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Toll-like receptor Its receptor ectodomain recognizes the cleaved form of the cytokine Spätzle, which is secreted in the haemolymph as an inactive dimeric precursor. The Toll receptor shares the cytoplasmatic TIR domain with mammalian TLRs, but the ectodomain and intracytoplasmatic tail are different. This difference m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546406 |
Toll-like receptor TLR3 does not use the MyD88 dependent pathway. Its ligand is retroviral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which activates the TRIF dependent signalling pathway. To explore the role of this pathway in retroviral reprograming, knock down techniques of TLR3 or TRIF were prepared, and results showed that only... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546406 |
Toll-like receptor Salmonella is a gram-negative flagellated bacterium which causes food- and waterborne gastroenteritis and typhoid fever in humans. TLR11 in mouse intestine recognizes the flagellun protein flagellin, causing dimerization of the receptor, activation of NF-κB and production of inflammatory cytokines. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546406 |
Toll-like receptor , pathogen or cell stress) and are highly specific to these threats (i.e., cannot be mistaken for self molecules that are normally expressed under physiological conditions). Pathogen-associated molecules that meet this requirement are thought to be critical to the pathogen's function and difficult to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546406 |
Toll-like receptor TLRs have been suspected of binding to host molecules including fibrinogen (involved in blood clotting), heat shock proteins (HSPs), HMGB1, extracellular matrix components and self DNA (it is normally degraded by nucleases, but under inflammatory and autoimmune conditions it can form a complex with e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546406 |
Toll-like receptor When activated, TLRs recruit adapter molecules within the cytoplasm of cells in order to propagate a signal. Four adapter molecules are known to be involved in signaling. These proteins are known as MyD88, TIRAP (also called Mal), TRIF, and TRAM (TRIF-related adaptor molecule). TLR signaling is divid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546406 |
Toll-like receptor The TRIF/TBK1 signaling complex phosphorylates IRF3 allowing its translocation into the nucleus and production of Interferon type I. Meanwhile, activation of RIPK1 causes the polyubiquitination and activation of TAK1 and NFκB transcription in the same manner as the MyD88-dependent pathway. TLR signal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546406 |
Toll-like receptor Several TLR ligands are in clinical development or being tested in animal models as vaccine adjuvants, with the first clinical use in humans in a recombinant herpes zoster vaccine in 2017, which contains a monophosphoryl lipid A component. When microbes were first recognized as the cause of infectiou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546406 |
Toll-like receptor Toll-like receptors are now counted among the key molecules that alert the immune system to the presence of microbial infections. The prototypic member of the family, the "toll" receptor (; Tl) in the fruit fly "Drosophila melanogaster", was discovered in 1985 by 1995 Nobel Laureates Christiane Nüssl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546406 |
Toll-like receptor In 1997, Charles Janeway and Ruslan Medzhitov showed that a toll-like receptor now known as TLR4 could, when artificially ligated using antibodies, induce the activation of certain genes necessary for initiating an adaptive immune response. TLR 4 function as an LPS sensing receptor was discovered by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546406 |
Magic number (physics) In nuclear physics, a magic number is a number of nucleons (either protons or neutrons, separately) such that they are arranged into complete shells within the atomic nucleus. The seven most widely recognized magic numbers as of 2019 are 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126 . For protons, this correspon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546633 |
Magic number (physics) Further predicted magic numbers are 114, 122, 124, and 164 for protons as well as 184, 196, 236, and 318 for neutrons. According to Steven A. Moszkowski (a student of Maria Goeppert-Mayer), the term "magic number" was coined by Eugene Wigner: "Wigner too believed in the liquid drop model, but he ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546633 |
Magic number (physics) Calcium-48 is very neutron-rich for such a light element, but like calcium-40, it is stabilized by being doubly magic. Magic number shell effects are seen in ordinary abundances of elements: helium-4 is among the most abundant (and stable) nuclei in the universe and lead-208 is the heaviest stabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546633 |
Magic number (physics) Magic numbers are typically obtained by empirical studies; if the form of the nuclear potential is known, then the Schrödinger equation can be solved for the motion of nucleons and energy levels determined. Nuclear shells are said to occur when the separation between energy levels is significantl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546633 |
