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Product (chemistry) Products are the species formed from chemical reactions. During a chemical reaction reactants are transformed into products after passing through a high energy transition state. This process results in the consumption of the reactants. It can be a spontaneous reaction or mediated by catalysts which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540448 |
Product (chemistry) Synthetic chemists can be subdivided into research chemists who design new chemicals and pioneer new methods for synthesizing chemicals, as well as process chemists who scale up chemical production and make it safer, more environmentally sustainable, and more efficient. Other fields include natural ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540448 |
Product (chemistry) Sometimes the product will differ significantly enough from the reactant that it is easily purified following the reaction such as when a product is insoluble and precipitates out of solution while the reactants remained dissolved. Ever since the mid nineteenth century chemists have been increasingl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540448 |
Product (chemistry) It occurs when the reaction occurs via a high energy transition state that can be resolved into a variety of different chemical products. Some enzymes are inhibited by the product of their reaction binds to the enzyme and reduces its activity. This can be important in the regulation of metabolism as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540448 |
Lindane Lindane, also known as "gamma"-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH), gammaxene, Gammallin and sometimes "incorrectly" called benzene hexachloride (BHC), is an organochlorine chemical and an isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane that has been used both as an agricultural insecticide and as a pharmaceutical treatment for lice... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540869 |
Lindane Work in the 1930s at the Jealott's Hill laboratories of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd (ICI) led in 1942 to the realisation that the γ isomer was the key active component in the mixture which had hiterto been tested. Development work in the UK was accelerated because at that time in World War II imports of de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540869 |
Lindane Seventeen countries, including the US and Canada, allowed either limited agricultural or pharmaceutical use. In 2009, an international ban on the use of lindane in agriculture was implemented under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. A specific exemption allows for it to continue to be us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540869 |
Lindane manufacturer of lindane products, requesting that the company correct misleading information on two of its lindane websites. The letter said, in part, that the materials "are misleading in that they omit and/or minimize the most serious and important risk information associated with the use of Shampoo, particul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540869 |
Lindane In the case of pharmaceutical use, the committee noted, "alternatives for pharmaceutical uses have often failed for scabies and lice treatment and the number of available alternative products for this use is scarce. For this particular case, a reasonable alternative would be to use lindane as a second-line trea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540869 |
Lindane People can be exposed to lindane in the workplace by inhaling it, absorbing it through their skin, swallowing it, and eye contact. At levels of 50 mg/m, lindane is immediately dangerous to life and health. It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in section 302 of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540869 |
Lindane A variety of adverse reactions to lindane pharmaceuticals have been reported, ranging from skin irritation to seizures, and, in rare instances, death. The most common side effects are burning sensations, itching, dryness, and rash. While serious effects are rare and have most often resulted from misuse, adverse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540869 |
Lindane The production of lindane generates large amounts of waste hexachlorocyclohexane isomers, and "every ton of lindane manufactured produces about nine tons of toxic waste." Modern manufacturing standards for lindane involve the treatment and conversion of waste isomers to less toxic molecules, a process known as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540869 |
Lindane The cancellation of agricultural uses in the United States will further reduce the amount of lindane introduced into the environment by more than 99%. Over time, lindane is broken down in soil, sediment, and water into less harmful substances by algae, fungi, and bacteria; however, the process is relatively slo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540869 |
Lindane The EPA stated that the change resulted from "significant scientific advances made in the last two decades particularly in the areas of cancer and noncancer risk assessments." While the EPA considered raising the MCL standard for lindane to 980 ppt at that time, the change was never implemented because states h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540869 |
Lindane Benzene hexachloride (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540869 |
Magnetic moment The magnetic moment is the magnetic strength and orientation of a magnet or other object that produces a magnetic field. Examples of objects that have magnetic moments include: loops of electric current (such as electromagnets), permanent magnets, moving elementary particles (such as electrons), various... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540979 |
Magnetic moment The magnetic field of a magnetic dipole is proportional to its magnetic dipole moment. The dipole component of an object's magnetic field is symmetric about the direction of its magnetic dipole moment, and decreases as the inverse cube of the distance from the object. The magnetic moment can be defined ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540979 |
