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Poling (metallurgy) Poling is a metallurgical method employed in the purification of copper which contains copper oxide as an impurity and also in the purification of tin ("Sn") which contains tin oxide (stannic oxide or "SnO") as an impurity. The impure metal, usually in the form of molten blister copper, is placed in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553679 |
Poling (metallurgy) Also upper surface can be covered with coke to prevent reoxidation of metal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553679 |
Housekeeping gene In molecular biology, housekeeping genes are typically constitutive genes that are required for the maintenance of basic cellular function, and are expressed in all cells of an organism under normal and patho-physiological conditions. Although some housekeeping genes are expressed at relatively consta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553700 |
Housekeeping gene Human housekeeping gene promoters are generally depleted of TATA-box, have high GC content and high incidence of CpG Islands . In Drosophila, where promoter specific CpG Islands are absent, housekeeping gene promoters contain DNA elements like DRE, E-box or DPE . Transcription start sites of housekeep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553700 |
Histone octamer A histone octamer is the eight protein complex found at the center of a nucleosome core particle. It consists of two copies of each of the four core histone proteins (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). The octamer assembles when a tetramer, containing two copies of both H3 and H4, complexes with two H2A/H2B dimers. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553741 |
Histone octamer Furthermore, the details of protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions were fine-tuned by X-ray crystallography studies at 2.8 and 1.9 Å, respectively, in the 2000s. Core histones are four proteins called H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 and they are all found in equal parts in the cell. All four of the core histo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553741 |
Histone octamer As a result of the rotation, two ends of histones involved in DNA binding of the crescent shape H3-H4 are equivalent, yet they organize different stretches of DNA. The H2A-H2B dimer also folds similarly. The H3-H4 tetramer is wrapped with DNA around it as a first step of nucleosome formation. Then two H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553741 |
Histone octamer The N-terminal tails do not interact with a specific region of DNA but rather stabilize and guide the DNA wrapped around the octamer. The interactions between the histone octamer and DNA, however, are not permanent. The two can be separated quite easily and often are during replication and transcription... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553741 |
Histone octamer Additionially, 10 out of the 14 times that the minor groove faces the histone fold, an arginine side chain from the histone fold is inserted into the minor groove. The other four times, the arginine comes from a tail region of the histone. As mentioned above the histone tails have been shown to directly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553741 |
Histone octamer Research has shown removing certain tails prevents the nucleosomes from forming properly and a general failure to produce chromatin fiber. In all, these associations protect the nucleosomal DNA from the external environment but also lower their accessibility to cellular replication and transcriptional m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553741 |
Histone octamer This “wave” of DNA, spontaneously breaking and remaking the hydrogen bonds as it goes, then propagates down the nucleosomal DNA until it reaches the last binding site with the histone octamer. Once the wave reaches the end of the histone octamer the excess that was once at the edge is extended into the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553741 |
Histone octamer "></ref> Also, CBP and p300 knockout mice have an open neural tube defect and therefore die before birth. p300−/− embryos exhibit defective development of the heart. CBP+/− mice display growth retardation, craniofacial abnormalities, hematological malignancies, which are not observed in mice with p300+/... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553741 |
Histone fold A histone fold is a structurally conserved motif found near the C-terminus in every core histone sequence in a histone octamer responsible for the binding of histones into heterodimers. The histone fold averages about 70 amino acids and consists of three alpha helices connected by two short, unstructured l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553745 |
Histone fold From this endoskeleton it has a central segment that folds for the histone dimerization. This then leads into the end segments of the fold to make properties of dimer-dimer contacts that also cap the protein super helix at the octamer. One species that looked at is Drosophila, and in the subunits of the Dr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553745 |
Histone fold The structure of the nucleosome core particle has two modes that have the largest interaction surfaces with are in groups H3-H4 and H2A-H2B heterotypic dimer interactions. When looking at the H2A-H2A structure it has a modification of the loop at the interface that excludes it from clustering with the same... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553745 |
Chemical database A chemical database is a database specifically designed to store chemical information. This information is about chemical and crystal structures, spectra, reactions and syntheses, and thermophysical data. Chemical structures are traditionally represented using lines indicating chemical bonds between a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553787 |
Chemical database Most chemical databases store information on stable molecules but in databases for reactions also intermediates and temporarily created unstable molecules are stored. Reaction databases contain information about products, educts, and reaction mechanisms. Thermophysical data are information about There... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553787 |
