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Polyclonal antibodies This includes adjuvant selection, routes and sites of administration, injection volumes per site and number of sites per animal. Institutional policies generally include allowable volumes of blood per collection and safety precautions including appropriate restraint and sedation or anesthesia of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1111019 |
Polyclonal antibodies This production prevents viral and prion transmission and this is the simple process. Animals frequently used for polyclonal antibody production include chickens, goats, guinea pigs, hamsters, horses, mice, rats, and sheep. However, the rabbit is the most commonly used laboratory animal for this p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1111019 |
Polyclonal antibodies Immune function peaks at puberty and primary responses to new antigens decline with age. Female rabbits are generally preferred because they are more docile and are reported to mount a more vigorous immune response than males. At least two animals per antigen should be used when using outbred anim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1111019 |
Polyclonal antibodies Recently, liposomes have also been successfully used for delivery of small peptides and this technique is an alternative to delivery with oily emulsion adjuvants. Selection of antigen quantity for immunization varies with the properties of the antigen and the adjuvant selected. In general, microgr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1111019 |
Polyclonal antibodies Expasy has aggregated a set of public tools under its ProtScale page that require some degree of user knowledge to navigate. For a more simple peptide scoring tool there is a Antigen Profiler tool available that will enable you to score individual peptide sequences based upon a relation epitope ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1111019 |
Polyclonal antibodies Antigens should always be prepared using techniques that ensure that they are free of microbial contamination. Most protein antigen preparations can be sterilized by passage through a 0.22μm filter. Septic abscesses often occur at inoculation sites of animals when contaminated preparations are use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1111019 |
Polyclonal antibodies FCA is a water-in-oil emulsion that localizes antigen for release periods up to 6 months. It is formulated with mineral oil, the surfactant mannide monoleate and heat killed "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", "Mycobacterium butyricum" or their extracts (for aggregation of macrophages at the inoculation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1111019 |
Polyclonal antibodies This system also contains refined mycobacterial products (cord factor, cell wall skeleton) as immunostimulants and bacterial monophosphoryl lipid A. Three different species oriented formulations of the adjuvant system are available. These adjuvants interact with membranes of immune cells resulting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1111019 |
Polyclonal antibodies Titermax presents antigen in a highly concentrated form to the immune system, which often results in antibody titers comparable to or higher than FCA. Specol: Specol is a water in oil adjuvant made of purified mineral oil. It has been reported to induce immune response comparable to Freund's adjuv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1111019 |
Polyclonal antibodies Because PAbs are produced from a large number of B cell clones, they're more likely to successfully bind to a specific antigen. PAbs remain stable in different environments, such as a change in pH or salt concentration, which allows them to be more applicable in certain procedures. Additionally, d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1111019 |
Dry etching refers to the removal of material, typically a masked pattern of semiconductor material, by exposing the material to a bombardment of ions (usually a plasma of reactive gases such as fluorocarbons, oxygen, chlorine, boron trichloride; sometimes with addition of nitrogen, argon, helium and other gases) that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1112733 |
Dry etching is currently used in semiconductor fabrication processes due to its unique ability over wet etch to do anisotropic etching (removal of material) to create high aspect ratio structures (e.g. deep holes or capacitor trenches). The dry etching hardware design basically involves a vacuum chamber, special gas de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1112733 |
Mean high water springs (MHWS) is the highest level that spring tides reach on the average over a period of time (often 19 years). The height of mean high water springs is the average throughout the year (when the average maximum declination of the moon is 23.5°) of two successive high waters during those periods of 24... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1112787 |
Campylite is a variety of the lead arsenate mineral mimetite which received the name from the Greek 'kampylos'- bent, on account of the barrel-shaped bend of its crystals. It has also been used as an alternate name for pyromorphite. It occurs in the upper lead deposits through the oxidation of galena or cerussite. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1118061 |
Vaterite is a mineral, a polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO). It was named after the German mineralogist Heinrich Vater. It is also known as mu-calcium carbonate (μ-CaCO) and has a JCPDS number of 13-192. belongs to the hexagonal crystal system, whereas calcite is trigonal and aragonite is orthorhombic. Vaterite, lik... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1123875 |
Vaterite In 2018, vaterite was identified as a constituent of a deposit formed on the leaves of "Saxifraga" at Cambridge University Botanic Garden. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1123875 |
