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Alcohol and cancer A review published by the National Cancer Institute placed maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy in the category of "suggestive" but concluded that the risk was not important. For ALL in children, maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy is "unlikely to be an important risk factor for AL... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842910 |
Alcohol and cancer " A population-based case-control study in Italy found a non-significant positive association between drinking and CML. A study concluded, "There was no association found for cigarette smoking, alcohol or coffee consumption and hairy cell leukemia." Alcohol has been suggested as a possible cause of m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842910 |
Alcohol and cancer There appears to be no increased risk for people consuming up to 30g of alcohol a day, which is approximately 2 alcoholic beverages/day, so most people who take alcohol do so at a level that "is probably not a risk factor for pancreatic cancer". A pooled analysis concluded, "Our findings are consiste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842910 |
Alcohol and cancer " "Alcoholics had only a modest 40% excess risk of pancreatic cancer … The excess risk for pancreatic cancer among alcoholics is small and could conceivably be attributed to confounding by smoking." "It was shown that the relative risk of cancer of the pancreas increases with fat and alcohol intakes,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842910 |
Alcohol and cancer A review of the literature found that there is no association between alcohol use and bile duct cancer. "Epidemiological data on alcohol drinking and bladder cancer are suggestive of no association, although findings were not always consistent. For both habits, an explanation of the moderate increase... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842910 |
Alcohol and cancer A review concluded that "There is no firm evidence of a causal relation between behavior risks [tobacco, alcohol and diet] and testicular cancer." A 2009 review found that alcohol intake does not affect the risk of developing thyroid cancer. However, a 2009 study of 490,000 men and women concluded th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842910 |
Alcohol and cancer " A population based case-control study in Germany found that alcohol reduced the risk of HL for both men and women but more so for men, whose risk was lowered by 53%. A population-based case-control study in Italy reported a protective effect of alcohol consumption on risk of HL among non-smokers. A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842910 |
Alcohol and cancer Another study found no relationship between alcohol consumption and risk of kidney cancer among either men or women. A Finnish study concluded, "These data suggest that alcohol consumption is associated with decreased risk of RCC in male smokers. Because most of the risk reductions were seen at the h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842910 |
Alcohol and cancer " A study of older women in Iowa found alcohol to reduce the risk of NHL and the amount of alcohol consumed, rather than the type of alcoholic beverages, appeared to be the main determinant in reducing risk." A possible mechanism has been suggested. Some studies have not found a protective effect fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842910 |
Alcohol and cancer 1)" World Cancer Research Fund recommends that people aim to limit consumption to less than two drinks a day for a man and less than one drink a day for a woman. It defines a "drink" as containing about 10–15 grams of ethanol. A study published in 2017 has found that front organisations set up by the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842910 |
Dacarbazine (DTIC), also known as imidazole carboxamide, is a chemotherapy medication used in the treatment of melanoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma. For Hodgkin's it is often used together with vinblastine, bleomycin, and doxorubicin. It is given by injection into a vein. Common side effects include loss of appetite, vomiti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2843099 |
Dacarbazine Among the most serious possible side effects are birth defects to children conceived or carried during treatment; sterility, possibly permanent; or immune suppression (reduced ability to fight infection or disease). is considered to be highly emetogenic, and most patients will be pre-medicated with dexameth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2843099 |
Symmetric hydrogen bond A symmetric hydrogen bond is a special type of hydrogen bond in which the proton is spaced exactly halfway between two identical atoms. The strength of the bond to each of those atoms is equal. It is an example of a 3-center 4-electron bond. This type of bond is much stronger than "normal" hydro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2843344 |
Atoms in molecules The quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) is a model of molecular and condensed matter electronic systems (such as crystals) in which the principal objects of molecular structure - atoms and bonds - are natural expressions of a system's observable electron density distribution function. An ele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2843479 |