Chemical database Speedups are achieved by time amortization, that is, some of the time on search tasks are saved by using precomputed information. This pre-computation typically involves creation of bitstrings representing presence or absence of molecular fragments. By looking at the fragments present in a search stru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553787 |
Chemical database Many approximate methods have been proposed, for instance BCUTS, special function representations, moments of inertia, ray-tracing histograms, maximum distance histograms, shape multipoles to name a few. Databases of synthesizable and virtual chemicals are getting larger each year, therefore the abili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553787 |
Chemical database All of those descriptors can for reasons of computational effort be stored along with the molecule's representation and usually are. There is no single definition of molecular similarity, however the concept may be defined according to the application and is often described as an inverse of a measure ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553787 |
Chemical database In pharmacologically oriented chemical repositories, similarity is usually defined in terms of the biological effects of compounds (ADME/tox) that can in turn be semiautomatically inferred from similar combinations of physico-chemical descriptors using QSAR methods. Databases systems for maintaining u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553787 |
Chemical database An example is the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registration system. See also CAS registry number. The computational representations are usually made transparent to chemists by graphical display of the data. Data entry is also simplified through the use of chemical structure editors. These editors ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553787 |
Chemical oxygen demand In environmental chemistry, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) is an indicative measure of the amount of oxygen that can be consumed by reactions in a measured solution. It is commonly expressed in mass of oxygen consumed over volume of solution which in SI units is milligrams per litre (mg/L). A C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553897 |
Chemical oxygen demand The reaction of potassium dichromate with organic compounds is given by: where formula_4. Most commonly, a 0.25 N solution of potassium dichromate is used for COD determination, although for samples with COD below 50 mg/L, a lower concentration of potassium dichromate is preferred. In the process... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553897 |
Chemical oxygen demand Note: Ferroin indicator is bright red from commercially prepared sources, but when added to a digested sample containing potassium dichromate it exhibits a green hue. During the titration the color of the indicator changes from a green hue to a bright blue hue to a reddish brown upon reaching the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553897 |
Chemical oxygen demand Its reaction with potassium dichromate follows the equation: Prior to the addition of other reagents, mercuric sulfate can be added to the sample to eliminate chloride interference. The following table lists a number of other inorganic substances that may cause interference. The table also lists ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553897 |
Chemical oxygen demand Of these, potassium dichromate (KCrO) has been shown to be the most effective: it is relatively cheap, easy to purify, and is able to nearly completely oxidize almost all organic compounds. In these methods, a fixed volume with a known excess amount of the oxidant is added to a sample of the solu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553897 |
Phosphite anion A phosphite anion or phosphite in inorganic chemistry usually refers to [HPO] but includes [HPO] ([HPO(OH)]). These anions are the conjugate bases of phosphorous acid (HPO). The corresponding salts, e.g. sodium phosphite (NaHPO) are reducing in character. The IUPAC recommended name for phosphorous acid ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553899 |
Phosphite anion These layers are interleaved by layers of metal cations. Organic esters of hydrogen phosphites are anions with the formula HP(O)OR (R = organic group). One commercial example is the fungicide fosetyl-Al with the formula [CHOP(H)O]Al. Pyrophosphites (diphosphites) can be produced by gently heating acid p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553899 |
Hertzian cone A is the cone produced when an object passes through a solid, such as a bullet through glass. More technically, it is a cone of force that propagates through a brittle, amorphous or cryptocrystalline solid material from a point of impact. This force eventually removes a full or partial cone in the materia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=554721 |
Tidal bore A tidal bore, often simply given as bore in context, is a tidal phenomenon in which the leading edge of the incoming tide forms a wave (or waves) of water that travels up a river or narrow bay against the direction of the river or bay's current. Bores occur in relatively few locations worldwide, usually in a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=554905 |
Tidal bore The velocity observations indicate a rapid deceleration of the flow associated with the passage of the bore as well as large velocity fluctuations. A tidal bore creates a powerful roar that combines the sounds caused by the turbulence in the bore front and whelps, entrained air bubbles in the bore roller, se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=554905 |
Tidal bore The estuarine zones are the spawning and breeding grounds of several native fish species, while the aeration induced by the tidal bore contributes to the abundant growth of many species of fish and shrimps (for example in the Rokan River). The tidal bores also provide opportunity for recreational inland surf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=554905 |
Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers International Union The (PACE) was an international union that represented workers in the United States and Canada. PACE was founded on January 4, 1999 by the merger of the United Paperworkers International Union with the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers Internation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=555670 |
