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Hambergite (BeBOOH) is a beryllium borate mineral named after Swedish explorer and mineralogist Axel Hamberg (1863–1933). The mineral occurs as white or colorless orthorhombic crystals. occurs in beryllium bearing granite pegmatites as a rare accessory phase. It occurs associated with beryl, danburite, apatite, spodumene, zircon, fluorite, feldspar and quartz. It was first described by mineralogist and geographer W. C. Brøgger in 1890. The type locality is Salbutangen, Helgeroa, Langesundsfjorden, Larvik, Vestfold, Norway where it was found in a pegmatite dike of nepheline syenite composition.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34301321
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Mont Ongley Montague Ongley (10 December 1888 – 6 March 1976) was a New Zealand geologist and scientific administrator. He was born in Oamaru, Otago, New Zealand in 1888 and received his education at Waitaki Boys' High School, where the rector pioneered the teaching of geology at secondary school level. Ongley studied geology at the University of Otago under Patrick Marshall.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34312705
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Robert Owen Page (1897–1957) was a New Zealand pacifist and industrial chemist. Page was born in Christchurch, New Zealand on 23 November 1897. His father, Samuel Page, taught chemistry at Canterbury College, while his mother, Sarah Saunders, was a feminist who promoted social reforms. Robert's friends knew him as Robin, and he attended Christchurch Boys’ High School until 1914. He won a university Junior Scholarship and went to Canterbury College, where he earned a BSc majoring in chemistry in 1917. He was awarded the Sir George Grey Scholarship, a Senior Scholarship and the Haydon Prize.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34314861
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Ashok Captain is an Indian herpetologist who has authored books and papers on Indian snakes. He was also a competing cyclist from 1977 to 1989. Captain's wood snake ("Xylophis captaini" ) and Ashok's bronzeback tree snake ("Dendrelaphis ashoki" ) have been named after him. Works by include:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34323937
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Theodor Magnus Fries (28 October 1832 – 29 March 1913), the son of Elias Magnus Fries, was a Swedish botanist and lichenologist. Following in his father's footsteps, Fries studied botany, obtaining his doctoral degree in 1857 at Uppsala. He became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1865 and professor of botany and applied economics at Uppsala in 1877. His most notable work was "Lichenographia scandinavica" (1871–1874). He also produced a two-volume biography of Carl Linnaeus (1903). His sons Thore Christian Elias Fries and Robert Elias Fries also became botanists.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34338342
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Consorms A bacterial consorm or bacterial community is a group of different types of bacterial strains which cluster in a place, they shared might common food and help each other for defence by doing horizontal gene transfer - within a biomass - that summatively act as a unit, with each type of bacteria contributing to the function of the consorm (community). This is a rarely used term that is mostly synonymous to consortium.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34344022
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George V. Eleftheriades is a researcher in the field of metamaterials. He has been endowed with a Canada Research Chair at the University of Toronto and is a professor in the Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering there. He has received notable awards for his achievements, is a fellow of the IEEE and the Royal Society of Canada. Also, at the University of Toronto, he heads a group for research in novel electromagnetic materials. He has also contributed chapters to several books on antennas and transmission line theory that utilize metamaterials, along with other novel concepts, and is co-editor of one book in the same field. Eleftheriades is also the author and co-author of a significant volume of published research in peer reviewed journals. Eleftheriades was elected IEEE fellow "for contributions to conception, analysis and fabrication of electromagnetic materials and their applications." He received the 2008 IEEE Kiyo Tomiyasu Award, a Technical Field Award conferred by the IEEE Board of Directors. In 2004, he was awarded the E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowship by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34355881
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Bacillus phage AP50 (formerly Phage AP50) is a species of bacteriophage that infects "Bacillus anthracis" bacteria. Originally thought to be an RNA phage, it contains a DNA genome of about 14,000 base pairs in an icosahedral capsid with a two-layer capsid shell.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34359107
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James Alexander Pond (1846–1941) was a New Zealand analytical chemist and homoeopathic pharmacist. He was born in London, England, in 1846. He is the Son of Frances Sophia Beacon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34365526
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NGC 3259 is a barred spiral galaxy located approximately 90 million light-years from Earth, in the Ursa Major constellation. It has the morphological classification SAB(rs)bc, which indicates that it is a spiral galaxy with a weak bar across the nucleus (SAB), an incomplete inner ring structure circling the bar (rs), and moderate to loosely wound spiral arms (bc). This galaxy is a known source of X-ray emission and it has an active galactic nucleus of the Seyfert 2 type.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34367319
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Kattendijk Sands is a five million years old marine geological formation north of Antwerp, Belgium. including the north-western parts of the Campine region. The area was named by De Heuter and Laga in 1976. The sands range from medium fine to coarse and contain a large proportion of shell grit. The clay of the Rupelian era developed to a depth of approximately beneath a deposit of Neogene sand. The formation has a Miocene Era aquifer, while the clay level dates to the Pliocene. A Pliocene species of auk ("Alca stewarti") was found in 2000.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34368243
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Theodore Rigg Sir (6 April 1888 – 22 October 1972) was a New Zealand agricultural chemist and scientific administrator. He was born in Settle, Yorkshire, England in 1888. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1938 New Year Honours. He died in Nelson on 22 October 1972, survived by his second wife, mycologist Kathleen Curtis, and two daughters from his first marriage. His ashes were buried at Marsden Valley Cemetery.
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Mattauch isobar rule The Mattauch isobar rule, formulated by Josef Mattauch in 1934, states that if two adjacent elements on the periodic table have isotopes of the same mass number, one of these isotopes must be radioactive. Two nuclides that have the same mass number (isobars) can both be stable only if their atomic numbers differ by more than one. In fact, for currently observationally stable nuclides, the difference can only be 2 or 4, and in theory, two nuclides that have the same mass number cannot be both stable (at least to beta decay or double beta decay), but many such nuclides which are theoretically unstable to double beta decay have not been observed to decay, e.g. Xe. However, this rule cannot make predictions on the half-lives of these radioisotopes. A consequence of this rule is that technetium and promethium both have no stable isotopes, as each of the neighboring elements on the periodic table (molybdenum and ruthenium, and neodymium and samarium, respectively) have a beta-stable isotope for each mass number for the range in which the isotopes of the unstable elements usually would be stable to beta decay. (Note that although Sm is unstable, it is stable to beta decay; thus 147 is not a counterexample). These ranges can be calculated using the liquid drop model (for example the stability of technetium isotopes), in which the isobar with the lowest mass excess or greatest binding energy is shown to be stable to beta decay because energy conservation forbids a spontaneous transition to a less stable state
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Mattauch isobar rule Thus no stable nuclides have proton number 43 or 61, and by the same reasoning no stable nuclides have neutron number 19, 21, 35, 39, 45, 61, 71, 89, 115, or 123. The only known exceptions to the are the cases of antimony-123 and tellurium-123 and of hafnium-180 and tantalum-180m, where both nuclei are observationally stable. It is predicted that Te would undergo electron capture to form Sb, but this decay has not yet been observed; Ta should be able to undergo isomeric transition to Ta, beta decay to W, electron capture to Hf, or alpha decay to Lu, but none of these decay modes have been observed.
