text stringlengths 11 1.65k | source stringlengths 38 44 |
|---|---|
Anala Mons is a volcano on Venus. It is named after Anala, a Hindu fertility goddess. The feature was originally named Anala Corona. It is located at 11.0°N 14.1°E, in a region called the Sappho Patera quadrangle where numerous other volcanic features can be found. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3164143 |
Stabilizer (chemistry) In industrial chemistry, a stabilizer is a chemical that is used to prevent degradation. Heat and light stabilizers are added to plastics and elastomers because they ensure safe processing and protect products against aging and weathering. The trend is towards fluid systems, pellets, and increase... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3164945 |
Sonochemistry In chemistry, the study of sonochemistry is concerned with understanding the effect of ultrasound in forming acoustic cavitation in liquids, resulting in the initiation or enhancement of the chemical activity in the solution. Therefore, the chemical effects of ultrasound do not come from a direct interact... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3173180 |
Sonochemistry <nowiki></nowiki> Another issue was the ratio of the amount of time it took for the lower frequency waves to penetrate the bubbles walls and access the water around the bubble, compared to the time from that point to the point on the other end of the body of water. But despite the revolutionary ideas of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3173180 |
Sonochemistry A broad variety of outcomes can result from acoustic cavitation including sonoluminescence, increased chemical activity in the solution due to the formation of primary and secondary radical reactions, and increased chemical activity through the formation of new, relatively stable chemical species that can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3173180 |
Sonochemistry Once cavitation occurs near an extended solid surface, cavity collapse is nonspherical and drives high-speed jets of liquid to the surface. These jets and associated shock waves can damage the now highly heated surface. Liquid-powder suspensions produce high velocity interparticle collisions. These collis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3173180 |
Sonochemistry In addition, in reactions at liquid-solid interfaces, ultrasound breaks up the solid pieces and exposes active clean surfaces through microjet pitting from cavitation near the surfaces and from fragmentation of solids by cavitation collapse nearby. This gives the solid reactant a larger surface area of ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3173180 |
Sonochemistry Due to the aluminium foil's thinness and weakness, the cavitation quickly results in fragmentation and destruction of the foil. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3173180 |
Classes of metals Class A metals are metals that form hard acids. Hard acids are acids with relatively ionic bonds. These metals, such as iron, aluminium, titanium, sodium, calcium, and the lanthanides, would rather bond with fluorine than iodine. They form stable products with hard bases, which are bases with ionic bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3174292 |
Hans Daniel Johan Wallengren (8 June 1823 – 25 October 1894) was a Swedish entomologist. He was born in Lund. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3176062 |
Magnetotellurics (MT) is an electromagnetic geophysical method for inferring the earth's subsurface electrical conductivity from measurements of natural geomagnetic and geoelectric field variation at the Earth's surface. Investigation depth ranges from 300 m below ground by recording higher frequencies down to 10,000 m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3178175 |
Magnetotellurics Major advances in MT instrumentation and technique include the shift from analog to digital hardware, the advent of remote referencing, GPS time-based synchronization, and 3D data acquisition and processing. For hydrocarbon exploration, MT is mainly used as a complement to the primary technique of refl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3178175 |
Magnetotellurics China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) and Nord-West Ltd use onshore MT more than any other oil company in the world, conducting thousands of MT soundings for hydrocarbon exploration and mapping throughout the globe. MT is used for various base metals (e.g. nickel) and precious metals exploration,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3178175 |
Magnetotellurics Geothermal exploration with MT has also been done in the United States, Iceland, New Zealand, Hungary, China, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Peru, Australia, and India. MT is also used for groundwater exploration and mapping, hydrocarbon reservoir monitoring, deep investigation (100 km) of the electrical propert... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3178175 |
Magnetotellurics The raw geophysical time-series data from these monitoring stations is freely available to the scientific community, enabling further study of the interaction between electromagnetic events and earthquake activity. The MT time series data from the GSIJ earthquake monitoring stations is available online... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3178175 |
