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Knight shift The is a shift in the nuclear magnetic resonance frequency of a paramagnetic substance first published in 1949 by the UC Berkeley physicist Walter D. Knight. For an ensemble of N spins in a magnetic induction field formula_1, the nuclear Hamiltonian for the is expressed in Cartesian form by: formula_2, whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1181004 |
Knight shift However, in metals which normally have a broad featureless electronic density of states, Knight shifts are temperature independent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1181004 |
Apollo Mussin-Pushkin Count Apollos Apollosovich Musin-Pushkin (; February 17, 1760 – April 18, 1805) was a Russian chemist and plant collector. He led a botanical expedition to the Caucasus in 1802 with his friend botanist Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein. In 1797, he was elected a foreign member of the Roya... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1183728 |
Regulation of therapeutic goods The regulation of therapeutic goods, defined as drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction. In some countries, such as the United States, they are regulated at the national level by a single agency. In other jurisdictions they are regulated at the state level, or at both state... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1186840 |
Regulation of therapeutic goods Additionally, theriac became a commercial good traded throughout Europe based on the works of Greek and Roman physicians. The resulting proliferation of various recipes needed to be curtailed in order to ensure that people were not passing off fake antidotes, which led to the development... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1186840 |
Regulation of therapeutic goods Through this act, he encouraged physicians in his "College of Physicians" (founded by him in 1518) to appoint four people dedicated to consistently inspecting what was being sold in apothecary shops. In conjunction with this first piece of legislation, there was an emergence of standard ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1186840 |
Regulation of therapeutic goods One such instance occurred in 1937 when more than a hundred people died from using sulfanilamide elixir which had not gone through any safety testing. This directly led to the passing of the Federal, Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1938. One other major catastrophe occurred in the late 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1186840 |
Regulation of therapeutic goods Both the EU and US acts introduced the requirements to ensure safety and efficacy. Of note, increased regulations and standards for testing actually led to greater innovation in pharmaceutical research in the 1960s, despite greater preclinical and clinical standards. In 1989, the Interna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1186840 |
Regulation of therapeutic goods The availability of drugs and poisons is regulated by scheduling under individual state legislation, but is generally under the guidance of the national Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons (SUSDP). Under the SUSDP, medicinal agents generally belong to one of five cat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1186840 |
Regulation of therapeutic goods EMA and the Member States cooperate and share expertise in the assessment of new medicines and of new safety information. They also rely on each other for exchange of information in the regulation of medicine, for example regarding the reporting of side effects of medicines, the oversigh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1186840 |
Regulation of therapeutic goods Medicines in Norway are divided into five groups: Class A Narcotics, sedative-hypnotics, and amphetamines in this class require a special prescription form: Class B Restricted substances which easily lead to addiction like: Class C - All prescription-only substances Class F - Substances ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1186840 |
Regulation of therapeutic goods Brands and packages not actively marketed in Sri Lanka National Dangerous Drugs Control Board Therapeutic goods in the United States are regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which makes some drugs available over the counter (OTC) at retail outlets and others by presc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1186840 |
Pressure-gradient force The pressure-gradient force is the force that results when there is a difference in pressure across a surface. In general, a pressure is a force per unit area, across a surface. A difference in pressure across a surface then implies a difference in force, which can result in an acceleration acco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1187337 |
Pressure-gradient force We can express the acceleration more precisely, for a general pressure formula_10 as, formula_11. The direction of the resulting force (acceleration) is thus in the opposite direction of the most rapid increase of pressure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1187337 |