Magnetic moment For example, for a hydrogen atom in a 2p state in an external field, the self-field energy is negligible, so the internal energy is essentially the eigenenergy of the 2p state, which includes Coulomb potential energy and the kinetic energy of the electron. The interaction-field energy between the intern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540979 |
Magnetic moment For example, in SI units, a loop of current with current and area has magnetic moment (see below), but in Gaussian units the magnetic moment is . Other units for measuring the magnetic dipole moment include the Bohr magneton and the nuclear magneton. The magnetic moments of objects are typically measure... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540979 |
Magnetic moment For uniform magnetization (where both the magnitude and the direction of formula_6 is the same for the entire magnet (such as a straight bar magnet) the last equation simplifies to: where formula_16 is the volume of the bar magnet. The magnetization is often not listed as a material parameter for commer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540979 |
Magnetic moment The magnetic force produced by a bar magnet, at a given point in space, therefore depends on two factors: the strength of its poles ("magnetic pole strength"), and the vector separating them. The magnetic dipole moment is related to the fictitious poles as It points in the direction from South to North ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540979 |
Magnetic moment The magnetic dipole moment can be calculated for a localized (does not extend to infinity) current distribution assuming that we know all of the currents involved. Conventionally, the derivation starts from a multipole expansion of the vector potential. This leads to the definition of the magnetic dipol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540979 |
Magnetic moment While this relation is straight forward to develop for macroscopic currents using the amperian loop model (see below), neither the magnetic pole model nor the amperian loop model truly represents what is occurring at the atomic and molecular levels. At that level quantum mechanics must be used. Fortunat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540979 |
Magnetic moment There are two expressions for the force acting on a magnetic dipole, depending on whether the model used for the dipole is a current loop or two monopoles (analogous to the electric dipole). The force obtained in the case of a current loop model is In the case of a pair of monopoles being used (i.e. ele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540979 |
Magnetic moment The magnetic field of a magnetic dipole depends on the strength and direction of a magnet's magnetic moment formula_12 but drops off as the cube of the distance such that: where formula_38 is the current density in the amperian loop model, formula_39 is the magnetic pole strength density in analogy to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540979 |
Magnetic moment The magnetic flux density for a magnetic dipole in the amperian loop model, therefore, is Further, the magnetic field strength formula_49 is The two models for a dipole (current loop and magnetic poles) give the same predictions for the magnetic field far from the source. However, inside the source regi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540979 |
Magnetic moment This effect is expressed on a macroscopic scale in the Einstein–de Haas effect, or "rotation by magnetization," and its inverse, the Barnett effect, or "magnetization by rotation." Further, a torque applied to a relatively isolated magnetic dipole such as an atomic nucleus can cause it to precess (rotat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540979 |
Magnetic moment This is similar to the magnetic moment created by the very large number of charged particles that make up that current: where formula_59 and formula_60 is the charge density of the moving charged particles. Comparing the two equations results in: where formula_62 is the charge of the particle and formul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540979 |
Magnetic moment Fundamentally, contributions to any system's magnetic moment may come from sources of two kinds: motion of electric charges, such as electric currents; and the intrinsic magnetism of elementary particles, such as the electron. Contributions due to the sources of the first kind can be calculated from kno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540979 |
Magnetic moment For an atom, individual electron spins are added to get a total spin, and individual orbital angular momenta are added to get a total orbital angular momentum. These two then are added using angular momentum coupling to get a total angular momentum. For an atom with no nuclear magnetic moment, the magni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540979 |
Indoor tanning involves using a device that emits ultraviolet radiation to produce a cosmetic tan. Typically found in tanning salons, gyms, spas, hotels, and sporting facilities, and less often in private residences, the most common device is a horizontal tanning bed, also known as a sunbed or solarium. Vertical device... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541499 |
Indoor tanning states and one territory have banned under-18s from using them, and at least 42 states and the District of Columbia have imposed regulations, such as requiring parental consent. is a source of UV radiation, which is known to cause skin cancer, including melanoma and skin aging, and is associated with sun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541499 |
Indoor tanning While tanning systems before the 1970s produced some UVC, modern tanning devices produce no UVC, a small amount of UVB and mostly UVA. Classified by the WHO as a group 1 carcinogen, UVR has "complex and mixed effects on human health". While it causes skin cancer and other damage, including wrinkles, it a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541499 |