Magnetotellurics These fields are due to electric currents flowing in the Earth and the magnetic fields that induce these currents. The magnetic fields are produced mainly by the interaction between the solar wind and the magnetosphere. In addition, worldwide thunderstorm activity causes magnetic fields at frequencies ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3178175 |
Magnetotellurics Continuous profiling (known as Emap) has been used, with only meters between the edges of each telluric dipole. Vertical resolution of MT mainly depends on the frequency being measured, as lower frequencies have greater depths of penetration. Accordingly, vertical resolution decreases as depth of inves... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3178175 |
Magnetotellurics Three-dimensional surveys consist of a loose grid pattern of MT soundings over the area of interest, providing a more sophisticated three-dimensional model of subsurface resistivity. Audio-magnetotellurics (AMT) is a higher-frequency magnetotelluric technique for shallower investigations. While AMT has... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3178175 |
Magnetotellurics The resistivity is then calculated, and the lower the resistivity, the more likely there is a conductive target (graphite, nickel ore or iron ore). CSAMT is also known in the oil and gas industry as onshore controlled source electromagnetics (Onshore CSEM). An offshore variant of MT, the marine magneto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3178175 |
Magnetotellurics Reconnaissance surveys can have spacings of several kilometres, while more detailed work can have 200 m spacings, or even adjacent soundings (dipole-to-dipole). The HSE impact of MT exploration is relatively low because of light-weight equipment, natural signal sources, and reduced hazards compared to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3178175 |
Magnetotellurics Most MT equipment is capable of reliable operation over a wide range of environmental conditions, with ratings of typically −25 °C to +55 °C, from dry desert to high-humidity (condensing) and temporary full immersion. Post-acquisition processing is required to transform raw time-series data into freque... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3178175 |
Magnetotellurics High power CSEM array systems above 100 KVA for hydrocarbon and geothermal expploration are manufactured by KMS Technologies, USA. Government agencies and smaller companies producing MT instrumentation for internal use include Vega Geophysics, Ltd. in Russia and the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPbF IZ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3178175 |
Edgar D. Zanotto Edgar Dutra Zanotto is a materials engineer and professor at the Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar) in Brazil. He currently teaches glass related subjects for both undergraduate and post-graduate students and he is the head of the Vitreous Materials Laboratory (LaMaV). He is a recipient of the 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3180517 |
Ion plating (IP) is a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process that is sometimes called "ion assisted deposition" (IAD) or "ion vapor deposition" (IVD) and is a version of "vacuum deposition". uses concurrent or periodic bombardment of the substrate, and deposits film by atomic-sized energetic particles. Bombardment pri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3183229 |
Ion plating By using a reactive gas or vapor in the plasma, films of compound materials can be deposited. is used to deposit hard coatings of compound materials on tools, adherent metal coatings, optical coatings with high densities, and conformal coatings on complex surfaces. The ion plating process was first describe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3183229 |
Spectator ion A spectator ion is an ion that exists as a reactant and a product in a chemical equation. A spectator ion can, therefore, be observed in the reaction of aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate and copper(II) sulfate but does not affect the equilibrium: The Na and SO ions are spectator ions since they remain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3187814 |
Radioisotope piezoelectric generator A radioisotope piezoelectric generator converts energy stored in the radioactive material directly into motion to generate electricity by the repeated deformation of a piezoelectric material. This approach creates a high-impedance source and, unlike chemical batteries, the devices w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3188227 |
Radioisotope piezoelectric generator Thus, a battery using this isotope might continue to supply useful energy for at least half that time. Researchers have demonstrated devices with about 7% efficiency with high frequencies of 120 Hz to low-frequency (every three hours) self-reciprocating actuators. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3188227 |
Tip growth is an extreme form of polarised growth of living cells that results in an elongated cylindrical cell morphology with a rounded tip at which the growth activity takes place. occurs in algae (e.g., "Acetabularia acetabulum"), fungi (hyphae) and plants (e.g. root hairs and pollen tubes). is a process that has m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3190686 |