Magic number (physics) Based on the fractional extension of the standard rotation group, the ground state properties (including the magic numbers) for metallic clusters and nuclei were simultaneously determined analytically. A specific potential term is not necessary in this model. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546633 |
Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) is an organic substance that is involved in photosynthesis. It is a colourless anion, a double phosphate ester of the ketopentose (ketone-containing sugar with five carbon atoms) called ribulose. Salts of RuBP can be isolated, but its crucial biological function happens in solution. To ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547220 |
Molecular mechanics uses classical mechanics to model molecular systems. The Born–Oppenheimer approximation is assumed valid and the potential energy of all systems is calculated as a function of the nuclear coordinates using force fields. can be used to study molecule systems ranging in size and complexity from small ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547400 |
Molecular mechanics Generally the bond and angle terms are modeled as harmonic potentials centered around equilibrium bond-length values derived from experiment or theoretical calculations of electronic structure performed with software which does "ab-initio" type calculations such as Gaussian. For accurate reproductio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547400 |
Molecular mechanics Description of van der Waals forces by the Lennard-Jones 6–12 potential introduces inaccuracies, which become significant at short distances. Generally a cutoff radius is used to speed up the calculation so that atom pairs which distances are greater than the cutoff have a van der Waals interaction ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547400 |
Molecular mechanics These terms, together with the equilibrium bond, angle, and dihedral values, partial charge values, atomic masses and radii, and energy function definitions, are collectively termed a force field. Parameterization is typically done through agreement with experimental values and theoretical calculati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547400 |
Molecular mechanics steepest descent) to find the molecular structure of a local energy minimum. These minima correspond to stable conformers of the molecule (in the chosen force field) and molecular motion can be modelled as vibrations around and interconversions between these stable conformers. It is thus common to f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547400 |
Molecular mechanics A system can be simulated in vacuum (termed a gas-phase simulation) with no surrounding environment, but this is usually undesirable because it introduces artifacts in the molecular geometry, especially in charged molecules. Surface charges that would ordinarily interact with solvent molecules inste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547400 |
Molecular mechanics This is a limited list; many more packages are available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547400 |
Kenneth Pitzer Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer (January 6, 1914 – December 26, 1997) was an American physical and theoretical chemist, educator, and university president. He was described as "one of the most influential physical chemists of his era" whose work "spanned almost all of the important fields of physical chemistry: t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547828 |
Kenneth Pitzer While still a graduate student he discovered that hydrocarbon molecules do not rotate unhindered around their C-C bonds. There is in fact a barrier to internal rotation, an important discovery upsetting the conventional wisdom and affecting the thermodynamic properties of hydrocarbons. Some of his work i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547828 |
Peter Armbruster (born 25 July 1931) is a physicist at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) facility in Darmstadt, Germany, and is credited with co-discovering elements 107 (bohrium), 108 (hassium), 109 (meitnerium), 110 (darmstadtium), 111 (roentgenium), and 112 (copernicium) with research partner Gottfried... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=548687 |
Gottfried Münzenberg (born 17 March 1940 in Nordhausen, Province of Saxony) is a German physicist. He studied physics at Justus-Liebig-Universität in Giessen and Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck and completed his studies with a Ph.D. at the University of Giessen, Germany, in 1971. In 1976, he moved to the departm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=548702 |
Gottfried Münzenberg Among the rewards he received should be mentioned the Röntgen-Prize of the University of Giessen in 1983 and (together with Sigurd Hofmann) the Otto-Hahn-Prize of the city of Frankfurt/Main in 1996. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=548702 |
Lithium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula LiOH. It is a white hygroscopic crystalline material. It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol, and is available commercially in anhydrous form and as the monohydrate (LiOHHO). While lithium hydroxide is a strong base, it is the weakest known alk... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=548771 |
