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Moisture recycling In hydrology, moisture recycling or precipitation recycling refer to the process by which a portion of the precipitated water that evapotranspired from a given area contributes to the precipitation over the same area. is thus a component of the hydrologic cycle. The ratio of the locally derived preci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3560122 |
Peder Oluf Pedersen (19 June 1874 – 30 August 1941) was a Danish engineer and physicist. He is notable for his work on electrotechnology and his cooperation with Valdemar Poulsen on the developmental work on Wire recorders, which he called a telegraphone, and the arc converter known as the Poulsen Arc Transmitter. Pede... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3561195 |
Coalescence (physics) Coalescence is the process by which two or more droplets, bubbles or particles merge during contact to form a single daughter droplet, bubble or particle. It can take place in many processes, ranging from meteorology to astrophysics. For example, it is seen in the formation of raindrops as well as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3567939 |
Power history Power History refers to the power of a nuclear reactor over an extended period of time. is important for calculations and operations that involve decay heat and fission product poisons and to avoid the iodine pit during reactor shutdowns. For example, a nuclear reactor that has operated at 100% power for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3577039 |
T. Neil Davis Thomas Neil Davis (February 1, 1932 – December 10, 2016) was a professor of geophysics from the University of Alaska Fairbanks and the author of several books. Born in Greeley, Colorado, Davis received his B.S in geophysics from University of Alaska Fairbanks in 1955, an M.S. in geophysics from California... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3577676 |
Nectar guide Nectar guides are markings or patterns seen in flowers of some angiosperm species, that guide pollinators to their rewards. Rewards commonly take the form of nectar, pollen, or both, but various plants produce oil, resins, scents, or waxes. Such patterns also are known as "pollen guides" and "honey guides"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3579392 |
OTS 44 is a free-floating planetary-mass object or brown dwarf located at in the constellation Chamaeleon near the reflection nebula IC 2631. It is among the lowest-mass free-floating substellar objects, with approximately 11.5 times the mass of Jupiter, or approximately 1.1% that of the Sun. Its radius is not very wel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3583044 |
Interface (matter) In the physical sciences, an interface is the boundary between two spatial regions occupied by different matter, or by matter in different physical states. The interface between matter and air, or matter and vacuum, is called a surface, and studied in surface science. In thermal equilibrium, the regi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3591456 |
Interface (matter) Optical lenses serve as an example of a practical application of the interface between glass and air. One topical interface system is the gas-liquid interface between aerosols and other atmospheric molecules. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3591456 |
Yasha Rosenfeld Yaakov (Yasha) Rosenfeld (February 16, 1948 – July 21, 2002) was a condensed-matter theorist who made outstanding contributions to the statistical mechanics of liquids and dense plasmas. He was a leading figure in theories of liquids and his fundamental measure approach to classical density functional t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3614758 |
Friedrich Ritter (9 May 1898 – 9 April 1989) was a German botanist who collected and described many species of cacti. "Ritterocereus" is named in his honour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3617439 |
Cratonic sequence A cratonic sequence is a very large-scale lithostratographic sequence that covers a complete marine transgressive-regressive cycle across a craton. They are also known as "megasequences", "stratigraphic sequences", "sloss sequence", "supersequence" or simply "sequences". In plain English, it is the ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3622421 |
Cratonic sequence It is also possible that other mechanisms, such as dynamic topography related to mantle mass anomalies, and intraplate stress related to episodes of contractional and extensional tectonics, play a part by causing significant tectonic uplift and subsidence across the craton. There have been six cratoni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3622421 |
Neural computation is the hypothetical information processing performed by networks of neurons. is affiliated with the philosophical tradition known as Computational theory of mind, also referred to as computationalism, which advances the thesis that neural computation explains cognition. The first persons to propose a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3630374 |
Neural computation When comparing the three main traditions of the computational theory of mind, as well as the different possible forms of computation in the brain, it is helpful to define what we mean by computation in a general sense. Computation is the processing of vehicles, otherwise known as variables or entitie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3630374 |
Neural computation Accordingly, neural spike trains could be seen as strings of digits. Alternatively, analog computing systems perform manipulations on non-discrete, irreducibly continuous variables, that is, entities which vary continuously as a function of time. These sorts of operations are characterized by systems... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3630374 |
E. C. Jeffrey Edward Charles Jeffrey (May 21, 1866 – April 19, 1952) was a Canadian-American botanist who worked on vascular plant anatomy and phylogeny. From 1892 to 1902 Jeffrey was a lecturer at the University of Toronto. While on leave of absence, he received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1899. In 1902 he be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3634131 |