Hans Jenny (cymatics) Hans Jenny (16 August 1904, Basel – 23 June 1972, Dornach) was a physician and natural scientist who coined the term cymatics to describe acoustic effects of sound wave phenomena. Jenny was born in Basel, Switzerland. After completing a doctorate he taught science at the Rudolph Steiner School in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1125112 |
Hans Jenny (cymatics) Small flames of gas burned through these holes and thermodynamic patterns were made visible by this setup. A special edition of the Hafler Trio's work "Exactly As I Say" includes a DVD containing material said to be "based on and extended from techniques suggested by Prof. Hans Jenny". Photographe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1125112 |
Zenker's fixative is a rapid-acting fixative for animal tissues. It is employed to prepare specimens of animal or vegetable tissues for microscopic study. It provides excellent fixation of nuclear chromatin, connective tissue fibers and some cytoplasmic features but does not preserve delicate cytoplasmic organelles suc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1126046 |
Zenker's fixative Helly is stable for only a few hours because the formaldehyde and dichromate components react, producing formic acid and chromium(III) ions; the orange solution becomes greenish. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1126046 |
Isoschizomer Isoschizomers are pairs of restriction enzymes specific to the same recognition sequence. For example, SphI (CGTAC/G) and BbuI (CGTAC/G) are isoschizomers of each other. The first enzyme discovered which recognizes a given sequence is known as the prototype; all subsequently identified enzymes that recogni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1127940 |
Andromeda I is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy (dSph) about 2.40 million light-years away in the constellation Andromeda. is part of the local group of galaxies and a satellite galaxy of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31). It is roughly 3.5 degrees south and slightly east of M31. As of 2005, it is the closest known dSph companion to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1128826 |
Substantial equivalence In food safety, the concept of substantial equivalence holds that the safety of a new food, particularly one that has been genetically modified (GM), may be assessed by comparing it with a similar traditional food that has proven safe in normal use over time. It was first formulated as a food sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1129005 |
Substantial equivalence Adopting the term, "substantial equivalence" was formulated as a food safety policy by the OECD, first described in their 1993 report, "Safety Evaluation of Foods Derived by Modern Biotechnology: Concepts and Principles. The term was borrowed from the FDA's 1976 substantial equivalence definitio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1129005 |
Substantial equivalence The concept of substantial equivalence is then described as a comparison between a GM food and a similar conventional food, taking into account food processing, and how the food is normally consumed, including quantity, dietary patterns, and the characteristics of the consumer population. is the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1129005 |
Substantial equivalence This is the case for national and international agencies that include the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Org... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1129005 |
Substantial equivalence There have been criticisms of the effectiveness of substantial equivalence. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1129005 |
Softening is a numerical trick used in N-body techniques to prevent numerical divergences when a particle comes too close to another (and the force goes to infinity). This is obtained by modifying the gravitational potential of each particle as where formula_2 is the softening parameter. The value of the softening para... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1130616 |
Symplast The symplast of a plant is the inner side of the plasma membrane in which water and low-molecular-weight solutes can freely diffuse. cells have more than one nucleus. The plasmodesmata allow the direct flow of small molecules such as sugars, amino acids, and ions between cells. Larger molecules, including tran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1131025 |
Antisense therapy is a form of treatment for genetic disorders or infections. When the genetic sequence of a particular gene is known to cause a particular disease, it is possible to synthesize a strand of nucleic acid (DNA, RNA or a chemical analogue) that will bind to the messenger RNA (mRNA) produced by that gene an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1137144 |
Antisense therapy Food and Drug Administration (FDA): fomivirsen as a treatment for cytomegalovirus retinitis, mipomersen for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, eteplirsen for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and nusinersen for spinal muscular atrophy. In 2019, a report was published detailing the development of mil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1137144 |
Antisense therapy At the time of the report, the median overall survival had not been obtained and the authors hinted at a potential cure. Fomivirsen (marketed as Vitravene), was approved by the U.S. FDA in Aug 1998 as a treatment for cytomegalovirus retinitis. In January 2013 mipomersen (marketed as Kynamro) was appro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1137144 |
Antisense therapy In February 2010 researchers reported success in reducing HIV viral load using patient T-cells which had been harvested, modified with an RNA antisense strand to the HIV viral envelope protein, and re-infused into the patient during a planned lapse in retroviral drug therapy. In 2004, development of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1137144 |