Atoms in molecules QTAIM recovers the central operational concepts of the molecular structure hypothesis, that of a functional grouping of atoms with an additive and characteristic set of properties, together with a definition of the bonds that link the atoms and impart the structure. QTAIM defines chemical bonding and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2843479 |
Atoms in molecules Within each interatomic surface, the electron density is a maximum at the corresponding internuclear saddle point, which also lies at the minimum of the ridge between corresponding pair of nuclei, the ridge being defined by the pair of gradient trajectories (bond path) originating at the saddle point... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2843479 |
Atoms in molecules The theory is also applied to so-called hydrogen-hydrogen bonds as they occur in molecules such as phenanthrene and chrysene. In these compounds the distance between two ortho hydrogen atoms again is shorter than their van der Waals radii and according to in silico experiments based on this theory, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2843479 |
Atoms in molecules Its two phenyl rings are oriented at a 38° angle with respect to each other with the planar molecular geometry (encountered in a rotation around the central C-C bond) destabilized by 2.1 kcal/mol (8.8 kJ/mol) and the perpendicular one destabilized by 2.5 kcal/mol (10.5 kJ/mol). The classic explanatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2843479 |
Atoms in molecules The hydrogen bond is not without its critics. According to one the relative stability of phenanthrene compared to its isomers can be adequately explained by comparing resonance stabilizations. Another critic argues that the stability of phenanthrene can be attributed to more effective pi-pi overlap i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2843479 |
Isotopic signature An isotopic signature (also isotopic fingerprint) is a ratio of non-radiogenic 'stable isotopes', stable radiogenic isotopes, or unstable radioactive isotopes of particular elements in an investigated material. The ratios of isotopes in a sample material are measured by isotope-ratio mass spectrometr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2843876 |
Isotopic signature Isotopic fractionation in plants is caused by physical (slower diffusion of C in plant tissues due to increased atomic weight) and biochemical (preference of C by two enzymes: RuBisCO and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) factors. The different isotope ratios for the two kinds of plants propagate thro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2843876 |
Isotopic signature Similarly, marine fish contain more C than freshwater fish, with values approximating the C and C plants respectively. The ratio of carbon-13 and carbon-12 isotopes in these types of plants is as follows: Limestones formed by precipitation in seas from the atmospheric carbon dioxide contain normal pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2843876 |
Isotopic signature Proteins can be isotopically labelled by cultivating them in a medium containing N as the only source of nitrogen, e.g., in quantitative proteomics such as SILAC. Nitrogen-15 is extensively used to trace mineral nitrogen compounds (particularly fertilizers) in the environment. When combined with the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2843876 |
Isotopic signature For example, in arid regions, the nitrogen cycle tends to be more 'open' and prone to the loss of N, increasing δN in soils and plants. This leads to relatively high δN values in plants and animals in hot and arid ecosystems relative to cooler and moister ecosystems. Furthermore, elevated δN have bee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2843876 |
Isotopic signature This variability can be used for approximate determination of geographic location of origin of a material; e.g. it is possible to determine where a shipment of uranium oxide was produced. The rate of exchange of surface isotopes with the environment has to be taken in account. Lead consists of four s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2843876 |
Isotopic signature Ratios of Eu/Eu, Eu/Eu, and Pu/Pu are also different for fusion and fission nuclear weapons, which allows identification of hot particles of unknown origin. In archaeological studies, stable isotope ratios have been used to track diet within the time span formation of analyzed tissues (10-15 years fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2843876 |
Isotopic signature A study was published demonstrating the possibility of determination of the origin of a common brown PSA packaging tape by using the carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen isotopic signature of the backing polymer, additives, and adhesive. Measurement of carbon isotopic ratios can be used for detection of adul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2843876 |
Isotopic signature Isotopic fingerprints typical of life, preserved in sediments, have been used to suggest that life existed on the planet already by 3.85 billion years ago. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2843876 |
Sodium molybdate Sodium molybdate, NaMoO, is useful as a source of molybdenum. It is often found as the dihydrate, NaMoO·2HO. The molybdate(VI) anion is tetrahedral. Two sodium cations coordinate with every one anion. was first synthesized by the method of hydration. A more convenient synthesis is done by dissolving Mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2845369 |
