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University of Virginia Darden School of Business The following schools participate in Darden's exchange program: Designed with a hybrid structure of online learning with in-person residences at the new UVA Darden Sands Family Grounds in the Washington, D.C., area, two formats of the MBA are offered which provide the sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1026901 |
Synthetic catalytic scavenger A is an artificial anti-oxidant that has been demonstrated to extend cellular life. It was successful in "C. elegans" and was effective in rat trials. Studies have shown that synthetic catalytic scavengers have superoxide dismutase and catalase activities which prevented injuries from reac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1026984 |
Roman ring In general relativity, a (proposed by Matt Visser in 1997 and named after the Roman arch, a concept proposed by Mike Morris and Kip Thorne in 1988 and named after physicist Tom Roman) is a configuration of wormholes where no subset of wormholes is near to chronology violation, though the combined system can ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1027166 |
Roman ring Semiclassical approaches to incorporating quantum effects into general relativity seem to show that the chronology protection conjecture postulated by physicist Stephen Hawking fails to prevent the formation of such rings, although Matt Visser feels that there are reasons to think the semiclassical approach ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1027166 |
Yuri Shargin Yuri Georgiyevich Shargin () is a retired cosmonaut of the Russian Space Forces. He was born March 20, 1960, in Engels, Saratov Oblast, Russian SFSR. His father was Jewish. He is divorced and has two children. Shargin graduated from the Military Engineering Academy for Aeronautics and Astronautics located ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1027992 |
Embryonic stem cell Embryonic stem cells (ES cells or ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage pre-implantation embryo. Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4–5 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50–150 cells. Isolating the embryoblast, or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1029022 |
Embryonic stem cell Embryonic stem cells of the inner cell mass are pluripotent, meaning they are able to differentiate to generate primitive ectoderm, which ultimately differentiates during gastrulation into all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. These germ layers generate ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1029022 |
Embryonic stem cell Cyclin-dependent kinases such as CDK2 that promote cell cycle progression are overactive, in part due to downregulation of their inhibitors. Retinoblastoma proteins that inhibit the transcription factor E2F until the cell is ready to enter S phase are hyperphosphorylated and inactivated in ESCs, lea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1029022 |
Embryonic stem cell There are some ethical controversies surrounding this though (see Ethical debate section below). Aside from these uses, ESCs can also be used for research on early human development, certain genetic disease, and "in vitro" toxicology testing. According to a 2002 article in "PNAS", "Human embryonic s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1029022 |
Embryonic stem cell ES derived cardiomyocytes have been shown to respond to pharmacological stimuli and hence can be used to assess cardiotoxicity like "Torsades de Pointes". ESC-derived hepatocytes are also useful models that could be used in the preclinical stages of drug discovery. However, the development of hepato... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1029022 |
Embryonic stem cell The techniques are now used by many pregnant women and prospective parents, especially couples who have a history of genetic abnormalities or where the woman is over the age of 35 (when the risk of genetically related disorders is higher). In addition, by allowing parents to select an embryo without... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1029022 |
Embryonic stem cell This type of repair depends on the interaction of the two sister chromosomes formed during S phase and present together during the G2 phase of the cell cycle. HRR can accurately repair DSBs in one sister chromosome by using intact information from the other sister chromosome. Cells in the G1 phase o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1029022 |
Embryonic stem cell A previous experiment had shown an improvement in locomotor recovery in spinal cord-injured rats after a 7-day delayed transplantation of human ES cells that had been pushed into an oligodendrocytic lineage. The phase I clinical study was designed to enroll about eight to ten paraplegics who have ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1029022 |
Embryonic stem cell In November 2011 Geron announced it was halting the trial and dropping out of stem cell research for financial reasons, but would continue to monitor existing patients, and was attempting to find a partner that could continue their research. In 2013 BioTime, led by CEO Dr. Michael D. West, acquired ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1029022 |
