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Strongly correlated material Strongly correlated materials are a wide class of heavy fermion compounds that include insulators and electronic materials, and show unusual (often technologically useful) electronic and magnetic properties, such as metal-insulator transitions, half-metallicity, and spin-charge separation. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2856466 |
Strongly correlated material One can no longer consider any electron in the material as being in a "sea" of the averaged motion of the others (also known as mean field theory). Each single electron has a complex influence on its neighbors. The term "strong correlation" refers to behavior of electrons in solids that is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2856466 |
Strongly correlated material Experimentally, optical spectroscopy, high-energy electron spectroscopies, resonant photoemission, and more recently resonant inelastic (hard and soft) X-ray scattering (RIXS) and neutron spectroscopy have been used to study the electronic and magnetic structure of strongly correlated mater... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2856466 |
Pipeline video inspection is a form of telepresence used to visually inspect the interiors of pipelines, plumbing systems, and storm drains. A common application is for a plumber to determine the condition of small diameter sewer lines and household connection drain pipes. Older sewer lines of small diameter, typically... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2859356 |
Pipeline video inspection Without regular inspection of public sewers, a significant amount of waste may accumulate unnoticed until the system fails. In order to prevent resulting catastrophic events such as pipe bursts and raw sewage flooding onto city streets, municipalities usually conduct pipeline video inspections... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2859356 |
Pipeline video inspection The service truck is parked above the access point of the pipe. The camera tractor, with a flexible cable attached to the rear, is then lowered into the pipeline. The tractor is moved forward so that it is barely inside of the pipeline. A "down-hole roller" is set up between the camera tractor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2859356 |
Pipeline video inspection Much of the analysis of what was viewed in the pipeline is conducted at the time of the inspection by the camera operator, but the entire inspection is always recorded and saved for review. Commercial software and hardware for video pipe inspection are available from a variety of vendors, incl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2859356 |
Q value (nuclear science) In nuclear physics and chemistry, the "Q" value for a reaction is the amount of energy absorbed or released during the nuclear reaction. The value relates to the enthalpy of a chemical reaction or the energy of radioactive decay products. It can be determined from the masses of reactants and p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2860674 |
Q value (nuclear science) The "Q" value can also be expressed in terms of the binding energies of the nuclear species as: formula_6 Proof: Note that the count of nucleons is conserved in a nuclear reaction. Hence, total reactant protons = total product protons and total reactant neutrons = total product neutrons. Hence... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2860674 |
Q value (nuclear science) Experiments are studying emission spectrums to search for neutrinoless decay and neutrino mass; this is the principle of the ongoing KATRIN experiment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2860674 |
Industrial gas Industrial gases are the gaseous materials that are manufactured for use in industry. The principal gases provided are nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, hydrogen, helium and acetylene, although many other gases and mixtures are also available in gas cylinders. The industry producing these gases is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861157 |
Industrial gas A wide variety of hand-carried small gas containers, which may be called cylinders, bottles, cartridges, capsules or canisters are available to supply LPG, butane, propane, carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide. Examples are Whipped-cream chargers, powerlets, campingaz and sodastream. The first gas from the na... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861157 |
Industrial gas The history of chemistry tells us that a number of gases were identified and either discovered or first made in relatively pure form during the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries by notable chemists in their laboratories. The timeline of attributed discovery for various gases are carbon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861157 |
Industrial gas Acetylene was manufactured commercially from 1893 and acetylene generators were used from about 1898 to produce gas for gas cooking and gas lighting, however electricity took over as more practical for lighting and once LPG was produced commercially from 1912, the use of acetylene for cooking declined. O... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861157 |