List of chemical compounds with unusual names Chemical nomenclature, replete as it is with compounds with complex names, is a repository for some names that may be considered unusual. A browse through the "Physical Constants of Organic Compounds" in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics" (a fundamental resource) w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=555747 |
List of chemical compounds with unusual names In an article in the "Journal of Chemical Education", Dennis Ryan argues that students of organic nomenclature (considered a "dry and boring" subject) may actually take an interest in it when tasked with the job of converting funny-sounding chemical trivial names to their p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=555747 |
Permeable paving is a method of paving vehicle and pedestrian pathways to enable infiltration of stormwater runoff. Permeable pavement surfaces typically include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, paving stones and interlocking pavers. Unlike traditional impervious paving materials, permeable paving systems allow storm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=555750 |
Permeable paving Polymer based grass grid or cellular paver systems provide load bearing reinforcement for unpaved surfaces of gravel or turf. Grass pavers, plastic turf reinforcing grids (PTRG), and geocells (cellular confinement systems) are honeycombed 3D grid-cellular systems, made of thin-walled HDPE plastic or ot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=555750 |
Permeable paving The infiltration capacity of the native soil is a key design consideration for determining the depth of base rock for stormwater storage or for whether an underdrain system is needed. surfaces have been demonstrated as effective in managing runoff from paved surfaces. Large volumes of urban runoff caus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=555750 |
Permeable paving in areas where infiltration is not possible due to unsuitable soil conditions permeable pavements are used in the attenuation mode where water is retained in the pavement and slowly released to surface water systems between storm events. Permeable pavements may give urban trees the rooting space they n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=555750 |
Permeable paving For clay-based soils, or other low to 'non'-draining soils, it is important to increase the depth of the crushed drain rock base to allow additional capacity for the water as it waits to be infiltrated. The best way to prevent this problem is to understand the soil infiltration rate, and design the pav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=555750 |
Permeable paving However, given the variability of products available, the growing number of existing installations in North America and targeted research by both manufacturers and user agencies, the range of accepted applications seems to be expanding. Some concrete paver companies have developed products specifically... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=555750 |
Permeable paving Thus porous paving is suggested for warmer climates. However, other materials have proven to be effective, even lowering winter maintenance costs by preserving salt in the pavement itself. This also reduces the amount of storm water runoff that is contaminated with salt chlorides. Porous pavement desig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=555750 |
Permeable paving If maintenance is not carried out on a regular basis, the porous pavements can begin to function more like impervious surfaces. With more advanced paving systems the levels of maintenance needed can be greatly decreased, elastomerically bound glass pavements requires less maintenance than regular concr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=555750 |
Permeable paving Efflorescence is a hardened crystalline deposit of salts, principally calcium carbonates, which migrate from the center of concrete or masonry materials to the surface, where they form insoluble deposits that harden on the surface. Efflorescence usually appears white, gray or black depending on the reg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=555750 |
Permeable paving Nine different families of porous paving materials present distinctive advantages and disadvantages for specific applications. Here are examples: Pervious concrete is widely available, can bear frequent traffic, and is universally accessible. Pervious concrete quality depends on the installer's knowled... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=555750 |
Permeable paving Generally, porous asphalt pavements are designed with a subsurface reservoir that holds water that passes through the pavement, allowing it to evaporate and/or percolate slowly into the surround soils. "Open-graded friction courses" (OGFC) are a porous asphalt surface course used on highways to improve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=555750 |
Permeable paving Some products are polymer-coated and have an entirely porous face. Permeable clay brick pavements are fired clay brick units with open, permeable spaces between the units. Clay pavers provide a durable surface that allows stormwater runoff to permeate through the joints. Resin bound paving is a mixture... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=555750 |
Tetrose A tetrose is a monosaccharide with 4 carbon atoms. They have either an aldehyde functional group in position 1 (aldotetroses) or a ketone functional group in position 2 (ketotetroses). The aldotetroses have two chiral centers (asymmetric carbon atoms) and so 4 different stereoisomers are possible. There are two... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=555993 |
Tetrose The transaldolase utilizes a Schiff base to perform a reverse aldol reaction and a forward aldol reaction in its mechanism, generating an erythrose 4-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate. The erythrose 4-phosphate is an important intermediate in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway because it is then used in the final n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=555993 |