Sodium molybdate By utilizing lower concentrations of sodium molybdate, conductivity is kept at a minimum and thus galvanic corrosion potentials are decreased. When reacted with sodium borohydride, molybdenum is reduced to lower valent molybdenum(IV) oxide: reacts with the acids of dithiophosphates: which further react... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2845369 |
Square planar molecular geometry The square planar molecular geometry in chemistry describes the stereochemistry (spatial arrangement of atoms) that is adopted by certain chemical compounds. As the name suggests, molecules of this geometry have their atoms positioned at the corners of a square on the same plane about a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2845520 |
Square planar molecular geometry Consequently, the d remains unoccupied in complexes of metals with the d configuration. These compounds typically have 16 valence electrons (eight from ligands, eight from the metal). Numerous compounds adopt this geometry, examples being especially numerous for transition metal complex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2845520 |
Square planar molecular geometry It bears electron density on the x- and y-axes and therefore interacts with the filled ligand orbitals. The d, d and d orbitals are generally presented as degenerate but they have to split into two different energy levels with respect to the irreducible representations of the point grou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2845520 |
Cation-exchange capacity (CEC) is a measure of how many cations can be retained on soil particle surfaces. Negative charges on the surfaces of soil particles bind positively-charged atoms or molecules (cations), but allow these to exchange with other positively charged particles in the surrounding soil water. This is o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2845591 |
Cation-exchange capacity In addition, the edges of these sheets expose many acidic hydroxyl groups that are deprotonated to leave negative charges at the pH levels in many soils. Organic matter also makes a very significant contribution to cation exchange, due to its large number of charged functional groups. CEC is ty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2845591 |
Cation-exchange capacity CEC measurements depend on pH, and therefore are often made with a buffer solution at a particular pH value. If this pH differs from the natural pH of the soil, the measurement will not reflect the true CEC under normal conditions. Such CEC measurements are called "potential CEC". Alternatively... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2845591 |
Cation-exchange capacity In most soils the cation-exchange capacity is much greater than the anion-exchange capacity, but the opposite can occur in highly weathered soils, such as ferralsols (oxisols). Ramos, F.T.; Dores E.F.G.C.; Weber O.L.S.; Beber D.C.; Campelo Jr J.H.; Maia J.C.S. (2018) "Soil organic matter double... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2845591 |
French Institute of Petroleum The IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN) also known as (in French: Institut Français du Pétrole, IFP) is a public research organisation in France founded in 1944 as Institute of Oil, Fuels and Lubricants ("Institut du pétrole, des carburants et des lubrifiants"). The Institute is based at Rueil-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2845986 |
Iron(II) phosphate Iron(II) phosphate, also ferrous phosphate, Fe(PO), is an iron salt of phosphoric acid. The mineral vivianite is a naturally occurring form of hydrated iron(II) phosphate. It can be formed by the reaction of ferrous hydroxide with phosphoric acid to produce hydrated iron(II) phosphate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2846008 |
Oxidase test The oxidase test is a test used in microbiology to determine if a bacterium produces certain cytochrome c oxidases. It uses disks impregnated with a reagent such as "N,N,N′,N′"-tetramethyl-"p"-phenylenediamine (TMPD) or "N,N"-dimethyl-"p"-phenylenediamine (DMPD), which is also a redox indicator. The reagen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2848063 |
Oxidase test Oxidase Variable "Legionella pneumophila" may be oxidase-positive . OX− normally means the bacterium does not contain cytochrome c oxidase and, therefore, either cannot use oxygen for energy production with an electron transfer chain or employs a different cytochrome for transferring electrons to oxygen. E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2848063 |
Oxidase test Practical laboratory test for the identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of bacteriology. 74, 356–358. Gilani M, Munir T, Latif M, Gilani M, Rehman S, Ansari M, Hafeez A, Najeeb S, Saad N. 2015. In Vitro Efficacy of Doripenem against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Acinetobacter Baumannii by E-test. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2848063 |
Micrococcal nuclease (, "S7 Nuclease", "MNase", "spleen endonuclease", "thermonuclease", "nuclease T", "micrococcal endonuclease", "nuclease T"', "staphylococcal nuclease", "spleen phosphodiesterase", "Staphylococcus aureus nuclease", "Staphylococcus aureus nuclease B", "ribonucleate (deoxynucleate) 3'-nucleotidohydrol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2848926 |