Industrial gas Although no one event marks the beginning of the industrial gas industry, many would take it to be the 1880s with the construction of the first high pressure gas cylinders. Initially cylinders were mostly used for carbon dioxide in carbonation or dispensing of beverages. In 1895 refrigeration compression... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861157 |
Industrial gas In natural-gas processing, cryogenic technologies are used to remove nitrogen from natural gas in a Nitrogen Rejection Unit; a process that can also be used to produce helium from natural gas where natural gas fields contain sufficient helium to make this economic. The larger industrial gas companies hav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861157 |
Industrial gas liquid hydrogen is used by NASA in the Space Shuttle as a rocket fuel. Simpler gas separation technologies, such as membranes or molecular sieves used in pressure swing adsorption or vacuum swing adsorption are also used to produce low purity air gases in nitrogen generators and oxygen plants. Other exam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861157 |
Industrial gas A gas compressor is used to compress the gas into storage pressure vessels (such as gas canisters, gas cylinders or tube trailers) through piping systems. Gas cylinders are by far the most common gas storage and large numbers are produced at a "cylinder fill" facility. However not all industrial gases ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861157 |
Industrial gas All gases can potentially be used as a refrigerant around the temperatures at which they are liquid; for example nitrogen (R728) and methane (R50) are used as refrigerant at cryogenic temperatures. Exceptionally carbon dioxide can be produced as a cold solid known as dry ice, which sublimes as it warms i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861157 |
Industrial gas An industrial gas company may also offer to act as plant operator under an operations and maintenance contract for a gases facility for a customer, since it usually has the experience of running such facilities for the production or handling of gases for itself. Some materials are dangerous to use as a g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861157 |
Industrial gas They have value as a chemical; whether as a feedstock, in process enhancement, as a useful end product, or for a particular use; as opposed to having value as a "simple" fuel. The term “industrial gases” is sometimes narrowly defined as just the major gases sold, which are: nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861157 |
Industrial gas The oil and gas industry is seen as distinct. So, whilst it is true that natural gas is a "gas" used in "industry" - often as a fuel, sometimes as a feedstock, and in this generic sense is an "industrial gas"; this term is not generally used by industrial enterprises for hydrocarbons produced by the petr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861157 |
Industrial gas Syngas is often considered to be a petrochemical; although its production is a core industrial gases technology. Similarly, projects harnessing Landfill gas or biogas, Waste-to-energy schemes, as well as Hydrogen Production all exhibit overlapping technologies. Helium is an industrial gas, even though it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861157 |
Industrial gas These elements are all nonmetals. Radon is chemically stable, but it is radioactive and does not have a stable isotope. Its most stable isotope, Rn, has a half-life of 3.8 days. Its uses are due to its radioactivity rather than its chemistry and it requires specialist handling outside of industrial gas i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861157 |
Bromic acid Bromic acid, also known as hydrogen bromate, is an oxoacid with the molecular formula HBrO. It only exists in aqueous solution. It is a colorless solution that turns yellow at room temperature as it decomposes to bromine. and bromates are powerful oxidizing agents and are common ingredients in Belousov–Zhab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861185 |
Perbromic acid The compound perbromic acid is the inorganic compound with the formula HBrO. It is an oxoacid of bromine. is unstable and cannot be formed by displacement of chlorine from perchloric acid, as periodic acid is prepared; it can only be made by protonation of the perbromate ion. is a strong acid and strongl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861193 |
Cooling curve A cooling curve is a line graph that represents the change of phase of matter, typically from a gas to a solid or a liquid to a solid. The independent variable (X-axis) is time and the dependent variable (Y-axis) is temperature. Below is an example of a cooling curve used in castings. The initial point of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861460 |
Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize The for Biology or Biochemistry is an annual prize awarded by Columbia University to a researcher or group of researchers who have made an outstanding contribution in basic research in the fields of biology or biochemistry. The prize was established at the bequest of S. Gross Horwitz and is n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861464 |