Mice Galaxies NGC 4676, or the Mice Galaxies, are two spiral galaxies in the constellation Coma Berenices. About 290 million light-years away, they began the process of colliding and merging. Their name refers to the long tails produced by tidal action—the relative difference between gravitational pulls on the near and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3192980 |
NGC 1532 NGC 1532, also known as Haley's Coronet, is an edge-on barred spiral galaxy located approximately 50 million light-years from the Solar System in the constellation Eridanus. The galaxy was discovered by James Dunlop on 29 October 1826. One supernova, SN 1981A, has been recorded in the galaxy. is one of many ed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3193030 |
Spectral bands are part of optical spectra of polyatomic systems, including condensed materials, large molecules, etc. Each line corresponds to one level in the atom splits in the molecules. When the number of atoms is large, one gets a continuum of energy levels, the so-called "spectral bands". They are often labeled ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3193851 |
Fresnel (unit) A Fresnel is a unit of frequency equal to 10 s. It was occasionally used in the field of spectroscopy, but its use has been superseded by "terahertz" (with the identical value 10 hertz). It is named for Augustin-Jean Fresnel the physicist whose expertise in optics led to the creation of Fresnel lenses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3200841 |
Phoenicochroite Phoenicochroite, also known as melanochroite, is a lead chromate mineral with formula PbOCrO. It forms striking orange red crystals. It was first discovered in 1839 in Beryozovskoye deposit, Urals, Russia. It is named from the Greek word φοίυικος for "deep red" and χρόα for "color," in allusion to its c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3217470 |
Drug development is the process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery. It includes preclinical research on microorganisms and animals, filing for regulatory status, such as via the United States Food and Drug Administration for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3218783 |
Drug development Manufacturers must optimize the process they use to make the chemical so they can scale up from a medicinal chemist producing milligrams, to manufacturing on the kilogram and ton scale. They further examine the product for suitability to package as capsules, tablets, aerosol, intramuscular injectable, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3218783 |
Drug development If the IND is approved, development moves to the clinical phase. Clinical trials involve three or four steps: The process of defining characteristics of the drug does not stop once an NCE begins human clinical trials. In addition to the tests required to move a novel drug into the clinic for the first ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3218783 |
Drug development One 2010 study assessed both capitalized and out-of-pocket costs for bringing a single new drug to market as about US$1.8 billion and $870 million, respectively. A median cost estimate of 2015-16 trials for development of 10 anti-cancer drugs was US$648 million. In 2017, the median cost of a pivotal tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3218783 |
Drug development Alternatives to conventional drug development have the objective for universities, governments, and the pharmaceutical industry to collaborate and optimize resources. The nature of a drug development project is characterised by high attrition rates, large capital expenditures, and long timelines. This ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3218783 |
Drug development The high failure rates associated with pharmaceutical development are referred to as the "attrition rate" problem. Careful decision making during drug development is essential to avoid costly failures. In many cases, intelligent programme and clinical trial design can prevent false negative results. We... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3218783 |
Mechanical impedance is a measure of how much a structure resists motion when subjected to a harmonic force. It relates forces with velocities acting on a mechanical system. The mechanical impedance of a point on a structure is the ratio of the force applied at a point to the resulting velocity at that point. is the in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3219545 |
Homonuclear molecule Homonuclear molecules, or homonuclear species, are molecules composed of only one type of element. Homonuclear molecules may consist of various numbers of atoms, depending on the element's properties. Some elements form molecules of more than one size. The most familiar homonuclear molecules are di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3222200 |
Solvay S.A. Solvay is a Belgian chemical company founded in 1863, with its head office in Neder-Over-Heembeek, Brussels, Belgium. In 2015, it realized €12.4 billion in revenues, €2.336 billion of REBITDA, 43% of its sales in emerging high-growth countries, 90% of its sales in markets where it is ranked among the top th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3224745 |