Indoor tanning Home-tanning equipment was introduced in the 1920s in the form of "sunlamps" or "health lamps", UV lamps that emitted a large percentage of UVB, leading to burns. Friedrich Wolff, a German scientist, began using UV light on athletes, and developed beds that emitted 95% UVA and 5% UVB, which reduced the l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541499 |
Indoor tanning The user sets a timer (or it is set remotely by the salon operator), lies on the bed and pulls down the canopy. The maximum exposure time for most low-pressure beds is 15–20 minutes. Maximum times are set by the manufacturer according to how long it takes to produce four "minimal erythema doses" (MEDs), ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541499 |
Indoor tanning Depending on the quality of the bed, it may contain a separate facial tanner, shoulder tanners, a choice of tanning levels and UVA/UVB combinations, sound system, MP3 connection, aromatherapy, air conditioning, a misting option and voice guide. There are also open-air beds, in which the tanner is not ent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541499 |
Indoor tanning So-called "tingle" tanning lotions cause vasodilation, increasing blood circulation. Goggles (eye protection) should be worn to avoid eye damage. In one 2004 study, tanners said they avoided goggles to prevent leaving pale skin around the eyes. In the US, CFR Title 21 requires that new tanning equipment ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541499 |
Indoor tanning Attitudes toward tanning vary across states; in one study, doctors in the northeast and midwest of the country were more likely than those in the south or west to recommend tanning beds to treat vitamin D deficiency and depression. Tanning bed use is more prevalent in northern countries. In Sweden in 200... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541499 |
Indoor tanning 8 facilities on average, a higher density than either Starbucks or McDonald's. Of the country's 125 top colleges and universities in 2014, 12% had indoor-tanning facilities on campus and 42.4% in off-campus housing, 96% of the latter free of charge to the tenants. There are fewer professional salons than... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541499 |
Indoor tanning Women, in particular, say not only that they prefer their appearance with tanned skin, but that they receive the same message from friends and family, especially from other women. They believe tanned skin makes them look thinner and more toned, and that it covers or heals skin blemishes such as acne. Oth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541499 |
Indoor tanning The indoor-tanning industry has stressed the relationship between tanning and the production of vitamin D. According to the US National Institutes of Health, some researchers have suggested that "5–30 minutes of sun exposure between 10 AM and 3 PM at least twice a week to the face, arms, legs, or back wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541499 |
Indoor tanning A concern with the use of commercial tanning is that beds that primarily emit UVA may not treat psoriasis effectively. One study found that plaque psoriasis is responsive to erythemogenic doses of either UVA or UVB. It does require more energy to reach erythemogenic dosing with UVA. Exposure to ultraviol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541499 |
Indoor tanning Melanoma accounts for approximately one percent of skin cancer, and causes most of skin cancer-related deaths. The average age of diagnosis is 63, and it is the most common cancer in the 25–29 age group and the second most common in the 15-29 group, which may be due in part to the increased UV exposure a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541499 |
Indoor tanning Additionally, a 2014 systematic review and meta-analysis found that indoor tanners had a 16 percent increased risk of developing melanoma, which increased to 23 percent for North Americans. For those who started tanning indoors before age 25, their risk further increased to 35% compared to those who bega... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541499 |
Indoor tanning Epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to artificial tanning increases the risk of malignant melanoma and that the longer the exposure, the greater the risk, particularly in individuals exposed before the age of 30 or who have been sunburned. One study conducted among college students found tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541499 |
Indoor tanning " Commercial tanning services are banned in all states, except the Northern Territory where no salons are in operation. Private ownership of tanning beds is permitted. Brazil's National Health Surveillance Agency banned the use of tanning beds for cosmetic purposes in 2009, making that country the first ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541499 |
Indoor tanning The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies tanning beds as "moderate risk" devices (changed in 2014 from "low risk"). It requires that devices carry a black box warning that they should not be used on the under-18s, but it has not banned their use by minors. , the California, Delaware, the Distric... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541499 |
Indoor tanning Salon owners are required to replace the lamps with either exactly the same lamp, or a lamp that is certified by the lamp manufacturer to be. States control regulations for salons, regarding operator training, sanitization of sunbeds and eyewear, and additional warning signs. Many states also ban or regu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541499 |
Chrysoine resorcinol is a synthetic azo dye which was formerly used as a food additive. In Europe, it was banned as a food additive in 1977. In the US, it was banned in 1988. can be used as a pH indicator with a color change between pH 11 and pH 12.7. In colorimetry, it has an absorption maximum of 387 nm. It can be sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541659 |
Microbiological culture A microbiological culture, or microbial culture, is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture medium under controlled laboratory conditions. Microbial cultures are foundational and basic diagnostic methods used as a research tool in molecular ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541900 |