Embryonic stem cell Asterias recently presented the results from phase 1 clinical trial testing of a low dose of AST-OPC1 in patients with neurologically-complete thoracic spinal cord injury. The results showed that AST-OPC1 was successfully delivered to the injured spinal cord site. Patients followed 2–3 years after A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1029022 |
Embryonic stem cell CIRM funding will be conditional on FDA approval for the trial, completion of a definitive agreement between Asterias and CIRM, and Asterias’ continued progress toward the achievement of certain pre-defined project milestones. The major concern with the possible transplantation of ESC into patients ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1029022 |
Embryonic stem cell More recent protocols to induce pluripotency bypass these problems completely by using non-integrating RNA viral vectors such as sendai virus or mRNA transfection. Due to the nature of embryonic stem cell research, there are a lot of controversial opinions on the topic. Since harvesting embryonic st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1029022 |
Embryonic stem cell Immunosurgery, the process in which antibodies are bound to the trophectoderm and removed by another solution, and mechanical dissection are performed to achieve separation. The resulting inner cell mass cells are plated onto cells that will supply support. The inner cell mass cells attach and expan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1029022 |
Embryonic stem cell Evans and Kaufman showed that the cells grown out from these cultures could form teratomas and embryoid bodies, and differentiate "in vitro," all of which indicating that the cells are pluripotent. Gail Martin derived and cultured her ES cells differently. She removed the embryos from the donor moth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1029022 |
Embryonic stem cell Generation of human ES cells is more difficult and faces ethical issues. So, in addition to human ES cell research, many groups are focused on the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells). On August 23, 2006, the online edition of "Nature" scientific journal published a letter by Dr.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1029022 |
Embryonic stem cell Because ethical concerns regarding embryonic stem cells typically are about their derivation from terminated embryos, it is believed that reprogramming to these "induced pluripotent stem cells" (iPS cells) may be less controversial. Both human and mouse cells can be reprogrammed by this methodology,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1029022 |
Embryonic stem cell The online edition of "Nature Medicine" published a study on January 24, 2005, which stated that the human embryonic stem cells available for federally funded research are contaminated with non-human molecules from the culture medium used to grow the cells. It is a common technique to use mouse cell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1029022 |
Ignacij Klemenčič (Kamni Potok, 6 February 1853 – Trebnje, 5 September 1901) was a Carniolan (Slovenian) physicist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1029611 |
Nikolay Beketov Nikolay Nikolayevich Beketov (; Alferevka (now Novaya Beketovka, Penza Oblast) – St. Petersburg, ) was a Russian physical chemist and metallurgist. In 1849, Beketov graduated from Kazan University and worked with Nikolay Zinin. In 1855, he became a junior scientific assistant in the Department of Chemis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1030195 |
Nikolay Beketov In 1864, a Physical Chemistry Department in Kharkov University was established with his active participation, where students would conduct research and do practical work. In 1886, Beketov was elected a full member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Beketov's students were Alexander Eltekov, Flavian ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1030195 |
Radio window The radio window is the range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation that the earth's atmosphere lets through from space. The wavelengths in the radio window run from about one centimetre to about eleven metres. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1040853 |
For all practical purposes (FAPP) is a pragmatic approach towards the problem of incompleteness of every scientific theory and the usage of asymptotical approximations. When a physicist makes an approximation - which can not be justified on rigorous grounds - he or she may attempt to justify it by saying the results ob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1041756 |
Rhodite or rhodian gold is a naturally occurring alloy of gold and rhodium found in gold ore. Gold ore containing 34 to 43% rhodium was reported from Mexico and Colombia in 1825. The alloy displays brittle tendencies and has a density of 15.5 - 16.8 g/cm³. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1042609 |
Rodolfo Amando Philippi Rodolfo Amando (or Rudolph Amandus) Philippi (14 September 1808 – 23 July 1904) was a German–Chilean paleontologist and zoologist. He left his native Germany as a young man because he thought he was gravely ill and preferred to die in the mild climate of the Mediterranean region. He recovered an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1045004 |