Antisense therapy Because nucleases that cleave the phosphodiester linkage in DNA are expressed in almost every cell, unmodified DNA molecules are generally degraded before they reach their targets. Therefore, antisense drug candidate molecules are generally modified during the drug discovery phase of their development... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1137144 |
Jean Jacques Dozy (18 June 1908, in Rotterdam – 1 November 2004, in The Hague) was a Dutch geologist. In 1936, he participated in the Dutch Carstensz Expedition in Dutch New Guinea to explore and climb Mount Carstensz, the highest mountain of the island of New Guinea. Besides succeeding in climbing the highest point at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1137807 |
Auramine–rhodamine stain The auramine–rhodamine stain (AR), also known as the "Truant auramine–rhodamine stain", is a histological technique used to visualize acid-fast bacilli using fluorescence microscopy, notably species in the "Mycobacterium" genus. Acid-fast organisms display a reddish-yellow fluorescence. Althoug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1144734 |
Syncline In structural geology, a syncline is a fold with younger layers closer to the center of the structure, whereas an anticline is the inverse of a syncline. A synclinorium (plural synclinoriums or synclinoria) is a large syncline with superimposed smaller folds. Synclines are typically a downward fold (synform), ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1146946 |
Range fractionation is a term used in biology used to denote varying firing thresholds for different stimuli intensities. Sense organs are usually composed of many sensory receptors measuring the same property. These sensory receptors show a limited degree of precision due to an upper limit in firing rate. If the recep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1148992 |
Hyperactivation is a type of sperm motility. Hyperactivated sperm motility is characterised by a high amplitude, asymmetrical beating pattern of the sperm tail (flagellum). This type of motility may aid in sperm penetration of the zona pellucida, which encloses the ovum. could then be followed by the acrosome reaction ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1152003 |
Hyperactivation The whip-like tail (flagellum) of the sperm is studded with ion channels formed by proteins called CatSper. These channels are selective, allowing only calcium ion to pass. The opening of CatSper channels is responsible for the influx of calcium. The sudden rise in calcium levels causes the flagellum to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1152003 |
Side chain In organic chemistry and biochemistry, a side chain is a chemical group that is attached to a core part of the molecule called the "main chain" or backbone. The side chain is a hydrocarbon branching element of a molecule that is attached to a larger hydrocarbon backbone. It is one factor in determining a mol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1152896 |
Side chain An oligomeric branch may be termed a short-chain branch, and a polymeric branch may be termed a long-chain branch. Side groups are different from side chains; they are neither oligomeric nor polymeric. In proteins, which are composed of amino acid residues, the side chains are attached to the alpha-carbon at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1152896 |
Jeffrey Harvey (biologist) Jeff Harvey (born 1957 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is a Senior Scientist in the Department of Multitrophic Interactions at the Netherlands Institute of Ecology, and formerly an associate editor of "Nature". Harvey specializes in research concerning: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1154221 |
Pyrosequencing is a method of DNA sequencing (determining the order of nucleotides in DNA) based on the "sequencing by synthesis" principle, in which the sequencing is performed by detecting the nucleotide incorporated by a DNA polymerase. relies on light detection based on a chain reaction when pyrophosphate is releas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1154853 |
Pyrosequencing In this alternative method, an additional enzyme apyrase is introduced to remove nucleotides that are not incorporated by the DNA polymerase. This enabled the enzyme mixture including the DNA polymerase, the luciferase and the apyrase to be added at the start and kept throughout the procedure, thus provi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1154853 |
Pyrosequencing Essentially, the method allows sequencing a single strand of DNA by synthesizing the complementary strand along it, one base pair at a time, and detecting which base was actually added at each step. The template DNA is immobile, and solutions of A, C, G, and T nucleotides are sequentially added and remov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1154853 |
Pyrosequencing The company AB in Uppsala, Sweden was founded with venture capital provided by HealthCap in order to commercialize machinery and reagents for sequencing short stretches of DNA using the pyrosequencing technique. AB was listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange in 1999. It was renamed to Biotage in 2003. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1154853 |
McLeod gauge A is a scientific instrument used to measure very low pressures, down to 10 Torr. It was invented in 1874 by Herbert McLeod (1841–1923). McLeod gauges were once commonly found attached to equipment that operates under vacuum, such as a lyophilizer. Today, however, these gauges have largely been replaced by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1155556 |
McLeod gauge The has the advantage that it is simple to use and that its calibration is nearly the same for all non-condensable gases. The device can be manually operated and the scale read visually, or the process can be automated in various ways. For example, a small electric motor can periodically rotate the assembl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1155556 |
