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Depletion force A depletion force is an effective attractive force that arises between large colloidal particles that are suspended in a dilute solution of "depletants", which are smaller solutes that are preferentially excluded from the vicinity of the large particles. One of the earliest reports of depletion forces t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39639151 |
Depletion force The hard-sphere potential imposes steric constraint around large spheres which in turn gives rise to "excluded volume", that is, volume that is unavailable for small spheres to occupy. In a colloidal dispersion, the colloid-colloid interaction potential is approximated as the interaction potential betwe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39639151 |
Depletion force The volume of the excluded region is where formula_4 is the diameter of the large spheres and formula_5 is the diameter of the small spheres. When the large spheres get close enough, the excluded volumes surrounding the spheres intersect. The overlapping volumes result in a reduced excluded volume, that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39639151 |
Depletion force The positive change in entropy lowers the Helmholtz free energy and causes colloidal flocculation to happen spontaneously. The system of colloids and depletants in a solution is modeled as a canonical ensemble of hard spheres for statistical determinations of thermodynamic quantities. However, recent ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39639151 |
Depletion force The partition function contains statistical information that describes the canonical ensemble including its total volume, the total number of small spheres, the volume available for small spheres to occupy, and the de Broglie wavelength. If hard-spheres are assumed, the partition function formula_22 is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39639151 |
Depletion force The resulting density gradient gives rise to an osmotic pressure that is anisotropic in nature, acting on the outer sides of the colloids and promoting flocculation. If the hard-sphere approximation is employed, the osmotic pressure is: where formula_33 is osmotic pressure and formula_34 is number densi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39639151 |
Depletion force If the distance between two plates, formula_41, is smaller than the diameter of solute molecules, formula_5, then no solute can enter between the plates. This results in pure solvent existing between the plates. The difference in concentration of macromolecules in the solution between the plates and the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39639151 |
Depletion force Due to the size of the polymers, the concentration of polymers in the neighborhood of the plates is reduced, which result the conformational entropy of the polymers being decreased. The case can be approximated by modeling it as diffusion in a vessel with walls which absorb diffusing particles. The forc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39639151 |
Depletion force Additionally, the repulsive interaction strength strongly increases for large values of formula_59 (large radius/small radius). In order to account for these issues, the Derjaguin approximation, which is valid for any type of force law, has been applied to depletion forces. The Derjaguin approximation r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39639151 |
Depletion force The grand canonical potential, which is a state function for the grand canonical ensemble, is used to calculate the probability density for microscopic states in macroscopic state. When applied to depletion forces, the grand canonical potential calculates the local particle densities in a solution. Dens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39639151 |
Depletion force Hence the excluded osmolytes shift the folding equilibrium towards the folded state. This effect was generally thought to be an entropic force, in the spirit of the original Asakura–Oosawa model and of macromolecular crowding. However, thermodynamic breakdown of the free-energy gain due to osmolyte addi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39639151 |
Depletion force The force required to separate two colloid particles can be measured using optical tweezers. This method uses a focused laser beam to apply an attractive or repulsive force on dielectric micro and nanoparticles. This technique is used with dispersion particles by applying a force which resists depletion... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39639151 |
Depletion force The use of depletion forces to initiate flocculation is a common process in water treatment. The relatively small size of dispersed particles in waste water renders typical filtration methods ineffective. However, if the dispersion was to be destabilized and flocculation occur, particles can then be fil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39639151 |
Depletion force However, due to the complexity of most biological systems, it is difficult to determine how much these depletion forces influence membrane interactions. Models of vesicle interactions with depletion forces have been developed, but these are greatly simplified and their applicability to real biological s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39639151 |
Gold laundering is the process whereby illegally obtained gold is melted and recast into another form. The recasting is performed to obscure or conceal the true origin of the gold. The recast gold is then sold, thus laundering it into cash. It may also refer to a money laundering transaction in which the exchanged good... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39639653 |
Gold laundering Most victims who died in death camps and Nazi concentration camps were robbed of all valuable property by the state, which was then sold or, in the case of bullion, sent to the Reichsbank. For example, in 1945 the Hungarian Gold Train was established to transport the property of Hungarian Jews to Berlin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39639653 |