Tetrose When tetrose diphosphate is bound to the enzyme, the active site of the enzyme is blocked; therefore phosphorolysis of G3P is unable to occur. High concentrations of tetrose diphosphate must be used to outcompete the substrate, G3P, and block the function of G3P dehydrogenase. With the function of glyceraldehyd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=555993 |
Copper(II) nitrate Copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO), is an inorganic compound that forms a blue crystalline solid. Anhydrous copper nitrate forms deep blue-green crystals and sublimes in a vacuum at 150-200 °C. Copper nitrate also occurs as five different hydrates, the most common ones being the trihydrate and hexahydrate. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=556263 |
Copper(II) nitrate The nitromethane solvate also features "[4+ 1] coordination", with four short Cu-O bonds of approximately 200 pm and one longer bond at 240 pm. They are coordination polymers, with infinite chains of copper(II) centers and nitrate groups. In the gas phase, copper(II) nitrate features two bidentate ni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=556263 |
Copper(II) nitrate Copper nitrate, in combination with acetic anhydride, is an effective reagent for nitration of aromatic compounds, under what are known as "Menke conditions", in honor of the Dutch chemist who discovered that metal nitrates are effective reagents for nitration. Hydrated copper nitrate adsorbed onto c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=556263 |
Clone High (occasionally referred to in the U.S. as U.S.A.) is a Canadian–American adult animated sitcom created by Phil Lord, Christopher Miller and Bill Lawrence. The comedy centers on a high school populated by the clones of famous historical figures. The show's central cast includes adolescent depictions of Abraham... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=556411 |
Clone High "Clone High" attracted mixed reviews from television critics upon its premiere, but it has since received critical acclaim and a cult following. "Clone High" is set in a high school in the fictional town of Exclamation, USA, that is secretly being run as an elaborate military experiment orchestrated by a gov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=556411 |
Clone High Kennedy's clone (referred to as "JFK"), a macho, narcissistic womanizer, is also attempting to win over Cleopatra and has a long-standing rivalry with Abe. Gandhi acts in many of the episodes as the comic relief. Also on a few occasions, the characters that we see learn most of "Life's Lessons" the hard way.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=556411 |
Clone High The show also includes humor based on the historical figures themselves. For example, the diner the clones frequent is called The Grassy Knoll, a reference to the JFK assassination conspiracy theory about a second shooter, dubbed "The Man on the Grassy Knoll". Other references seen are the flag at The Grassy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=556411 |
Clone High Other episodes tackle drugs (smoking raisins), the environment, and underage drinking in a similarly ridiculous fashion. In a clear sign that it is parodying the high school genre, it even ends at prom: a stereotypical "high school show" ending. Even the prom is a joke however, as we learn it is only the Win... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=556411 |
Clone High Following Fox's rejection, MTV purchased the program in May 2001. All the original character designs were much different from what they would become even though the characters kept the same physical attributes and appearance. Each episode was budgeted at approximately $750,000. Despite being an MTV/Nelvana C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=556411 |
Clone High Co-creator Chris Miller explained, "We like the snappy pose-to-pose animation, more for reasons of comic timing than anything else. Things that aren't expected are funnier: If an anvil's going to fall on your head, it had better not take more than three seconds. That's why we like the quick pose-to-pose stuf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=556411 |
Clone High "Clone High" was caught in a crossfire when citizens in the country conducted internet searches on the Maxim article but also found out about the show's Gandhi character on MTV's website. This sparked an outrage in India over the show's depiction of Gandhi. On January 30, 2003, the 55th anniversary of Mahatm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=556411 |
Clone High Lord and Miller have since stated that they have "considered" a film adaptation of the series. In 2014, they explained that as they at that time were under contract with Fox, Lawrence had a television deal at Warner Bros. Television, and the rights to "Clone High" were owned by MTV/Viacom, it would be diffic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=556411 |
Clone High Of these include Alkaline Trio, American Football, Ritalin, Catch 22, Ilya, The Gentleman, Drex, Taking Back Sunday, The Stereo, Jo Davidson, Saves the Day, Hot Rod Circuit, Thursday, Helicopter Helicopter, Owen, Dashboard Confessional, Elf Power, Abandoned Pools, The Get Up Kids, Mink Lungs, Mates of State,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=556411 |
Clone High " Anita Gates of "The New York Times" opined that "the dialogue isn't always exactly funny, but it's smile worthy," observing, "the characters are intriguing in a lightweight way but could lose their appeal fast." Scott Sandell of the "Los Angeles Times" felt the show's debut episode lacking: "The problem is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=556411 |
Clone High Currently, the show has an 8.7 rating on TV.com, has an 8.1 rating on IMDb, and is listed as #5 on IGN's "Reader Choice: Top Animated Series". Jesse David Fox of "Vulture", in a retrospective piece on the series, wrote that ""Clone High" still holds up more than a decade later as a brilliantly funny, complet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=556411 |
Dendral was a project in artificial intelligence (AI) of the 1960s, and the computer software expert system that it produced. Its primary aim was to study hypothesis formation and discovery in science. For that, a specific task in science was chosen: help organic chemists in identifying unknown organic molecules, by an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=557912 |