Solvay S.A. The company is a supporter of the Solvay Conferences that were started by Ernest Solvay in 1911. On December 3, 2015, Solvay launched a share issue sent to existing shareholders, completing funding for the $5.5 billion purchase of Cytec Industries Inc. The company's head office is located in Brussels, Belgi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3224745 |
Sedimentary organic matter includes the organic carbon component of sediments and sedimentary rocks. The organic matter is usually a component of sedimentary material even if it is present in low abundance (usually lower than 1%). Petroleum (or oil) and natural gas are particular examples of "sedimentary organic matter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3226147 |
Trend type forecast In aviation meteorology, a trend type forecast (TTF), also known simply as a trend, is a weather forecast written by a person on location at a major airport or military base. A TTF is a professionally considered forecast for weather over a two-hour period, and is based on an actual weather report, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3229408 |
David Ashton (botanist) David Hungerford Ashton OAM (6 July 1927 – 22 November 2005) was an Australian botanist and ecologist. He was the world expert on "Eucalyptus regnans" forests, claimed to be the most important timber species in Australia. Ashton was born in Melbourne. He received his Bachelor of Science in 1949,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3230759 |
Pressure experiment Pressure experiments are experiments performed at pressures lower or higher than atmospheric pressure, called low-pressure experiments and high-pressure experiments, respectively. are necessary because substances behave differently at different pressures. For example, water boils at a lower temperat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3232652 |
Hudson Seaway The was a major seaway of North America during the Cretaceous Period some 75 million years ago. It is named after the Hudson Bay, which currently occupies much of its extent. Although not as extensive as the Western Interior Seaway, which divided North America into eastern and western landmasses (Appalach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3236678 |
String background In theoretical physics, a string background refers to the set of classical values of quantum fields in spacetime that correspond to classical solutions of string theory. Such a background is associated with geometry that solves Einstein's field equations (with higher order corrections) or their genera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3241907 |
Thermotunnel cooling is similar to thermionic emission cooling in that fast moving electrons carry heat across a gap but cannot return due to a voltage difference. The problem with using thermal electrons to carry heat is the fact that, due to the high work function of metals, which are the only practical emitters, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3253617 |
Dazhbog Patera is a patera (volcanic caldera) on Jupiter's moon Io. Named after Dažbog in 1979, it has a largest size of approximately 120 km and is located . This volcano is difficult to differentiate from the other volcanoes and geological features in some images of Io. In images from the Voyager spacecraft, this cal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3254527 |
Kratochvílite Kratochvilite is a rare organic mineral formed by combustion of coal or pyritic black shale deposits. It is a hydrocarbon with the formula of either CH or (CH)CH. It is a polymorph of the aromatic hydrocarbon fluorene. It forms white, yellow to brown crystals in the orthorhombic system which occur often a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3255562 |
Diphyodont A diphyodont is any animal with two successive sets of teeth, initially the "deciduous" set and consecutively the "permanent" set. Most mammals are diphyodonts—as to chew their food they need a strong, durable and complete set of teeth. Diphyodonts contrast with polyphyodonts, whose teeth are constantly repl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3258651 |
Silique A silique or siliqua (plural "siliques" or "siliquae") is a type of fruit (seed capsule) having two fused carpels with the length being more than three times the width. When the length is less than three times the width of the dried fruit it is referred to as a silicle. The outer walls of the ovary (the "valves... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3259539 |
Leo II (dwarf galaxy) Leo II (or Leo B) is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy about 690,000 light-years away in the constellation Leo. It is one of 24 known satellite galaxies of the Milky Way. Leo II is thought to have a core radius of 178 ± 13 pc and a tidal radius of 632 ± 32 pc. It was discovered in 1950 by Robert George Ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3264593 |
CHAMP (satellite) Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) was a German satellite launched July 15, 2000 from Plesetsk, Russia and was used for atmospheric and ionospheric research, as well as other geoscientific applications, such as GPS radio occultation. CHAMP was managed by Potsdam (GFZ). The spacecraft is the fir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3266098 |