Micrococcal nuclease Higher-resolution, more recent crystal structures are available for the apo form as Protein Data Bank file 1SNO: and for the thymidine-diphosphate-inhibited form as Protein Data Bank file 3H6M: or 1SNC: . As seen in the ribbon diagram above, the nuclease molecule has 3 long alpha helices and a 5-st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2848926 |
Geminal halide hydrolysis is an organic reaction. The reactants are geminal dihalides with a water molecule or a hydroxide ion. The reaction yields ketones from secondary halides or aldehydes from primary halides. The first part of the reaction mechanism consists of an ordinary nucleophilic aliphatic substitution to pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2849405 |
Sessile drop technique The sessile drop technique is a method used for the characterization of solid surface energies, and in some cases, aspects of liquid surface energies. The main premise of the method is that by placing a droplet of liquid with a known surface energy, the shape of the drop, specifically the contact... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2850048 |
Sessile drop technique For example, the surface tension of all straight alkanes is said to be entirely dispersive, and all of the other components are zero. This is algebraically useful, as it eliminates a variable in certain cases, and makes these liquids essential testing materials. The overall surface energy, both f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2850048 |
Sessile drop technique A high contact angle indicates a low solid surface energy or chemical affinity. This is also referred to as a low degree of wetting. A low contact angle indicates a high solid surface energy or chemical affinity, and a high or sometimes complete degree of wetting. For example, a contact angle of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2850048 |
Sessile drop technique The maximum possible contact angle is referred to as the advancing contact angle. The receding contact angle can be measured by removing volume from the drop until dewetting occurs. The minimum possible contact angle is referred to as the receding contact angle. The contact angle hysteresis is th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2850048 |
Sessile drop technique An alternative method for measuring the contact angle is the Wilhelmy method, which employs a sensitive force meter of some sort to measure a force that can be translated into a value of the contact angle. In this method, a small plate-shaped sample of the solid in question, attached to the arm o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2850048 |
Sessile drop technique In addition, this method is only appropriate if both sides of the sample are identical, otherwise the measured data will be a result of two completely different interactions. Strictly speaking, this is not a sessile drop technique, as we are using a small submerging pool, rather than a droplet. H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2850048 |
Sessile drop technique Again, the total surface energy of solids and liquids depends on different types of molecular interactions, such as dispersive (van der Waals), polar, and acid/base interactions, and is considered to be the sum of these independent components. Some theories account for more of these phenomena tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2850048 |
Sessile drop technique Since this probe liquid could hypothetically be any liquid, including an imaginary liquid, the best way to determine the surface energy by the Zisman method is to acquire data points of contact angles for several probe liquids on the solid surface in question, and then plot the cosine of that ang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2850048 |
Sessile drop technique Since the premise of this procedure is to determine the hypothetical properties of a liquid, the precision of the result depends on the precision to which the surface energy values of the probe liquids are known. The Owens/Wendt theory (after C. J. van Oss and John F. Wendt) divides the surface e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2850048 |
Sessile drop technique If the contact angle of a sessile drop of the probe liquid is measured on a PTFE surface with: the principle equation reduces to: Since the total surface tension of the liquid is already known, this equation determines the dispersive component, and the difference between the total and dispersive ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2850048 |
Sessile drop technique First, one performs the standard sessile drop contact angle measurement for the solid in question and a liquid with a polar components of zero (formula_15; formula_16) The second step is to use a second probe liquid that has both a dispersive and a polar component to its surface energy, and then ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2850048 |
Sessile drop technique The primary difference is that Wu uses the harmonic means rather than the geometric means of the known surface tensions, and subsequently the use of more rigorous mathematics is employed. The Wu theory provides more accurate results than do the other two component theories, particularly for high ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2850048 |