Microbiological culture A cheap substitute for agar is guar gum, which can be used for the isolation and maintenance of thermophiles. There are several types of bacterial culture methods that are selected based on the agent being cultured and the downstream use. One method of bacterial culture is liquid culture, in whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541900 |
Microbiological culture After the desired level of growth is achieved, agar plates can be stored upside down in a refrigerator for an extended period of time to keep bacteria for future experiments. There are a variety of additives that can be added to agar before it is poured into a plate and allowed to solidify. Some... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541900 |
Microbiological culture growing at temperatures of 50 to 70 degrees C, low acyl clarified gellan gum has been proven to be the preferred gelling agent comparing to agar for the counting or isolation or both of the above thermophilic bacteria. Virus or phage cultures require host cells in which the virus or phage multip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541900 |
Microbiological culture Stock cultures have to be maintained, such that there is no loss of their biological, immunological and cultural characters. 6. Lin, Chi Chung and Casida, L. E. (1984) GELRITE as a Gelling Agent in Media for the Growth of Thermophilic Microorganisms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 47, 42... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541900 |
Neurochemistry is the study of chemicals, including neurotransmitters and other molecules such as psychopharmaceuticals and neuropeptides, that control and influence the physiology of the nervous system. This field within neuroscience examines how neurochemicals influence the operation of neurons, synapses, and neural ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=542223 |
Neurochemistry The founding of neurochemistry as a discipline traces it origins to a series of "International Neurochemical Symposia", of which the first symposium volume published in 1954 was titled "Biochemistry of the Developing Nervous System". These meetings led to the formation of the International Society for an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=542223 |
Neurochemical A neurochemical is a small organic molecule or peptide that participates in neural activity. The science of neurochemistry studies the functions of neurochemicals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=542291 |
Drude model The of electrical conduction was proposed in 1900 by Paul Drude to explain the transport properties of electrons in materials (especially metals). The model, which is an application of kinetic theory, assumes that the microscopic behaviour of electrons in a solid may be treated classically and looks much li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=542575 |
Drude model The considers the metal to be formed of a mass of positively charged ions from which a number of "free electrons" were detached. These may be thought to have become delocalized when the valence levels of the atom came in contact with the potential of the other atoms. The neglects any long-range interaction ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=542575 |
Drude model Then an electron isolated at time will on average have been travelling for time since its last collision, and consequently will have accumulated momentum During its last collision, this electron will have been just as likely to have bounced forward as backward, so all prior contributions to the electron's m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=542575 |
Drude model The complex conductivity is Here it is assumed that: In engineering, is generally replaced by (or ) in all equations, which reflects the phase difference with respect to origin, rather than delay at the observation point traveling in time. The imaginary part indicates that the current lags behind the electr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=542575 |
Drude model The plasma frequency represents a plasma oscillation resonance or plasmon. The plasma frequency can be employed as a direct measure of the square root of the density of valence electrons in a solid. Observed values are in reasonable agreement with this theoretical prediction for a large number of materials.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=542575 |
Drude model Historically, the Drude formula was first derived in a limited way, namely by assuming that the charge carriers form a classical ideal gas. Arnold Sommerfeld considered quantum theory and extended the theory to the free electron model, where the carriers follow Fermi–Dirac distribution. Amazingly, the condu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=542575 |
Amylopectin is a water-insoluble polysaccharide and highly branched polymer of α-glucose units found in plants. It is one of the two components of starch, the other being amylose. Glucose units are linked in a linear way with α(1→4) glycosidic bonds. Branching takes place with α(1→6) bonds occurring every 24 to 30 gluc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=542686 |
Amylopectin Dissolved amylopectin starch has a lower tendency of retrogradation (gelling) during storage and cooling. For this main reason, the waxy starches are used in different applications mainly as a thickening agent or stabilizer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=542686 |
Open shell In the context of atomic orbitals, an open shell is a valence shell which is not completely filled with electrons or that has not given all of its valence electrons through chemical bonds with other atoms or molecules during a chemical reaction. Atoms generally reach a noble gas configuration in a molecule. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=542915 |
Area denial weapon An area denial weapon or Anti Access/Area Denial (A2/AD) weapon system is a device or a strategy used to prevent an adversary from occupying or traversing an area of land, sea or air. The specific method used does not have to be totally effective in preventing passage (and sometimes is not) as long a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=542980 |