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Phases of clinical research The phases of clinical research are the steps in which scientists conduct experiments with a health intervention in an attempt to obtain sufficient evidence for a process which would be useful as a medical treatment. In the case of pharmaceutical study, the phases start with drug design and drug discovery then proceed on to animal testing. If this is successful, they begin the clinical phase of development by testing for safety in a few human subjects and expand to test in many study participants to determine if the treatment is effective. Clinical trials involving new drugs are commonly classified into four phases. Individual trials may encompass more than one phase. A common example of this is combined phase I/II or phase II/III trials. Therefore, it may be easier to think of early phase studies and late phase studies. The drug development process will normally proceed through all four phases over many years. If the drug successfully passes through Phases I, II, and III, it will usually be approved by the national regulatory authority for use in the general population. Phase IV are 'post-approval' studies. Before pharmaceutical companies start clinical trials on a drug, they conduct extensive preclinical studies. These involve "in vitro" (test tube or cell culture) and animal experiments using wide-ranging doses of the study drug to obtain preliminary efficacy, toxicity and pharmacokinetic information
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Phases of clinical research Such tests assist pharmaceutical companies to decide whether a drug candidate has scientific merit for further development as an investigational new drug. Phase 0 is a recent designation for optional exploratory trials conducted in accordance with the United States Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) 2006 Guidance on Exploratory Investigational New Drug (IND) Studies. Phase 0 trials are also known as human microdosing studies and are designed to speed up the development of promising drugs or imaging agents by establishing very early on whether the drug or agent behaves in human subjects as was expected from preclinical studies. Distinctive features of Phase 0 trials include the administration of single subtherapeutic doses of the study drug to a small number of subjects (10 to 15) to gather preliminary data on the agent's pharmacokinetics (what the body does to the drugs). A Phase 0 study gives no data on safety or efficacy, being by definition a dose too low to cause any therapeutic effect. Drug development companies carry out Phase 0 studies to rank drug candidates in order to decide which has the best pharmacokinetic parameters in humans to take forward into further development. They enable go/no-go decisions to be based on relevant human models instead of relying on sometimes inconsistent animal data
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Phases of clinical research Phase I trials were formerly referred to as “first-in-man studies” but the field generally moved to the gender-neutral language phrase "first-in-humans" in the 1990s; these trials are the first stage of testing in human subjects. They are designed to test the safety, side effects, best dose, and formulation method for the drug. Normally, a small group of 20–100 healthy volunteers will be recruited. These trials are often conducted in a clinical trial clinic, where the subject can be observed by full-time staff. These clinical trial clinics are often run by contract research organization (CROs) who conduct these studies on behalf of pharmaceutical companies or other research investigators. The subject who receives the drug is usually observed until several half-lives of the drug have passed. This phase is designed to assess the safety (pharmacovigilance), tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of a drug. Phase I trials normally include dose-ranging, also called dose escalation studies, so that the best and safest dose can be found and to discover the point at which a compound is too poisonous to administer. The tested range of doses will usually be a fraction of the dose that caused harm in animal testing. Phase I trials most often include healthy volunteers. However, there are some circumstances when clinical patients are used, such as patients who have terminal cancer or HIV and the treatment is likely to make healthy individuals ill
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Phases of clinical research These studies are usually conducted in tightly controlled clinics called CPUs (Central Pharmacological Units), where participants receive 24-hour medical attention and oversight. In addition to the previously mentioned unhealthy individuals, “patients who have typically already tried and failed to improve on the existing standard therapies" may also participate in phase I trials. Volunteers are paid a variable inconvenience fee for their time spent in the volunteer center. Before beginning a phase I trial, the sponsor must submit an Investigational New Drug application to the FDA detailing the preliminary data on the drug gathered from cellular models and animal studies. Phase I trials can be further divided: Once a dose or range of doses is determined, the next goal is to evaluate whether the drug has any biological activity or effect. Phase II trials are performed on larger groups (100–300) and are designed to assess how well the drug works, as well as to continue Phase I safety assessments in a larger group of volunteers and patients. Genetic testing is common, particularly when there is evidence of variation in metabolic rate. When the development process for a new drug fails, this usually occurs during Phase II trials when the drug is discovered not to work as planned, or to have toxic effects. Phase II studies are sometimes divided into Phase IIA and Phase IIB
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Phases of clinical research There is no formal definition for these 2 sub-categories, but generally: Some trials combine Phase I and Phase II, and test both efficacy and toxicity. Some researchers argue that phase II studies are generally smaller than they ought to be. Phase II clinical programs historically have experienced the lowest success rate of the four development phases. In 2010, the percentage of phase II trials that proceeded to phase III was 18%, and only 30.7% of developmental candidates advanced from Phase II to Phase III in a large study of trials from 2006–2015. This phase is designed to assess the effectiveness of the new intervention and, thereby, its value in clinical practice. Phase III studies are randomized controlled multicenter trials on large patient groups (300–3,000 or more depending upon the disease/medical condition studied) and are aimed at being the definitive assessment of how effective the drug is, in comparison with current 'gold standard' treatment. Because of their size and comparatively long duration, Phase III trials are the most expensive, time-consuming and difficult trials to design and run, especially in therapies for chronic medical conditions. Phase III trials of chronic conditions or diseases often have a short follow-up period for evaluation, relative to the period of time the intervention might be used in practice. This is sometimes called the "pre-marketing phase" because it actually measures consumer response to the drug
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Phases of clinical research It is common practice that certain Phase III trials will continue while the regulatory submission is pending at the appropriate regulatory agency. This allows patients to continue to receive possibly lifesaving drugs until the drug can be obtained by purchase. Other reasons for performing trials at this stage include attempts by the sponsor at "label expansion" (to show the drug works for additional types of patients/diseases beyond the original use for which the drug was approved for marketing), to obtain additional safety data, or to support marketing claims for the drug. Studies in this phase are by some companies categorized as "Phase IIIB studies." While not required in all cases, it is typically expected that there be at least two successful Phase III trials, demonstrating a drug's safety and efficacy, in order to obtain approval from the appropriate regulatory agencies such as FDA (USA), or the EMA (European Union). Once a drug has proved satisfactory after Phase III trials, the trial results are usually combined into a large document containing a comprehensive description of the methods and results of human and animal studies, manufacturing procedures, formulation details, and shelf life. This collection of information makes up the "regulatory submission" that is provided for review to the appropriate regulatory authorities in different countries. They will review the submission, and, it is hoped, give the sponsor approval to market the drug
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Phases of clinical research Most drugs undergoing Phase III clinical trials can be marketed under FDA norms with proper recommendations and guidelines through a New Drug Application (NDA) containing all manufacturing, preclinical, and clinical data. In case of any adverse effects being reported anywhere, the drugs need to be recalled immediately from the market. While most pharmaceutical companies refrain from this practice, it is not abnormal to see many drugs undergoing Phase III clinical trials in the market. As of 2010, about 50% of drug candidates either fail during the Phase III trial or are rejected by the national regulatory agency. Phase II/III cost The amount of money spent on Phase II/III trials depends on numerous factors, with therapeutic area being studied and types of clinical procedures as key drivers; Phase II studies may cost as much as $20 million, and Phase III as much as $53 million. A Phase IV trial is also known as postmarketing surveillance trial, or informally as a confirmatory trial. Phase IV trials involve the safety surveillance (pharmacovigilance) and ongoing technical support of a drug after it receives permission to be sold (e.g. after approval under the FDA Accelerated Approval Program)
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Phases of clinical research Phase IV studies may be required by regulatory authorities or may be undertaken by the sponsoring company for competitive (finding a new market for the drug) or other reasons (for example, the drug may not have been tested for interactions with other drugs, or on certain population groups such as pregnant women, who are unlikely to subject themselves to trials). The safety surveillance is designed to detect any rare or long-term adverse effects over a much larger patient population and longer time period than was possible during the Phase I-III clinical trials. Harmful effects discovered by Phase IV trials may result in a drug being no longer sold, or restricted to certain uses; recent examples involve cerivastatin (brand names Baycol and Lipobay), troglitazone (Rezulin) and rofecoxib (Vioxx). The minimum time period mandatory for Phase IV clinical trials is 2 years. The entire process of developing a drug from preclinical research to marketing can take approximately 12 to 18 years and often costs well over $1 billion.
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Sarah Salmond (7 August 1864 in Abbey St Bathans, Berwickshire, Scotland – 18 October 1956 in Dunedin, New Zealand) was a notable New Zealand governess and astronomer. In 1874, at age 10 years, Sarah Cockburn (who would become upon her marriage) had a passion for astronomy, and was present in Queenstown during a visit by American Astronomers to observe the transit of Venus. As an adult she campaigned for a memorial to this event, which was finally unveiled in 1953, when at age 88 she unveiled the plaque reading "From this site a transit of the planet Venus across the solar disc was observed on 1874 December 9 by an American scienific expedition which came to Otago in the ship "Swatara""
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34382650
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Frederick Thomas Seelye (1879–1962) was a notable New Zealand analytical chemist and lecturer. He was born in Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand in 1879.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34383003
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William Skey (April 8, 1835 – October 4, 1900) was a New Zealand chemist and poet. He was born in London, England in 1835.
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List of weather services This is a list of notable weather services. Criteria for inclusion:
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List of chemistry mnemonics A mnemonic is a memory aid used to improve long term memory and make the process of consolidation easier. Many chemistry aspects, rules, names of compounds, sequences of elements, their reactivity, etc., can be easily and efficiently memorized with the help of mnemonics. This article contains the list of certain mnemonics in chemistry. Note: After the k shell, they follow alphabetical order (skipping s and p as they came earlier). The order of sequence of atomic orbitals (according to Madelung rule or Klechkowski rule) can be remembered by the following. Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Caesium, Francium Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Radium Boron, Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, Thallium Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin, Lead Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium, Tellurium, Polonium Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine, Tennessine Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon, Oganesson As they are present in trace quantities they are measured in "parts per million"(ppm). Popular Scientists Can Create A Zoo In Low Humid Temperatures, Mercury Silver Gold Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Zinc, Iron, Lead, Hydrogen, Copper, Mercury, Silver Gold Another way to memorize the Reactivity series in order is by Using the Story-Link Memory Technique. Note that Carbon and Hydrogen are non-metals, used as a baseline. A redox reaction is a chemical reaction in which there is a change in oxidation state of atoms participating in the reaction
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List of chemistry mnemonics An atom (or ion) whose oxidation number increases in a redox reaction is said to be oxidized (and is called a reducing agent). It is accomplished by loss of one or more electrons. The atom whose oxidation number decreases gains (receives) one or more electrons and is said to be reduced. This relation can be remembered by the following mnemonics. Cations are positively (+) charged ions while anions are negatively (−) charged. This can be remembered with the help of the following mnemonics. The t in cation looks like a plus sign: "ca+ion". Cation is positive, anion is negative. AN OIL RIG CAT: At the ANode, Oxidation Involves Loss of electrons. Reduction Involves Gaining electrons at the CAThode. LOAN - Left Anode Oxidation Negative. In written representation of galvanic cell, "anode" is written on the "left". It is the electrode where "oxidation" takes place. It is the "negative" electrode. Obviously, the opposite properties (Right/Cathode/Reduction/Positive) are found on the cathode. Hence, by remembering LOAN mnemonic, we can arrive at the corresponding properties for the cathode. LEO says GER: "Loss of Electrons, Oxidation; Gain of Electrons, Reduction". An electrode in which oxidation takes place is called an anode while in that which reduction takes place is called cathode. This applies for both electrolytic and electrochemical cells, though the charge on them reverses. The "red cat" and "an ox" mnemonics are useful to remember the same
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List of chemistry mnemonics Molecules exhibiting diatomic structures can be remembered through the following mnemonics. Hydrogen forms hydrogen bonds with three elements which are nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) and fluorine (F). The names of these elements can be remembered by the following mnemonic. Number of consonants denotes number of oxygen atoms. Number of vowels denotes negative charge quantity. Inclusion of the word "ate" signifies that each ends with the letters a-t-e. To use this for the -ite ions, simply subtract one oxygen but keep the charge the same. Common names of homogeneous aliphatic carboxylic acids, The sequence of dicarboxylic acids can be remembered with following mnemonics. Note: -NH,-NHR and NR are para directing groups but not -NR "E" for enemies. i.e higher priority groups on opposite sides. Z form has higher priority groups on same side. "Z zame zide" i.e. high priority groups on same side. Cis starts with a C and the functional groups form a C. Trans, therefore is the other one by default. From R group moving around the ring: To remember Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle); To remember the elements necessary for agriculture; For remembering macronutrients; C H O N P K Ca Mg S First book on memory aids for chemistry by Rishabh Jain and Sambhav Jain https://www.amazon.in/Memory-Aids-Chemistry-Salt-Analysis/dp/8191003503
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Oswold Stephens Oswold Counsell Stephens (11 December 1896 – 8 May 1980) was a notable New Zealand teacher, chemist and potter. He was born in Dunedin, New Zealand in 1896. He was elected a life member of the New Zealand Society of Potters in 1965, together with Elizabeth Matheson and Olive Jones.