Heap leaching is an industrial mining process used to extract precious metals, copper, uranium, and other compounds from ore using a series of chemical reactions that absorb specific minerals and re-separate them after their division from other earth materials. Similar to "in situ" mining, heap leach mining differs in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861533 |
Heap leaching The mined ore is usually crushed into small chunks and heaped on an impermeable plastic or clay lined leach pad where it can be irrigated with a leach solution to dissolve the valuable metals. While sprinklers are occasionally used for irrigation, more often operations use drip irrigation to minimize evap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861533 |
Heap leaching The essential questions to address during the process of the heap leaching are as following: 1) Can the investment of crushing the ore be justified by the potential increase in recovery and rate of recovery? 2) How should the concentration of acid be altered over time in order to produce a solution that c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861533 |
Heap leaching Although heap leach design has made significant progress over the last few years through the use of new materials and improved analytical tools, industrial experience shows that there are significant benefits from extending the design process beyond the liner and into the rock pile itself. Characterizatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861533 |
Heap leaching By adhering to the characterization identified above, a more comprehensive view of heap leach environments can be realized, allowing the industry to move away from the "de facto" black-box approach to a physicochemically inclusive industrial reactor model. The crushed ore is irrigated with a dilute alkali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861533 |
Heap leaching During the extraction phase, the gold ions form complex ions with the cyanide: Recuperation of the gold is readily achieved with a redox-reaction: The most common methods to remove the gold from solution are either using activated carbon to selectively absorb it, or the Merrill-Crowe process where zinc po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861533 |
Heap leaching The process chosen depends on the properties of the ore. The final product is cathode copper. This method is an acid heap leaching method like that of the copper method in that it utilises sulfuric acid instead of cyanide solution to dissolve the target minerals from crushed ore. The amount of sulfuric ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861533 |
Heap leaching Similar to copper oxide heap leaching, also using dilute sulfuric acid. Rio Tinto is commercializing this technology in Namibia and Australia; the French nuclear power company Areva, in Niger with two mines and Namibia; and several other companies are studying its feasibility. The final product is yellowc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861533 |
Heap leaching Many of these mines which previously had digging depths of about 15 meters are digging deeper than ever before to mine materials, approximately 50 meters, sometimes more, which means that, in order to accommodate all of the ground being displaced, pads will have to hold higher weights from more crushed or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861533 |
Heap leaching It also requires less energy consumption to use this method, which many consider to be an environmental alternative. In the United States, the General Mining Law of 1872 gave rights to explore and mine on public domain land; the original law did not require post-mining reclamation (Woody et al. 2011). Min... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861533 |
Heap leaching However, it is often difficult to match corporate mining interests with local social interests, and money is often a deciding factor in the successes of any disagreements. If communities are able to feel like they have a valid understanding and power in issues concerning their local environment and societ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861533 |
Fouling is the accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces to the detriment of function. The fouling materials can consist of either living organisms (biofouling) or a non-living substance (inorganic and/or organic). is usually distinguished from other surface-growth phenomena in that it occurs on a surface of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2862625 |
Fouling Of the three, micro fouling is the one that is usually more difficult to prevent and therefore less important. Examples of components that may be subject to fouling and the corresponding effects of fouling: Macro fouling is caused by coarse matter of either biological or inorganic origin, for example industrial... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2862625 |
Fouling As an example, the equilibrium between the readily soluble calcium bicarbonate - always prevailing in natural water - and the poorly soluble calcium carbonate, the following chemical equation may be written: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2862625 |
PubChem is a database of chemical molecules and their activities against biological assays. The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), a component of the National Library of Medicine, which is part of the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH). can be accessed for f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2863723 |