Area denial weapon Simple rows or clusters of sharpened sticks (nowadays also known as punji sticks), and the use of small caltrops have been a feature of anti-infantry warfare since antiquity. However, due to the difficulty of mass-producing them in the pre-modern age, they were rarely used except in the defense of li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=542980 |
Area denial weapon These include using armoured vehicles to negate the effects of anti-personnel land mines. Land mines can also be cleared either by hand, or by using specialised equipment such as tanks equipped with flails. Explosives can also be used to clear mine fields, either by artillery bombardment, or with spe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=542980 |
Area denial weapon Various CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive) weapons can be used for area denial, as long as the agent is long-lasting. Fallout from nuclear weapons might be used in such a role. While never actually employed in this form, its use had been suggested by Douglas MacArthur ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=542980 |
Area denial weapon Sulfur mustard (mustard gas) was extensively used by both German and allied forces on the west front in World War I as an effective area-denial weapon, usually through contaminating large land stripes by extensive shelling with HD/Gelbkreuz ordnance. Since sulfur mustard is very persistent, involatil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=542980 |
Area denial weapon Explosive-based area-denial weapons (mines) may be intentionally equipped with detonators which degrade over time, either exploding them or rendering them relatively harmless. Even in these cases, unexploded munitions often pose significant risk. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=542980 |
Chemical elements in East Asian languages The names for chemical elements in East Asian languages, along with those for some chemical compounds (mostly organic), are among the newest words to enter the local vocabularies. Except for those metals well-known since antiquity, the names of most elements were created after ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=543092 |
Chemical elements in East Asian languages Some metallic elements were already familiar to the Chinese, as their ores were already excavated and used extensively in China for construction, alchemy, and medicine. These include the long-established group of "Five Metals" (五金) — gold (金), silver (銀/银), copper (銅/铜), iron (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=543092 |
Chemical elements in East Asian languages One part refers to the element's usual state (like the semanto-phonetic characters), while the other part indicates some additional property or function of the element. In addition, the second part also indicates the pronunciation of the element. Such elements are: Simple coval... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=543092 |
Chemical elements in East Asian languages The more modern Stock nomenclature in which oxidation state is explicitly specified can also be used: thus, tin(IV) oxide (SnO) is simply 氧化锡(IV). In 2015, IUPAC recognised the discovery of four new elements. In November 2016, IUPAC published their formal names and symbols: nih... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=543092 |
Chemical elements in East Asian languages However, since francium and the transuranium elements were discovered during or after the split, they have different names in Taiwan and in Mainland China. In Hong Kong, both Taiwanese and Mainland Chinese names are used. The isotopes of hydrogen – protium (H), deuterium (D) an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=543092 |
Chemical elements in East Asian languages Some names were later invented to describe properties or characteristics of the element. They were mostly introduced around the 18th century to Japan, and they sometimes differ drastically from their Chinese counterparts. The following comparison shows that Japanese does not us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=543092 |
Chemical elements in East Asian languages Before the Latin alphabet was introduced, "sắt" was rendered as , "bạc" as , "chì" as , "vàng" as , "kền" as and "kẽm" as in Chữ Nôm. The majority of elements are shortened and localized pronunciations of the European names (usually from French). For example: A minority of elem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=543092 |
Potassium tetraiodomercurate(II) is an inorganic compound consisting of potassium cations and the tetraiodomercurate(II) anion. It is mainly used as Nessler's reagent, a 0.09 mol/L solution of potassium tetraiodomercurate(II) (K[HgI]) in 2.5 mol/L potassium hydroxide, used to detect ammonia. Crystallizing from a concen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=543108 |
Galactoside A galactoside is a glycoside containing galactose. The H of the OH group on carbon-1 of galactose is replaced by an organic moiety. Depending on whether the glycosidic bond lies "above" or "below" the plane of the galactose molecule, galactosides are classified as α-galactosides or β-galactosides. A β-galac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=543144 |
Sunset Yellow FCF (also known as Orange Yellow S, or C.I. 15985) is a petroleum-derived orange azo dye with a pH dependent maximum absorption at about 480 nm at pH 1 and 443 nm at pH 13 with a shoulder at 500 nm. When added to foods sold in the United States it is known as FD&C Yellow 6; when sold in Europe, it is deno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=544050 |
Sunset Yellow FCF In 2008, the Food Standards Agency of the UK called for food manufacturers to voluntarily stop using six food additive colours, Tartrazine, Allura Red, Ponceau 4R, Quinoline Yellow WS, Sunset Yellow and Carmoisine (dubbed the "Southampton 6") by 2009, and provided a document to assist in replacing the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=544050 |