Gold laundering Once refined, it is cast into a transportable form for further processing. Gold fingerprinting, that is identifying a particular source of gold based on its impurities or trace elements, may be possible if the impurities have not been removed via refining. To prevent laundering of gold and other metals ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39639653 |
Gold laundering The group InSight Crime claims that illegal mining represents up to 30% of the revenues of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). On 22 November 2000, the World Jewish Congress lawsuit against Swiss banks was settled, providing a fund of $1.25 billion for restitution to individuals whose pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39639653 |
Hoffman nucleation theory is a theory developed by John D. Hoffman and coworkers in the 1970s and 80s that attempts to describe the crystallization of a polymer in terms of the kinetics and thermodynamics of polymer surface nucleation. The theory introduces a model where a surface of completely crystalline polymer is c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39642591 |
Hoffman nucleation theory In this temperature range, as the temperature decreases, amorphous regions can transition into crystalline regions, causing the bulk material to become more crystalline over all. Below the T, molecular motion is stopped and the polymer chains are essentially frozen in place. In this temperatur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39642591 |
Hoffman nucleation theory Homogeneous nucleation occurs where no such contaminants are present and is less commonly seen. Homogeneous nucleation begins with small clusters of molecules forming from one phase to the next. As the clusters grow, they aggregate through the condensation of other molecules. The size continue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39642591 |
Hoffman nucleation theory This theory can be used to help understand the preferences of nucleation and growth based on the polymer's properties including its standard melting temperature. For many polymers, the change between the initial lamellar thickness at T is roughly the same as at T and can thus be modeled by the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39642591 |
Hoffman nucleation theory The model breaks down into the addition of monomers onto a growing surface. This initial step is generally associated with the nucleation of the polymer. From there, the kinetics become the rate which the polymer grows on the surface, or the lateral growth rate, in comparison with the growth r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39642591 |
Hoffman nucleation theory This allows the linear growth rate to be modeled by formula_5 Using the assumption that "g" and "i" are independent of time, the rate at which new layers are formed can be approximated and the rate of nucleation in regime II can be expressed as formula_6 with K equal to about 1/2 of the K from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39642591 |
COSMO-RS (short for COnductor like Screening MOdel for Real Solvents) is a quantum chemistry based equilibrium thermodynamics method with the purpose of predicting chemical potentials µ in liquids. It processes the screening charge density σ on the surface of molecules to calculate the chemical potential µ of each spec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39644075 |
COSMO-RS As long as the above assumptions hold, the chemical potential µ in solution can be calculated from the interaction energies of pairwise surface contacts. Within the basic formulation of COSMO-RS, interaction terms depend on the screening charge density σ. Each molecule and mixture can be represented by the his... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39644075 |
COSMO-RS The residual part is the sum of three different contributions, where E and E are part of E and µ is added directly to the chemical potential. In the E expression α is an adjustable parameter and σ and σ' refer to the screening charge densities of the two surface patches in contact. This term has been labeled "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39644075 |
COSMO-RS Though the use of quantum chemistry reduces the need for adjustable parameters, some fitting to experimental data is inevitable. The basic parameters are α, c, σ as used in the interaction energies, and one general parameter for the effective contact area. In addition, one adjustable van der Waals parameter γ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39644075 |
COSMO-RS Arlt, Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 1, 101-122, (2010), DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-073009-100903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39644075 |
Metal carbonyl cluster In chemistry, a metal carbonyl cluster is a compound that contains two or more metals linked in part by metal-metal bonds and containing carbon monoxide (CO) as the exclusive or predominant ligand. Simple examples include Fe(CO), Fe(CO), Mn(CO). High nuclearity clusters include [Rh(CO)H] and the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39644483 |
Metal carbonyl cluster The synthesis and characterization of the platinum carbonyl dianions [Pt(CO)] (n = 1-10), also known as Chini Clusters or more correctly Chini-Longoni clusters, are recognized by the scientific community as the most spectacular result of Chini’s work. Chini clusters follow the general formula of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39644483 |
Metal carbonyl cluster Chini clusters can also be converted heterometal clusters and catalyze pH driven redox reactions and transport. First, the Chini clusters are the source of platinum atoms for the mixed metal cluster synthesis. For instance, the reaction [Pt(CO)] with [Ag(PPh)] produces heterometal cluster [PtAg(C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39644483 |