PubChem Parentheses and the logical operators AND, OR, and NOT can be used. AND is assumed if no operator is used. Example (Lipinski's Rule of Five): was released in 2004. The American Chemical Society has raised concerns about the publicly supported database, since it appears to directly compete with their existing Ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2863723 |
Pertussis toxin (PT) is a protein-based AB-type exotoxin produced by the bacterium "Bordetella pertussis", which causes whooping cough. PT is involved in the colonization of the respiratory tract and the establishment of infection. Research suggests PT may have a therapeutic role in treating a number of common human ai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2864360 |
Pertussis toxin Rat studies showed the development of paroxysmal coughing, a characteristic for whooping cough, occurred in rats infected with "B. pertussis". Rats infected with "B. parapertussis" or a PT-deficient mutant of "B. pertussis" did not show this symptom; neither of these two strains produced PT. A large gro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2864360 |
Pertussis toxin This prevents the G proteins from interacting with G protein-coupled receptors on the cell membrane, thus interfering with intracellular communication. The Gi subunits remain locked in their GDP-bound, inactive state, thus unable to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity, leading to increased cellular conce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2864360 |
Pertussis toxin Under normal circumstances, alveolar macrophages and other lung cells produce a variety of chemokines. PT has been found to inhibit the early transcription of keratinocyte-derived chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein 2 and LPS-induced CXC chemokine. Eventually, PT causes lymphocytosis, one of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2864360 |
Pertussis toxin PT subunit A, on the other hand, is less susceptible to ubiquitin-dependent degradation, but is unstable at temperature of 37 °C. This facilitates unfolding of the protein in the ER and tricks the cell into transporting the A subunit to the cytosol, where normally unfolded proteins will be marked for de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2864360 |
Trihexagonal tiling In geometry, the trihexagonal tiling is one of 11 uniform tilings of the Euclidean plane by regular polygons. It consists of equilateral triangles and regular hexagons, arranged so that each hexagon is surrounded by triangles and vice versa. The name derives from the fact that it combines a regular ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2864397 |
Trihexagonal tiling The term kagome lattice was coined by Japanese physicist Kôdi Husimi, and first appeared in a 1951 paper by his assistant Ichirō Shōji. The kagome lattice in this sense consists of the vertices and edges of the trihexagonal tiling. Despite the name, these crossing points do not form a mathematical l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2864397 |
Trihexagonal tiling The term is much in use nowadays in the scientific literature, especially by theorists studying the magnetic properties of a theoretical kagome lattice. The trihexagonal tiling has Schläfli symbol of r{6,3}, or Coxeter diagram, , symbolizing the fact that it is a rectified hexagonal tiling, {6,3}. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2864397 |
Trihexagonal tiling "n"), progressing from tilings of the sphere to the Euclidean plane and into the hyperbolic plane. With orbifold notation symmetry of *"n"32 all of these tilings are wythoff construction within a fundamental domain of symmetry, with generator points at the right angle corner of the domain. There are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2864397 |
Hydrazide Hydrazides in organic chemistry are a class of organic compounds sharing a common functional group characterized by hydrazine core in which at least one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a substituent that is an acyl group. The general structure for a hydrazide is E(=O)-NR-NR, where the R's are frequently ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2864799 |
SIESTA (computer program) SIESTA (Spanish Initiative for Electronic Simulations with Thousands of Atoms) is an original method and its computer program implementation, to perform efficient electronic structure calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of molecules and solids. SIESTA's efficiency stems f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2865619 |
SIESTA (computer program) At the same time, the use of more complete and accurate bases allows to achieve accuracies comparable to those of standard plane waves calculations, still at an advantageous computational cost. SIESTA is in continuous development since it was implemented in 1996. The main solutions implemented... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2865619 |
List of unsolved problems in chemistry Unsolved problems in chemistry tend to be questions of the kind "Can we make "X" chemical compound?", "Can we analyse it?", "Can we purify it?" and are commonly solved rather quickly, but may just as well require considerable efforts to be solved. However, there are also some ques... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2865864 |