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Heinrich Zollinger (March 22, 1818 – May 19, 1859) was a Swiss botanist. Zollinger was born in Feuerthalen, Switzerland. From 1837-1838 he studied botany at the University of Geneva under Augustin and Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle, but had to interrupt his studies due to financial problems. In 1842 he moved to Java, working in a botanical garden, and on small government-financed scientific expeditions. He returned to Switzerland in 1848, but came back to Java in 1855 with his wife and two children. The species "Clavaria zollingeri" described scientifically by French mycologist Joseph-Henri Léveillé in 1846 was named after Heinrich Zollinger, who researched the genus "Clavaria", and collected the type specimen in Java. Zollinger died in Kandangan, a village located near Mount Bromo of the long-term effects of malaria.
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Donald Sandys Wunsch Donald Frederick Sandys Wunsch (16 January 1887 – 23 August 1973) was a notable New Zealand chemical engineer and factory manager. He was born in Manchester, England, in 1887. In the 1957 New Year Honours, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, in recognition of his role as chairman of the Advisory Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. In 2010, IChemE in New Zealand instituted the annual Kennedy-Wunsch lecture, in recognition of the pioneering roles that both Wunsch and Miles Kennedy played in the development of chemical engineering in New Zealand.
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Walter George Whittlestone (1914–1985) was a notable New Zealand agricultural chemist, dairy researcher, community worker and peace activist. He was born in Abbotsford, Dunedin, New Zealand in 1914.
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Joseph Ward (astronomer) Joseph Thomas Ward (25 January 1862 – 4 January 1927) was a New Zealand farmworker, bookseller and stationer, astronomer. He was born in London, England in 1862. He was the driving force behind the establishment of the Ward Observatory in Whanganui. He died in Wairoa while visiting his daughter.
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Arnold Wall (15 November 1869 – 29 March 1966) was a notable New Zealand university professor, philologist, poet, mountaineer, botanist, writer and radio broadcaster. He was born in Nuwara Eliya, Ceylon in 1869; his father was George Wall. His daughter Hilary married the adult educator Norman Richmond in 1926. Wall was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1956 Queen's Birthday Honours, for services to education. He received an honorary doctorate (DSc) from the University of New Zealand in 1960.
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Princess Bubblegum Princess Bonnibel Bubblegum (also called Bonnie or PB), is a fictional character in the American animated television series "Adventure Time", created by Pendleton Ward. She is voiced by Hynden Walch. is a "Gum Golem", a being composed of both human and candy DNA, and rules the Candy Kingdom, which is inhabited by other "Candy People". She is good friends with the series' protagonists Finn the Human and Jake the Dog, first appearing with them in Ward's 2008 pilot. Bubblegum is typically very kind and compassionate, having a strong sense of justice, though she shows a dark side when provoked. She is highly intelligent, being responsible for the creation of the Candy People as well as various devices including a miniature time machine. She is fluent in German and Korean, using the latter language to communicate with her friend Lady Rainicorn. Bubblegum is skeptical of magic, refusing to acknowledge it as anything except science. Bubblegum is highly protective of the Candy People and cares deeply for their safety, but is secretly strained by the pressures of ruling and expresses a desire for freedom. Following a near-death experience at the end of the second season, she starts to isolate herself and becomes overprotective of the Candy People, even exhibiting authoritarian tendencies temporarily in the fifth season. At the end of the sixth season, Bubblegum is deposed as ruler following an election, where she realizes she has made the Candy People too unintelligent
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Princess Bubblegum Following the miniseries "Stakes", Bubblegum is reinstated as ruler and becomes less overprotective. Bubblegum has light pink skin and long magenta "hair", which is actually bubblegum. Her usual outfit is a puffy-sleeved pink gown with purple trim. Among many other outfits, she often wears a lab coat during science experiments. Being made of candy, Bubblegum is able to deform and reform her own biomass, through which she can regain lost body parts and fluctuate her biological age. She usually appears bodily to be eighteen years old, though her actual age is given as 827; she was born hundreds of years prior to the events of the series from a gum-like ooze, the "Mother Gum". Bubblegum temporarily becomes thirteen years old in the third season due to losing too much biomass after being attacked by the Lich. In the seventh season, Bubblegum discovers that she is an incarnation of the "Candy Elemental", the living embodiment of candy as one of the "Adventure Time" universe's four classical elements (fire, water, candy, and slime). As the Elemental, she can materialize various quantities of candy through her hands and communicate with past incarnations of the Elemental. When Bubblegum's elemental powers consume her in the miniseries "Elements", she becomes psychically connected to all candy in the universe, and can transform others into candy, upon which they lose memory of their life prior to their transformation. Besides Lady Rainicorn, Bubblegum is very good friends with Finn and Jake
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Princess Bubblegum In early episodes and the pilot, Finn has a crush on Bubblegum, often saving her from Ice King, though he eventually realizes she is too old for him. Finn still has feelings for Bubblegum afterward, as he becomes angry when she tries to intervene in his relationship with Flame Princess, believing her to be jealous when she actually fears for his safety as Flame Princess is highly unstable. Ice King has a strange fascination with Bubblegum due to her being a princess; it is revealed that she reminds him of his fiancée Betty, whom he often referred to as his "princess". Bubblegum has a strong bond with Marceline, whom she refers to as her "best friend" in "Stakes". Though they are initially shown as hostile toward each other, they are implied to have a past romantic relationship in the third season. In the final episode, they share a kiss together after Marceline saves Bubblegum from GOLB, and are shown in a relationship in the epilogue. Bubblegum has a younger brother named Neddy, who is a "candy dragon" that was born alongside her in the Mother Gum. Neddy lives underneath the Candy Kingdom where Bubblegum keeps him isolated, as he is very easily frightened. Bubblegum is highly protective of Neddy as she is with the other Candy People, claiming that Neddy is merely "built different... we just need to respect it". Bubblegum's first creation was her "Uncle" Gumbald, whom she created after feeling lonely and desiring a companion
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Princess Bubblegum Gumbald originated the idea of a Candy Kingdom but became tyrannical, forcing Bubblegum to turn him into an average, unintelligent Candy Person using "dum-dum juice". Bubblegum also created an "Aunt" Lolly and a "Cousin" Chicle, who were also turned into Candy People for assisting Gumbald. Near the end of the series, Gumbald, Lolly, and Chicle are returned to their prior forms and seek revenge on Bubblegum, though Gumbald and Chicle are turned back into Candy People. Lolly repents and reconciles with Bubblegum, helping her look after Neddy as seen in the epilogue. Bubblegum's other creations include the Earl of Lemongrab and two "candy sphinxes" named Goliad and Stormo. A male counterpart of Bubblegum, Prince Gumball, exists in Ice King's "Fionna and Cake" stories. Where enjoys science and talks to Lady Rainicorn in Korean, Prince Gumball is fond of baking and has a friend named Lord Monochromicorn with whom he communicates using Morse code. Prince Gumball is voiced by Neil Patrick Harris. Bubblegum's relationship with Marceline has generated some controversy. Olivia Olson, who provides the voice of Marceline, once Tweeted that Ward told her the two "dated", though she later Tweeted that "I like to make things up at panels. Ya'll take my stories way too seriously". A video produced by Frederator Studios to offer a "recap" of "Adventure Time" further implied that Bubblegum and Marceline were in a relationship; the video was removed from YouTube, inciting further controversy
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Princess Bubblegum "Bitch" magazine saw Frederator's action as detrimental toward the acceptance of homosexuality in children's television. Executive producer Fred Seibert later admitted that "we got wrapped up by both fan conjecture and spicy fanart and went a little too far" in making the video, which was meant to provide an outlet for input from fans. Ward admitted he did not "really want to comment on it [because] it was a big hullaballoo."
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George Henry Frederick Ulrich FGS (born as Georg Heinrich Friedrich Ulrich) (7 July 1830 – 26 May 1900) was a notable New Zealand mineralogist, university professor and director of the school of mines. He was born in Zellerfeld, Germany in 1830. Ulrich arrived in Melbourne, Australia in 1853 where he worked as a geologist and later became a lecturer in mining at the University of Melbourne. He was appointed curator of the mineral collection and lecturer in mineralogy at the Industrial and Technological Museum in Melbourne. He played a significant role in the establishment of the Mount Bischoff tin mine in Tasmania, and the appointment of its manager of 30 years, H. W. F. Kayser. He died on 26 May 1900 examining rock specimens on Flagstaff Point, Port Chalmers near Dunedin, when he fell 100 feet (30 m). He was buried in the Dunedin Northern Cemetery.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34447697
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Mecke reagent The is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of selenous acid and concentrated sulfuric acid, which is dripped onto the substance being tested. The United States Department of Justice method for producing the reagent is the addition of 100 mL of concentrated (95–98%) sulfuric acid to 1 g of selenous acid.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34508173
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Tendex line A tendex line (from the Latin "tendere": To stretch) is a traversal line describing the path matter takes through the accretion disc of a black hole. A tendex line typically follows a spiral around the black hole descending to the event horizon. Matter on this line experiences a stretching effect, while vortex lines describe a twisting effect. Both of these types of lines can be used to visualise black holes, and the ways in which spacetime warps around them. They may also help to explain phenomena such as the 'kicks' observed in simulations of merging black holes as they are flung away from their host galaxies, and may also help in the search for gravitational waves.