Gerrit Jan van Ingen Schenau (13 September 1944, Leiden – 2 April 1998, Weteringbrug) was a Dutch biomechanist. He made large contributions to the field of biomechanics, particularly muscle coordination, energetics of movement, and the functions of biarticular muscles. He focused on speed skating in particular, and pla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1045119 |
Supramolecular chemistry is the domain of chemistry concerning chemical systems composed of a discrete number of molecules. The strength of the forces responsible for spatial organization of the system range from weak intermolecular forces, electrostatic charge, or hydrogen bonding to strong covalent bonding, provided ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1048518 |
Supramolecular chemistry In 1894, Fischer suggested that enzyme–substrate interactions take the form of a "lock and key", the fundamental principles of molecular recognition and host–guest chemistry. In the early twentieth century non-covalent bonds were understood in gradually more detail, with the hydrogen bond being... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1048518 |
Supramolecular chemistry The importance of supramolecular chemistry was established by the 1987 Nobel Prize for Chemistry which was awarded to Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, and Charles J. Pedersen in recognition of their work in this area. The development of selective "host–guest" complexes in particular, in which a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1048518 |
Supramolecular chemistry In fact, chemical equilibrium equations show that the low bond energy results in a shift towards the breaking of supramolecular complexes at higher temperatures. However, low temperatures can also be problematic to supramolecular processes. can require molecules to distort into thermodynamicall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1048518 |
Supramolecular chemistry Self-assembly may be subdivided into intermolecular self-assembly (to form a supramolecular assembly), and intramolecular self-assembly (or folding as demonstrated by foldamers and polypeptides). Molecular self-assembly also allows the construction of larger structures such as micelles, membran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1048518 |
Supramolecular chemistry After the reaction has taken place, the template may remain in place, be forcibly removed, or may be "automatically" decomplexed on account of the different recognition properties of the reaction product. The template may be as simple as a single metal ion or may be extremely complex. Mechanica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1048518 |
Supramolecular chemistry Molecular imprinting describes a process by which a host is constructed from small molecules using a suitable molecular species as a template. After construction, the template is removed leaving only the host. The template for host construction may be subtly different from the guest that the fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1048518 |
Supramolecular chemistry Many supramolecular systems require their components to have suitable spacing and conformations relative to each other, and therefore easily employed structural units are required. has found many applications, in particular molecular self-assembly processes have been applied to the development ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1048518 |
Supramolecular chemistry These include systems based on supramolecular assembly of peptides, host–guest macrocycles, high-affinity hydrogen bonding, and metal–ligand interactions. A supramolecular approach has been used extensively to create artificial ion channels for the transport of sodium and potassium ions into an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1048518 |
World Climate Programme The (WCP) was established following the first World Climate Conference in 1979. The major sponsors are the World Meteorological Organization, United Nations Environment Programme, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1049564 |
Gottlieb Conrad Christian Storr (June 16, 1749 in Stuttgart – February 27, 1821 in Tübingen) was a German physician, chemist and naturalist. In 1768 he obtained his doctorate from the University of Tübingen, where from 1774 to 1801, he served as a professor of chemistry, botany and natural history. He is the taxonomic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1053155 |
Czesław Bieżanko Czesław Marian Bieżanko (22 November 1895 in Kielce – 1986 in Pelotas, Brazil) was a Polish entomologist and recognized authority on South American butterflies. He was professor of the College of Agronomy in the city of Pelotas (currently Universidade Federal de Pelotas and Doctor Honoris Causa of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1054928 |
Novo Nordisk A/S is a Danish multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Bagsværd, Denmark, with production facilities in eight countries, and affiliates or offices in 5 countries. is controlled by majority shareholder Novo Holdings A/S which holds approximately 25% of its shares and a supermajority (45%) of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1057064 |
Novo Nordisk Novo Nordisk's existing information technology units was spun out as NNIT A/S. The company was converted into a wholly owned "aktieselskab" in 2004 In March 2015, NNIT was floated on the NASDAQ OMX Nordic. Novo's enzymes business, Novozymes A/S, was spun-out. Novo acquired Xellia for $700 million. The comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1057064 |