Sessile drop technique The Schultz theory and procedure calls to deposit a sessile drop of probe liquid on the solid surface in question, but this is all done while the system is submerged in yet another liquid, rather than being done in the open air. As a result, the higher “atmospheric” pressure due to the surroundin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2850048 |
Sessile drop technique Conversely, the base component of the surface energy describes the propensity of a surface to have polar interactions with another surface that acts acidic by accepting electrons. The principle equation for this theory is: Again, the best way to deal with this theory, much like the two component ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2850048 |
Sessile drop technique The presence of surface active elements such as oxygen and sulfur will have a large impact on the measurements obtained with this technique. Surface active elements will exist in larger concentrations at the surface than in the bulk of the liquid, meaning that the total levels of these elements m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2850048 |
Sessile drop technique The Fowkes theory, since it is more suited for higher energy solid surfaces, and since much of it is rooted in theories about adhesion, would likely be suited for the characterization of interactions where the solids and liquids have a high affinity for one another, such as, logically enough, adh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2850048 |
Quantum flux parametron A Quantum Flux Parametron (QFP) is a digital logic implementation technology based on superconducting Josephson junctions. QFP's were invented by Eiichi Goto at the University of Tokyo as an improvement over his earlier parametron based digital logic technology, which did not use superconductivi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2850373 |
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (also known as BiFC) is a technology typically used to validate protein interactions. It is based on the association of fluorescent protein fragments that are attached to components of the same macromolecular complex. Proteins that are postulated to interact are fused to unfolde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2851991 |
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation Recognition of many proteins' ability to spontaneously assemble into functional complexes as well as the ability of protein fragments to assemble as a consequence of the spontaneous functional complex assembly of interaction partners to which they are fused was later reported fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2851991 |
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation This was the first report bZIP protein interaction regulation by regions outside of the bZIP domain, regulation of subnuclear localization of the bZIP domains Fos and Jun by their different interacting partners, and modulation of transcriptional activation of bZIP and Rel protei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2851991 |
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation Instead, weak promoters, the use of low levels of plasmid DNA in the transfection, and plasmid vectors that do not replicate in mammalian cells should be used to express proteins at or near their endogenous levels to mimic the physiological cellular environment. Also, careful se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2851991 |
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation A linker is a short amino acid sequence that tethers the fluorescent reporter protein fragment to the protein of interest, forming the fusion protein. When designing a linker sequence, one must ensure that the linker is sufficiently soluble and long to provide the fluorescent pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2851991 |
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation Generally, YFP is recommended to serve as the reporter protein, cleaved at residue 155 (N-terminal consisting of residues 1–154 and C-terminal consisting of residues 155–238) or residue 173 in particular, as these sets of fragments are highly efficient in their complementation w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2851991 |
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation This will allow a total of eight different permutations, with interactions being tested: N-terminal fragment fused at the N-terminal protein 1 + C-terminal fragment fused at the N-terminal protein 2 N-terminal fragment fused at the N-terminal protein 1 + C-terminal fragment fuse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2851991 |
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation Some controls include fluorophore fragments linked to non-interacting proteins, as the presence of these fusions tend to decrease non-specific complementation and false positive results. Another control is created by linking the fluorescent protein fragment to proteins with muta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2851991 |
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation After transfection, one must wait, typically about eight hours, to allow time for the fusion proteins to interact and their linked fluorescent reporter protein fragments to associate and fluoresce. After sufficient time for the fusion proteins and their linked fluorescent fragme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2851991 |