Dendral Heuristic is a program that uses mass spectra or other experimental data together with knowledge base of chemistry, to produce a set of possible chemical structures that may be responsible for producing the data. A mass spectrum of a compound is produced by a mass spectrometer, and is used to determine its mole... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=557912 |
Dendral The CONGEN program, as it became known, was developed largely by computational chemists Ray Carhart, Jim Nourse, and Dennis Smith. It was useful to chemists as a stand-alone program to generate chemical graphs showing a complete list of structures that satisfy the constraints specified by a user. Meta-is a mach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=557912 |
Dendral This is the primary aim of planner, which is a “hypothesis-formation” program that employs “task-specific knowledge to find constraints for the generator”. Last but not least, the tester analyzes each proposed candidate solution and discards those that fail to fulfill certain criteria. This mechanism of plan-ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=557912 |
Dendral The use of heuristics to solve problems is called "heuristics programming", and was used in to allow it to replicate in machines the process through which human experts induce the solution to problems via rules of thumb and specific information. Heuristics programming was a major approach and a giant step forwa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=557912 |
Dendral For example, the structural analysis of myogoblin, hemoglobin, and other proteins relentlessly needed instrumentation development due to its complexity. In the early 1960s, Joshua Lederberg started working with computers and quickly became tremendously interested in creating interactive computers to help him in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=557912 |
Dendral Buchanan had similar ideas to Feigenbaum and Lederberg, but his special interests were scientific discovery and hypothesis formation. As Joseph November said in "Digitizing Life: The Introduction of Computers to Biology and Medicine", "(Buchanan) wanted the system (Dendral) to make discoveries on its own, not j... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=557912 |
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive The 2002/95/EC, (RoHS 1), short for Directive on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment, was adopted in February 2003 by the European Union. The RoHS 1 directive took effect on 1 July 2006, and is required to be enf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558216 |
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive 01% or 100 ppm) by weight. The restrictions are on each "homogeneous material" in the product, which means that the limits do not apply to the weight of the finished product, or even to a component, but to any single substance that could (theoretically) be separated mechani... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558216 |
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive In an effort to close RoHS 1 loopholes, in May 2006 the European Commission was asked to review two currently excluded product categories (monitoring and control equipment, and medical devices) for future inclusion in the products that must fall into RoHS compliance. In add... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558216 |
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive Though not setting quantitative limits on quantities of lead, lead–acid, nickel, and nickel–cadmium in batteries, it cites a need to restrict these substances and provide for recycling up to 75% of batteries with these substances. There are also provisions for marking the b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558216 |
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive Examples of components that have contained lead include: Cadmium is found in many of the components above; examples include plastic pigmentation, nickel–cadmium (NiCd) batteries and CdS photocells (used in night lights). Mercury is used in lighting applications and automoti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558216 |
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive Not only are adult and child workers in these jobs being poisoned by heavy metals, but these metals are returning to the U.S. "The U.S. right now is shipping large quantities of leaded materials to China, and China is the world's major manufacturing center," Dr. Jeffrey Wei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558216 |
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive For paste solders, bismuth/tin/silver had the lowest impact scores among the lead-free alternatives in every category except non-renewable resource consumption. For both paste and bar solders, all of the lead-free solder alternatives had a lower (better) LCA score in toxici... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558216 |
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive As more and more products include recycled plastics, it has become critical to know the BFR concentration in these plastics, either by tracing the origins of the recycled plastics to establish the BFR concentrations, or by measuring the BFR concentrations from samples. Plas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558216 |
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive In 2012, a final report from the European Commission revealed that some EU Member States considered all toys under the scope of the primary RoHS 1 Directive 2002/95/EC, irrespective of whether their primary or secondary functions were using electric currents or electromagne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558216 |
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive Many do not understand that 'compliance' varies depending on what exemptions are in force and it is quite possible to make a non-compliant product with 'compliant' components. Compliance must be calculated on the day of placing on the market. In reality this means knowing t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558216 |
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive There has been a recent additional amendment 2017/2102 to 2011/65 The RoHS 2 directive (2011/65/EU) contains allowance to add new materials and 4 materials are highlighted for this attention in the original version, the amendment 2015/863 adds four additional substances to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558216 |
