DNA, find the effects of certain mutagens, engineer proteins, help immunocompromised patients, research HIV, fight cancers such as leukemia, and cure beta-thalassemia. Early approaches to mutagenesis relied on meth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39510164 |
Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique) A variation of this method for integrating non-biased mutations in a gene is sequence saturation mutagenesis. PCR products which contain mutation(s) are then cloned into an expression vector and the mutant proteins produced can then be characterised. In animal studies, alkylati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39510164 |
Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique) These techniques allow specific mutations to be engineered into a protein; however, they are not flexible with respect to the kinds of mutants generated, nor are they as specific as later methods of site-directed mutagenesis and therefore have some degree of randomness. Other t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39510164 |
Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique) Site directed mutations were recently used to determine how susceptible certain species were to chemicals that are often used In labs. The experiment used site directed mutagenesis to mimic the expected mutations of the specific chemical. The mutation resulted in a change in sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39510164 |
Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique) One approach to this technique is to extract and replace a portion of the DNA sequence with a library of sequences containing all possible combinations at the desired mutation site. The content of the inserted segment can include sequences of structural significance, immunogeni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39510164 |
Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique) Enhancers boost transcription of a particular gene by interacting with a promoter of that gene. This particular mechanism was first used to help severely immunocompromised patients I need of bone marrow. Gammaretroviruses carrying enhancers were then inserted into patients. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39510164 |
Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique) Since 2013, the development of CRISPR-Cas9 technology has allowed for the efficient introduction of different types of mutations into the genome of a wide variety of organisms. The method does not require a transposon insertion site, leaves no marker, and its efficiency and sim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39510164 |
C18H36O The molecular formula CHO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39510740 |
Mass cytometry is a mass spectrometry technique based on inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and time of flight mass spectrometry used for the determination of the properties of cells (cytometry). In this approach, antibodies are conjugated with isotopically pure elements, and these antibodies are used to labe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39515134 |
Mass cytometry Due to the high-dimensional nature of mass cytometry data, novel data analysis tools have been developed as well. Advantages include minimal overlap in metal signals meaning the instrument is theoretically capable of detecting 100 parameters per cell, entire cell signaling networks can be inferred organi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39515134 |
SiC–SiC matrix composite is a particular type of ceramic matrix composite (CMC) which have been accumulating interest mainly as high temperature materials for use in applications such as gas turbines, as an alternative to metallic alloys. CMCs are generally a system of materials that are made up of ceramic fibers or pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39516879 |
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