Novo Nordisk founded the World Diabetes foundation to save the lives of those affected by diabetes in developing countries and supported a UN resolution to fight diabetes, making diabetes the only other disease alongside HIV / AIDS to have a commitment to combat at a UN level. Diabetes treatments account for 85% of Nov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1057064 |
Novo Nordisk have sponsored the International Diabetes Federation's Unite for Diabetes campaign. In March 2014, announced a partnership program entitled ‘Cities Changing Diabetes,’ which entails combating urban diabetes. Partnership includes University College London (UCL) and supported by Steno Diabetes Center, as wel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1057064 |
Novo Nordisk In September 2018 it was reported that the company would lay off 400 administrative staff, laboratory technicians and scientists, in Denmark and China in order to concentrate research and development efforts on “transformational biological and technological innovation”. In 2010, breached the ABPIs code of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1057064 |
Rossby parameter The (or simply beta formula_1) is a number used in geophysics and meteorology which arises due to the meridional variation of the Coriolis force caused by the spherical shape of the Earth. It is important in the generation of Rossby waves. The formula_1 is given by where formula_4 is the Coriolis param... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1063654 |
Leon Marchlewski Leon Paweł Teodor Marchlewski (15 December 1869 in Włocławek – 16 January 1946 in Kraków, Poland) was a Polish chemist and an Honorary Member of the Polish Chemical Society. He was one of the founders in the field of chlorophyll chemistry. The illustration on the right is of his diplomatic passport he ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1063811 |
Bohdan Szyszkowski (b. June 20, 1873 in Trybuchy, Podolia, Russia (now village in Ukraine) – August 13, 1931 in Myślenice, Poland) was a Polish chemist and member of PAU. Szyszkowski published important papers on electrochemistry and surface chemistry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1063815 |
Władysław Natanson (1864–1937) was a Polish physicist. Natanson was head of Theoretical Physics at Kraków University from 1899 to 1935. He published a series of papers on thermodynamically irreversible processes, gaining him recognition in the rapidly growing field. He was the first to consider the distinguishability o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1063819 |
Crystal field excitation Electronic transition between two orbitals of an atom that is situated in a crystal field environment. For example, "dd"-transitions on a copper atom that is surrounded by an octahedron of oxygen atoms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1067210 |
Phytoremediation /ˌfaɪtəʊrɪˌmiːdɪˈeɪʃən/ () refers to the technologies that use living plants to clean up soil, air, and water contaminated with hazardous contaminants. It is defined as "the use of green plants and the associated microorganisms, along with proper soil amendments and agronomic techniques to either conta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1068768 |
Phytoremediation Many plants such as mustard plants, alpine pennycress, hemp, and pigweed have proven to be successful at hyperaccumulating contaminants at toxic waste sites. Not all plants are able to accumulate heavy metals or organics pollutants due to differences in the physiology of the plant. Even cultivars withi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1068768 |
Phytoremediation The roots take up substances from the soil or water and concentrate it above ground in the plant biomass Organisms that can uptake high amounts of contaminants are called hyperaccumulators. Phytoextraction can also be performed by plants (e.g. Populus and Salix) that take up lower levels of pollutants,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1068768 |
Phytoremediation While such additives can increase metal uptake by plants, they can also lead to large amounts of available metals in the soil beyond what the plants are able to translocate, causing potential leaching into the subsoil or groundwater. Examples of plants that are known to accumulate the following contami... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1068768 |
Phytoremediation The organic compounds are broken down by enzymes that the plant roots secrete and these molecules are then taken up by the plant and released through transpiration. This process works best with organic contaminants like herbicides, trichloroethylene, and methyl "tert"-butyl ether. Phytotransformation r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1068768 |
Phytoremediation This is known as Phase I metabolism, similar to the way that the human liver increases the polarity of drugs and foreign compounds (drug metabolism). Whereas in the human liver enzymes such as cytochrome P450s are responsible for the initial reactions, in plants enzymes such as peroxidases, phenoloxida... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1068768 |