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Mandelin reagent The is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of ammonium metavanadate and concentrated sulfuric acid. Its primary use is for the detection of ketamine and PMA It is unusual among reagent tests that it has a very strong yellow colour prior to being used for testing, which forms within about 48 hours of mixing. The United States Department of Justice method for producing the reagent is the addition of 100 mL of concentrated (95–98%) sulfuric acid to 0.5-1 g of Ammonium metavanadate. This reagent was invented by the German pharmacologist, Karl Friedrich Mandelin (1854–1906) at the University of Dorpat.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34508365
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Birmingham Natural History Society is a learned society for the study of the natural history of Birmingham, England, and in the surrounding midlands region, and beyond. It was founded in 1858, and is a registered charity. The Society has had various names, e.g. in the 1870s it was called the Birmingham Natural History and Microscopical Society, and from 1894 to 1963 the Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Society. The Society was founded in 1858. For a considerable part of its early life, it was called the Birmingham Natural History and Microscopical Society. In 1877, the Society played the lead in forming the Union of Midland Natural History Societies, which published the journal "The Midland Naturalist". Some of the societies in the union later merged with the Birmingham Natural History Society. The Birmingham Philosophical Society, founded in 1876, merged in 1894, when the title of the Society was changed to the Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Society. The Midland Malacological Society and the Birmingham Entomological Society were amalgamated in 1906 and 1908 respectively. The society's activities were greatly reduced by world war one but activity had picked up again by 1920. In 1924 the society carried out an extensive survey of Hartlebury Common. The Society rooms suffered bomb damage on October 25, 1940 and as a result the society suspended its activities for the remainder of hostilities. The society began to meet again in 1945 and restarted publication of its proceedings in 1950
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34524359
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Birmingham Natural History Society The current title of the Society was first used in its "Proceedings" in 1964. Important early members of the society included the botanist James Eustace Bagnall (1830-1918), who produced the first Flora of Sutton Park (now a national nature reserve) and later the first "Flora of Warwickshire". The society was responsible for the designation of Edgbaston Pool as a Site of Special Scientific Interest, and until 2012 was formally involved in its management. The society operates a library for its members, and holds regular meetings (at the Friends Meeting House in Selly Oak, ), field trips and training sessions. It publishes a journal, "Proceedings of the Birmingham Natural History Society" (ISSN 0144-1477). First published in 1870, the journal currently appears in four parts to a volume; parts have appeared a different intervals over time, e.g. each part of Volume 15 covered two calendar years whereas each part of Volume 29 covered three. As of 2012, the hon. secretary is Dr Peter Jarvis.
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Amenthes Fossae The are a system of troughs in the Amenthes quadrangle of Mars centered at 9.07°N and 102.68°E. They are 850 km across and were named after a classical albedo feature. The classical albedo feature name was based on the Egyptian name for a place where souls of the dead go (Amenthes or Duat). The name was approved in 1976. The term "fossae" is used to indicate large troughs when using geographical terminology related to Mars. Troughs, sometimes also called grabens, form when the crust is stretched until it breaks, which forms two breaks with a middle section moving down, leaving steep cliffs along the sides. Sometimes, a line of pits form as materials collapse into a void that forms from the stretching.
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Percy Gates Morgan (2 September 1867 – 26 November 1927) was a notable New Zealand geologist and science administrator. He was born in Richmond, Tasmania, Australia, on 2 September 1867.
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Nucleus incertus The nucleus incertus is a region of the rodent pontine brainstem just ventral to the 4th ventricle. The nucleus incertus has a bilateral structure which sits near the brainstem, and is often also called 'nucleus O'. It consists of mostly ascending GABAergic projection neurons and glutamatergic neurons which innervate a broad range of forebrain regions involved in behavioural activation and the response to stress. This tegmental nucleus is part of the theta network. The nucleus incertus is a relay from the reticularis pontis oralis nucleus to the septo-hippocampal system. The stimulation of the nucleus incertus activates the hippocampal theta rhythm and either its lesion or inhibition suppress the theta oscillation induced by brainstem stimulation. The nucleus incertus itself presents theta oscillations coupled to the hippocampal theta rhythm.
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Froehde reagent The is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids, especially opioids, as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of molybdic acid or a molybdate salt dissolved in hot, concentrated sulfuric acid, which is then dripped onto the substance being tested. The United States Department of Justice method for producing the reagent is the addition of 100 ml of hot, concentrated (95–98%) sulfuric acid to 0.5 g of sodium molybdate or molybdic acid. The Virginia Department of Forensic Science method uses 0.5 g ammonium molybdate per 100 ml HSO (conc.) Unheated sulfuric acid can be used to prepare the reagent in a less dangerous manner, but 2–4 hours must be allowed for the molybdate to dissolve.
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David Miller (entomologist) David Miller (21 February 1890 – 28 April 1973) was a notable New Zealand entomologist, university lecturer and scientific administrator. He was born in Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland, on 21 February 1890. Miller's career in entomology started at the Biological Laboratory in Levin, New Zealand, where he investigated the insect fauna of New Zealand flax for the New Zealand Department of Agriculture. Later, he worked with the Department of Health to study mosquitos. Miller's research was also fundamental to timber preservation, especially in controlling insect pests. Miller spent the final years of his career as director of the Cawthron Institute. In the 1958 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire.
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Charles G. Overberger Charles Gilbert Overberger (October 12, 1920 – March 17, 1997) was an American chemist, specialising in polymer research and education. Overberger was born in Barnesboro, Pennsylvania on October 12, 1920. In 1941, he was awarded a B.Sc. at the Pennsylvania State University, and Ph.D. at the University of Illinois in 1944, where he continued to work as a research assistant for two years. From 1946 to 1947, he had a DuPont Post-Doctoral Fellowship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, then became assistant professor of chemistry at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. In 1951, he became professor and associate director of the Polymer Research Institute. Between 1955 and 1963, he was chairman of the chemistry department, and from 1964 to 1967 dean of science and director of the Polymer Research Institute. He was president of the American Chemical Society in 1967. After that, he joined the University of Michigan as professor and chair of chemistry, where he also acted as vice president for research from 1972-1983. He founded the Macromolecular Research Center in 1968, and was director until 1987. He retired two years later. Overberger died in Riverview, Ann Arbor, Michigan, of Parkinson's disease on March 17, 1997.
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Tasman Joseph McKee (7 May 1911 – 7 February 1973) was a New Zealand industrial and agricultural chemist, geologist, company director. He was born in Nelson, New Zealand, on 7 May 1911 and was educated at Tasman and Mapua Schools, Wellington’s St Patrick’s College, Motueka District High School and Nelson College. In the 1966 New Year Honours, McKee was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to industry, particularly to mineral development.
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Alexander McKay (geologist) Alexander McKay (11 April 1841 – 8 July 1917) was a New Zealand geologist. He was born in Carsphairn, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland on 11 April 1841. McKay reached New Zealand in 1863 where he spent a number of years prospected for gold. A meeting with Julius von Haast saw a change of direction in which McKay, largely self-taught, undertook geological mapping and fossil collecting expeditions throughout the islands. In 1872 James Hector appointed him to the Geological Survey of New Zealand. McKay's greatest achievement was to free New Zealand sciences from the strictures of European-based thinking, developing new theories, of worldwide importance, on block faulting in the evolution of mountain systems. The discipline of neotectonics is largely based upon McKay's observations and theories.
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Ronald Alexander McIntosh (21 January 1904 – 17 May 1977) was a New Zealand journalist who was most famous for his contributions to astronomy. He was born in Auckland, New Zealand on 21 January 1904 and left school at the age of 14. In 1926 he began a long career in journalism when he started work at The New Zealand Herald as a proofreader. He married Harriet Munro in 1930. After World War II service in New Zealand in military intelligence he re-joined "The New Zealand Herald", becoming a sub-editor in 1945 before leaving the following year. After spending some years working on aviation magazines and in public relations McIntosh returned to the "Herald" in 1957 as a senior sub-editor. Ronald McIntosh died in Auckland in 1977 and was survived by his wife, son, daughter and sister. His interest in astronomy was kindled by the 1910 appearance of Halley's Comet, and at age 13 he made his first binocular observations of the Moon. From 1919 to 1950 he collaborated with a number of other New Zealand amateurs in naked-eye observations of meteors. The group recorded 15,627 meteors between 1927 and 1945, with McIntosh contributing about half. He drew on these observations when he published a number of research papers on meteors. One of his most important papers was "An Index to Southern Meteor Showers". Published in 1935, it remained the standard work for more than 40 years. In 1927 he purchased a 14-inch Newtonian telescope which was used for lunar and planetary studies
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Ronald Alexander McIntosh Over a 30-year period he studied various lunar features and published papers based on his observations. He studied the crater Aristarchus for a long period, beginning in the early 1950s. His main planetary focus was Jupiter and he made many observations from 1927 to the 1960s. He also observed Saturn and Mars as well as Comets. McIntosh was also interested in the history of science, and published papers on the history of astronomy in New Zealand. He played a role in establishing the Auckland Observatory and devoted a lot of his time to popularising astronomy through lectures, planetarium sessions and newspaper articles. He was a long-time member of the New Zealand Astronomical Society (later the Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand), the Auckland Astronomical Society, the American Meteor Society and the Royal Astronomical Society. His work was frequently acknowledged by Charles Pollard Olivier of the American Meteor Society and he was elected to the International Astronomical Union's Commission 22 on Meteors. He was twice awarded the Donovan Medal by the Astronomical Society of Australia.