Kobald is a name for pyrites of copper-nickel-cobalt-iron given by German miners of the 15th century. The name (similar to kobold) means goblin. See cobalt. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3636783 |
Magellanic Bridge The (MBR) is a stream of neutral hydrogen that links the two Magellanic Clouds, with a few known stars inside it. It should not be confused with the Magellanic Stream, which links the Magellanic Clouds to the Milky Way. It was discovered in 1963 by J. V. Hindman et al. There is a continuous stream of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3641069 |
René Dahinden (August 22, 1930 - April 18, 2001) was a well-known Bigfoot (Sasquatch) researcher. Dahinden was born in Switzerland but moved to Canada at the end of October 1953, where he would live for the rest of his life. He became interested in the Bigfoot phenomenon shortly after arriving in Canada, and during the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3643824 |
Sommerfeld identity The is a mathematical identity, due Arnold Sommerfeld, used in the theory of propagation of waves, where is to be taken with positive real part, to ensure the convergence of the integral and its vanishing in the limit formula_3 and Here, formula_5 is the distance from the origin while formula_6 is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3644058 |
Sommerfeld identity It is found by transforming the spherical wave along the in-plane coordinates (formula_18,formula_19, or formula_13, formula_21) but not transforming along the height coordinate formula_16. <br> | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3644058 |
Ground substance is an amorphous gel-like substance in the extracellular space that contains all components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) except for fibrous materials such as collagen and elastin. is active in the development, movement, and proliferation of tissues, as well as their metabolism. Additionally, cells ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3646668 |
Ground substance Loose connective tissue is characterized by few fibers and cells, and a relatively large amount of ground substance. Dense connective tissue has a smaller amount of ground substance compared to the fibrous material. The meaning of the term has evolved over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3646668 |
Allogamy "Allogamy" (cross-fertilization) is a term used in the field of biological reproduction describing the fertilization of an ovum from one individual with the spermatozoa of another. By contrast, autogamy is the term used for self-fertilization. In humans, the fertilization event is an instance of allogamy. Self... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3647987 |
Allogamy By contrast, close inbreeding, including self-fertilization in plants and automictic parthenogenesis in hymenoptera, tends to lead to the harmful expression of deleterious recessive alleles (inbreeding depression). In dioecious plants, the stigma may receive pollen from several different potential donors. As m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3647987 |
Ursa Major Cluster The (Ursa Major I Cluster, UMa I ClG) is a spiral-rich galaxy cluster of the Virgo Supercluster. Some of its largest members are NGC 3631, NGC 3953, M109 on North (M109 Group) and NGC 3726, NGC 3938 NGC 4051 on South. The Ursa Major cluster is located at a distance of 18.6 megaparsecs (60 million lig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3649187 |
Concise International Chemical Assessment Document Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents (CICADs) are published by the World Health Organization within the framework of the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). They describe the toxicological properties of chemical compounds. CICADs are prepa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3655654 |
NGC 7752 and NGC 7753 are a pair of galaxies approximately 272 million light-years away in the constellation Pegasus. NGC 7753 is the primary galaxy. It is a barred spiral galaxy with a small nucleus. NGC 7752 is the satellite galaxy of NGC 7753. It is a barred lenticular galaxy that is apparently attached to one of NG... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3657005 |
Specific kinetic energy is kinetic energy of an object per unit of mass. It is defined as formula_1. Where formula_2 is the specific kinetic energy and formula_3 is velocity. It has units of J/kg, which is equivalent to m/s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3659079 |
Genome Valley is an Indian high-technology business district spread across 600 km² in Hyderabad, India. It is located across the suburbs, Turkapally, Shamirpet, Medchal, Uppal, Patancheru, Jeedimetla, Gachibowli and Keesara, the Valley has developed as a cluster for Biomedical research, training and manufacturing. Geno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3661644 |
Genome Valley It is a collaborative life sciences ecosystem in Genome Valley, Hyderabad consisting of Grade A R&D facilities. It is spread over 400 acres including build-up facilities of around 600,000 sq.ft. provided to global tenants like Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Mylan and Ashland Inc. MN’s focus area: Preleased in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3661644 |
Dreikanter A is a type of ventifact that typically forms in desert or periglacial environments due to the abrasive action of blowing sand. Dreikanters exhibit a characteristic pyramidal shape with three wind-abrased facets. The word "Dreikanter" is German for "three-edged." Similarly, a zweikanter ("two-edged") has two... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3662844 |
Capacitor-spring analogy There are several formal analogies that can be made between electricity, which is invisible to the eye, and more familiar physical behaviors, such as the flowing of water or the motion of mechanical devices. In the case of capacitance, one analogy to a capacitor in mechanical rectilineal terms ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3663289 |