Phytoremediation However, preliminary studies have shown that these plants can be toxic to small animals (such as snails), and, hence, plants involved in phytotransformation may need to be maintained in a closed enclosure. Hence, the plants reduce toxicity (with exceptions) and sequester the xenobiotics in phytotransfo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1068768 |
Phytoremediation This is the most studied form of phytovolatilization, where volatilization occurs at the stem and leaves of the plant, however indirect phytovolatilization occurs when contaminants are volatilized from the root zone. Selenium (Se) and Mercury (Hg) are often removed from soil through phytovolatilization... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1068768 |
Phytoremediation Genes for phytoremediation may originate from a micro-organism or may be transferred from one plant to another variety better adapted to the environmental conditions at the cleanup site. For example, genes encoding a nitroreductase from a bacterium were inserted into tobacco and showed faster removal o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1068768 |
Phytoremediation As plants are able to translocate and accumulate particular types of contaminants, plants can be used as biosensors of subsurface contamination, thereby allowing investigators to quickly delineate contaminant plumes. Chlorinated solvents, such as trichloroethylene, have been observed in tree trunks at ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1068768 |
Thaddeus Mann Thaddeus Robert Rudolph Mann (4 December 1908 – 27 November 1993) was a biochemist who made significant contributions to the field of reproductive biology. Mann was born in Lwow, Austria-Hungary and was educated at Lwow University. He studied medicine at the Johannes Casimirus University in Lwow, obtainin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1069582 |
Norma Cluster The (ACO 3627 or Abell 3627) is a rich cluster of galaxies located near the center of the Great Attractor; it is about distant. Although it is both nearby and bright, it is difficult to observe because it is located in the Zone of Avoidance, a region near the plane of the Milky Way. Consequently, the clus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1069615 |
Morpholino A Morpholino, also known as a oligomer and as a phosphorodiamidate oligomer (PMO), is a type of oligomer molecule (colloquially, an oligo) used in molecular biology to modify gene expression. Its molecular structure contains DNA bases attached to a backbone of methylenemorpholine rings linked through phospho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1078762 |
Morpholino Knocking down gene expression is a method for learning about the function of a particular protein; in a similar manner, causing a specific exon to be spliced out of the RNA transcript encoding a protein can help to determine the function of the protein moiety encoded by that exon or can sometimes knock down ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1078762 |
Morpholino Usually 25 bases in length, they bind to complementary sequences of RNA or single-stranded DNA by standard nucleic acid base-pairing. In terms of structure, the difference between Morpholinos and DNA is that, while Morpholinos have standard nucleic acid bases, those bases are bound to methylenemorpholine rin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1078762 |
Morpholino Vivo-Morpholinos, in which the oligo is covalently linked to a delivery dendrimer, enter cells when administered systemically in adult animals or in tissue cultures. In eukaryotic organisms, pre-mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus, introns are spliced out, then the mature mRNA is exported from the nucleus to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1078762 |
Morpholino This is useful experimentally when an investigator wishes to know the function of a particular protein; Morpholinos provide a convenient means of knocking down expression of the protein and learning how that knockdown changes the cells or organism. Some Morpholinos knock down expression so effectively that, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1078762 |
Morpholino Splice modification can be conveniently assayed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and is seen as a band shift after gel electrophoresis of RT-PCR products. Morpholinos have been used to block miRNA activity and maturation. Fluorescein-tagged Morpholinos combined with fluorescein-spe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1078762 |
Morpholino The dose required for a knockdown can be reduced by coinjection of several oligos targeting the same mRNA, which is an effective strategy for reducing or eliminating dose-dependent off-target RNA interactions. mRNA rescue experiments can sometimes restore the wild-type phenotype to the embryos and provide ev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1078762 |
Morpholino Nucleases do not degrade Morpholinos, nor are they degraded in serum or in cells. Up to 18% of Morpholinos appear to induce nontarget-related phenotypes including cell death in the central nervous system and somite tissues of zebrafish embryos. Most of these effects are due to activation of p53-mediated apop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1078762 |