Chiral auxiliary A chiral auxiliary is a stereogenic group or unit that is temporarily incorporated into an organic compound in order to control the stereochemical outcome of the synthesis. The chirality present in the auxiliary can bias the stereoselectivity of one or more subsequent reactions. The auxiliary can then ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2870273 |
Chiral auxiliary A typical auxiliary-guided stereoselective transformation involves three steps: first, the auxiliary is covalently coupled to the substrate; second, the resulting compound undergoes one or more diastereoselective transformations; and finally, the auxiliary is removed under conditions that do not cause ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2870273 |
Chiral auxiliary (−)-8-phenylmenthol can be prepared from either enantiomer of pulegone, though neither route is very efficient. Because of the widespread utility of the 8-phenylmenthol auxliliary, alternative compounds that are more easily synthesized, such as "trans"-2-phenyl-1-cyclohexanol and "trans"-2-(1-pheyl-1-m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2870273 |
Chiral auxiliary Whitesell and coworkers in 1985. This chiral auxiliary was used in ene reactions of the derived ester of glyoxylic acid. In the total synthesis of (−)-Heptemerone B and (−)-Guanacastepene E, Attached with trans-2-pheynlcyclohexanol, the glyoxylate reacted with 2,4-dimethyl-2-pentene, in the presence of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2870273 |
Chiral auxiliary Deprotonation at the α-carbon of an oxazolidinone imide with a strong base such as lithium diisopropylamide selectively furnishes the ("Z")-enolate, which can undergo stereoselective alkylation. Activated electrophiles, such as allylic or benzylic halides, are very good substrates. Chiral oxazolidinone... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2870273 |
Chiral auxiliary A variety of transformations have been developed to facilitate removal of the oxazolidinone auxiliary to generate different synthetically useful functional groups. Camphorsultam, or Oppolzer's sultam, is a classic chiral auxiliary. In the total synthesis of manzacidin B, Ohfune group utilized camphorsu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2870273 |
Chiral auxiliary The configuration of the addition compound, such as with an alkyl halide, is directed by the methyl group. Thus, any addition product will be syn with the methyl and anti to the hydroxyl group. The pseudoephedrine chiral auxiliary is subsequently removed by cleaving the amide bond with an appropriate n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2870273 |
Chiral auxiliary In accordance with this proposal, it has been observed that the diastereoselctivity of the alkylation step is highly dependent on the amount of lithium chloride present and on the solvent, tetrahydrofuran (THF). Typically, 4 to 6 equivalents of lithium chloride are sufficient to saturate a solution of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2870273 |
Chiral auxiliary Condensation of "tert"-butanesulfinamide with an aldehyde or ketone proceeds in high yield and affords only the ("E")-isomer of the corresponding "N"-Sulfinyl imines. Addition of a Grignard reagent to a "tert"-butanesulfinyl aldimine or ketimine results in asymmetric addition to give the branched sulfi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2870273 |
Chiral auxiliary The first enantioselective medicinal chemistry route to Tipranavir included the conjugate addition of an organocuprate reagent to a chiral Michael acceptor. The chiral oxazolidinone in the Michael acceptor controlled the stereochemistry of one of two stereocenters in the molecule. The final, commercial... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2870273 |
Internal ribosome entry site An internal ribosome entry site, abbreviated IRES, is an RNA element that allows for translation initiation in a cap-independent manner, as part of the greater process of protein synthesis. In eukaryotic translation, initiation typically occurs at the 5' end of mRNA molecules, since 5' cap ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2871940 |
Internal ribosome entry site However, mRNAs of viruses from "Dicistroviridae" family possess two open reading frames (ORFs), and translation of each is directed by two distinct IRESs. It has also been suggested that some mammalian cellular mRNAs also have IRESs. These cellular IRES elements are thought to be located in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2871940 |
Internal ribosome entry site As a result, the 40S ribosomal subunit , and the translational machinery is diverted to IRES within the mRNA. Many proteins involved in mitosis are encoded by IRES mRNA. In programmed cell death, cleavage of eIF-4G, such as performed by viruses, decreases translation. Lack of essential prot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2871940 |
Internal ribosome entry site When an IRES segment is located between two reporter open reading frames in a eukaryotic mRNA molecule (a bicistronic mRNA), it can drive translation of the downstream protein coding region independently of the 5'-cap structure bound to the 5' end of the mRNA molecule. In such a setup, both... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2871940 |