Gastón Pons Muzzo (circa 1922 – January 6, 2004) was a Peruvian chemist. He was born in Tacna, Peru and joined National University of San Marcos staff in the 1960s to lecture general chemistry laboratory at the Department of Chemistry. He also was known for his teaching of physical chemistry and for his accompanying te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3270305 |
Bergen School of Meteorology The "Bergen School of Meteorology" is a school of thought which is the basis for much of modern weather forecasting. Founded by the meteorologist Prof. Vilhelm Bjerknes and his younger colleagues in 1917, the Bergen School attempts to define the motion of the atmosphere by means of the math... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3286181 |
Schizocarp A schizocarp is a dry fruit that, when mature, splits up into mericarps. There are different definitions: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3289776 |
Mrinal Kumar Das Gupta (1 September 1923 – 28 November 2005, Kolkata) was an Indian astronomer. He was born in erstwhile Barishal district in present-day Bangladesh. He received his B.Sc and M.Sc degrees in Physics from Dhaka University in 1944 and 1945 respectively. Later he joined the department of Radio Physics and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3291366 |
Fritz Konrad Ernst Zumpt (1908–1985) was a German entomologist who worked mainly in Africa . He is best known for his work on Diptera and the associations between insects and African mammals, as well as for his work on myiasis. Amongst Zumpt’s works are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3292179 |
NGC 4414 is an unbarred spiral galaxy about 62 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. It is a flocculent spiral galaxy, with short segments of spiral structure but without the dramatic well-defined spiral arms of a grand design spiral. In 1974 a supernova, SN 1974G, was observed and was the only ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3292677 |
Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is a medical treatment which replaces an enzyme that is deficient or absent in the body. Usually, this is done by giving the patient an intravenous (IV) infusion of a solution containing the enzyme. ERT is currently available for some lysosomal storage diseases: Gaucher disease, Fabry d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3295601 |
Enzyme replacement therapy Lysosomal storage diseases are fatal group of diseases and a main application of ERT. Lysosomes are cellular organelles that are responsible for the metabolism of many different macromolecules and proteins. They use enzymes to break down macromolecules, which are recycled or disposed. As of 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3295601 |
Enzyme replacement therapy ERT is administered by IV infusion. Typically, infusions occur every week or every two weeks. For some types of ERT, these infusions can occur as infrequently as every four weeks. ERT is not a cure for lysosomal storage diseases, and it requires lifelong IV infusions of the therapeutic enzyme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3295601 |
Enzyme replacement therapy Substrate reduction therapy is FDA approved and there is at least one treatment available on the market. Gene therapy aims to replace a missing protein in the body through the use of vectors, usually viral vectors. In gene therapy, a gene encoding for a certain protein is inserted into a vect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3295601 |
SiGNa chemistry is a type of chemistry in which alkali metals are encapsulated into porous oxides of silica gel in order to reduce their pyrophoric and highly combustible properties while preserving the desirable reduction reactivity of the metals (Dye, et al.). One can deconstruct the term "SiGNa" to derive Si (symbol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3295906 |
Background noise or ambient noise is any sound other than the sound being monitored (primary sound). is a form of noise pollution or interference. is an important concept in setting noise levels. Background noises include environmental noises such as water waves, traffic noise, alarms, extraneous speech, bioacoustic no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3296057 |
Prasiolite (also known as green quartz, green amethyst or vermarine) is a green variety of quartz, a silicate mineral chemically silicon dioxide. Since 1950, almost all natural prasiolite has come from a small Brazilian mine, but it is has also been mined in Lower Silesia in Poland. Naturally occurring prasiolite has a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3298668 |
Prasiolite Darker green quartz is generally the result of artificial treatment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3298668 |
Erik Bongcam-Rudloff is a Chilean-born Swedish biologist and computer scientist. He received his doctorate in medical sciences from Uppsala University in 1994. He is Professor of Bioinformatics and the head of SLU-Global Bioinformatics Centre at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. His main research deals w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3300289 |