Peter Waage (29 June 1833 – 13 January 1900) was a Norwegian chemist and professor. He was a professor of chemistry at the University of Kristiania. Along with his brother-in-law Cato Maximilian Guldberg, he co-discovered and developed the law of mass action between 1864 and 1879. He grew up on the island of Hidra in V... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1189459 |
Hořava–Witten domain wall In theoretical physics, a is a type of domain wall that behaves as a boundary of the eleven-dimensional spacetime in M-theory. Petr Hořava and Edward Witten argued that the cancellation of anomalies guarantees that a supersymmetric gauge theory with the E8 gauge group propagates on this domain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1190955 |
Peierls bracket In theoretical physics, the is an equivalent description of the Poisson bracket. It can be defined directly from the action and does not require the canonical coordinates and their canonical momenta to be defined in advance. The bracket is defined as as the difference between some kind of action of one ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1191117 |
Spectral signature is the variation of reflectance or emittance of a material with respect to wavelengths (i.e., reflectance/emittance as a function of wavelength). The spectral signature of stars indicates the composition of the stellar atmosphere. The spectral signature of an object is a function of the incidental EM... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1194086 |
Spectral signature Ultimately correct matching of spectral signature recorded by image pixel with spectral signature of existing elements leads to accurate classification in remote sensing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1194086 |
Degree (temperature) The term degree is used in several scales of temperature. The symbol ° is usually used, followed by the initial letter of the unit, for example “°C” for degree(s) Celsius. A degree can be defined as a set change in temperature measured against a given scale, for example, one degree Celsius is one h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1195300 |
RiboGreen is a proprietary fluorescent dye that is used in the detection and quantification of nucleic acids, including both RNA and DNA. It is synthesized and marketed by Molecular Probes/Invitrogen (a division of Life Technologies, now part of Thermo Fisher Scientific) of Eugene, Oregon, United States. In its free fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1196936 |
Cabinet of curiosities Cabinets of curiosities (also known in German loanwords as Kunstkabinett, Kunstkammer or Wunderkammer; also Cabinets of Wonder, and wonder-rooms) were notable collections of objects. The term "cabinet" originally described a room rather than a piece of furniture. Modern terminology would categori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1198160 |
Cabinet of curiosities Examples of corals stand on the bookcases. At the left, the room is fitted out like a "studiolo" with a range of built-in cabinets whose fronts can be unlocked and let down to reveal intricately fitted nests of pigeonholes forming architectural units, filled with small mineral specimens. Above th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1198160 |
Cabinet of curiosities Sculpture both classical and secular (the sacrificing "Libera", a Roman fertility goddess) on the one hand and modern and religious ("Christ at the Column") are represented, while on the table are ranged, among the exotic shells (including some tropical ones and a shark's tooth): portrait miniatu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1198160 |
Cabinet of curiosities " Of Charles I of England's collection, Peter Thomas states succinctly, "The "Kunstkabinett" itself was a form of propaganda.". Two of the most famously described seventeenth-century cabinets were those of Ole Worm, known as Olaus Wormius (1588–1654) ("illustration, above right"), and Athanasius ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1198160 |
Cabinet of curiosities It included a number of minerals, including specimens of mercury from the Idrija mine, a "herbarium vivum" with over 4,000 specimens of Carniolan and foreign plants, a smaller number of animal specimens, a natural history and medical library, and an anatomical theatre. Cabinets of curiosities wou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1198160 |
Cabinet of curiosities These were cabinets in the sense of pieces of furniture, made from all imaginable exotic and expensive materials and filled with contents and ornamental details intended to reflect the entire cosmos on a miniature scale. The best preserved example is the one given by the city of Augsburg to King ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1198160 |
Cabinet of curiosities In seventeenth-century parlance, both French and English, a "cabinet" came to signify a collection of works of art, which might still also include an assembly objects of "virtù" or curiosities, such as a "virtuoso" would find intellectually stimulating. In 1714, Michael Bernhard Valentini publish... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1198160 |
Cabinet of curiosities , snakes, an alligator, and an iguana) but they all died before reaching England. Sloane meticulously cataloged and created extensive records for most of the specimens and objects in his collection. He also began to acquire other collections by gift or purchase. Herman Boerhaave gave him four vol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1198160 |