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Ruth Mason (7 November 1913 – 14 May 1990) was a New Zealand botanist specialising in the taxonomy and ecology of freshwater plants. Mason was born in Auckland, New Zealand, in 1913. She was educated at the University of Auckland (then known as Auckland University College, part of the University of New Zealand) where she completed a Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science and Master of Science. In 1939, Mason was appointed to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) as an assistant botanist. Mason was the first to record "Wolffia" in New Zealand (in 1949) and her most long-standing research interest was in the freshwater algae commonly known as stoneworts. Her research also included establishing a seed herbarium, and identifying food preferences of moa through gizzard contents. Due to her extensive fieldwork, Mason pioneered new techniques for plant preservation in the field. Over the course of her career, Mason collected over 13,000 specimens. She worked at DSIR until her retirement in 1974. Lucy Moore described "Hebe pauciramosa" var. "masoniae" in honor of Mason. Mason died in Christchurch in 1990.
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Cumbrian Coast Group The is a Permian lithostratigraphic group (a sequence of rock strata) which occurs in the western part of Cumbria in northern England. The group outcrops near Whitehaven on the Cumbrian coast and beneath the Vale of Eden. It comprises the St Bees Evaporite and the overlying St Bees Shale Formation which are between 0 and 100m and 0 and 215m thick respectively. The lower formation sits atop the mixed lithology breccia known as Brockram. It is also found beneath the Irish Sea where the Barrowmouth Mudstone Formation is the equivalent of the St Bees Shale Formation. The Group can achieve thicknesses in excess of 300m here.
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James Scott Maclaurin (8 November 1864 – 19 January 1939) was a New Zealand analytical chemist. He was born in Unst, Shetland, Scotland on 8 November 1864.
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Protective Action Criteria In the United States, the Emergency Management Issues Special Interest Group (EMI SIG) state that "(PACs) are essential components for planning and response to uncontrolled releases of hazardous chemicals. These criteria, combined with estimates of exposure, provide the information necessary to evaluate chemical release events for the purpose of taking appropriate protective actions. During an emergency response, these criteria may be used to evaluate the severity of the event, to identify potential outcomes, and to decide what protective actions should be taken". PAC values are based on the following exposure limit values: AEGL, ERPG and TEEL benchmark values are not available for all chemicals as the clinical effects are still an active research area. Consequently, when defining PAC values the following procedure is followed. There are three levels of PAC value (1 to 3) where each successive value is associated with an increasingly severe effect from a higher level of exposure. Each level is defined as follows:
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Charles Knight (doctor) Charles Knight ( 1808 – 3 September 1891) was a New Zealand doctor, public servant and botanist. He was born in Rye, Sussex, England in 1808. Knight was the country's inaugural auditor-general. In New Zealand, he first lived in Auckland and when the government moved to Wellington, he also relocated to the new capital. He died at his home in Wellington and is buried at Bolton Street Memorial Park.
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Thomas Whitelock Kempthorne (c.1834–3 November 1915) was a New Zealand manufacturing chemist and businessman who co-founded Kempthorne Prosser in 1870 in Dunedin. He was born in Cornwall, England c.1834.
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Aurora Max The AuroraMax project is an outreach and education initiative carried out by the combined effort of The Canadian Space Agency, Astronomy North, University of Calgary and The city of Yellowknife in Yellowknife Northwest Territories. The AuroraMax provides a place to explore and discover the wonder and science behind phenomena such as sunspots, Earth's magnetic field, space weather and the magnificent Northern lights of Canada. Auroras are natural exhibition of lights in the sky that can be seen by the naked eyes. Auroras happen when protons and electrons or charged particles and gases in the Earth's atmosphere crash into each other, creating tiny flares of light that decorate the sky with colorful light. Billions of these tiny flares occur in sequence causing the lights to seem like they are dancing or moving. The lights in the Northern hemisphere are called Aurora Borealis or simply The Northern Lights while the lights in the Southern hemisphere are called Aurora Australis or simply The Southern Lights. The purpose of the project is to monitor the frequency and intensity of the Aurora Borealis (Northern lights) in the years that led up to the Solar Maximum that was scheduled to occur in 2013-14. Scientists have noticed that the sun's activity follows a regular cycle and the peak (Solar maximum) is reached every 11 years. The main purpose of this project is to observe the activities and their developments leading up to the occurrence of the solar maximum, so that the pattern can be established and understood
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Aurora Max The AuroraMax, also, has a website where everyone and anyone can view, admire the lights and the other wonders explored in the project in real time, as well as follow up on solar activities. Auroras are a product of the sun's activity; therefore the beautiful colorful lights seen at night are often caused by activities by the sun 150 million kilometers away. The sun sends out a constant flow of charged particles known as solar wind. When these winds or eruptions are pointed or directed at the Earth, they can spark up sun-induced auroras. The greater the activity of the sun, the brighter the auroras we see. The colors of the aurora are determined by three elements which are: the density of the atmosphere, the composition of gases in the Earth's atmosphere, the altitude where aurora occurs and the level of energy involved. The most common color seen is green, which is caused when the charged particles collide with oxygen at lower altitudes between 100-300 kilometers. Occasionally, the ends or tips of the aurora have a pink or crimson fringe, this is caused by the presence of nitrogen molecules. In the upper atmosphere between 300-400 kilometers, red instead of green is caused by the collision with atomic oxygen. It takes longer for the lights to be produced at higher altitudes because the atmosphere is less dense so it takes more energy and more time for the red lights to be produced
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Aurora Max Blue and purple lights are also produced by the collision with hydrogen and helium but they are difficult for the eyes to see against the night sky.
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John Holloway (botanist) John Ernest Holloway, FRS (12 February 1881 – 6 September 1945) was a New Zealand Anglican priest, botanist and university lecturer. He was born in Christchurch, New Zealand, on 12 February 1881 and educated at Nelson College and Auckland University College, where he was awarded DSc in 1917. He took holy orders and served the church from 1909 to 1922. He had developed, however, a keen interest in botany and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand in 1921. He was appointed lecturer in charge of the Botanical Department, University of Otago in 1924. While at the University of Otago he mentored renowned botanists Dame Ella Orr Campbell and Greta Stevenson. In 1937 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, his candidature citation reading: ""With the exception of a short period (1909–1912) spent in Yorkshire and South London, Dr Holloway was actively engaged in parish work in different parts of New Zealand from 1907–1922. Appointed Lecturer in 1924. The greater part of his research was done before he took up academic work. Distinguished for his original work on 'Lycopodium, Tmesipteris, Phylloglossum' and the Hymenphyllaceae (Trans NZ Institute: Annals of Botany); the first to give a complete account of the prothallus and embryogeny of 'Tmesipteris'. The quality of his work, which has made material contributions to morphological botany, is excellent and in the view of the fact that his researches were carried on in very difficult circumstances the quantity is remarkable
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John Holloway (botanist) " " He died in Timaru, New Zealand, on 6 September 1945.
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Geoffrey Michael William Hodgkins (1 May 1902–27 October 1965) was a New Zealand naturalist and character. He was born in Dunedin, New Zealand on 1 May 1902.