Tadpole Galaxy The is a disrupted barred spiral galaxy located 420 million light-years from Earth in the northern constellation Draco. Its most dramatic feature is a massive trail of stars about 280,000 light-years long; the size of the galaxy has been attributed to a merger with a smaller galaxy that is believed to ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3663712 |
Retarder (chemistry) A retarder is a chemical agent that slows down a chemical reaction. For example, retarders are used to slow the chemical reaction hardening of plastic materials such as wallboard, concrete, and adhesives. Sugar water acts as a retarder for the curing of concrete. It can be used to retard the chemic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3671160 |
Rudolf Ruedemann (October 16, 1864–June 18, 1956) was a German American paleontologist, widely known as an expert in graptolites, enigmatic fossil animals. He worked at the New York State Museum for over 40 years, including a decade as State Paleontologist of New York. and was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674522 |
Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) is a chemical database founded in 1978 by Günter Bergerhoff (University of Bonn) and I.D.Brown (University of McMaster, Canada). It is now produced by FIZ Karlsruhe in Europe and the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology. It seeks to contain information on all i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3676061 |
Kao Ping-tse (; 23 December 1888 - 23 March 1970) was a Chinese astronomer. He was entirely self-taught in this field. The crater Kao on the Moon is named in his honor. Kao was born in Shanghai. His father was a revolutionary, a Jǔrén 舉人, and a key figure of the "Nan Society" ("South Society", ) in the late Qing Dynast... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3688203 |
Abrahão de Moraes Abrahão De Moraes (1916–1970) was a Brazilian astronomer and mathematician. He taught at the Escola Politécnica and also served as director of the Instituto Astronômico e Geofísico. The Observatório (OAM) is named after him. Founded in 1972, it is situated in the municipality of Valinhos, 90 km from S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3688869 |
Michigan Life Sciences Corridor The (MLSC) is a $1 billion biotechnology initiative in the U.S. state of Michigan. The MLSC invests in biotech research at four Michigan institutions: the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor; Michigan State University in East Lansing; Wayne State University in Detroit; and the Van Andel ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3693303 |
Michigan Life Sciences Corridor In 2009, the University of Michigan added a 30-building, North Campus Research Complex by acquiring the former Pfizer pharmaceutical corporation facility. A BioEnterprise Midwest Healthcare Venture report found that Michigan attracted $451.8 million in new biotechnology venture capital i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3693303 |
Fine chemical Fine chemicals are complex, single, pure chemical substances, produced in limited quantities in multipurpose plants by multistep batch chemical or biotechnological processes. They are described by exacting specifications, used for further processing within the chemical industry and sold for more than $10/... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical Since their inception in the late 1970s, fine chemicals have become an important part of the chemical industry. The total production value of $85 billion is split about 60 / 40 among in-house production by the main consumers, the life science industry, on the one hand, and the fine chemicals industry on t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical As the in-house production capacities of the originators, the pharmaceutical companies Smith, Kline, & French and Glaxo, could not keep pace with the rapidly increasing requirements, both companies (now merged as GlaxoSmithKline) outsourced part of the manufacturing to chemical companies experienced in pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical The growing complexity and potency of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals requiring production in multipurpose, instead of dedicated plants and, more recently, the advent of biopharmaceuticals had a major impact on the demand for fine chemicals and the evolution of the fine chemical industry as a distin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical As aromatic compounds have been exhausted to a large extent as building blocks for life science products, N-heterocyclic structures prevail nowadays. They are found in many natural products, such as chlorophyll; hemoglobin; and the vitamins biotin, folic acid, niacin (PP), pyridoxine (vitamin B), riboflav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical Pyridine derivatives are found in both well-known Diquat and Chlorpyrifos herbicides, and in modern nicotinoid insecticides, such as Imidacloprid. Even modern pigments, such as diphenylpyrazolopyrazoles, quinacridones, and engineering plastics, such as polybenzimidazoles, polyimides, and triazine resins, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical In fact, L-glutamic acid, D, L-methionine, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalanine are used in large quantities as food and feed additives. About 50 peptide drugs are commercialized. The number of amino acids that make up a specific peptide varies widely. At the low end are the dipeptides. The most important ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical They are essential to the structure and function of all living cells and viruses and are among the most actively studied molecules in biochemistry. They can be made only by advanced biotechnological processes; primarily mammalian cell cultures. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) prevail among human-made proteins... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical Completion of a single synthetic cycle results in the addition of one nucleotide residue to the growing chain. The maximum length of synthetic oligonucleotides hardly exceeds 200 nucleotide components. From its current range of applications in basic research as well as in drug target validation, drug disc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical The reactions have been developed on laboratory scale by academia over the last two centuries and subsequently adapted to industrial scale, for instance for the manufacture of dyestuffs & pigments. The most comprehensive handbooks describing organic synthetic methods is "Methods of Molecular Transformatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical Other reaction-specific equipment, such as filters for the separation of catalysts, ozone or phosgene generators, can be purchased in many different sizes. The installation of special equipment generally is not a critical path on the overall project for developing an industrial-scale process of a new mole... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical The physical separation of chiral mixtures and purification of the desired enantiomer can be achieved either by classical fractional crystallization (having a “low-tech” image but still widely used), carried-out in standard multipurpose equipment or by various types of chromatographical separation, such a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical Therefore, for industrial quantities of peptides not more than 10–15 amino acid peptides can be made using the solid-phase method. For laboratory quantities, up to 40 are possible. In order to prepare larger peptides, individual fragments are first produced, purified, and then combined to the final molecu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical For a comprehensive coverage of the subject see "Micro Process Engineering". Examples for reactions that have worked in microreactors include aromatics oxidations, diazomethane conversions, Grignards, halogenations, hydrogenations, nitrations, and Suzuki couplings. According to experts in the field, 70% o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical "Industrial biotechnology", also called "“white biotechnology”" is increasingly impacting the chemical industry, enabling both the conversion of renewable resources, such as sugar or vegetable oils, and the more efficient transformation of conventional raw materials into a wide range of commodities (e.g.,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical The syntheses are shorter, less energy intensive and generate less waste and hence, are both environmentally and economically more attractive. About 2/3 of chiral products produced on large industrial scale are already made using biocatalysis. In the manufacture of fine chemicals, enzymes represent the si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical Thus, it has been possible to reduce the number of steps required for the synthesis of Dexamethasone from bile from 28 to 15. Enzymes differ from chemical catalysts particularly with regard to stereoselectivity, regioselectivity, and chemoselectivity. They can also be modified (“reshuffled”) for specific ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical The technology has been used for 10,000 years to produce food products, like alcoholic beverages, cheese, yogurt, and vinegar. In contrast to biocatalysis, a biosynthetic process does not depend on chemicals as starting materials, but only on cheap natural feedstock, such as glucose, to serve as nutrient ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical In contrast to the isolation of small molecules, the isolation and purification of microbial proteins is tedious and often involves a number of expensive large-scale chromatographic operations. Examples of large-volume LMW products made by modern industrial microbial biosynthetic processes are monosodium ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical "Cell Cultures" Animal or plant cells, removed from tissues, will continue to grow if cultivated under the appropriate nutrients and conditions. When carried out outside the natural habitat, the process is called cell culture. "Mammalian cell culture" fermentation, also known as recombinant DNA technology... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical The mammalian cell production process, as used for most biopharmaceuticals, is divided into the four main steps: (1) Cultivation, i.e. reproduction of the cells; (2) Fermentation, i.e. the actual production of the protein, typically in 10,000 Liter, or multiples, bioreactors; (3) Purification, i.e. separa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical Mammalian cell culture fermentation, on the other hand, should be considered only by large fine chemical companies with a full war chest and a long-term strategic orientation. Within the chemical universe, the fine chemical industry is positioned between the commodity, their suppliers, and specialty chemi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical 2000 – 3000 fine chemical companies exist globally, extending from small, “garage-type” outfits in China making just one product, all the way to the big, diversified enterprises, resp. units. The main reason for the fragmentation is the lack of economy of scale (see below). The industry is subject to a hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical In terms of size, resources, and complexity of the chemical process technologies mastered, the fine chemical companies can be broadly divided into three segments, each of them accounting for approximately the same turnover, namely about $10 billion. The top tier, about twenty, has sales in excess of $250 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical pharma industry constitutes the main customer base for most fine chemical companies, some have a significant share of products and services for the agrochemical industry. Examples are Archimica, CABB, Saltigo (all Germany), DSM (The Netherlands) and Hikal, India. Several large pharmaceutical companies