Morpholino This can be done by recapitulating the morphant phenotype with a second, non-overlapping targeting the same mRNA, by confirmation of the observed phenotypes by comparing with a mutant strain (though compensation will obscure a phenotype in some mutants), by testing the in a null mutant background to detect a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1078762 |
Morpholino Delivery into adult tissues is usually difficult, though there are a few systems allowing useful uptake of unmodified oligos (including uptake into muscle cells with Duchenne muscular dystrophy or the vascular endothelial cells stressed during balloon angioplasty). Though they permeate through intercellular ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1078762 |
Decontamination foam (known commonly as Decon foam) is a spray-on cleaning solution that, due to its physical properties, has a longer residence time on contaminated surfaces than regular liquids and thus provides efficient decontamination of biological and chemical contaminants (e.g., chemical warfare agents, anthrax ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1084968 |
Decontamination foam The LAX airport soap cannon can spray large quantities of decon foam on crowds of potentially exposed persons, e.g. to decon an entire planeload of people who might be victims of a nuclear, chemical, or biological agent release. Decon foam often comes in multiple bottles, that, when mixed, combine ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1084968 |
Koniscope A koniscope (or coniscope) is a scientific instrument to detect and measure content of dust particles in the atmosphere. A koniscope is also called dust counter, or Aitken dust counter, named after John Aitken who invented the first koniscope. The koniscope is made by connecting a pump with a test tube that i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1089007 |
Krafft temperature is defined as the temperature at which the solubility of a surfactant is equal to the surfactant's critical micelle concentration (CMC) at the same temperature. It is named after German chemist Friedrich Krafft. Below the Krafft temperature, the maximum solubility of the surfactant will be lower than... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1094350 |
R. A. McConnell Robert A. McConnell (1914—2006) was an American physicist and parapsychologist. McConnell was born in Pennsylvania in 1914, and studied at Carnegie Institute of Technology obtaining a B.S. in physics in 1935 and a Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh in 1947. He worked as a physicist at a U.S. Naval ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1094969 |
Henrik Johan Walbeck (October 11, 1793 – October 23, 1822) was a Finnish geodesist and astronomer who studied the size and figure of the Earth by means of grade measurement. Walbeck was born in Turku (Åbo). In 1817, he was made a corresponding member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and, in 1820, of the Royal A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1099464 |
Rudolf Schulten (16 August 1923 – 27 April 1996)—professor at RWTH Aachen University—was the main developer of the pebble bed reactor design, which was originally invented by Farrington Daniels. Schulten's concept compacts silicon carbide-coated uranium granules into hard, billiard-ball-like graphite spheres to be used... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1101321 |
Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside their natural environment. After the cells of interest have been isolated from living tissue, they can subsequently be maintained under carefully controlled conditions. These conditions vary for each cell type, but gener... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1106830 |
Cell culture The laboratory technique of maintaining live cell lines (a population of cells descended from a single cell and containing the same genetic makeup) separated from their original tissue source became more robust in the middle 20th century. The 19th-century English physiologist Sydney Ringer developed salt s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1106830 |
Cell culture Cells can be easily purified from blood; however, only the white cells are capable of growth in culture. Cells can be isolated from solid tissues by digesting the extracellular matrix using enzymes such as collagenase, trypsin, or pronase, before agitating the tissue to release the cells into suspension. A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1106830 |
Cell culture Aside from temperature and gas mixture, the most commonly varied factor in culture systems is the cell growth medium. Recipes for growth media can vary in pH, glucose concentration, growth factors, and the presence of other nutrients. The growth factors used to supplement media are often derived from the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1106830 |
Cell culture For example, a lower plating density makes granulosa cells exhibit estrogen production, while a higher plating density makes them appear as progesterone-producing theca lutein cells. Cells can be grown either in suspension or adherent cultures. Some cells naturally live in suspension, without being attache... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1106830 |
Cell culture Problems with cell line cross-contamination have even been detected in lines from the NCI-60 panel, which are used routinely for drug-screening studies. Major cell line repositories, including the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC) and the German Colle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1106830 |