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TPG Capital (abbrev. for Texas Pacific Group) is an American investment company. The private equity investment firm is focused on leveraged buyouts and growth capital. TPG manages investment funds in growth capital, venture capital, public equity, and debt investments. The firm invests in a range of industries including consumer/retail, media and telecommunications, industrials, technology, travel/leisure and health care. The firm was founded in 1992 by David Bonderman, James Coulter, and William S. Price III and has raised $50 billion of investor commitments across more than 18 private equity funds. TPG is headquartered in San Francisco, California. The company has additional offices in Europe, Asia, Australia and other parts of North America. TPG has historically relied primarily on private equity funds, pools of committed capital from pension funds, insurance companies, endowments, fund of funds, high-net-worth individuals, sovereign wealth funds, and from other institutional investors. As of the end of 2008, TPG had completed fundraising for over 20 funds with total investor commitments of over $50 billion. The firm manages investment funds in a number of distinct strategies including: Source: Preqin The Texas Pacific Group, as it was originally known, was founded in 1992 by David Bonderman, James Coulter and William S. Price III. Prior to founding TPG, Bonderman and Coulter had worked for Robert M. Bass making leveraged buyout investments during the 1980s. In 1993, Coulter and Bonderman partnered with William S
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TPG Capital Price III, who was Vice President of Strategic Planning and Business Development for GE Capital, to complete the buyout of Continental Airlines. The plan included bringing in a new management team, improving aircraft utilization and focusing on lucrative routes. In June 1996, TPG acquired the AT&T Paradyne unit, a multimedia communications business, from Lucent Technologies for $175 million. Also in 1996, TPG invested in Beringer Wine, Ducati Motorcycles and Del Monte Foods. In 1997, TPG completed fundraising for its second private equity fund, securing over $2.5 billion of investor commitments. TPG's most notable investment that year was its takeover of the retailer J. Crew, acquiring an 88% stake for approximately $500 million. However, the investment struggled due to the relatively high purchase price paid relative to the company's earnings. The company was able to complete a turnaround beginning in 2002 and complete an initial public offering in 2006. The following year, in 1998, TPG led a minority investment in Oxford Health Plans. TPG and its co-investors invested $350 million in a convertible preferred stock that can be converted into 22.1% of Oxford. The company completed a buyback of the TPG's PIPE convertible in 2000 and would ultimately be acquired by UnitedHealth Group in 2004. As the decade came to a close, T3 Partners that would invest alongside the main fund in technology oriented investments. In 1999, TPG invested in Piaggio S.p
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TPG Capital A, Bally International (including Bally Shoe), and ON Semiconductor. In 2000 TPG and Leonard Green & Partners invested $200 million to acquire Petco, the pet supplies retailer as part of a $600 million buyout. Within two years they sold most of it in a public offering that valued the company at $1 billion. Petco’s market value greatly increased by the end of 2004 and the firms would ultimately realize a gain of $1.2 billion. Then, in 2006, the private equity firms took Petco private again for $1.68 billion. In 2000, TPG completed the controversial acquisition of Gemplus SA, a smart card manufacturer. TPG won a struggle with the company's founder, Marc Lassus, for control of the company. Also in 2000, TPG completed an investment in Seagate Technology. In 2001, TPG acquired Telenor Media, a Norwegian phone-directory company, for $660 million, and shortly thereafter acquired a controlling interest in silicon-wafer maker MEMC Electronic Materials. In July 2002, TPG, together with Bain Capital and Goldman Sachs Capital Partners, announced the $2.3 billion leveraged buyout of Burger King from Diageo. However, in November the original transaction collapsed, when Burger King failed to meet certain performance targets. In December 2002, TPG and its co-investors agreed on a reduced $1.5 billion purchase price for the investment. The TPG consortium had support from Burger King's franchisees, who controlled approximately 92% of Burger King restaurants at the time of the transaction
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TPG Capital Under its new owners, Burger King underwent a brand overhaul including the use of The Burger King character in advertising. In February 2006, Burger King announced plans for an initial public offering. In November 2003, TPG provided a proposal to buy Portland General Electric from Enron. However, concerns about debt and local politics led to Oregon's Public Utilities Commission regulators to deny permission for the purchase March 10, 2005. TPG ventured into the film business in late 2004 in the major leveraged buyout of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. A consortium led by TPG and Sony completed the $4.81 billion buyout of the film studio. The consortium also included media-focused firms Providence Equity Partners and Quadrangle Group as well as DLJ Merchant Banking Partners. The transaction, which was announced in September 2004, was completed in early 2005. Also in 2005, TPG was involved in the buyout of SunGard in a transaction valued at $11.3 billion. TPG's partners in the acquisition were Silver Lake Partners, Bain Capital, Goldman Sachs Capital Partners, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, Providence Equity Partners, and Blackstone Group. This represented the largest leveraged buyout completed since the takeover of RJR Nabisco at the end of the 1980s leveraged buyout boom. Also, at the time of its announcement, SunGard would be the largest buyout of a technology company in history, a distinction it would cede to the buyout of Freescale Semiconductor
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TPG Capital The involvement of seven firms in the consortium was criticized by investors in private equity who considered cross-holdings among firms to be generally unattractive. On 15 May 2006, Smurfit-Stone reported the definitive sale for $1.04 billion in cash of its Consumer Packaging division to the Texas Pacific Group. In early 2006, as TPG was completing fundraising for its fifth private equity fund. TPG co-founder Bill Price announced that he would scale back his work at the firm. On December 1, 2006, it was announced TPG and Kohlberg Kravis Roberts had been exploring the possibility of a $100 billion leveraged buyout of Home Depot. In early 2007, the firm, officially changed its name to TPG Capital, rebranding all of its funds across different geographies. The firm's Asian funds, which had historically been managed by TPG Newbridge, a joint venture with Blum Capital. On April 7, 2008, TPG led a $7 billion investment in Washington Mutual. On September 25, 2008, Washington Mutual was taken over by the U.S. government, costing TPG a 1.35 Billion dollar investment. It has been called by some analysts "the worst deal in private equity history." On March 12, 2010, Gretchen Morgenson in the "New York Times" discussed TPG's role as a private equity investor in Greek mobile phone operator WIND Hellas, formerly TIM Hellas, which filed for bankruptcy protection late last year
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TPG Capital Morgenson raised questions about the circumstances in which TPG and fellow private equity investors Apax Partners of London redeemed a significant quantity of "convertible preferred equity certificates" held by them to repay their own "deeply subordinated shareholder loans" during a period in which a significant and apparently unexplained spike occurred in the market value of the certificates. On June 10, 2010, TPG announced an acquisition of Vertafore, a provider of software for the insurance industry, for $1.4 billion. On July 13, 2011, affiliates of acquired PRIMEDIA for approximately $525 million, or $7.10 per share in cash. TPG and fellow private equity firm Apollo Global Management are set to IPO their stake in Norwegian Cruise Lines in 2013. In July 2013, TPG announced it would buy global education publisher TSL Education (now called TES Global, publishers of TES magazine) from Charterhouse Group for a fee of around $600 million. "The Financial Times" reported in February 2014 that TPG co-founder David Bonderman was "contemplating" an initial public offering for the private equity group. In March 2017, it was reported that Bonderman and TPG had scrapped plans for an IPO, deciding to remain private. TPG and movie producer Robert Simonds, Jr., announced in March 2014 that they had entered a partnership with China's Hony Capital to produce as many as ten "star-driven" films a year, with mid-range budgets (on the order of $40 million per film)
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TPG Capital In April 2014, it was announced that TPG had invested £200 million in Victoria Plumb after buying a majority stake. In November 2014, Prezzo Holdings agreed to a £303.7 million takeover by TPG. The company is considered a newcomer to the real-estate investment arena. In the first half of 2014, it started to raise funds for a real-estate specific fund. It had a goal of $1.5 billion to $2 billion. By October 2015, the company had exceeded its goal, raising more than $2 billion. In 2016, TPG Growth, the growth equity and smaller buyout investment arm of TPG Capital, acquired technology staffing firm Frank Recruitment Group in a deal that valued the company at £200m. In January 2017 TPG acquired a majority of A&O Hotels and Hostels, Europe's biggest privately owned hostel-platform, based in Germany. On January 25, 2017, TPG announced that after a nearly two year search it had hired Bradford Berenson as General Counsel. Berenson had been Vice President and Senior Counsel for Litigation and Legal Policy for General Electric (GE). In his role at GE, Berenson was "responsible for litigation, government and internal investigations, compliance, and legal policy worldwide." From 2001 to 2003 Bereson served as Associate White House Counsel to President George W. Bush In 2017, Bonderman left the board of Uber "after he made a sexist comment in response to Arianna Huffington at an Uber meeting". In July 2017, Ajay Kanwal and Naveen Chopra joined TPG as Senior Advisors
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TPG Capital Kanwal will advise the firm on its financial services portfolio, while Chopra will direct the firm’s consumer and other related lines of business. In September 2017, acquired majority stake in Australia's largest Contract Research Organization, Novotech Clinical Research. In November 2017, acquired Mendocino Farms and former Yard House CEO Harald Herrmann was appointed as Mendocino's new CEO. In 2018, Manipal Hospitals and acquired Fortis Healthcare as part of a deal for Rs 3900 crore. In 1994, TPG, Blum Capital and ACON Investments created Newbridge Capital, a joint-venture to invest in emerging markets, particularly Asia and later Latin America. At its peak, Newbridge managed over $3.2 billion. Newbridge was headquartered alongside TPG in Fort Worth and San Francisco with investment offices across the Asia-Pacific region in Hong Kong, Melbourne, Mumbai, Seoul, Shanghai, Singapore, and Tokyo. In 1995, Newbridge also ventured into Latin America, raising a $300 million fund and then a follow up $150 million fund in 1996. After its debut funds in the mid-1990s, Newbridge did not continue to focus on Latin America. Since its founding, Newbridge developed a specialization in five broad industry groups: financial services, technology and telecom, healthcare, consumer, and industrials
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TPG Capital Newbridge was involved in a number of the largest and most notable private equity transactions in Asia including: In the early 2000s, TPG assumed full ownership and control over the Newbridge joint venture, renaming the firm TPG Newbridge. At the beginning of 2007, when the firm officially changed its name from Texas Pacific Group to TPG Capital, TPG Newbridge's Asian funds were also rebranded as the TPG Asia Funds. TPG remained active in Asia in 2008. On August 4, TPG, along with Global Infrastructure Partners, offered to buy Asciano Limited for AUD 2.9 billion in an unsuccessful attempt to complete an unsolicited takeover. On October 31, 2008, TPG completed the purchase of a 35% interest in P.T. Bumi Resources, from its previous owner Bakrie & Brothers, Indonesia, for $1.3 billion.