Erygmascope An erygmascope is the name given to a late 19th-century electric lighting apparatus designed for the examination of the strata of earth traversed by boring apparatus. It consisted of a very powerful incandescent lamp enclosed in a metallic cylinder. One of the two semi-cylindrical sides constitutes the refl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1156141 |
Cutin is one of two waxy polymers that are the main components of the plant cuticle, which covers all aerial surfaces of plants. The other major cuticle polymer is cutan, which is much more readily preserved in the fossil record. consists of omega hydroxy acids and their derivatives, which are interlinked via ester bon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1157235 |
Depolarization ratio In Raman spectroscopy, the depolarization ratio is the intensity ratio between the perpendicular component and the parallel component of Raman scattered light. Early work in this field was carried out by George Placzek, who developed the theoretical treatment of bond polarizability The Raman scatte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1157370 |
Depolarization ratio The value of the depolarization ratio of a Raman band depends on the symmetry of the molecule and the normal vibrational mode, in other words, the point group of the molecule and its irreducible representation to which the normal mode belongs. Under Placzek’s polarizability approximation, it is kno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1157370 |
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The advent of rapid methods has greatly accelerated biological and medical resear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing e. clusters of genes or operons), full chromosomes, or entire genomes of any organism. is also the most efficient way to indirectly sequence RNA or proteins (via their open reading frames). In fact, has become a key technology in many areas of biology and other sciences such as medicine, forensics, and a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing Traditional Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing are used to sequence viruses in basic and clinical research, as wells as for the diagnosis of emerging viral infections, molecular epidemiology of viral pathogens, and drug-resistance testing. There are more than 2.3 million unique viral sequen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing However, there are many other bases that may be present in a molecule. In some viruses (specifically, bacteriophage), cytosine may be replaced by hydroxy methyl or hydroxy methyl glucose cytosine. In mammalian DNA, variant bases with methyl groups or phosphosulfate may be found. Depending on the sequenci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing They proposed that such a structure allowed each strand to be used to reconstruct the other, an idea central to the passing on of hereditary information between generations. The foundation for sequencing proteins was first laid by the work of Frederick Sanger who by 1955 had completed the sequence of all... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing The first method for determining DNA sequences involved a location-specific primer extension strategy established by Ray Wu at Cornell University in 1970. DNA polymerase catalysis and specific nucleotide labeling, both of which figure prominently in current sequencing schemes, were used to sequence the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing A non-radioactive method for transferring the DNA molecules of sequencing reaction mixtures onto an immobilizing matrix during electrophoresis was developed by Pohl and co-workers in the early 1980s. Followed by the commercialization of the DNA sequencer "Direct-Blotting-Electrophoresis-System GATC 1500"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing The circular chromosome contains 1,830,137 bases and its publication in the journal Science marked the first published use of whole-genome shotgun sequencing, eliminating the need for initial mapping efforts. By 2001, shotgun sequencing methods had been used to produce a draft sequence of the human genom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing Even the parameters within one software package can change the outcome of the analysis. In addition, the large quantities of data produced by have also required development of new methods and programs for sequence analysis. Several efforts to develop standards in the NGS field have been attempted to addr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing In 1998, Phil Green and Brent Ewing of the University of Washington described their phred quality score for sequencer data analysis, a landmark analysis technique that gained widespread adoption, and which is still the most common metric for assessing the accuracy of a sequencing platform. Lynx Therapeut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing Thus a series of labeled fragments is generated, from the radiolabeled end to the first "cut" site in each molecule. The fragments in the four reactions are electrophoresed side by side in denaturing acrylamide gels for size separation. To visualize the fragments, the gel is exposed to X-ray film for aut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing Large-scale sequencing often aims at sequencing very long DNA pieces, such as whole chromosomes, although large-scale sequencing can also be used to generate very large numbers of short sequences, such as found in phage display. For longer targets such as chromosomes, common approaches consist of cutting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing Most sequencing approaches use an "in vitro" cloning step to amplify individual DNA molecules, because their molecular detection methods are not sensitive enough for single molecule sequencing. Emulsion PCR isolates individual DNA molecules along with primer-coated beads in aqueous droplets within an oil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing Resequencing is necessary, because the genome of a single individual of a species will not indicate all of the genome