Cabinet of curiosities Sloane acquired approximately three hundred and fifty artificial curiosities from North American Indians, Eskimos, South America, the Lapland, Siberia, East Indies, and the West Indies, including nine items from Jamaica. "These ethnological artifacts were important because they established a fiel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1198160 |
Cabinet of curiosities , a mermaid's hand, a dragon's egg, two feathers of a phoenix's tail, a piece of the True Cross, and a vial of blood that rained in the Isle of Wight). By the 1630s, the Tradescants displayed their eclectic collection at their residence in South Lambeth. Tradescant's Ark, as it came to be known, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1198160 |
Cabinet of curiosities There are said to be two main types of cabinets. As R. J. W. Evans notes, there could be "the princely cabinet, serving a largely representational function, and dominated by aesthetic concerns and a marked predilection for the exotic," or the less grandiose, "the more modest collection of the hum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1198160 |
Cabinet of curiosities Some scholars propose that this was "a reaction against the dogmatism and enthusiasm of the English Civil War and Interregum [sic]." This move to politeness put bars on how one should behave and interact socially, which enabled the distinguishing of the polite from the supposed common or more vul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1198160 |
Cabinet of curiosities His specialty was repairing congenital anomalies, cleft lip and palates, and club foot. He also collected medical oddities, tumors, anatomical and pathological specimens, wet and dry preparations, wax models, plaster casts, and illustrations of medical deformities. This collection began as a teac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1198160 |
Cabinet of curiosities In 1908, New York businessmen formed the Hobby Club, a dining club limited to 50 men, in order to showcase their "cabinets of wonder" and their selected collections. These included literary specimens and incunable; antiquities such as ancient armour; precious stones and geological items of intere... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1198160 |
Cabinet of curiosities For example, "Cabinet" magazine is a quarterly magazine that juxtaposes apparently unrelated cultural artifacts and phenomena to show their interconnectedness in ways that encourage curiosity about the world. The Italian cultural association Wunderkamern uses the theme of historical cabinets of c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1198160 |
February 13, 1979 windstorm The is a natural phenomenon that took place on February 13, 1979 in Pacific Canada and the United States. During the early morning of February 13, 1979, an intense wave cyclone moved across southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. South of the low center, a strong atmospheric pressure gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1202383 |
February 13, 1979 windstorm It took nearly three years and over $140 million U.S. to rebuild the lost bridge. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1202383 |
Smith–Purcell effect The was the precursor of the free electron laser (FEL). It was studied by Steve Smith, a graduate student under the guidance of Edward Purcell. In their experiment, they sent an energetic beam of electrons very closely parallel to the surface of a ruled optical diffraction grating, and thereby gene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1203150 |
Spring Triangle The is an astronomical asterism involving an imaginary triangle drawn upon the celestial sphere, with its defining vertices at Arcturus, Spica, and Regulus. This triangle connects the constellations of Boötes, Virgo, and Leo. It is visible rising in the south eastern sky of the northern hemisphere betwe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1204700 |
Series (botany) In botany and plant taxonomy, a series is a subdivision of a genus, a taxonomic rank below that of section (and subsection) but above that of species. Sections and/or series are typically used to help organize very large genera, which may have hundreds of species. The term "series" is also used (in seed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1207395 |
Monogastric A monogastric organism has a simple single-chambered stomach, compared with a ruminant organism, like a cow, goat, or sheep, which has a four-chambered complex stomach. Examples of monogastric herbivores are horses, rabbits, gerbils, and hamsters. Examples of monogastric omnivores include humans, rats, dogs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1207755 |
Monogastric After being swallowed, the food passes from the esophagus into the stomach, where stomach acid and enzymes help to break down the food. Bile salts are stored in the gall bladder (note that horses do not have a gall bladder and bile is directly secreted into the small intestine) and secreted once the content... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1207755 |