C23H26O4 The molecular formula CHO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39646231 |
Graphene foam is a solid, open-cell foam made of single-layer sheets of graphene. It is a candidate substrate for the electrode of lithium-ion batteries. The foam can be manufactured using vapor deposition to coat a metal foam, a three-dimensional mesh of metal filaments. The metal is then removed. A physically flexibl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39650838 |
Cheon Jinwoo is the H.G. Underwood Professor at Yonsei University and the Director of the Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS). As a leading chemist in inorganic materials chemistry and nanomedicine Cheon and his group research chemical principles for the preparation of complex inorganic materials... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39652486 |
Cheon Jinwoo This also marked his first publication on nanocrystals which is a reoccurring interest in his research career and a source of multiple highly cited articles. He started working at Yonsei University as a full professor in 2002 and later became the Horace G. Underwood Professor in 2008. His research at Yonse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39652486 |
Spherical basis In pure and applied mathematics, particularly quantum mechanics and computer graphics and their applications, a spherical basis is the basis used to express spherical tensors. The spherical basis closely relates to the description of angular momentum in quantum mechanics and spherical harmonic functions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39653582 |
Spherical basis In the spherical bases denoted e, e, e, and associated coordinates with respect to this basis, denoted "A", "A", "A", the vector A is: where the spherical basis vectors can be defined in terms of the Cartesian basis using complex-valued coefficients in the "xy" plane: \mathbf{e}_{-} & = +\frac{1}{\sqrt{... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39653582 |
Spherical basis For the spherical basis, the coordinates are complex-valued numbers "A", "A", "A", and can be found by substitution of () into (), or directly calculated from the inner product , (): A_{-} & = \left\langle \mathbf{A}, \mathbf{e}_- \right\rangle = +\frac{A_x}{\sqrt{2}} + \frac{iA_y}{\sqrt{2}} \\ with inv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39653582 |
DNA-directed RNA interference (ddRNAi) is a gene-silencing technique that utilizes DNA constructs to activate an animal cell's endogenous RNA interference (RNAi) pathways. DNA constructs are designed to express self-complementary double-stranded RNAs, typically short-hairpin RNAs (shRNA), that once processed bring abou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39654121 |
DNA-directed RNA interference Unlike small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics that turn over within a cell and consequently only silence genes transiently, DNA constructs are continually transcribed, replenishing the cellular ‘dose’ of shRNA, thereby enabling long-term silencing of targeted genes. The ddRNAi mechanis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39654121 |
DNA-directed RNA interference Multi-cassette constructs that target multiple sites within the same viral RNA circumvent this issue. Delivery of ddRNAi DNA constructs is simplified by the existence of a number of clinically-approved and well-characterized gene therapy vectors developed for the purpose. Delivery is a maj... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39654121 |
DNA-directed RNA interference Nervana is an investigational ddRNAi construct that knocks down the expression of protein kinase C gamma (PKCγ) known to be associated with neuropathic pain and morphine tolerance. Two conserved PKCγ sequences found across all key model species and humans have been identified, and both sin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39654121 |
DNA-directed RNA interference Biomics Biotechnologies has evaluated around 5000 siRNA sequences of this gene for effective knockdown; five sequences were chosen for further investigation and shown to have potent silencing activity when converted into shRNA expression cassettes. A multi-cassette construct, Hepbarna, is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39654121 |
DNA-directed RNA interference AAV vectors are considered a low risk for host-genome integration, as adeno-associated virus infection has not been associated with the induction of cancers in humans despite widespread prevalence across the general population. Moreover, extensive clinical use of AAV vectors has provided n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39654121 |
DNA-directed RNA interference Careful selection of shRNA sequences and thorough preclinical testing of constructs can circumvent this issue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39654121 |
Tensor operator In pure and applied mathematics, quantum mechanics and computer graphics, a tensor operator generalizes the notion of operators which are scalars and vectors. A special class of these are spherical tensor operators which apply the notion of the spherical basis and spherical harmonics. The spherical basi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39654522 |
Tensor operator By the latter in particular, we mean an operator whose expected values in the initial and the rotated states are formula_2 and formula_6. The kinetic energy on the other hand must be represented by a scalar operator, whose expected value must be the same in the initial and the rotated states. In the sam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39654522 |
Tensor operator Similarly, the quadrupole moment tensor of our example molecule has the nine components Here, the indices formula_17 and formula_18 can independently take on the values 1, 2, and 3 (or formula_7, formula_5, and formula_3) corresponding to the three Cartesian axes, the index formula_22 runs over all part... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39654522 |