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Callus (cell biology) Plant callus (plural "calluses" or "calli") is a growing mass of unorganized plant parenchyma cells. In living plants, callus cells are those cells that cover a plant wound. In biological research and biotechnology callus formation is induced from plant tissue samples (explants) after surface sterilization and plating onto tissue culture medium in vitro (in a closed culture vessel such as a Petri dish). The culture medium is supplemented with plant growth regulators, such as auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin, to initiate callus formation or somatic embryogenesis. Callus initiation has been described for all major groups of land plants. Plant species representing all major land plant groups have been shown to be capable of producing callus in tissue culture. A callus cell culture is usually sustained on gel medium. Callus induction medium consists of agar and a mixture of macronutrients and micronutrients for the given cell type. There are several types of basal salt mixtures used in plant tissue culture, but most notably modified Murashige and Skoog medium, White's medium, and woody plant medium. Vitamins are also provided to enhance growth such as Gamborg B5 vitamins. For plant cells, enrichment with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is especially important. Plant callus is usually derived from somatic tissues. The tissues used to initiate callus formation depends on plant species and which tissues are available for explant culture
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1009199
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Callus (cell biology) The cells that give rise to callus and somatic embryos usually undergo rapid division or are partially undifferentiated such as meristematic tissue. In alfalfa, "Medicago truncatula", however callus and somatic embryos are derived from mesophyll cells that undergo dedifferentiation. Plant hormones are used to initiate callus growth. Specific auxin to cytokinin ratios in plant tissue culture medium give rise to an unorganized growing and dividing mass of callus cells. Callus cultures are often broadly classified as being either compact or friable. Friable calluses fall apart easily, and can be used to generate cell suspension cultures. Callus can directly undergo direct organogenesis and/or embryogenesis where the cells will form an entirely new plant. This process is known as callus culture. Callus can brown and die during culture, the main factor for cause of callus turning brown is due to oxidation of Phenolic compounds. In "Jatropha curcas" callus cells, small organized callus cells became disorganized and varied in size after browning occurred. Browning has also been associated with oxidation and phenolic compounds in both explant tissues and explant secretions. In rice, presumably, a condition which is favorable for scutellar callus induction induces necrosis too. Callus cells are not necessarily genetically homogeneous because a callus is often made from structural tissue, not individual cells
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Callus (cell biology) Nevertheless, callus cells are often considered similar enough for standard scientific analysis to be performed as if on a single subject. For example, an experiment may have half a callus undergo a treatment as the experimental group, while the other half undergoes a similar but non-active treatment as the control group. Plant calluses derived from many different cell types can differentiate into a whole plant, a process called regeneration, through addition of plant hormones to the culture medium. This ability is known as totipotency. Regeneration of a whole plant from a single cell allows transgenics researchers to obtain whole plants which have a copy of the transgene in every cell. Regeneration of a whole plant that has some genetically transformed cells and some untransformed cells yields a chimera. In general, chimeras are not useful for genetic research or agricultural applications. Genes can be inserted into callus cells using biolistic bombardment, also known as a gene gun, or "Agrobacterium tumefaciens". Cells that receive the gene of interest can then be recovered into whole plants using a combination of plant hormones. The whole plants that are recovered can be used to experimentally determine gene function(s), or to enhance crop plant traits for modern agriculture. Callus is of particular use in micropropagation where it can be used to grow genetically identical copies of plants with desirable characteristics
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Callus (cell biology) Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau investigated wound-healing responses in elm trees, and was the first to report formation of callus on live plants. In 1908, E. F. Simon was able to induce callus from poplar stems that also produced roots and buds. The first reports of callus induction "in vitro" came from three independent researchers in 1939. P. White induced callus derived from tumor-developing procambial tissues of hybrid "Nicotiana glauca" that did not require hormone supplementation. Gautheret and Nobecourt were able to maintain callus cultures of carrot using auxin hormone additions.
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Józef Boguski Józef Jerzy Boguski (1853–1933) was a Polish chemist and a professor at the Warsaw Polytechnic. Boguski had served as an assistant in St. Petersburg to the great Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleyev. From 1895 Boguski was a professor at Warsaw's Wawelberg and Rotwand School, and from 1920 at the Warsaw Polytechnic. He carried out pioneering studies in chemical kinetics and formulated "Boguski's rule" concerning the speed of dissolution of solids in liquids. It was at a laboratory run by Boguski in the Museum of Industry and Agriculture at "Krakowskie Przedmieście 66" in Warsaw that his cousin Maria Skłodowska (Marie Curie), future investigator of radioactivity and future double Nobel laureate, in 1890–91 began her practical scientific training. During World War I, Boguski studied explosives and poisons with military applications. He was also a popularizer of science. In 1926 Kraków University and the Warsaw Polytechnic bestowed an honorary doctorate on Boguski. In the same year, he also became an Honorary Member of the Polish Chemical Society.
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Marian Danysz (March 17, 1909 – February 9, 1983) was a Polish physicist. Son of Jan Kazimierz Danysz. In 1952, he co-discovered with Jerzy Pniewski a new kind of matter, an atomic nucleus, which alongside a proton and neutron contains a third particle: the lambda hyperon (). Ten years later, they obtained a hypernucleus in excited state, and the following year a hypernucleus with two lambda hyperons.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1018053
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Jan Kazimierz Danysz Jean Danysz (11 March 1884 – 4 November 1914) born Jan Kazimierz Danysz, was a French physicist of Polish extraction. He was an assistant of Maria Skłodowska-Curie and notable in the development of beta spectrometry. Danysz made considerable advances on the magnetic deflection techniques of Baeyer, Hahn and Meitner, placing the source (he used radium) in a capillary tube under a slit, with a photographic plate in the same horizontal plane. By this means the known number of lines (later understood to be conversion lines) superimposed on the beta energy spectrum of RaB + RaC went from 9 to 27 (later work by Robinson and Rutherford found 64; 16 from RaB and 48 from RaC). He finished his doctoral thesis in 1913, and by 1914 he was considered by Rutherford as a leading researcher into beta decay, but he did no further work. He enlisted in the French army in 1914 and was killed in action near Cormicy. J. Danysz, Le Radium 9, 1 (1912); 10, 4 (1913) Danysz, J. "Recherches expérimentales sur les β rayons de la famille du radium" Ann. Chim. Phys. 30 (1913) 241–320
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1018068
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Stanisław Kostanecki (born 16 April 1860 in Myszaków, now in Poland then Kingdom of Prussia – 15 November 1910 in Würzburg) was a Polish organic chemist, professor who pioneered in vegetable dye chemistry e.g. curcumin. Known for Kostanecki acylation name reactions. In 1896, he developed the theory of dyes and studied the natural vegetable dyes. Among his many students were famous scientists Kazimierz Funk and Wiktor Lampe.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1018127
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Anglo-Australian Near-Earth Asteroid Survey The (AANEAS) operated from 1990-96, becoming one of the most prolific programs of its type in the world. Apart from leading to the discovery of 38 near-Earth asteroids, 9 comets, 63 supernovae, several other astronomical phenomena and the delivery of a substantial proportion of all NEA astrometry obtained worldwide (e.g., 30% in 1994-95), AANEAS also led to many other scientific advances which were reported in the refereed literature.
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Palomar Planet-Crossing Asteroid Survey The (PCAS) was an astronomical survey, initiated by American astronomers Eleanor Helin and Eugene Shoemaker at the U.S Palomar Observatory, California, in 1973. The program is responsible for the discovery of 95 near-Earth Objects including 17 comets, while the Minor Planet Center directly credits PCAS with the discovery of 20 numbered minor planets during 1993–1994. PCAS ran for nearly 25 years until June 1995. It had an international extension, INAS, and was the immediate predecessor of the outstandingly successful NEAT program. The first NEO discovered by PACS was (5496) 1973 NA, an Apollo asteroid with an exceptional orbital inclination of 68°, the most highly inclined minor planet known until 1999. In 1976, Eleanor Helin discovered 2062 Aten, the first of a new class of asteroids called the Aten asteroids with small orbits that are never far from Earth's orbit. As a result, these objects have a particularly high probability of colliding with the Earth. In 1979, Helin discovered an Apollo-type asteroid, that they later identified with the comet 4015 Wilson–Harrington. It was the first confirmation that a comet can evolve into an asteroid after it has degassed.
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International Near-Earth Asteroid Survey The (INAS) was an astronomical survey, organized and co-ordinated by prolific American astronomer Eleanor Helin during the 1980s. It is considered to be the international extension of the Planet-Crossing Asteroid Survey (PCAS). While PCAS operated exclusively from the U.S. Palomar Observatory in California, INAS attempted to encourage and stimulate worldwide interest in asteroids, and to expand the sky coverage and the discovery and recovery of near-Earth objects around the world. The IAU's Minor Planet Center credits INAS with the discovery of 8 minor planets in 1986 (compared to 20 discoveries made by PCAS during 1993–1994). One of the discoveries was the 7-kilometer sized main-belt asteroid 4121 Carlin.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1018499
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Norma Arm The is a minor spiral arm of the Milky Way extending from and around its central hub region. The inner portion of the Arm is called the "Norma Arm" in narrow meaning. The outer part of it is identified either with the Cygnus Arm, which lies outside the Perseus Arm, or the Outer Arm, which is located farther away from the center of the Galaxy than the Cygnus Arm. The begins from the Galactic Core, and extends outward to a radius of . It is named for the Norma constellation, through which the Arm as seen from Earth passes. Like many other galaxies of similar type, the Milky Way consists of a large mass of stars shaped into the form of a relatively flat disc by gravity. The disc is rotating, with the dense central body of stars moving at greater speeds than those toward the rim of the disc. As a result, the pattern of stars within the Galaxy as viewed from directly above or below the disc has formed into a spiral. Because of localised gravitational variations, the spiral pattern has itself formed several distinct 'spiral arms', where particularly large numbers of stars can be found.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1018876
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Aleksander Jabłoński Professor (born 26 February 1898 in Woskresenówka, in Imperial Russia, died 9 September 1980 in Skierniewice, Poland) was a Polish physicist and member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. His research was in molecular spectroscopy and photophysics. He was born on 26 February 1898 in Woskresenówka near Kharkiv in Imperial Russia. He attended "Gymnasium" high school in Kkarkiv as well as a music school where he learned to play the violin under supervision of Konstanty Gorski. In 1916, he started to study physics at the University of Kharkiv. During the World War I he served in the Polish I Corps in Russia. After the war he settled in Warsaw in 1918. In 1919-1920 he fought for Poland against aggression by Soviet Russia (and was consequently decorated with the Polish Cross of Valour). Jabłoński initially studied the violin at Warsaw Conservatory, under the virtuoso Stanisław Barcewicz, but later switched to science. He received a Ph.D. from the University of Warsaw in 1930, writing a thesis "On the influence of the change of the wavelength of excitation light on the fluorescence spectra". He then went to Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin, Germany for two years (1930–31) as a fellow of the Rockefeller Foundation. He worked with Peter Pringsheim at the FWU and later with Otto Stern in Hamburg. In 1934 Jabłoński returned to Poland to receive habilitation from the University of Warsaw
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Aleksander Jabłoński His thesis was "On the influence of intermolecular interactions on the absorption and emission of light", the subject to which he would devote the rest of his life. He served as President of the Polish Physical Society between 1957–1961. Jabłoński was a pioneer of molecular photophysics, creating the concept of the "luminescent centre" and his own theories of concentrational quenching and depolarization of photoluminescence. He also worked on pressure broadening of emission spectra lines and was the first to recognize the analogy between pressure broadening and molecular spectra. This led to development of the quantum-mechanical pressure broadening theory. Fluorescence is illustrated schematically with the classical Jablonski diagram, first proposed by Jabłoński in 1933 to describe absorption and emission of light. In 1946, he settled in Toruń where he was appointed Head of the Faculty of Physics at the Nicolaus Copernicus University.