Lithium hydroxide A popular lithium grease thickener is Lithium 12-hydroxystearate, which produces a general-purpose lubricating grease due to its high resistance to water and usefulness at a range of temperatures. is used in breathing gas purification systems for spacecraft, submarines, and rebreathers to remove carbo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=548771 |
Hallmark A hallmark is an official mark or series of marks struck on items made of metal, mostly to certify the content of noble metals—such as platinum, gold, silver and in some nations, palladium. In a more general sense, the term "" can also be used to refer to any distinguishing characteristic. Historically, hallma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=549000 |
Hallmark Nevertheless, in nations with an official hallmarking scheme, the hallmark is only applied after the item has been assayed to determine that its purity conforms not only to the standards set down by the law but also with the maker's claims as to metal content. In some nations, such as the UK, the hallmark is m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=549000 |
Hallmark The use of hallmarks, at first on silver, has a long history dating back to the 4th century AD — there is evidence of silver bars marked under authority of the Emperor Augustinian around AD 350 — and represents the oldest known form of consumer protection. A series or system of five marks has been found on Byz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=549000 |
Hallmark Hallmarking is Europe's earliest form of consumer protection. Modern hallmarking in Europe appears first in France, with the Goldsmiths Statute of 1260 promulgated under Etienne Boileau, Provost of Paris, for King Louis IX. A standard for silver was thus established. In 1275, King Philip III prescribed, by roy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=549000 |
Hallmark Although gold was used for articles, the regulation was silent on standards and hallmarking for gold. In Switzerland today, only precious metal watch cases must be hallmarked. The hallmarking of other items including silverware and jewelry is optional. In the modern world, in an attempt at standardizing the le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=549000 |
Hallmark Complete international hallmarking has been plagued by difficulties, because even amongst countries which have implemented hallmarking, standards and enforcement vary considerably, making it difficult for one country to accept another's hallmarking as equivalent to its own. While some countries permit a varian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=549000 |
Hallmark Note: that under this latest enactment, the date letter is no longer a compulsory part of the hallmark. A Legislative Reform Order (LRO) came into law on 8 February 2013 giving UK Assay Offices the legal right to strike hallmarks outside of UK territory. In July 2016 Birmingham Assay Office began striking Birm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=549000 |
Hallmark Although hallmarking in the Swiss territories dates back to Geneva in the fifteenth century, there was no uniform system of hallmarking in Switzerland until 1881. Before that time, hallmarking was undertaken at the local level by the Swiss cantons. With the introduction of Federal hallmarking laws starting in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=549000 |
Hallmark The Dutch government markets their assay services/office as the "Jewellery Gateway in and to Europe." The Netherlands' hallmarks are also recognized in other E.U. countries and thus can be sold in Austria, France, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom without further testing. The Netherlands' hallmar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=549000 |
Hallmark Laser marking also means that finished articles do not need to be re-finished. Laser marking works by using high-power lasers to evaporate material from the metal surface. Two methods exist: 2D and 3D laser marking. 2D laser marking burns the outline of the hallmarks into the object, while 3D laser marking bet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=549000 |
Hallmark The age-old touchstone method is particularly suited to the testing of very valuable pieces, for which sampling by destructive means, such as scraping, cutting or drilling is unacceptable. A rubbing of the item is made on a special stone, treated with acids and the resulting color compared to references. Diffe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=549000 |
Hallmark Since this method is totally destructive, when this method is employed for the assay of jewelry, it is done under the guise of random or selective sampling. For example, if a single manufacturer deposits a lot of rings or watch cases, while most are assayed using the non-destructive methods a few pieces from t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=549000 |
Cunife is an alloy of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and in some cases cobalt (Co). The alloy has the same linear coefficient of expansion as certain types of glass, and thus makes an ideal material for the lead out wires in light bulbs and thermionic valves. Fernico exhibits a similar property. It is a magnetic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=549779 |