Tensor operator A general state in the space rotates to a new state formula_37 by: Using the completeness condition: we have Introducing the Wigner D matrix elements: gives the matrix multiplication: For one basis ket: For the case of orbital angular momentum, the eigenstates formula_46 of the orbital angular momentum ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39654522 |
Tensor operator We define the Rotation of an operator by requiring that the expectation value of the original operator formula_54 with respect to the initial state be equal to the expectation value of the rotated operator with respect to the rotated state, Now as, we have, since, formula_56 is arbitrary, A scalar opera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39654522 |
Tensor operator A vector operator in the spherical basis is where the components are: and the commutators with the rotation generators are: where "q" is a placeholder for the spherical basis labels (+1, 0, −1), and: (some authors may place a factor of 1/2 on the left hand side of the equation) and raise ("J") or lower ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39654522 |
Tensor operator These three terms are irreducible, which means they cannot be decomposed further and still be tensors satisfying the defining transformation laws under which they must be invariant. These also correspond to the number of spherical harmonic functions 2 + 1 for = 0, 1, 2, the same as the ranks for each te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39654522 |
Tensor operator Spherical tensor operators are sometimes defined as the set of operators that transform just like the eigenkets under a rotation. A spherical tensor "T" of rank "k" is defined to rotate into "T" according to: where "q" = "k", "k" − 1, ..., −"k" + 1, −"k". For spherical tensors, "k" and "q" are analogous... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39654522 |
Tensor operator The Hermitian adjoint of a spherical tensor may be defined as There is some arbitrariness in the choice of the phase factor: any factor containing will satisfy the commutation relations. The above choice of phase has the advantages of being real and that the tensor product two commuting Hermitian operat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39654522 |
Tensor operator The wave functions have the form, The dipole operator is proportional to the position operator of the electron, so we must evaluate matrix elements of the form, where, the initial state is on the right and the final one on the left. The position operator r has three components, and the initial and final... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39654522 |
Tensor operator Now the matrix elements become a product of a radial integral times an angular integral, We see that all the dependence on the three magnetic quantum numbers (m′,q,m) is contained in the angular part of the integral. Moreover, the angular integral can be evaluated by the three-Y formula, whereupon it be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39654522 |
Tensor operator In NMR and EPR, spherical tensor operators are employed to express the quantum dynamics of particle spin, by means of an equation of motion for the density matrix entries, or to formulate dynamics in terms of an equation of motion in Liouville space. The Liouville space equation of motion governs the ob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39654522 |
Dimethoxycoumarin may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39657878 |
Anthocyanone A is a degradation product of malvidin 3-O-glucoside under acidic conditions. It is found in wine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39658504 |
Lead tetrafluoride is a compound of lead and fluorine. The yellow solid (melting point 600 °C) is the only room-temperature stable tetrahalide of lead. is isostructural with tin(IV) fluoride and contains planar layers of octahedrally coordinated lead, where the octahedra share four corners and there are two terminal, u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39665033 |
Lanthanum trifluoride is a refractory ionic compound of lanthanum and fluorine. Bonding is ionic with lanthanum highly coordinated. The cation sits at the center of a trigonal prism. Nine fluorides are close: three at the bottom corners of the trigonal prism, three in the faces of the trigonal prism, and three at top c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39665579 |
Carborane acid Carborane acids H(CXBYZ) (X, Y, Z = H, Alk, F, Cl, Br, CF) are a class of superacids, some of which are estimated to be at least one million times stronger than 100% sulfuric acid in terms of their Hammett acidity function values ("H" ≤ –18) and possess computed p"K" values well below –20, establishing t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39667666 |
Carborane acid In particular, CO does not undergo observable protonation when treated with the mixed superacids HF-SbF or HSOF-SbF. As a class, the carborane acids form the most acidic group of well-defined, isolable substances known, far more acidic than previously known single-component strong acids like triflic acid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39667666 |
Carborane acid In terms of p"K", a slightly different measure of acidity defined as the ability of a given solute to undergo ionization in a solvent, carborane acids are estimated to have p"K" values below −20, even without electron-withdrawing substituents on the boron atoms (e.g., H(CHBH) is estimated to have a p"K" ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39667666 |
Carborane acid Despite being the strongest acid, the boron-based carborane acids are described as being "gentle", cleanly protonating weakly basic substances without further side reactions. Whereas conventional superacids decompose fullerenes due to their strongly oxidizing Lewis acidic component, carborane acid has th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39667666 |