DIDO (nuclear reactor) DIDO was a materials testing nuclear reactor at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, Oxfordshire in the United Kingdom. It used enriched uranium metal fuel, and heavy water as both neutron moderator and primary coolant. There was also a graphite neutron reflector surrounding the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1209416 |
Invariant speed The invariant speed or observer invariant speed is a speed which is measured to be the same in all reference frames by all observers. The invariance of the speed of light is one of the postulates of special relativity, and the terms "speed of light" and "invariant speed" are often considered synonymous.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1210789 |
Heat current A heat current is a kinetic exchange rate between molecules, relative to the material in which the kinesis occurs. It is defined as formula_1, where formula_2 is heat and formula_3 is time. For conduction, heat current is defined by Fourier's law as where The above differential equation, when integrated fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1211474 |
Corymb is a botanical term for an inflorescence with the flowers growing in such a fashion that the outermost are borne on longer pedicels than the inner, bringing all flowers up to a common level. A corymb has a flattish top superficially resembling an umbel, and may have a branching structure similar to a panicle. Fl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1211747 |
Sculptor Dwarf Irregular Galaxy The (SDIG) is an irregular galaxy in the constellation Sculptor. The galaxy was discovered in 1976. The and the dwarf galaxy UGCA 442 are both companions of the spiral galaxy NGC 7793. These galaxies all lie within the Sculptor Group, a weakly bound, filament-like group of galaxies locat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1215724 |
Moolooite is a rare blue-green mineral with the formula Cu(CO)·n(HO) (n<1) (copper oxalate hydrate). It was discovered by Richard M Clarke and Ian R Williams in Bunbury Well, Mooloo Downs station, Murchison, Western Australia in 1986. It has an orthorhombic crystalline structure, and is formed by the interaction of bir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1216206 |
Cryptoexplosion The term cryptoexplosion structure (or cryptovolcanic structure) means an explosion of unknown cause. The term is now largely obsolete. It was once commonly used to describe sites where there was geological evidence of a large-scale explosion within the Earth's crust, but no definitive evidence for the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1221087 |
White squall A white squall is a sudden and violent windstorm at sea which is not accompanied by the black clouds generally characteristic of a squall. It manifests as a sudden increase in wind velocity in tropical and sub-tropical waters, and may be a microburst. The name refers to the white-capped waves and broken wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1222502 |
Active ingredient An active ingredient is the ingredient in a pharmaceutical drug or pesticide that is biologically active. The similar terms active pharmaceutical ingredient and bulk active are also used in medicine, and the term active substance may be used for natural products. Some medication products may contain m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1227680 |
Active ingredient The dosage form for a pharmaceutical contains the active pharmaceutical ingredient, which is the drug substance itself, and excipients, which are the ingredients of the tablet, or the liquid in which the active agent is suspended, or other material that is pharmaceutically inert. Drugs are chosen prim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1227680 |
Active ingredient For instance, St John's wort is often standardized to the hypericin which is now known not to be the "active ingredient" for antidepressant use. Other companies standardize to hyperforin or both, although there may be some 24 known possible active constituents. Many herbalists believe that the active ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1227680 |
Gopinath Kartha (26 January 1927 – 18 June 1984) was a prominent crystallographer of Indian origin. In 1967, he determined the molecular structure of the enzyme ribonuclease. This was the first protein structure elucidated and published in the United States. was born in Cherthala, near Alappuzha in the state of Kerala,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1229153 |
Gopinath Kartha In 1972 he spent eight months as a visiting professor of biophysics at Kyoto University. The collagen structure proposed by Ramachandran and Kartha was disputed by Francis Crick initially and in fact, their paper to the London-based Nature magazine was not published for five months while Crick's proposa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1229153 |
Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme The (PACS) is a scheme developed in 1970 by the American Institute of Physics (AIP) for classifying scientific literature using a hierarchical set of codes. PACS has been used by over 160 international journals, including the "Physical Review" series since 1975. Since 2016, A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1231526 |