mar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical The "third tier" includes thousands of "small independents" with sales below $100 million per year. Most of them are located in Asia. They often specialize in niche technologies. The minimum economical size of a fine chemical company depends on the availability of infrastructure. If a company is located i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical Whereas the production sites of CMOs are multipurpose plants, allowing for the production of tens to hundreds of tons of fine chemicals, the work places of patient CROs are the test persons (volunteers) for the clinical trials and those of the product CROs are the laboratory benches. Major customers for C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical Companies offering both contract research and manufacturing services (CRAMS) combine the activities of CROs and CMOs. Their history is either a forward integration of a CRO, which adds industrial scale capabilities or backwards integration of a CMO. As there are only limited synergies (e.g. > 90% of the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical The main tasks are (1) designing, respectively duplicating and adapting in case of custom manufacture, and developing laboratory procedures for new products or processes; (2) transferring the processes from the laboratory via pilot plant to the industrial scale (the scale up factor from a 10g sample to a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical Most of these parameters cannot be determined quantitatively, at least during the early phases of a project. The best way to take advantage of a project portfolio is to develop and use it in an iterative way. By comparing the entries at regular intervals, for instance, every 3 months, the directions that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical "Process Development" focuses on the design of new, efficient, stable, safe, and scalable synthetic routes to a target fine chemical. It represents an essential link between process research and commercial production. The resulting “base process” description provides the necessary data for the determinati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical Although modern reaction calorimeters consent to foresee the effects of these different conditions to a certain extent, a direct transfer of a process from the laboratory to the industrial scale is not recommended, because of the inherent safety, environmental, and economic risks. In development, the viab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical "Process Optimization". Once a new chemical process has been introduced successfully on an industrial scale, process optimization is called upon to improve the economics. As a rule of thumb it should be attempted to reduce the costs of goods sold (COGS) by 10-20%, every time the yearly production quantity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical In a typical project the overall responsibility for the economic and technical success lies with the project champion. He is assisted by the project manager, who is responsible for the technical success. In custom manufacturing, a typical project starts with the acceptance of the product idea, which origi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical Fine chemicals are used as starting materials for specialty chemicals. The latter are obtained either by direct formulation or after chemical/biochemical transformation of intermediates to active substances. Life sciences, primarily pharmaceutical, agrochemical and food and feed industries are the main co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical Pharmaceutical fine chemicals (PFCs) account for two-thirds of the total. Out of the PFC value of $55 billion, about $23 billion (~40%) are traded, and $32 billion (~60%) are the production value of the pharma industry’s in-house production. Within life science products, fine chemicals for agro, and —at a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical Sales of the top 20 blockbuster drugs are reported in Table 6. The APIs of 12 of them are “small” (LMW) molecules. Averaging a MW of 477, they have quite complex structures. They typically show three cyclic moieties. 10 of them exhibit at least one N-heterocyclic moiety. Five of the top 10, up from none i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical Therefore, their R&D strategy is more focused on the elucidation of the biological roots of diseases rather than developing synthesis methods. Agrochemical companies are the second largest users of fine chemicals. Most products have a “pharmaceutical heritage”. As a consequence of an intensive M&A activit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical The incidence of the cost of the active ingredient is about 33%; i.e., much higher than in drugs. Depending on the climatic conditions affecting crop yields, consumption and prices of agrochemicals are subject to wide fluctuations from year to year, impacting also the suppliers. The molecular structures o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical Chloranthaniliprole is the most important representative of Du Pont’s award-winning anthranilic diamide family of broad spectrum insecticides. Within "fungicides", the strobilurins, a new class, are growing rapidly and already have captured more than 30% of the $10 billion global fungicide market. Syngent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical The embedded fine chemicals account for an estimated $15 billion (see Table 5). Further disadvantages are the backward integration of the big players, e.g. Akzo-Nobel, Netherlands; Ajinomoto, Japan; Danone, France; Everlight Chemical Industrial Corp., Taiwan; Evonik-Degussa, Germany; Givaudan and Nestlé, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical In custom manufacturing, a specialty-chemicals company outsources the process development, pilot plant, and, finally, industrial-scale production of an active ingredient, or a predecessor thereof, to one, or a few, fine chemical companies. The intellectual property of the product, and generally