Fernico describe a family of metal alloys made primarily of iron, nickel and cobalt. The family includes Kovar, FerNiCo I, FerNiCo II, and Dumet. The name is made up of the chemical symbols of its constituent three elements. "Dumet" is a portmanteau of "dual" and "metal," because it is a heterogeneous alloy, usually fa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=549787 |
Fernico Given in weight % FerNiCo I has the same linear coefficient of expansion as certain types of borosilicate ("hard" glass), (c6.5 × 10K, thus serving as an ideal material for the lead-out wires or other seal structures in light bulbs and thermionic valves. Dumet is also used for this purpose, but for passing thro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=549787 |
Red mercury is purportedly a substance of uncertain composition used in the creation of nuclear weapons, as well as a variety of unrelated weapons systems. Because of the great secrecy surrounding the development and manufacture of nuclear weapons, there is no proof that red mercury exists. However, all samples of alle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=550203 |
Red mercury As "New Scientist" reported in 1992, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory report outlined that: When red mercury first appeared on the international black market 15 years ago, the supposedly top secret nuclear material was 'red' because it came from Russia. When it resurfaced last year in the formerly c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=550203 |
Red mercury Two TV documentaries about red mercury were made by British Channel 4 television, airing in 1993 and 1994, "Trail of Red Mercury" and "Pocket Neutron", which claimed to have "startling evidence that Russian scientists have designed a miniature neutron bomb using a mysterious compound called red mercury". Sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=550203 |
Red mercury But samples seized by police contained only mercury(II) oxide, mercury(II) iodide, or mercury mixed with red dye – hardly materials of interest to weapons-makers. Following the arrest of several men in Britain in September 2004, on suspicion that they were trying to buy a kilogram of red mercury for £900,00... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=550203 |
Red mercury "Red mercury" could also be a code name for a substance that contains no mercury at all, perhaps another name for the mysterious, but acknowledged, FOGBANK compound. A variety of different items have been chemically analyzed as putative samples of "red mercury" since the substance first came to the attentio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=550203 |
Red mercury In general, however, none of these explanations appear to be scientifically or historically supportable. Traditional staged thermonuclear weapons consist of two parts, a fission "primary" and a fusion/fission "secondary". The energy released by the primary when it explodes is used to (indirectly) compress t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=550203 |
Red mercury Although this would not eliminate the possibility of detecting the material, it could escape detection during enrichment as the facilities hosting centrifuges normally used in this process are very large and require equipment that can be fairly easily tracked internationally. Eliminating such equipment woul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=550203 |
Red mercury He went on to claim that the reason this is not more widely known is that elements within the US power structure are deliberately keeping it "under wraps" due to the frightening implications such a weapon would have on nuclear proliferation. Since a red mercury bomb would require no fissile material, it wou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=550203 |
Red mercury According to Cohen, veteran nuclear weapon designer Dr. Frank Barnaby conducted secret interviews with Russian scientists who told him that red mercury was produced by dissolving mercury antimony oxide in mercury, heating and irradiating the resultant amalgam, and then removing the elemental mercury through... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=550203 |
Red mercury In 1999 "Jane's Intelligence Review" suggested that victims of red mercury scams may have included Osama bin Laden. Organizations involved in landmine clearance and unexploded munitions disposal noted a belief amongst some communities in southern Africa that red mercury may be found in certain types of ordn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=550203 |
Red mercury In Medina there was a busy trade in the sewing machines, with buyers seen using mobile phones to check the machines for red mercury content, while it was reported that others had resorted to theft, with two tailors' shops in Dhulum broken into and their sewing machines stolen. At other locales, there were r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=550203 |
Red mercury In the 2013 "Red 2", red mercury was the fissionable ingredient used to create a nuclear bomb with no fallout. The "red matter" seen in the 2009 reboot of "Star Trek" may have been inspired by red mercury. In the Bengali movie "Sagardwipey Jawker Dhan", red mercury is described as a possible substitute for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=550203 |