Johannes Abraham Bierens de Haan Johan(nes) Abraham Bierens de Haan (March 17, 1883 – June 13, 1958) was a Dutch biologist and ethologist. He was born in Haarlem, and died in Siena, Italy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1233572 |
Gummite is a yellow amorphous mixture of uranium minerals, oxides, silicates, and hydrates of uranium, derived from the alteration of uraninite. It is named for its gum-like luster. The material was also known under various names, mostly because of different origins of the samples, including: eliasite from "Elias" – th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1234402 |
Pratiwi Sudarmono Pratiwi Pujilestari Sudarmono (born 31 July 1952) is an Indonesian scientist. She is currently professor of microbiology at the University of Indonesia, Jakarta. received a master's degree from the University of Indonesia in 1977, and the Ph.D. in Molecular Biology from the University of Osaka, Japan,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1234444 |
Leonard Huxley (physicist) Sir Leonard George Holden Huxley (29 May 1902 – 4 September 1988) was an Australian physicist. Huxley was born in London, the eldest son of George Hamborough and Lilian Huxley. He was a second-cousin once removed of Thomas Huxley. His family migrated from England to Australia in 1905 when he ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1236127 |
Weyl transformation In theoretical physics, the Weyl transformation, named after Hermann Weyl, is a local rescaling of the metric tensor: which produces another metric in the same conformal class. A theory or an expression invariant under this transformation is called conformally invariant, or is said to possess Weyl i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1238173 |
Thermal fluids Thermofluids is a branch of science and engineering encompassing four intersecting fields: The term is a combination of "thermo", referring to heat, and "fluids", which refers to liquids, gases and vapors. Temperature, pressure, equations of state, and transport laws all play an important role in thermof... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1239214 |
Thermal fluids Some of its more interesting concepts include momentum and reactive forces in fluid flow and fluid machinery theory and performance. Sections include: Combustion is the sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat and conversion of chemical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1239214 |
Pariser–Parr–Pople method In molecular physics, the applies semi-empirical quantum mechanical methods to the quantitative prediction of electronic structures and spectra, in molecules of interest in the field of organic chemistry. Previous methods existed—such as the Hückel method which led to Hückel's rule—but were li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1239716 |
Pariser–Parr–Pople method (The exact formulation is non-trivial, and requires some field theory) Large scale ab initio calculations (Martin and Birge, Martin and Freed, Sheppard and Freed, etc.) have confirmed many of the approximations of the PPP model and explain why the PPP-like models work so well with such a simpl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1239716 |
Scotochromogenic bacteria develop pigment in the dark. Runyon Group II nontuberculous mycobacteria are examples but the term could apply to many other organisms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1240502 |
Phytochemistry is the study of phytochemicals, which are chemicals derived from plants. Those studying phytochemistry strive to describe the structures of the large number of secondary metabolic compounds found in plants, the functions of these compounds in human and plant biology, and the biosynthesis of these compoun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1246630 |
Phytochemistry is widely used in the field of Chinese medicine especially in the field of herbal medicine. Phytochemical technique mainly applies to the quality control of Chinese medicine, Ayurvedic medicine(Indian traditional medicine) or herbal medicine of various chemical components, such as saponins, alkaloids, vo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1246630 |
Phytochemistry These are often useful as drugs, and the content and known pharmacological activity of these substances in medicinal plants is the scientific basis for their use. The major classes of pharmacologically active phytochemicals are described below, with examples of medicinal plants that contain them. Human s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1246630 |
Phytochemistry They include the colourful anthocyanins, hormone-mimicking phytoestrogens, and astringent tannins. In Ayurveda, the astringent rind of the pomegranate is used as a medicine, while polyphenol extracts from plant materials such as grape seeds are sold for their potential health benefits They have been cont... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1246630 |
Barton Zwiebach (full name "Cantor", born October 4, 1954) is a string theorist and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, born in Lima, Perú. Zwiebach's undergraduate work was in Electrical Engineering at the Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería in Peru, from which he graduated in 1977. His graduate wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1247296 |