Asbestiform is a crystal habit. It describes a mineral that grows in a fibrous aggregate of high tensile strength, flexible, long, and thin crystals that readily separate. The most common asbestiform mineral is chrysotile, commonly called "white asbestos", a magnesium phyllosilicate part of the serpentine group. Other ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3300567 |
Natterer compressor A was a type of air compression machine which was used in early experiments in making liquid oxygen (LOX) in the 1870s. A manually operated screw jack was utilized to compress air or other gases up to ~200 atm (~3000 psi). The device was created by Johann Natterer, a student of Adolf Martin Pleischl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3306344 |
Flood forecasting is the use of forecasted precipitation and streamflow data in rainfall-runoff and streamflow routing models to forecast flow rates and water levels for periods ranging from a few hours to days ahead, depending on the size of the watershed or river basin. can also make use of forecasts of precipitation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3307613 |
Impact ionization is the process in a material by which one energetic charge carrier can lose energy by the creation of other charge carriers. For example, in semiconductors, an electron (or hole) with enough kinetic energy can knock a bound electron out of its bound state (in the valence band) and promote it to a stat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3310426 |
Harkhebi (ca. 300 BC) was an astronomer who lived in Ptolemaic Egypt during the rule of the Ptolemaic dynasty. He was known as the priest of Selket (the stargazer). He specialized in the treatment of snake bites and scorpion stings. He also kept record of day and night, tracking the rising and setting of the sun. This ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3312366 |
NGC 1559 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Reticulum. It is also a Seyfert galaxy. Although it was originally thought to be a member of the Dorado Group, subsequent observations have shown that it is in fact not a member of any galaxy group or cluster and does not have any nearby companions. has massive sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3331591 |
Reef knoll A reef knoll is a land-based landform that comprises an immense pile of calcareous material that accumulated on a previously existing ancient sea floor. At the time of its accumulation it may have had enough structure from organisms such as sponges to have been free-standing and to withstand the sea currents... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3337617 |
Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester The Elitzur–Vaidman bomb-tester is a quantum mechanics thought experiment that uses interaction-free measurements to verify that a bomb is functional without having to detonate it. It was conceived in 1993 by Avshalom Elitzur and Lev Vaidman. Since their publication, real-world experiments h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3339367 |
Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester In this state, some properties of the particle, for example, its location, are not definite. While in a superposition, any and all possibilities are equally real. So, if the particle could feasibly exist in more than one location, in certain senses that are experimentally useful, it exists i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3339367 |
Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester The single particle both passes through, and is reflected off the half-silvered mirror. From that moment on, the single photon exists in two different locations. Along both the upper and lower path, the particle will encounter an ordinary mirror, positioned to redirect the two routes toward ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3339367 |
Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester But, like the radioactive material in the box with Schrödinger's famous cat, upon its encounter with the half-silvered mirror at the beginning of the experiment, the photon, paradoxically does and does not interact with the bomb. According to the authors, the bomb both explodes and does not ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3339367 |
Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester " If the bomb "observed" the photon, it detonated and destroyed the photon on the lower path, therefore only the photon that takes the upper path will be detected, either at Detector C or Detector D. Detector D is the key to confirming that the bomb is live. The two detectors and the second ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3339367 |
Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester With a live bomb, there can be three possible outcomes: These correspond with the following conditions of the bomb being tested: If the result is 2, the experiment is repeated. If the photon continues to be observed at C and the bomb does not explode, it can eventually be concluded that the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3339367 |
Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester The key idea is to split a fraction of the photon beam into a large number of beams of very small amplitude and reflect all of them off the mirror, recombining them with the original beam afterwards. It can also be argued that this revised construction is simply equivalent to a resonant cavi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3339367 |