Mercury chloride can refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=550244 |
Cristobalite is a mineral polymorph of silica that is formed at very high-temperatures. It is used in dentistry as a component of alginate impression materials as well as for making models of teeth It has the same chemical formula as quartz, SiO, but a distinct crystal structure. Both quartz and cristobalite are polymo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=550450 |
Cristobalite A tetragonal form of cristobalite (P422, No. 92, Pearson symbol "tP12") occurs on cooling below about 250 °C at ambient pressure and is related to the cubic form by a static tilting of the silica tetrahedra in the framework. This transition is variously called the low-high or formula_1 transition. It may b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=550450 |
Cristobalite These different twin orientations coupled with the discontinuous nature of the transition can cause considerable mechanical damage to materials in which cristobalite is present and that pass repeatedly through the transition temperature, such as refractory bricks. When devitrifying silica, cristobalite is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=550450 |
Allotropes of carbon Carbon is capable of forming many allotropes (structurally different forms of the same element) due to its valency. Well-known forms of carbon include diamond and graphite. In recent decades, many more allotropes have been discovered and researched including ball shapes such as buckminsterfullerene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=551061 |
Allotropes of carbon In addition to mined diamonds, synthetic diamonds found industrial applications almost immediately after their invention in the 1950s; another 400 million carats (80 tonnes) of synthetic diamonds are produced annually for industrial use, which is nearly four times the mass of natural diamonds mined... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=551061 |
Allotropes of carbon Significant research efforts in Japan, Europe, and the United States are under way to capitalize on the potential offered by diamond's unique material properties, combined with increased quality and quantity of supply starting to become available from synthetic diamond manufacturers. Each carbon at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=551061 |
Allotropes of carbon Graphite conducts electricity, due to delocalization of the pi bond electrons above and below the planes of the carbon atoms. These electrons are free to move, so are able to conduct electricity. However, the electricity is only conducted along the plane of the layers. In diamond, all four outer el... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=551061 |
Allotropes of carbon Recent studies suggest that an effect called superlubricity can also account for this effect. When a large number of crystallographic defects (physical) bind these planes together, graphite loses its lubrication properties and becomes pyrolytic carbon, a useful material in blood-contacting implants... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=551061 |
Allotropes of carbon Chemical activity: it is slightly more reactive than diamond. This is because the reactants are able to penetrate between the hexagonal layers of carbon atoms in graphite. It is unaffected by ordinary solvents, dilute acids, or fused alkalis. However, chromic acid oxidizes it to carbon dioxide. A s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=551061 |
Allotropes of carbon As with all glassy materials, some short-range order can be observed, but there is no long-range pattern of atomic positions. While entirely amorphous carbon can be produced, most amorphous carbon actually contains microscopic crystals of graphite-like, or even diamond-like carbon. Coal and soot or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=551061 |
Allotropes of carbon Carbon nanotubes, also called buckytubes, are cylindrical carbon molecules with novel properties that make them potentially useful in a wide variety of applications (e.g., nano-electronics, optics, materials applications, etc.). They exhibit extraordinary strength, unique electrical properties, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=551061 |
Allotropes of carbon The geometric topology of the structure is determined by the presence of ring defects, such as heptagons and octagons, to graphene's hexagonal lattice. Recent work has proposed Zeolite-templated carbons (ZTCs) may be Schwarzites. The name, ZTC, derives from their origin inside the pores of zeolites... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=551061 |
Allotropes of carbon Unlike many non-graphitizing carbons, they are impermeable to gases and are chemically extremely inert, especially those prepared at very high temperatures. It has been demonstrated that the rates of oxidation of certain glassy carbons in oxygen, carbon dioxide or water vapor are lower than those o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=551061 |
Allotropes of carbon This is the opposite of what happens in the case of buckminsterfullerenes, in which carbon sheets are given positive curvature by the inclusion of pentagons. The large-scale structure of carbon nanofoam is similar to that of an aerogel, but with 1% of the density of previously produced carbon aerog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=551061 |