Witch of November The Witch of November, or November Witch, refers to the strong winds that frequently blow across the Great Lakes in autumn. The "witches" are caused by intense low atmospheric pressure over the Great Lakes pulling cold Canadian/Arctic air from the north or northwest and warm Gulf air from the south. W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1254144 |
National Radiological Protection Board The (NRPB) was a public authority in the UK created by the Radiological Protection Act 1970. Its statutory functions were to conduct research on radiological protection and provide advice and information on the subject to Government Departments and others. It was also authorized t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1257241 |
National Radiological Protection Board As well as a full range of technical services - from personnel dosimetry to radiation surveys - NRPB also engaged in projects such as: the safe transport of radioactive materials; preparedness for nuclear emergencies; exposure to cosmic rays; optimization of protection; improved r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1257241 |
Somaclonal variation is the variation seen in plants that have been produced by plant tissue culture. Chromosomal rearrangements are an important source of this variation. The term somaclonal variation is a phenomenon of broad taxonomic occurrence, reported for species of different ploidy levels, and for outcrossing an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1261112 |
Somaclonal variation Characteristics for which somaclonal mutants can be enriched during "in vitro" culture includes resistance to disease pathotoxins, herbicides, high salt concentration, mineral toxicity and tolerance to environmental or chemical stress, as well as for increased production of secondary metabolites. S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1261112 |
Parafilm is a semi-transparent, flexible film composed of a proprietary blend of waxes and polyolefins. It is a ductile, malleable, non-toxic, tasteless and odorless, and self-sealing thermoplastic. The name "Parafilm" is a registered trademark of Bemis Company, Inc, headquartered in Neenah, WI (United States). M is co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1263387 |
Parafilm Paper-based microfluidic devices are considered a suitable way to fabricate low-cost point-of-care diagnostics for developing countries and areas where expensive medical instrumentation is not accessible. Digital microfluidic devices can also use it as the electrode insulator and hydrophobic layer A similar bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1263387 |
Xenobiology (XB) is a subfield of synthetic biology, the study of synthesizing and manipulating biological devices and systems. The name "xenobiology" derives from the Greek word "xenos", which means "stranger, alien". is a form of biology that is not (yet) familiar to science and is not found in nature. In practice it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1265269 |
Xenobiology The long-term goal is to construct a cell that would store its genetic information not in DNA but in an alternative informational polymer consisting of xeno nucleic acids (XNA), different base pairs, using non-canonical amino acids and an altered genetic code. So far cells have been constructed that incorpo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1265269 |
Xenobiology This study, using a binary (G/T) genetic cassette and two non-DNA bases (Hx/U), was extended to CeNA, while GNA seems to be too alien at this moment for the natural biological system to be used as template for DNA synthesis. Extended bases using a natural DNA backbone could, likewise, be transliterated into... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1265269 |
Xenobiology For example, DNA has been designed that has - instead of the four standard bases A, T, G, and C - six bases A, T, G, C, and the two new ones P and Z (where Z stands for 6-Amino-5-nitro3-(l'-p-D-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl)-2(1H)-pyridone, and P stands for 2-Amino-8-(1-beta-D-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl)imidazo[1,2-a]-1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1265269 |
Xenobiology In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, alongside the four naturally occurring nucleotides, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to passage the bacteria 24 times; they did not cr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1265269 |
Xenobiology As these methods are laborious to implement, and some short cuts can be applied (“code engineering”), for example in bacteria that are auxotrophic for specific amino acids and at some point in the experiment are fed isostructural analogues instead of the canonical amino acids for which they are auxotrophic.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1265269 |
Xenobiology Following the success of this genome wide codon replacement, the authors continued and achieved the reprogramming of 13 codons throughout the genome, directly affecting 42 essential genes. An even more radical change in the genetic code is the change of a triplet codon to a quadruplet and even pentaplet cod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1265269 |