Marge Gets a Job "Marge Gets a Job" is the seventh episode of "The Simpsons"<nowiki>'</nowiki> fourth season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 5, 1992. In this episode, Marge gets a job at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant to pay for foundation repair at the Simpson house. Mr. B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2873504 |
Marge Gets a Job Meanwhile, at school, Bart does not want to take a test, so he fakes a stomach ache. Mrs. Edna Krabappel asks if Bart has ever read "The Boy Who Cried Wolf". When Bart returns to school, Edna suggests that he take a make-up test, he immediately procrastinates. Grampa comes to pick him up and on the way... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2873504 |
Marge Gets a Job The idea for the show came from Conan O'Brien, who thought of Marge getting a job at the power plant and that Mr. Burns has a crush on her. The animators had trouble animating Marge with the suit and lipstick. Director Jeff Lynch said there were a few scenes where Marge "looks like a monster". All the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2873504 |
Marge Gets a Job In its original broadcast, "Marge Gets a Job" finished 25th in ratings for the week of November 2–8, 1992, with a Nielsen rating of 13.6, equivalent to approximately 12.7 million viewing households. It was the highest-rated show on the Fox network that week, beating "Beverly Hills, 90210" and "The Simp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2873504 |
Marge Gets a Job Smith demanded that they "not repeat the episode and have Bart Simpson befriend somebody with Tourette's on the show" and include an apology from Bart at the end. Executive producer Mike Reiss replied with an apology saying "We kind of feel like we made a mistake this time. We felt bad about this." In ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2873504 |
Compressor map A compressor map is a chart created for a compressor in a gas turbine engine. Complete maps are based on compressor rig test results or predicted by a special computer program. Alternatively the map of a similar compressor can be suitably scaled. Compressor maps are an integral part of predicting the per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2876561 |
Compressor map A popular one in use is defined as follows: formula_1 where: formula_2 is the mass flow at the operating point, be it steady state or transient formula_3 is the mass flow at surge, at same corrected speed as formula_2 The slightly curved, near vertical, lines on the main part of the map are the (constant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2876561 |
Compressor map Also shown on the map is a typical steady state working (or operating/running) line. This is a locus of the operating points of the engine, as it is throttled. Being a high pressure ratio device, the working line is relatively shallow. If the unit had no variable geometry, there would be handling problem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2876561 |
Compressor map As the second illustration shows, a low pressure ratio fan (such as that used on a high bypass ratio turbofan) has a range of working lines. At high flight speeds, the ram pressure ratio factors up the cold nozzle pressure ratio, causing the nozzle to choke. Above the choking condition, the working lines... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2876561 |
Compressor map However, at low throttle settings the nozzle will unchoke, causing the lower end of the working lines to have a short curved tail, particularly at low flight speeds. However, ultra-high bypass ratio turbofans have a very low design fan pressure ratio (e.g. 1.2, on the bypass section). Consequently, even ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2876561 |
Compressor map At a certain IP compressor working line slope, the IP compressor outlet corrected flow remains constant. However, by adopting a shallower working line, the extra IP compressor pressure ratio at a given IP compressor entry corrected flow enables the IP compressor outlet corrected flow to decrease and matc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2876561 |
Unit Ei 1644 () — also known as Unit 1644, Detachment Ei 1644, Detachment Ei, Detachment Tama, The Nanking Detachment, or simply Unit Ei, was a Japanese laboratory and biological warfare facility under control of the Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department. It was established in 1939 in Japanese-occupied ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2877803 |
Unit Ei 1644 the Training Division every year trained about 300 bacteriologists with the object of employing them in bacteriological warfare." According to Sato, "...the output of bacteria substance was 10 kilograms per production cycle." The facility also bred fleas for the purposes of plague infection. Sato also test... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2877803 |
Unit Ei 1644 [The] bacteriological weapon was employed on the ground, the contaminating of the territory being done by sabotage action. ... The advancing Chinese troops entered the contaminated zone and came under the action of the bacteriological weapon." Cholera and plague cultures used during the attack were made at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2877803 |
Tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (TPAP or TPAPR) is the chemical compound described by the formula N(CH)RuO. Sometimes known as the Ley–Griffith reagent, this ruthenium compound is used as a reagent in organic synthesis. This salt consists of the tetrapropylammonium cation and the perruthenate, RuO anion. Ruthenium tet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2878201 |
N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide "N"-Methylmorpholine "N"-oxide (more correctly 4-methylmorpholine 4-oxide), NMO or NMMO is an organic compound. This heterocyclic amine oxide and morpholine derivative is used in organic chemistry as a co-oxidant and sacrificial catalyst in oxidation reactions for instance in osmium tetroxide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2878431 |
N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide NMMO is able to break the hydrogen bonding network that keeps cellulose insoluble to water and other solvents. Similar solubility has been obtained in a few solvents, particularly a mix of lithium chloride in dimethyl acetamide and some hydrophilic ionic liquids. Another use of NMMO is in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2878431 |
Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention The (VERIFIN) is a Finnish institute carrying out several roles in support of chemical weapons disarmament. Established in 1994 as a continuation of a research project started in 1973, it is located within the Chemistry Department of the Kumpula Camp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2878716 |
Glomalin is a glycoprotein produced abundantly on hyphae and spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in soil and in roots. was discovered in 1996 by Sara F. Wright, a scientist at the USDA Agricultural Research Service. The name comes from Glomales, an order of fungi. eluded detection until 1996 because, “It requir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2881211 |
Glomalin ” takes 7–42 years to biodegrade and is thought to contribute up to 30 percent of the soil carbon where mycorrhizal fungi is present. The highest levels of glomalin were found in volcanic soils of Hawaii and Japan. There is other circumstantial evidence to show that glomalin is of AM fungal origin. When AM fun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2881211 |
C2H4O2 CHO may refer to: Compounds sharing the molecular formula: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2881288 |
Tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride Tetra-"n"-butylammonium fluoride, commonly abbreviated to TBAF and "n"-BuNF, is a quaternary ammonium salt with the chemical formula (CHCHCHCH)NF. It is commercially available as the white solid trihydrate and as a solution in tetrahydrofuran. TBAF is used as a source of fluoride ion in o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2886122 |
Tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride As a deprotecting agent, TBAF in DMSO will convert O-silylated enolates into carbonyls. With C-Si bonds, TBAF gives carbanions that can be trapped with electrophiles or undergo protonolysis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2886122 |
Rayleigh flow refers to frictionless, non-Adiabatic flow through a constant area duct where the effect of heat addition or rejection is considered. Compressibility effects often come into consideration, although the model certainly also applies to incompressible flow. For this model, the duct area remains constant and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2887560 |
Rayleigh flow For example, if a turbojet combustion chamber has a maximum temperature of T* = 2000 K, T and M at the entrance to the combustion chamber must be selected so thermal choking does not occur, which will limit the mass flow rate of air into the engine and decrease thrust. For the model, the dimensionless cha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2887560 |
Rayleigh flow This indicates that cooling, instead of heating, causes the Mach number to move from 0.845 to 1.0 This is not necessarily correct as the stagnation temperature always increases to move the flow from a subsonic Mach number to M = 1, but from M = 0.845 to M = 1.0 the flow accelerates faster than heat is add... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2887560 |
Rayleigh flow Producing a shock wave inside the combustion chamber of an engine due to thermal choking is very undesirable due to the decrease in mass flow rate and thrust. Therefore, the model is critical for an initial design of the duct geometry and combustion temperature for an engine. The model is also used extens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2887560 |
Rayleigh flow A given flow with a constant duct area can switch between the Rayleigh and Fanno models at these points. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2887560 |
Isothermal flow is a model of compressible fluid flow whereby the flow remains at the same temperature while flowing in a conduit. In the model, heat transferred through the walls of the conduit is offset by frictional heating back into the flow. Although the flow temperature remains constant, a change in stagnation te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2887587 |
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