Allotropes of carbon Lonsdaleite is a hexagonal allotrope of the carbon allotrope diamond, believed to form from graphite present in meteorites upon their impact to Earth. The great heat and stress of the impact transforms the graphite into diamond, but retains graphite's hexagonal crystal lattice. Hexagonal diamond ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=551061 |
Magnetic quantum number The magnetic quantum number (symbol "m") is one of four quantum numbers in atomic physics. The set is: principal quantum number, azimuthal quantum number, magnetic quantum number, and spin quantum number. Together, they describe the unique quantum state of an electron. The magnetic quantum numbe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=551359 |
Magnetic quantum number (This is not the case for the helium atom or other atoms with mutually interacting electrons, which require more sophisticated methods for solution) This means that the wavefunction as expressed in spherical coordinates can be broken down into the product of three functions of the radius, colati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=551359 |
Magnetic quantum number L, the magnitude of the angular momentum in the z direction, is given by the formula: This is a component of the atomic electron's total orbital angular momentum, formula_21, whose magnitude is related to the azimuthal quantum number of its subshell formula_2 by the equation: where formula_24 is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=551359 |
Magnetic quantum number However, the actual magnetic dipole moment of an electron in an atomic orbital arrives not only from the electron angular momentum, but also from the electron spin, expressed in the spin quantum number. Since each electron has a magnetic moment in a magnetic field, it will be subject to a torque... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=551359 |
F-center An F-center, Farbe center or color center (from the original German "Farbzentrum", where "Farbe" means "color" and "zentrum" means center) is a type of crystallographic defect in which an anionic vacancy in a crystal lattice is occupied by one or more unpaired electrons. Electrons in such a vacancy tend to abs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=552965 |
F-center This trapping of the electrons by anion vacancies results in the formation of F-centers; that is, the electrons released in this process diffuse to the vacant sites where negatively charged ions (i.e., anions) normally reside. Ionizing radiation can also produce F-centers. An H-center (a halogen interstitial) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=552965 |
Regulation of gene expression Regulation of gene expression, or gene regulation, includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA). Sophisticated programs of gene expression are widely observed in biology, for example to trigger ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553121 |
Regulation of gene expression Although this does not explain how gene regulation originated, evolutionary biologists include it as a partial explanation of how evolution works at a molecular level, and it is central to the science of evolutionary developmental biology ("evo-devo"). Any step of gene expression may be mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553121 |
Regulation of gene expression DNA is typically methylated by methyltransferase enzymes on cytosine nucleotides in a CpG dinucleotide sequence (also called "CpG islands" when densely clustered). Analysis of the pattern of methylation in a given region of DNA (which can be a promoter) can be achieved through a method cal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553121 |
Regulation of gene expression Repressors bind to the Operator, coding sequences on the DNA strand that are close to or overlapping the promoter region, impeding RNA polymerase's progress along the strand, thus impeding the expression of the gene. The image to the right demonstrates regulation by a repressor in the lac ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553121 |
Regulation of gene expression However, transcriptional silencing may be of more importance than mutation in causing progression to cancer. For example, in colorectal cancers about 600 to 800 genes are transcriptionally silenced by CpG island methylation (see regulation of transcription in cancer). Transcriptional repre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553121 |
Regulation of gene expression In blood cells, more than 18,000 CpG sites (of the roughly 450,000 analyzed CpG sites in the genome) had frequently altered methylation among current smokers. These CpG sites occurred in over 7,000 genes, or roughly a third of known human genes. The majority of the differentially methylate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553121 |
Regulation of gene expression This modulation is a result of a protein or transcript that, in turn, is regulated and may have an affinity for certain sequences. Three prime untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) often contain regulatory sequences that post-transcriptionally influence gene expression. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553121 |