Xenobiology Thus, these xenobiological organisms represent a genetic enclave that cannot exchange information with natural cells. Altering the genetic machinery of the cell leads to semantic containment. In analogy to information processing in IT, this safety concept is termed a “genetic firewall”. The concept of the g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1265269 |
Xenobiology might challenge the regulatory framework, as currently laws and directives deal with genetically modified organisms and do not directly mention chemically or genomically modified organisms. Taking into account that real xenobiology organisms are not expected in the next few years, policy makers do have some... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1265269 |
Juan José Elhuyar Lubize (15 June 1754 – 20 September 1796) was a Spanish chemist and mineralogist, who is best known for being first to isolate tungsten with his brother Fausto Elhuyar in 1783. He was born in Logroño, in northern Spain and died in Santafé de Bogotá, New Granada (present-day Colombia) at 42. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1267412 |
Marc Delafontaine (March 31, 1837/1838, Céligny, Switzerland–1911) was a Swiss chemist and spectroscopist who was involved in discovering and investigating some of the rare earth elements. Delafontaine studied with Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac at the University of Geneva. He also worked at the University of Genev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1267731 |
Jacques-Louis Soret (30 June 1827 – 13 May 1890) was a Swiss chemist and spectroscopist. He studied both spectroscopy and electrolysis. He held the chairs of chemistry (1873-1887) and medical physics (1887-1890) at the University of Geneva. Soret determined the chemical composition and density of ozone and the conditio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1267740 |
Skew-T log-P diagram A skew-T log-P diagram is one of four thermodynamic diagrams commonly used in weather analysis and forecasting. In 1947, N. Herlofson proposed a modification to the emagram that allows straight, horizontal isobars and provides for a large angle between isotherms and dry adiabats, similar to that in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1268839 |
Skew-T log-P diagram Important atmospheric characteristics such as saturation, atmospheric instability, and wind shear are critical in severe weather forecasting, by which skew-T log-P diagrams allow quick visual analysis. The diagrams are widely used by glider pilots to forecast the strength of thermals and the height... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1268839 |
Open pollination "Open pollination" and "open pollinated" refer to a variety of concepts in the context of the sexual reproduction of plants. Generally speaking, the term refers to plants pollinated naturally by birds, insects, wind, or human hands. "Open pollinated" generally refers to seeds that will "breed true". Wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1274964 |
Open pollination Popular examples of open-pollinated plants include heirloom tomatoes, beans, peas, and many other garden vegetables. A second use of the term "open pollination" refers to pollination by insects, birds, wind, or other natural mechanisms. This can be contrasted with cleistogamy, closed pollination, which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1274964 |
Open pollination The result is referred to as a inbred hybrid strain. To add some confusion, the term hybrid inbred applies to hybrids that are made from selected inbred lines that have certain desired characteristics (see inbreeding). The latter type of hybrid is sometimes designated F1 hybrid, i.e. the first hybrid (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1274964 |
Moti Lal Dhar ( 22 October 1914 – 20 January 2002) was an eminent drug chemist, and science administrator in India. He remained Director Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow from 1960 until his retirement in 1972 and he has been the only Kashmiri Pandit to serve as Vice- Chancellor, of Banaras Hindu University, B.H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1275240 |
GNS Science () is a New Zealand Crown Research Institute. It focuses on geology, geophysics (including seismology and volcanology), and nuclear science (particularly ion-beam technologies, isotope science and carbon dating). was known as the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (IGNS) from 1992 to 2005. Origina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1276100 |
Antarctic oscillation The (AAO, to distinguish it from the Arctic oscillation or AO) is a low-frequency mode of atmospheric variability of the southern hemisphere. It is also known as the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). It is defined as a belt of westerly winds or low pressure surrounding Antarctica which moves north or s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1277885 |
Andreas Cellarius (c. 1596, Neuhausen, – 1665, Hoorn) was a Dutch-German cartographer, best known for his "Harmonia Macrocosmica" of 1660, a major star atlas, published by Johannes Janssonius in Amsterdam. He was born in Neuhausen (now a part of Worms), and was educated in Heidelberg. The Protestant Cellarius may have ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1280673 |
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