Carborane acid These findings were instrumental in developing the current procedure for carborane acid synthesis. The process consists of treating Cs[HCBH] with , refluxing under dry argon to fully chlorinate the molecule yielding carborane acid, but this has been shown to fully chlorinate only under select conditions.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39667666 |
Carborane acid Although the reactions used in the synthesis are analogous, obtaining a pure sample of the more acidic H(CHBF) turned out to be even more difficult, requiring extremely rigorous procedures to exclude traces of weakly basic impurities. consists of 11 boron atoms; each boron atom is bound to a chlorine ato... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39667666 |
Carborane acid The cagelike structure formed by the 11 boron atoms and 1 carbon atom allows the electrons to be highly delocalized through the 3D cage (the special stabilization of the carborane system has been termed "σ-aromaticity"), and the high energy required to disrupt the boron cluster portion of the molecule is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39667666 |
Reversible-deactivation polymerization (RDP) is a form of polymerization propagated by chain carriers the some of which at any instant are held in a state of dormancy through an equilibrium process involving other species. An example of reversible deactivation anionic polymerization (RDAP) is group transfer polymerizat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39687960 |
C11H6O4 The molecular formula CHO (molar mass: 202.16 g/mol, exact mass: 202.026609 u) may refer to : | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39692445 |
Zero liquid discharge Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) is a treatment process designed to remove all the liquid waste from a system. The focus of ZLD is to reduce wastewater economically and produce clean water that is suitable for reuse (e.g. irrigation), thereby saving money and being beneficial to the environment. ZLD sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39695061 |
Felicity effect The is an effect observed during acoustic emission in a structure undergoing repeated mechanical loading. It negates the effect of emission silence in the structure that is often observed from the related Kaiser effect at high loads. A material demonstrating the gives off acoustic emission at a lower lo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39697622 |
Kaiser effect (material science) The Kaiser effect is a phenomenon observed in geology and material science that describes a pattern of acoustic emission (AE) or seismicity in a body of rock or other material subjected to repeated cycles of mechanical stress. In material that exhibits an initial seismic response under ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39697749 |
Kaiser effect (material science) Induced seismicity associated with fluid pumping in boreholes and wells often exhibits the Kaiser effect, whereby seismicity may be observed shortly following an initial fluid injection, but further seismicity is limited if the fluid flow remains at a constant pressure. If the fluid pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39697749 |
International Copper Study Group The (ICSG) is an intergovernmental organisation of copper producing and consuming states that functions as the international commodity board for copper. Its main purpose is to increase copper market transparency and promote international discussions and cooperation on issues related to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39698577 |
International Copper Study Group ICSG published a monthly press release on the state of the copper market. To be included in the distribution list please contact ICSG. ICSG also undertakes regular studies on topics of interest to the copper industry such as: Membership in the ICSG is open to any state that is involved ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39698577 |
C21H27ClO5 The molecular formula CHClO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39699961 |
INT (chemical) INT (iodonitrotetrazolium or 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2"H"-tetrazolium) is a commonly used tetrazolium salt (usually prepared with chloride ions), similar to tetrazolium chloride that on reduction produces a red formazan dye that can be used for quantitative redox assays. It is also to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39701308 |
Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl is one of the leading landscape architecture practices of Germany specialising in the integration of art, urban hydrology, environmental engineering, and landscape architecture within an urban context. The practise was founded in 1980 by the German landscape architect Herbert Dreiseitl with a g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39708285 |
Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl The scheme is one of the largest urban rainwater harvesting projects in the world and in 2011, it became one of the first city quarters to be retrospectively awarded the DGNB Certificate of the German Sustainable Building Council (DGNB) in silver. Another major project in Germany is Arkadien Wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39708285 |
Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl The rehabilitation of the previously concreted Kallang River (which became a dangerous torrent in the rainy season) employed techniques of water collection and flood control which were entirely new to Singapore. built a test area and held workshops to explain the concepts. The designers gave th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39708285 |
C16H16O8 The molecular formula CHO (molar mass: 336.29 g/mol, exactMass = 336.084517 u) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39710393 |
Dynamical heterogeneity describes the behavior of glass-forming materials when undergoing a phase transition from the liquid state to the glassy state. In dynamical heterogeneity, the dynamics of cooling to a glassy state show variation within the material. Polymer properties include viscoelasticity and may be syntheti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39716485 |