Regulation of gene expression Direct experiments show that a single miRNA can reduce the stability of hundreds of unique mRNAs. Other experiments show that a single miRNA may repress the production of hundreds of proteins, but that this repression often is relatively mild (less than 2-fold). The effects of miRNA dysreg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553121 |
Regulation of gene expression Examples include: Up-regulation is a process that occurs within a cell triggered by a signal (originating internal or external to the cell), which results in increased expression of one or more genes and as a result the protein(s) encoded by those genes. Conversely, down-regulation is a pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553121 |
Norman Haworth Sir Walter FRS (19 March 1883 – 19 March 1950) was a British chemist best known for his groundbreaking work on ascorbic acid (vitamin C) while working at the University of Birmingham. He received the 1937 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C". The prize was shar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553525 |
Norman Haworth In 1912 Haworth became a lecturer at United College of University of St Andrews in Scotland and became interested in carbohydrate chemistry, which was being investigated at St Andrews by Thomas Purdie (1843–1916) and James Irvine (1877–1952). Haworth began his work on simple sugars in 1915 and developed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553525 |
Norman Haworth " In 1933, working with the then Assistant Director of Research (later Sir) Edmund Hirst and a team led by post-doctoral student Maurice Stacey (who in 1956 rose to the same Mason Chair), having properly deduced the correct structure and optical-isomeric nature of vitamin C, Haworth reported the synthesi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553525 |
Norman Haworth The representation, using perspective, now known as a Haworth projection, is still widely used in biochemistry. In 1922 he married Violet Chilton Dobbie, daughter of Sir James Johnston Dobbie. They had two sons, James and David. He was knighted in 1947. He died suddenly from a heart attack on 19 March 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553525 |
Immunofluorescence is a technique used for light microscopy with a fluorescence microscope and is used primarily on microbiological samples. This technique uses the specificity of antibodies to their antigen to target fluorescent dyes to specific biomolecule targets within a cell, and therefore allows visualization of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553628 |
Immunofluorescence can also be used as a "semi-quantitative" method to gain insight into the levels and localization patterns of DNA methylation since it is a more time-consuming method than true quantitative methods and there is some subjectivity in the analysis of the levels of methylation. can be used in combination... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553628 |
Immunofluorescence There are two classes of immunofluorescence techniques, primary (or direct) and secondary (or indirect). Primary (direct) immunofluorescence uses a single, primary antibody, chemically linked to a fluorophore. The primary antibody recognizes the target molecule (antigen) and binds to a specific regio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553628 |
Immunofluorescence Secondary (indirect) immunofluorescence uses two antibodies; the unlabeled first (primary) antibody specifically binds the target molecule, and the secondary antibody, which carries the fluorophore, recognizes the primary antibody and binds to it. Multiple secondary antibodies can bind a single prima... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553628 |
Immunofluorescence For example, a researcher might create primary antibodies in a goat that recognize several antigens, and then employ dye-coupled rabbit secondary antibodies that recognize the goat antibody constant region ("rabbit anti-goat" antibodies). The researcher may then create a second set of primary antibod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553628 |
Immunofluorescence , dead) cells when structures within the cell are to be visualized because antibodies do not penetrate the cell membrane when reacting with fluorescent labels. Antigenic material must be fixed firmly on the site of its natural localization inside the cell. Intact antibodies can also be too large to d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553628 |
Immunofluorescence Super-resolution methods generally refer to a microscope's ability to produce resolution below the Abbe limit (a limit placed on light due to its wavelength). This diffraction limit is about 200-300 nm in the lateral direction and 500-700 nm in the axial direction. This limit is comparable or larger ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553628 |
Chromatosome A chromatosome is a result of histone H1 binding to a nucleosome, which contains a histone octamer and DNA. The chromatosome contains 166 base pairs of DNA. 146 base pairs are from the DNA wrapped around the histone core of the nucleosome. The remaining 20 base pairs are from the DNA of histone H1 binding ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553659 |
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