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation If no fluorescence is detected, an interaction may still exist between the proteins of interest, as the creation of the fusion protein may alter the structure or interaction face of the target protein or the fluorescence fragments may be physically unable to associate. To ensure... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2851991 |
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation This, and the ability to observe the living cells for long periods of time, is made possible by the strong intrinsic fluorescence of the reconstituted reporter protein reduces the chances of an incorrect readout associated with the protein isolation process. Unlike many "in vivo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2851991 |
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation BiFC can be performed without structural information about the interaction partners, so long as the fluorescent reporter protein fragments can associate within the complex, as multiple combinations of fusion proteins can be screened. This is due to the assumption that, since the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2851991 |
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation This prevents proteins from interacting with others and may disrupt the association/disassociation of protein complexes in dynamic equilibrium. Fluorescent protein fragments have a limited ability to associate independent of the proteins to which they are fused. Although protein... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2851991 |
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation Autofluorescence is usually not a problem since the BiFC signal will be a lot higher than the background. However certain organisms, especially apicomplexa, have a higher autofluorescence that make it harder to apply BiFC in them. Certain fungi, such as "Candida albicans", also ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2851991 |
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation within the same complex) interaction between the fluorescent fragments' fused proteins. In addition to the validation of protein–protein interactions described above, BiFC has been expanded and adapted to other applications: The BiFC system has been applied to record ribosome bi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2851991 |
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation BiFC has been expanded to include the study of RNA-binding protein interactions in a method Rackham and Brown described as trimolecular fluorescence complementation (TriFC). In this method, a fragment of the Venus fluorescent protein is fused to the mRNA of interest, and the com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2851991 |
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation BiFC has been used to study nuclear translocation, via complex localisation, as well as interactions involving integral membrane proteins. Thus, BiFC is an important tool in understanding transcription factor localisation in subcellular compartments. BiFC has been coupled with f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2851991 |
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation Other "in vivo" assays most commonly used to study protein–protein interactions include fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay. Each of these assays has their advantages and disadvantages in comparison to BiFC: Fluorescence resonance energ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2851991 |
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation It tests a 'bait' protein of (un)known function that is fused to, for example, the binding domain of the transcription factor GAL4 against potential interacting proteins or a cDNA library that express , for example, the GAL4 activation domain (the 'prey'). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2851991 |
Puddling (metallurgy) Puddling is a step in the manufacture of high-grade iron in a crucible or furnace. Known by the 1st century AD in the Han Dynasty of ancient China, it was advanced in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution. There molten pig iron in a reverberatory furnace was stirred with consumable rods r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2852265 |
Puddling (metallurgy) The puddling process was already known in ancient China during the Han Dynasty by the 1st century AD. The advance in steel making processes improved the overall quality of steel by repeated forging, folding, and stacking of wrought iron from pig iron to make swords. Modern puddling was one of seve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2852265 |
Puddling (metallurgy) The Cranage brothers, also working alongside the River Severn, achieved this experimentally by using a coal-fired reverbatory furnace, in which the iron and the sulphurous coal could be kept separate. They were the first to hypothesise that iron could be converted from pig iron to bar iron by the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2852265 |
Puddling (metallurgy) Cort was successful in licensing this process and receiving revenue from it, even from ironworks like Cyfarthfa, where the earlier process had been invented previously by their neighbours at Dowlais. Cort is now generally regarded as the 'inventor' of puddling. Ninety years after Cort's invention,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2852265 |