Cell culture This can generate several issues: Among the common manipulations carried out on culture cells are media changes, passaging cells, and transfecting cells. These are generally performed using tissue culture methods that rely on aseptic technique. Aseptic technique aims to avoid contamination with bacteria, y... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1106830 |
Cell culture For adherent cultures, cells first need to be detached; this is commonly done with a mixture of trypsin-EDTA; however, other enzyme mixes are now available for this purpose. A small number of detached cells can then be used to seed a new culture. Some cell cultures, such as RAW cells are mechanically scrap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1106830 |
Cell culture In brief, lymphocytes isolated from the spleen (or possibly blood) of an immunised animal are combined with an immortal myeloma cell line (B cell lineage) to produce a hybridoma which has the antibody specificity of the primary lymphocyte and the immortality of the myeloma. Selective growth medium (HA or H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1106830 |
Cell culture Biological products produced by recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology in animal cell cultures include enzymes, synthetic hormones, immunobiologicals (monoclonal antibodies, interleukins, lymphokines), and anticancer agents. Although many simpler proteins can be produced using rDNA in bacterial cultures, more c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1106830 |
Cell culture This technique is known as two-dimensional (2D) cell culture, and was first developed by Wilhelm Roux who, in 1885, removed a portion of the medullary plate of an embryonic chicken and maintained it in warm saline for several days on a flat glass plate. From the advance of polymer technology arose today's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1106830 |
Cell culture 3D cell cultures can be grown using a scaffold or matrix, or in a scaffold-free manner. Scaffold based cultures utilize an acellular 3D matrix or a liquid matrix. Scaffold-free methods are normally generated in suspensions. There are a variety of platforms used to facilitate the growth of three-dimensional... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1106830 |
Cell culture As the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) is important in the survival, proliferation, differentiation and migration of cells, different hydrogel culture matrices mimicking natural ECM structure are seen as potential approaches to in vivo –like cell culturing. Hydrogels are composed of interconnected pores... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1106830 |
Cell culture The major application of human cell culture is in stem cell industry, where mesenchymal stem cells can be cultured and cryopreserved for future use. Tissue engineering potentially offers dramatic improvements in low cost medical care for hundreds of thousands of patients annually. Vaccines for polio, measl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1106830 |
Cell culture Cell lines derived from the army worm "Spodoptera frugiperda", including Sf9 and Sf21, and from the cabbage looper "Trichoplusia ni", High Five cells, are commonly used for expression of recombinant proteins using baculovirus. For bacteria and yeasts, small quantities of cells are usually grown on a solid ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1106830 |
Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation is a Japanese pharmaceuticals company, a subsidiary of Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings Corporation. was formed in 2001 from the merger of Mitsubishi-Tokyo Pharmaceuticals and Welfide Corporation. On October 1, 2007 Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd. merged with Mitsubishi Pharma to form Mitsubis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108774 |
Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma In 1901 Motosaburo Tanabe established a pharmacy in Tokyo, which was incorporated in 1921 as Motosaburo Tanabe Shoten, changing its name in 1943 to Tokyo Tanabe Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. Nippon Tar Industries was established in 1921, becoming Mitsubishi Chemical Industries, Ltd. in 1952. This c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108774 |
Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma The three-year research agreement has the objective of creating new treatments to replace expensive and limited options currently in place, mainly being dialysis or kidney transplantation. In July, 2017, the company acquired Neuroderm for $1.1 billion. On 27 February 2020, the company was delis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108774 |
Polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) are antibodies that are secreted by different B cell lineages within the body (whereas monoclonal antibodies come from a single cell lineage). They are a collection of immunoglobulin molecules that react against a specific antigen, each identifying a different epitope. The general procedure... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1111019 |
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