Sunset Yellow FCF The study found "a possible link between the consumption of these artificial colours and a sodium benzoate preservative and increased hyperactivity" in the children; the advisory committee to the FSA that evaluated the study also determined that because of study limitations, the results could not be e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=544050 |
CDNA library A cDNA library is a combination of cloned cDNA (complementary DNA) fragments inserted into a collection of host cells, of which constitute some portion of the transcriptome of the organism and are stored as a "library". cDNA is produced from fully transcribed mRNA found in the nucleus and therefore contain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=544641 |
CDNA library The mRNA is eluted by using eluting buffer and some heat to separate the mRNA strands from oligo-dT. Once mRNA is purified, "oligo-dT" (a short sequence of deoxy-thymidine nucleotides) is tagged as a complementary primer which binds to the poly-A tail providing a free 3'-OH end that can be extended by reve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=544641 |
CDNA library Prokaryotes do not have introns in their DNA and therefore do not possess any enzymes that can cut it out during transcription process. cDNA does not have introns and therefore can be expressed in prokaryotic cells. cDNA libraries are most useful in reverse genetics where the additional genomic information... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=544641 |
CDNA library Following "sticky end" ligation of the insert into the vector the resulting recombinant DNA molecule is transferred into "E. coli" host cell for cloning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=544641 |
Eadie–Hofstee diagram In biochemistry, an (also Woolf–Eadie–Augustinsson–Hofstee or Eadie–Augustinsson plot) is a graphical representation of enzyme kinetics. In the diagram the reaction rate is plotted as a function of the ratio between rate and substrate concentration: where "v" represents reaction rate, "K" is the M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=544919 |
Eadie–Hofstee diagram Also, experimental error or uncertainty will propagate unevenly and become larger over the abscissa thereby giving more weight to smaller values of "v"/[S]. Therefore, the typical measure of goodness of fit for linear regression, the correlation coefficient "R", is not applicable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=544919 |
Itai-itai disease One of the main effects of cadmium poisoning is weak and brittle bones. Spinal and leg pain is common, and a waddling gait often develops due to bone deformities caused by the cadmium. The pain eventually becomes debilitating, with fractures becoming more common as the bone weakens. Permanent deformat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546009 |
Itai-itai disease Starting in 1910 and continuing through 1945, cadmium was released in significant quantities by mining operations, and the disease first appeared around 1912. Prior to World War II, the mining, controlled by the Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd., increased to satisfy the wartime demand. This subseque... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546009 |
Itai-itai disease Hagino and his colleagues suspect cadmium as the cause of the disease. Toyama Prefecture also started an investigation in 1961, determining that the Mitsui Mining and Smelting's Kamioka Mining Station caused the cadmium pollution and that the worst-affected areas were 30 km downstream of the mine. In ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546009 |
Itai-itai disease BAL is more toxic than its derivatives, DMPS and DMSA, and is seldom used clinically. EDTA, DMPS, and DMSA increase urinary excretion of Cd. Studies in vitro and in vivo suggest that EDTA is superior to DMSA in mobilizing intracellular Cd. As EDTA is approved by the FDA for lead and other heavy metals... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546009 |
Itai-itai disease This caused the government to review the criteria for recognizing a patient legally; the government also reassessed the treatment of the disease. A person is considered to have "itai-itai" disease if he or she lived in the contaminated areas, has kidney dysfunctions and softening of the bones, but not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546009 |
Itai-itai disease Another ¥620 million were invested annually to reduce further pollution of the river. On 17 March 2012, officials concluded the cleanup project of the cadmium-polluted areas in the Jinzū River basin. Eight-hundred and sixty-three hectares of topsoil had been replaced since the cleanup began in 1979 at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546009 |
Toll-like receptor Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single-pass membrane-spanning receptors usually expressed on sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes. Onc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546406 |
Toll-like receptor Upon activation, TLRs recruit adapter proteins (proteins that mediate other protein-protein interactions) within the cytosol of the immune cell in order to propagate the antigen-induced signal transduction pathway. These recruited proteins are then responsible for the subsequent activation of other d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546406 |
Toll-like receptor TLRs together with the Interleukin-1 receptors form a receptor superfamily, known as the "interleukin-1 receptor / toll-like receptor superfamily"; all members of this family have in common a so-called TIR (toll-IL-1 receptor) domain. Three subgroups of TIR domains exist. Proteins with subgroup 1 TIR... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546406 |
Toll-like receptor Thirteen TLRs (named simply TLR1 to TLR13) have been identified in humans and mice together, and equivalent forms of many of these have been found in other mammalian species. However, equivalents of certain TLR found in humans are not present in all mammals. For example, a gene coding for a protein a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546406 |
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