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Museum of Natural Sciences The of Belgium (, ) is a museum dedicated to natural history, located in Brussels, Belgium. The museum is a part of the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. Its most important pieces are 30 fossilised "Iguanodon" skeletons, which were discovered in 1878 in Bernissart, Belgium. The dinosaur hall of the museum is the world's largest museum hall completely dedicated to dinosaurs. Another famous piece is the Ishango bone, which was discovered in 1960 by Jean de Heinzelin de Braucourt in the Belgian Congo. The museum also houses a research department and a public exhibit department. The was founded on 31 March 1846, as a descendant of the "Musée de Bruxelles" of 1802. It was based on the collection established by Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, dating from the 18th century. Belgian scientist and politician Bernard du Bus de Gisignies became the first director of the museum in 1846, and on this occasion, he donated 2474 birds from his own collection to the museum. In 1860, during the construction of new fortifications around Antwerp, several fossils were found, mainly of whales, and they were acquired by the museum. The museum also obtained the skeletons of a bowhead whale ("Balaena mysticetus") and a young blue whale ("Balaenoptera musculus"), which are still on display today. The same year, the skeleton of a mammoth was unearthed near Lier, and due to the prompt action of archaeologist François-Joseph Scohy, it was preserved and brought to the museum, where it has been exhibited since 1869
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Museum of Natural Sciences At that time, the only other skeleton of a mammoth on display was in the museum of Saint Petersburg in Russia. In 1878, the largest find of Iguanodon fossils to date occurred in a coal mine at Bernissart, in Hainaut, Belgium. At least 38 Iguanodon ("Iguanodon bernissartensis") skeletons were uncovered, at a depth of , of which 30 were brought back to the museum and put on display. They were mounted by Louis Dollo and set the standard that was followed for over a century. Found alongside the "Iguanodon" skeletons were the remains of plants, fish, and other reptiles, including the crocodyliform "Bernissartia". Between 1889 and 1891, the museum moved from its original home at the Palace of Charles of Lorraine into a former convent located on the heights of the park. The building quickly became too narrow and the director of the time, Edward Dupont, entrusted the architect Charles-Emile Janlet the construction of a new southern wing. Work began in 1898 and ended in October 1905. The new rooms were specially designed to accommodate the new collections. In 1950, several modern buildings were added to house new exhibition and storage rooms, as well as premises for the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, the research centre of which the museum is now part. Since 2007, the completely renovated and enlarged dinosaur hall (the "Janlet" wing) of 4580 m has been the largest dinosaur hall in the world
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Museum of Natural Sciences In addition to these permanent exhibitions, there are also temporary exhibitions which are always highly interactive.
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NOAA-4 NOAA-4, also known as ITOS-G was a weather satellite operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). It was part of a series of satellites called ITOS, or improved TIROS. was launched on a Delta rocket on November 15, 1974. The launch carried two other satellites: AMSAT-OSCAR 7 and Intasat. It remained operational for 1463 days until it was deactivated by NOAA on November 18, 1978.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1024315
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Pierre Chambon (born 7 February 1931 in Mulhouse, France) was the founder of the in Strasbourg, France. He was one of the leading molecular biologists who utilized gene cloning and sequencing technology to first decipher the structure of eukaryotic genes and their modes of regulation. His major contributions to science include the identification of RNA polymerase II(B), the identification of transcriptional control elements, the cloning and dissection of nuclear hormone receptors, revealing their structure and showing how they contribute to human physiology. His group was also one of the first to demonstrate, biochemically and electron-microscopically, that the nucleosome is the smallest unit of chromatin (Cell, Vol. 4, 281–300, 1975). He accomplished much of his work in the 1970-90s. Chambon was elected a Foreign Associate of the US National Academy of Sciences and to the French Académie des Sciences in 1985, a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1987. He was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University in 1999. In 2003 he was awarded the March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology. He received the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 2004 for his work in the field. In 2010, Chambon was awarded the Gairdner Foundation International Award "for the elucidation of fundamental mechanisms of transcription in animal cells and to the discovery of the nuclear receptor superfamily". In 2018 he received the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize for a second time.
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Reynolds decomposition In fluid dynamics and turbulence theory, is a mathematical technique used to separate the expectation value of a quantity from its fluctuations. For example, for a quantity formula_1 the decomposition would be where formula_3 denotes the expectation value of formula_1, (often called the steady component/time, spatial or ensemble average), and formula_5, are the deviations from the expectation value (or fluctuations). The fluctuations are defined as the expectation value subtracted from quantity formula_1 such that their time average equals zero. The expected value, formula_3, is often found from an ensemble average which is an average taken over multiple experiments under identical conditions. The expected value is also sometime denoted formula_8, but it is also seen often with the over-bar notation. Direct Numerical Simulation, or resolving the Navier-Stokes equations completely in formula_9, is only possible on small computational grids and small time steps when Reynolds numbers are low. Due to computational constraints, simplifications of the Navier-Stokes equations are useful to parameterize turbulence that are smaller than the computational grid, allowing larger computational domains. allows the simplification the Navier–Stokes equations by substituting in the sum of the steady component and perturbations to the velocity profile and taking the mean value. The resulting equation contains a nonlinear term known as the Reynolds stresses which gives rise to turbulence.
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University of Virginia Darden School of Business The Darden School of Business is the graduate business school associated with the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia. The Darden School offers MBA, Ph.D. and Executive Education programs. The School was founded in 1955 and is named after Colgate Whitehead Darden, Jr., a former Democratic congressman, governor of Virginia, and former president of the University of Virginia. Darden is on the grounds of the University of Virginia in Charlottesville. The School is famous for being one of the most prominent business schools to use the case method as its sole method of teaching. The Dean of the school is former McKinsey & Company executive, Scott C. Beardsley. The Darden School was the first graduate school of business of the Southern United States when it was originally founded in 1955. The original business school was nestled in the central grounds of the University of Virginia, before being moved its current location at the North Grounds. Designed by American architect Robert A. M. Stern, the Darden school's buildings feature sand-struck Virginia brick, Chippendale balustrades and red-metal standing seam roofs. In 2018, the Sands Family Grounds was inaugurated by the Darden School, in Arlington County, Virginia, in proximity to Washington D.C.'s central business district. The Sands Family Grounds occupy the top two floor of a 31-story skyscraper emblazoned with the UVA Darden Logo, and provides extensive facilities for students and event guests
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University of Virginia Darden School of Business The full-time MBA program is located in Charlottesville, Virginia at the UVA Darden Goodwin Family Grounds, which is roughly two hours from Washington, D.C. In 2017, it was announced that Darden would establish dedicated facilities in Rosslyn, formerly introduced as the UVA Darden Sands Family Grounds in February 2019, as the new home base for the Executive MBA formats and new M.S. in Business Analytics degree launched with the McIntire School of Commerce. Designed for students who seek to strengthen their leadership, business and communication skills, Darden's two-year MBA program — ranked #1 in educational experience by "Economist" — combines core and elective courses in Charlottesville, Virginia with opportunities for every student to study abroad. Admission requirements for the MBA include an earned four-year bachelor's degree from an accredited U.S. institution or the international equivalent, completion of application forms and essays, GMAT or GRE score, academic transcripts, two professional recommendations, and the payment of a fee. The MBA Class of 2021 has an average GMAT score of 713 and an average GPA of 3.48, and an average age of 27 years old. Of the 335 students enrolled, 33% are international students, 40% are women and 21% are domestic minority students. The School had an acceptance rate of 36.5% as of 2019. The required curriculum in the First Year is designed to provide students with an integrated perspective on general management
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University of Virginia Darden School of Business Beginning in the final term of the First Year, the curriculum is made up entirely of electives to allow students to develop more depth in chosen areas of interest. Students may choose two from among the following optional concentrations: In addition to the above academic concentrations, Darden offers a specialization in management science that is STEM designated which is especially useful for students interested in the tech sector and/or international students who wish to find employment in the United States after graduation by allowing better chances of receiving an H-1B work visa if they qualify for Optional Practical Training ("OPT") extension. A total of 97% of MBA graduates from the class of 2019 received full-time offers within three months of graduation, the median starting salary and sign-on bonus upon graduation was $162,000. Among the graduates, 36% entered consulting positions, 24% obtained investment banking and financial services roles, and 15% entered careers in technologies. Top employers include McKinsey & Co., Boston Consulting Group, Amazon (company), Microsoft, Danaher Corporation, JP Morgan Chase, and Credit Suisse. Students are offered study abroad programs as well as Darden Worldwide Courses which offer international immersion courses which are funded by a $15 million gift from philanthropist and donor, Frank Batten
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