Dynamical heterogeneity particles are localized in different density distributions in space. It means that density fluctuations are present in the system. Particle dynamics become very slow because temperature is directly proportional to kinetic energy causing the particles trapped in local regions by each other. Parti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39716485 |
Collision-induced absorption and emission In spectroscopy, collision-induced absorption and emission refers to spectral features generated by inelastic collisions of molecules in a gas. Such inelastic collisions (along with the absorption or emission of photons) may induce quantum transitions in the molecules, or the m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39720117 |
Collision-induced absorption and emission A complex of interacting molecules may consist of two or more molecules in a collisional encounter, or else of a weakly bound van der Waals molecule. On first sight, it may seem strange to treat optical transitions of a collisional complex, which may exist just momentarily, for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39720117 |
Collision-induced absorption and emission We note that an analogous collision-induced light scattering (CILS) or Raman process also exists, which is well studied and is in many ways completely analogous to CIA and CIE. CILS arises from interaction-induced polarizability increments of molecular complexes; the excess pol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39720117 |
Collision-induced absorption and emission Molecules have centers of positive charge (the nuclei), which are surrounded by a cloud of electrons. Molecules thus may be thought of being surrounded by various electric multipolar fields which will polarize any collisional partner momentarily in a fly-by encounter, generatin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39720117 |
Collision-induced absorption and emission Optical transition of collisional complexes of molecules generate spectral "lines" that are very broad - roughly five orders of magnitude broader than the most familiar "ordinary" spectral lines (Heisenberg's uncertainty relation). The resulting spectral "lines" usually strongl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39720117 |
Collision-induced absorption and emission The first term of the expansion, which is linear in density, represents the ideal gas (or "ordinary") spectra where these exist. (This first term vanishes for the infrared inactive gases,) And the quadratic, cubic... terms of the virial expansions arise from optical transitions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39720117 |
Collision-induced absorption and emission The intensity scale of the figure is highly compressed. At the lowest temperature (300 K), a series of six striking maxima is seen, with deep minima between them. The broad maxima roughly coincide with the H vibrational bands. With increasing temperature, the minima become less... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39720117 |
Collision-induced absorption and emission Stars that burn hydrogen are called main sequence (MS) stars - these are by far the most common objects in the night sky. When the hydrogen fuel is exhausted and temperatures begin to fall, the object undergoes various transformations and a white dwarf star is eventually born, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39720117 |
Collision-induced absorption and emission Collision-induced absorption by H-H and H-He transient complexes will be a more or less important opacity source of their atmospheres. For example, CIA in the H fundamental band, which falls on top of an opacity window between HO/CH or HO/CO (depending on the temperature), play... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39720117 |
Collision-induced absorption and emission This is no problem as long as temperatures are still high enough so that free electrons exist: electrons are efficient emitters when interacting with neutrals (bremsstrahlung). However, at the lower temperatures in neutral gases, the recombination of hydrogen atoms to H molecul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39720117 |
Deoxyinosine monophosphate (dIMP) is a nucleoside monophosphate and a derivative of inosinic acid. It can be formed by the deamination of the purine base in deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP). The enzyme deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase, encoded by YJR069C in "S. cerevisiae" and containing (d)ITPa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39721195 |
Atmospheric optics ray-tracing codes Atmospheric optics ray tracing codes - this article list codes for light scattering using ray-tracing technique to study atmospheric optics phenomena such as rainbows and halos. Such particles can be large raindrops or hexagonal ice crystals. Such codes are one of many approaches to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39723835 |
Atmospheric optics ray-tracing codes The compilation contains information about the electromagnetic scattering by hexagonal ice crystals, large raindrops, and relevant links and applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39723835 |
Sensitive flame A sensitive flame is a gas flame which under suitable adjustment of pressure resonates readily with sounds or air vibrations in the vicinity. Noticed by both the American scientist John LeConte and the English physicist William Fletcher Barrett, they recorded the effect that a shrill note had upon a gas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39728832 |
Faiza Al-Kharafi Faiza Mohammed Al-Kharafi ( "Fāyzah al-Kharāfī"; born 1946) is a Kuwaiti chemist and academic. She was the president of Kuwait University from 1993 to 2002, and the first woman to head a major university in the Middle East. She is the vice president of the World Academy of Sciences. was born to a wealt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39731386 |
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