variations among other individuals of the same species. The high demand for low-cost sequencing has driven the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies that parallelize the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing According to Pacific Biosciences (PacBio), the SMRT technology developer, this methodology allows detection of nucleotide modifications (such as cytosine methylation). This happens through the observation of polymerase kinetics. This approach allows reads of 20,000 nucleotides or more, with average read ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing Protein nanopore sequencing utilizes membrane protein complexes such as α-hemolysin, MspA ("Mycobacterium smegmatis" Porin A) or CssG, which show great promise given their ability to distinguish between individual and groups of nucleotides. In contrast, solid-state nanopore sequencing utilizes synthetic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing The first of the high-throughput sequencing technologies, massively parallel signature sequencing (or MPSS), was developed in the 1990s at Lynx Therapeutics, a company founded in 1992 by Sydney Brenner and Sam Eletr. MPSS was a bead-based method that used a complex approach of adapter ligation followed b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing 9999% and a cost approximately 1/9 that of Sanger sequencing. The technology was licensed to Agencourt Biosciences, subsequently spun out into Agencourt Personal Genomics, and eventually incorporated into the Applied Biosystems SOLiD platform. Applied Biosystems was later acquired by Life Technologies, n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing In 2004, Solexa acquired the company Manteia Predictive Medicine in order to gain a massively parallel sequencing technology invented in 1997 by Pascal Mayer and Laurent Farinelli. It is based on "DNA clusters" or "DNA colonies", which involves the clonal amplification of DNA on a surface. The cluster te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing With an optimal configuration, the ultimately reachable instrument throughput is thus dictated solely by the analog-to-digital conversion rate of the camera, multiplied by the number of cameras and divided by the number of pixels per DNA colony required for visualizing them optimally (approximately 10 pi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing DNA nanoballs are simply formed by denaturing double stranded, adapter ligated libraries and ligating the forward strand only to a splint oligonucleotide to form a ssDNA circle. Faithful copies of the circles containing the DNA insert are produced utilizing Rolling Circle Amplification that generates app... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing Unbound nucleotides are washed away before laser excitation of the attached labels then emit fluorescence and signal is captured by cameras that is converted to a digital output for base calling. The attached base has its terminator and label chemically cleaved at completion of the cycle. The cycle is re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing Ion Torrent Systems Inc. (now owned by Life Technologies) developed a system based on using standard sequencing chemistry, but with a novel, semiconductor-based detection system. This method of sequencing is based on the detection of hydrogen ions that are released during the polymerisation of DNA, as op... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing This method of allows large numbers of DNA nanoballs to be sequenced per run and at low reagent costs compared to other high-throughput sequencing platforms. However, only short sequences of DNA are determined from each DNA nanoball which makes mapping the short reads to a reference genome difficult. Thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing These devices have the ability to form and process picoliter sized droplets at the rate of thousands per second. The devices were created from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)and used Forster resonance energy transfer, FRET assays to read the sequences of DNA encompassed in the droplets. Each position on the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing This shows that many of these techniques will be able to be applied further and be used to understand more about genomes and transcriptomes. methods currently under development include reading the sequence as a DNA strand transits through nanopores (a method that is now commercial but subsequent generati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing A single pool of DNA whose sequence is to be determined is fluorescently labeled and hybridized to an array containing known sequences. Strong hybridization signals from a given spot on the array identifies its sequence in the DNA being sequenced. This method of sequencing utilizes binding characteristic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing MALDI-TOF MS can more easily detect differences between RNA fragments, so researchers may indirectly sequence DNA with MS-based methods by converting it to RNA first. The higher resolution of DNA fragments permitted by MS-based methods is of special interest to researchers in forensic science, as they ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing In some instances researchers have shown that they can increase the throughput of conventional sequencing through the use of microchips. Research will still need to be done in order to make this use of technology effective. This approach directly visualizes the sequence of DNA molecules using electron mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing Specifically, this method covalently links proteins of interest to the mRNAs encoding them, then detects the mRNA pieces using reverse transcription PCRs. The mRNA may then be amplified and sequenced. The combined method was titled IVV-HiTSeq and can be performed under cell-free conditions, though its re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing Several liquid handling instruments are being used for