Hoop Conjecture The hoop conjecture, proposed by Kip Thorne in 1972, states that an imploding object forms a black hole when, and only when, a circular hoop with a specific critical circumference could be placed around the object and rotated about a diameter. The critical circumference is given by: where Thorne calcula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3339824 |
Ernst Friedrich Germar (3 November 1786 – 8 July 1853) was a German professor and director of the Mineralogical Museum at Halle. As well as being a mineralogist he was interested in entomology and particularly in the Coleoptera and Hemiptera. He monographed the heteropteran family Scutelleridae. In 1845, he was elected... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3347310 |
Maturity (geology) In petroleum geology, the maturity of a rock is a measure of its state in terms of hydrocarbon generation. Maturity is established using a combination of geochemical and basin modelling techniques. Rocks with high total organic carbon, (termed source rocks), will alter under increasing temperature su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3356530 |
Pulsed columns are a type of liquid-liquid extraction equipment; examples of this class of extraction equipment is used at the BNFL plant THORP. Special use in nuclear industries for fuel reprocessing, where spent fuel from reactors is subjected to solvent extraction. A pulsation is created using air by a pulse leg. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3362237 |
Partition equilibrium is a special case of chemical equilibrium. The most common chemical equilibrium systems involve reactants and products in the same phase - either all gases or all solutions. However, it is also possible to get equilibria between substances in different phases, such as two liquids that do not mix (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3362709 |
Artificial reproduction is the creation of new life by other than the natural means available to an organism. Examples include artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, cloning and embryonic splitting, or cleavage. Cutting plants' stems and placing them in compost is also a form of artificial reproduction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3366914 |
Magnetorheological finishing (MRF) is a precision surface finishing technology. Optical surfaces are polished in a computer-controlled magnetorheological (MR) finishing slurry. Unlike conventional rigid lap polishing, the MR fluid's shape and stiffness can be magnetically manipulated and controlled in real time. The op... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3367341 |
Adolph Modéer (1738–1799) was a Swedish surveyor, economic historian and naturalist. As a naturalist he was mainly interested in malacology and entomology. He also worked on jellyfish. As an economic historian, he wrote on the history of Sweden's trade. Modéer worked as a surveyor from 1755, and was Secretary of the Me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3368915 |
Photoinduced charge separation is the process of an electron in an atom or molecule, being excited to a higher energy level by the absorption of a photon and then leaving the atom or molecule to a nearby electron acceptor. An atom consists of a positively charged nucleus orbited by electrons. The nucleus consists of un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3370908 |
Photoinduced charge separation This meant that the electrons could only occupy orbits at certain energies. The laws of quantum physics apply here, and they don't comply with the laws of classical newtonian mechanics. An electron which is completely free from the atom has an energy of 0 joules (or 0 electronvolts). An e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3370908 |
ISO 31-3 is the part of international standard ISO 31 that defines names and symbols for quantities and units related to "mechanics". It is superseded by ISO 80000-4. Its definitions include (note boldfaced symbols mean quantity is a vector): | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3371466 |
ISO 31-4 is the part of international standard ISO 31 that defines names and symbols for quantities and units related to "heat". It is superseded by ISO 80000-5. Its definitions include: Annex A of lists units of heat based on the foot, pound and second and some other units, including the degree Rankine, degree Fahrenh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3371482 |
ISO 31-5 is the part of international standard ISO 31 that defines names and symbols for quantities and units related to "electricity and magnetism". It is superseded by ISO 80000-6. Some of its definitions are below, with values taken from NIST values of the constants: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3371491 |
ISO 31-6 is the part of international standard ISO 31 that defines names and symbols for quantities and units related to "light and related electromagnetic radiations". It is superseded by ISO 80000-7. Its definitions include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3371516 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.