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive Scope limitations and exclusions were specifically introduced in Article 2(4) a) – j) of the recast Directive. All other EEE was in scope of the Directive, unless specific exemptions have been granted through Commission delegated acts (see next paragraph). The scope exclusi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558216 |
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive The regulation also requires most actors in the supply chain for the product (importer and distributors) to keep and check this document, as well as ensuring a conformance process has been followed and the correct language translation for instructions are provided. The manu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558216 |
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive New substance restrictions being considered for introduction in the next few years include phthalates, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), chlorinated flame retardants (CFRs), and PVC. The Consumer Product Safety Act was enacted in 1972 followed by the Consumer Product Safe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558216 |
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive Kemi claims that this is similar to testing results from prior years. "Eleven products contained prohibited levels of lead, and one of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants. Details of seven companies have been passed to Swedish prosecutors. Kemi says that levels o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558216 |
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive Criticism earlier on came from an industry resistant to change and a misunderstanding of solders and soldering processes. Deliberate misinformation was espoused to resist what was perceived as a "non-tariff barrier created by European bureaucrats." Many believe the industry... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558216 |
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive Additionally wetting force is typically lower, which can be disadvantageous (for hole filling), but advantageous in other situations (closely spaced components). Care must be taken in selection of RoHS solders as some formulations are harder with less ductility, increasing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558216 |
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive These thin strands of tin can grow and make contact with an adjacent trace, developing a short circuit. Historically tin whiskers have been associated with a handful of failures, including a nuclear power plant shutdown and pacemaker incident where pure tin plating was used... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558216 |
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive However, this may be a moot point, since as electronic component manufacturers convert their production lines to producing only lead-free parts, conventional parts with eutectic tin-lead solder will simply not be available, even for military, aerospace and industrial users.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558216 |
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive RoHS helps reduce damage to people and the environment in third-world countries where much of today's "high-tech waste" ends up. The use of lead-free solders and components reduces risks to electronics industry workers in prototype and manufacturing operations. Contact with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558216 |
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive The properties of lead-free solder, such as its high temperature resilience, has been used to prevent failures under harsh field conditions. These conditions include operating temperatures with test cycles in the range of −40 °C to +150 °C with severe vibration and shock re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558216 |
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive IBM has announced a RoHS solution for high lead solder joints once thought to remain a permanent exemption. The lead-free packaging technology "...offers economical advantages in relation to traditional bumping processes, such as solder waste reduction, use of bulk alloys, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=558216 |
Captopril Captopril, sold under the brand name Capoten among others, is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used for the treatment of hypertension and some types of congestive heart failure. It was patented in 1976 and approved for medical use in 1980. Captopril's main uses are based on its vasodilation an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=559220 |
Captopril Hyperkalemia can occur, especially if used with other drugs which elevate potassium level in blood, such as potassium-sparing diuretics. Other side effects are: The adverse drug reaction (ADR) profile of captopril is similar to other ACE inhibitors, with cough being the most common ADR. However, captopril is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=559220 |
Captopril The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system had been extensively studied in the mid-20th century, and this system presented several opportune targets in the development of novel treatments for hypertension. The first two targets that were attempted were renin and ACE. was the culmination of efforts by Squibb's l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=559220 |
Captopril The drug became a generic medicine in the U.S. in February 1996, when the market exclusivity held by Bristol-Myers Squibb for captopril expired. The development of captopril has been claimed as an instance of 'biopiracy' (commercialization of traditional medicines), since no benefits have flowed back to the i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=559220 |
Pharmaceutical industry The pharmaceutical industry discovers, develops, produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceutical drugs for use as medications to be administered (or self-administered) to patients, with the aim to cure them, vaccinate them, or alleviate the symptoms. Pharmaceutical companies may deal in generic or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=560876 |
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