the preparation of higher numbers of samples with a lower total hands-on time: In October 2006, the X Prize Foundation established an initiative to promote the development of full genome sequencing technologies, called the Archon X Prize, intending t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing The production of raw sequence data is only the beginning of its detailed bioinformatical analysis. Yet new methods for sequencing and correcting sequencing errors were developed. Sometimes, the raw reads produced by the sequencer are correct and precise only in a fraction of their length. Using the enti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing As becomes more widespread, the storage, security and sharing of genomic data has also become more important. For instance, one concern is that insurers may use an individual's genomic data to modify their quote, depending on the perceived future health of the individual based on their DNA. In May 2008, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
DNA sequencing However, a 2011 study in "The New England Journal of Medicine" has shown that individuals undergoing disease risk profiling did not show increased levels of anxiety. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158125 |
Bridgman–Stockbarger method The Bridgman–Stockbarger method, or Bridgman–Stockbarger technique, is named after Harvard physicist Percy Williams Bridgman (1882-1961) and MIT physicist Donald C. Stockbarger (1895–1952). The method includes two similar but distinct techniques primarily used for growing boules (single crys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1159136 |
Bridgman–Stockbarger method Stockbarger's modification of the Bridgman technique allows for better control over the temperature gradient at the melt/crystal interface. When seed crystals are not employed as described above, polycrystalline ingots can be produced from a feedstock consisting of rods, chunks, or any irreg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1159136 |
Seed crystal A seed crystal is a small piece of single crystal or polycrystal material from which a large crystal of typically the same material is to be grown in a laboratory. Used to replicate material, the use of seed crystal to promote growth avoids the otherwise slow randomness of natural crystal growth and allows... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1159186 |
Seed crystal Seeding is therefore said to decrease the necessary amount of time needed for nucleation to occur in a recrystallization process. One example where a seed crystal is used to grow large boules or ingots of a single crystal is the semiconductor industry where methods such as the Czochralski process or Bridgm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1159186 |
Jagannatha Samrat Paṇḍita Jagannātha Samrāṭ (1652–1744) was an Indian astronomer and mathematician who served in the court of Jai Singh II of Amber, and was also his guru. Jagannātha, whose father's name was Gaṇeśa, and grandfather's Viṭṭhala was from a Vedic family originally from Maharashtra. At the suggestion of Jai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1160141 |
Network automaton A network automaton (plural network automata) is a mathematical system consisting of a network of nodes that evolves over time according to predetermined rules. It is similar in concept to a cellular automaton, but much less studied. Stephen Wolfram's book "A New Kind of Science", which is primarily c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1162374 |
N-vector model In statistical mechanics, the "n"-vector model or O("n") model is a simple system of interacting spins on a crystalline lattice. It was developed by H. Eugene Stanley as a generalization of the Ising model, XY model and Heisenberg model. In the "n"-vector model, "n"-component unit-length classical spins ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1165549 |
Society of Economic Geologists The (SEG) is a scientific organization that promotes the study of geology as it relates to mining, mineral exploration, mineral resource classification and mineral extraction. The society's Publication Board publishes the scientific journal "Economic Geology". The society serves 7,000+ me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1173332 |
Bort <!-- [[File:Diamond-270244.jpg|thumb|260px|A mixture of bort and gem diamonds (larger inclusions) from the [[Category:Diamond]] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1173544 |
Sclerometer The sclerometer, also known as the Turner-sclerometer (from meaning "hard"), is an instrument used by metallurgists, material scientists and mineralogists to measure the scratch hardness of materials. It was invented in year 1896 by Thomas Turner (1861–1951), the first Professor of metallurgy in Britain, at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1174281 |
Wu Youxun or Y. H. Woo (; 26 February 1897 – 30 November 1977) was a Chinese physicist. His courtesy name was Zhèngzhī (正之). Wu graduated from the Department of Physics of Nanjing Higher Normal School (later renamed National Central University and Nanjing University), and was later associated with the Department of Phy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1178383 |
Pieter Kok Pieter Kok, Ph.D. (born in June, 1972) is a Dutch physicist and one of the co-developers of quantum interferometric optical lithography. Kok was born in Friesland in the Netherlands. In 1997 he graduated from the University of Utrecht with a degree in Foundations of Quantum Theory. In 2001, he received his P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1179730 |
Boracite is a magnesium borate mineral with formula: MgBOCl. It occurs as blue green, colorless, gray, yellow to white crystals in the orthorhombic - pyramidal crystal system. also shows pseudo-isometric cubical and octahedral forms. These are thought to be the result of transition from an unstable high temperature iso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1179801 |
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