also the m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical Investment costs for multipurpose plants are high in comparison with product output. However, they vary considerably, depending on the location, size of equipment and degree of sophistication (e.g., automation, containment, quality of equipment, complexity of infrastructure). An example for a cGMP multipu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical The former is determined primarily by the unit consumption and the purchasing cost of the materials used; the latter, by the throughput in kilograms per day in a given production bay. A precise calculation of the conversion cost is a demanding task. Different products with widely differing throughputs are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical An indicative cost structure for a fine chemical company is shown in Table 10. Nowadays, a full 7-day/week operation, consisting of four or five shift teams, each working 8h per day, has become the standard. In terms of production costs, this is the most advantageous scheme. Higher salaries for night work... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical Surprisingly, the main cause for the 2009 slump had not been the general recession, but slow-downs of the growth and, even more so, inventory adjustments by the pharma industry. They resulted in postponements or cancellations of orders. The unfavorable development was in sharp contrast to the very optimis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical On the "supply side", biotechnology is rapidly gaining importance. In the synthesis of small molecule fine chemicals, the use of biocatalysts and microbial fermentation enable both a more sustainable and economic production than conventional organic chemistry. In the synthesis of big molecules, such as bi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical In agro fine chemicals, the active ingredients become more sophisticated and performing. Therefore, they require multipurpose instead of dedicated plants prevailing in the industry so far. At the same token, outsourcing is gaining ground. "Globalization" results in a shift of fine chemical production from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Fine chemical Although the demand for fine chemicals on the merchant market has not grown to the extent originally anticipated, fine chemicals still provide attractive opportunities for well-run companies, which are fostering the critical success factors, namely running fine chemicals as a core business, pursuing niche... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 |
Jörgen Lehmann Jörgen Erik Lehmann (15 January 1898 – 26 December 1989) was a Danish-born Swedish physician and chemist best known for his discovery in the 1940s that para-amino salicylic acid (PAS) would make an excellent orally-available tuberculosis therapy. PAS was, together with streptomycin, the first efficacious... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694890 |
Karl Grobben (27 August 1854, in Brno – 13 April 1945, in Salzburg) was an Austrian biologist. He graduated from, and later worked at, the University of Vienna, chiefly on molluscs and crustaceans. He was also the editor of a new edition of Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Claus' "Lehrbuch der Zoologie", and the coiner of the te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3697442 |
Geological resistance is a measure of how well minerals resist erosive factors, and is based primarily on hardness, chemical reactivity and cohesion. The more hardness, less reactivity and more cohesion a mineral has, the less susceptible it is to erosion. Over time, differences in geological resistance in the same geo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3700900 |
Peter Pulay (Born September 20, 1941 in Veszprém, Hungary) is a theoretical chemist. He is the Roger B. Bost Distinguished Professor of Chemistry in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Arkansas, U.S. One of his most important contributions is the introduction of the gradient method in quan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3707012 |
Solvent exposure occurs when a chemical, material, or person comes into contact with a solvent. Chemicals can be dissolved in solvents, materials such as polymers can be broken down chemically by solvents, and people can develop certain ailments from exposure to solvents both organic and inorganic. Some common solvents... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3708060 |
Solvent exposure (1999) Residue depth: a novel parameter for the analysis of protein structure and stability. Structure Fold. Des. 7:723-732. Pintar A, Carugo O, Pongor S. (2003) Atom depth in protein structure and function. Trends Biochem. Sci. 28:593-597. Hamelryck T. (2005) An amino acid has two sides: A new 2D meas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3708060 |
Erwin Lindner (7 April 1888 – 30 November 1988) was a German entomologist mainly interested in Diptera. He was born in Böglins, Memmingen and died in Stuttgart, aged 100 years. In 1913 joined the State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart and was head of the Department of Entomology there until 1953. He edited "Die Flie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3708919 |
SIGMET SIGMET, or Significant Meteorological Information AIM 7-1-6 , is a weather advisory that contains meteorological information concerning the safety of all aircraft. There are two types of SIGMETs: convective and non-convective. The criteria for a non-convective to be issued are severe or greater turbulence over a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3709962 |
Anemoscope An anemoscope is a device invented to show the direction of the wind, or to foretell a change of wind direction or weather. Hygroscopic devices, in particular those utilizing catgut, were considered as very good anemoscopes, seldom failing to foretell the shifting of the wind. The ancient anemoscope seems, b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3710466 |
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