Puddling (metallurgy) The alternative to refining gray iron was known as 'wet puddling', also known as 'boiling' or 'pig boiling'. This was invented by a puddler named Joseph Hall at Tipton. He began adding scrap iron to the charge. Later he tried adding iron scale (in effect, rust). The result was spectacular in that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2852265 |
Puddling (metallurgy) The cast iron had to be melted quickly and the slag to be rich in manganese. When the metal came to nature, it had to be removed quickly and shingled before further carburisation occurred. The process was taken up at the Low Moor Ironworks at Bradford in Yorkshire (England) in 1851 and in the Loir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2852265 |
Puddling (metallurgy) This mixture is then heated until the top melts, allowing for the oxides to begin mixing; this usually takes 30 minutes. This mixture is subjected to a strong current of air and stirred by long bars with hooks on one end, called "puddling bars" or "rabbles", through doors in the furnace. This help... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2852265 |
Puddling (metallurgy) Puddling was never able to be automated because the puddler had to sense when the balls had "come to nature". The puddling furnace is a metalmaking technology used to create wrought iron or steel from the pig iron produced in a blast furnace. The furnace is constructed to pull the hot air over the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2852265 |
Puddling (metallurgy) The biggest advantage of this setup is that it produces twice as much wrought iron. It is also more economical and fuel efficient compared to a single furnace. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2852265 |
Potassium bisulfate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula KHSO and is the potassium acid salt of sulfuric acid. It is a white, water-soluble solid. More than 1 million tons were produced in 1985 as the initial stage in the Mannheim process for producing potassium sulfate. The relevant conversion is the exo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2853194 |
Uranium metallurgy In materials science and materials engineering, uranium metallurgy is the study of the physical and chemical behavior of uranium and its alloys. Commercial-grade uranium can be produced through the reduction of uranium halides with alkali or alkaline earth metals. Uranium metal can also be made throu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2853242 |
Direct reduced iron (DRI), also called sponge iron, is produced from the direct reduction of iron ore (in the form of lumps, pellets, or fines) to iron by a reducing gas or elemental carbon produced from natural gas or coal. Many ores are suitable for direct reduction. Direct reduction refers to solid-state processes w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2853291 |
Direct reduced iron The initial capital investment and operating costs of direct reduction plants are lower than integrated steel plants and are more suitable for developing countries where supplies of high grade coking coal are limited, but where steel scrap is generally available for recycling. India is the world’s l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2853291 |
Direct reduced iron hematite becomes magnetite by reduction with carbon monoxide and hydrogen <chem> 3 Fe2O3 + CO -> 2 Fe3O4 + CO2</chem> <chem> 3 Fe2O3 + H2 -> 2 Fe3O4 + H2O</chem> magnetite becomes ferrous oxide by reduction with carbon monoxide and hydrogen <chem> Fe3O4 + CO -> 3 FeO + CO2</chem> <chem> Fe3O4 + H2 -... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2853291 |
Neuraminidase inhibitor Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are a class of drugs which block the neuraminidase enzyme. They are commonly used as antiviral drugs because they block the function of viral neuraminidases of the influenza virus, by preventing its reproduction by budding from the host cell. Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2853911 |
Neuraminidase inhibitor In countries where treatment of influenza like illness are done using neuraminidase inhibitors on a national level, statistical reports show a low fatality record for symptomatic illness because of the universal implementation of early treatment using NAIs. Although oseltamivir is widely used in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2853911 |
Melt flow index The Melt Flow Index (MFI) is a measure of the ease of flow of the melt of a thermoplastic polymer. It is defined as the mass of polymer, in grams, flowing in ten minutes through a capillary of a specific diameter and length by a pressure applied via prescribed alternative gravimetric weights for alterna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2856006 |
Melt flow index The plastics engineer should choose a material with a melt index high enough that the molten polymer can be easily formed into the article intended, but low enough that the mechanical strength of the final article will be sufficient for its use. ISO standard 1133-1 governs the procedure for measurement ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2856006 |
Melt flow index Earlier, it was often said that MFI give a ‘dot’ when actually what is needed is a ‘plot’ for the polymer processors. However, this is not true now because of a unique approach developed for estimating the rheogram merely from the knowledge of the MFI. The MFI device is not an extruder in the convention... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2856006 |
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