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ISO 31-7 is the part of international standard ISO 31 that defines names and symbols for quantities and units related to "acoustics". It is superseded by ISO 80000-8. Its definitions include:
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ISO 31-2 is the part of international standard ISO 31 that defines names and symbols for quantities and units related to "periodic and related phenomena". Its definitions include:
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Materials testing reactor A materials test reactor (MTR) is a high power research nuclear reactor. Materials testing reactors include:
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Schizophyte was a botanical classification proposed by Ferdinand Cohn to describe the class of primitive "plants" that reproduce solely by fission. It has been considered synonymous with the Protophyta of Sachs and the Monera of Haeckel. In modern taxonomy, it is equivalent with the concept of prokaryotes, single-celled microorganisms with no nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles, now divided into the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
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CRAC-II is both a computer code (titled Calculation of Reactor Accident Consequences) and the 1982 report of the simulation results performed by Sandia National Laboratories for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The report is sometimes referred to as the report because it is the computer program used in the calculations, but the report is also known as the 1982 Sandia Siting Study or as NUREG/CR-2239. The computer program MACCS2 has since replaced for consequences of radioactive release. has been declared to be obsolete and will be replaced by the State-of-the-Art Reactor Consequence Analyses study. The simulations calculated the possible consequences of a worst-case accident under worst-case conditions (a so-called "class-9 accident") for a number of different U.S. nuclear power plants. In the Sandia Siting Study, the Indian Point Energy Center was calculated to have the largest possible consequences for an SST1 (spectrum of source terms) release, with estimated maximum possible casualty numbers of around 50,000 deaths, 150,000 injuries, and property damage of $274 Billion to $314 Billion (based on figures at the time of the report in 1982). The Sandia Siting Study however, is commonly misused as a risk analysis, which it is not. It is a sensitivity analysis of different amounts of radioactive releases and an SST1 release is now generally considered not a credible accident (see below). Another significant report is the 1991 NUREG-1150 calculations, which is a more-rigorous risk assessment of five U.S
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CRAC-II Nuclear Power Plants. "The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission has devoted considerable research resources, both in the past and currently, to evaluating accidents and the possible public consequences of severe reactor accidents. The NRC's most recent studies have confirmed that early research into the topic led to extremely conservative consequence analyses that generate invalid results for attempting to quantify the possible effects of very unlikely severe accidents. In particular, these previous studies did not reflect current plant design, operation, accident management strategies or security enhancements. They often used unnecessarily conservative estimates or assumptions concerning possible damage to the reactor core, the possible radioactive contamination that could be released, and possible failures of the reactor vessel and containment buildings. These previous studies also failed to realistically model the effect of emergency preparedness. The NRC staff is currently pursuing a new, state-of-the-art assessment of possible severe accidents and their consequences."
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Recessional velocity is the rate at which an extragalactic astronomical object recedes (becomes more distant) from an observer as a result of the expansion of the universe. It can be measured by observing the wavelength shifts of spectral lines emitted by the object, known as the object's cosmological redshift. Hubble's law is the relationship between a galaxy's distance and its recessional velocity, which is approximately linear for galaxies at distances of up to a few hundred megaparsecs. It can be expressed as where formula_2 is the Hubble constant, formula_3 is the proper distance, formula_4 is the object's recessional velocity, and formula_5 is the object's peculiar velocity. The recessional velocity of a galaxy can be calculated from the redshift observed in its emitted spectrum. One application of Hubble's law is to estimate distances to galaxies based on measurements of their recessional velocities. However, for relatively nearby galaxies the peculiar velocity can be comparable to or larger than the recessional velocity, in which case Hubble's Law does not give a good estimate of an object's distance based on its redshift. In some cases (such as Messier 81) formula_4 is negative (i.e., the galaxy's spectrum is observed to be blueshifted) as a result of the peculiar velocity.
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Order operator In quantum field theory, an order operator or an order field is a quantum field version of Landau's order parameter whose expectation value characterizes phase transitions. There exists a dual version of it, the disorder operator or disorder field, whose expectation value characterizes a phase transition by indicating the prolific presence of defect or vortex lines in an ordered phase. The disorder operator is an operator that creates a discontinuity of the ordinary order operators or a monodromy for their values. For example, a 't Hooft operator is a disorder operator. So is the Jordan–Wigner transformation. The concept of a disorder observable was first introduced in the context of 2D Ising spin lattices, where a phase transition between spin-aligned (magnetized) and disordered phases happens at some temperature.
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Rodolfo Coria Rodolfo Aníbal Coria (born in Neuquén June 1, 1959), is an Argentine paleontologist. He is best known for having directed the field study and co-naming of "Argentinosaurus" (possibly the world's largest land animal ever) in 1993, and "Giganotosaurus" (one of the largest known terrestrial carnivores), in 1996 among other landmark South American dinosaurs. He is a member of the Argentine Paleontological Association, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Paleontological Society and The Explorers Club. He was a leading researcher at the Bernardino Rivadavia Natural Sciences Museum, in Buenos Aires, director of the Museo Carmen Funes in Plaza Huincul (Neuquén Province), from its opening in 1984 until 2007, when he joined the National Research Council of Argentina. He and his work were featured in the movie "" (2007) and the BBC Horizon documentary "Extreme Dinosaurs" (2000).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3387221
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Nicolae Leon (April 15, 1862–October 4, 1931) was a Romanian biologist. He was the elder half brother of the naturalist Grigore Antipa. Leon was born in Băiceni, a village in Curtești commune in Botoșani County. Starting in 1881 he studied at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Iași. In 1884 he went to the University of Jena to study zoology, obtaining his degree in 1887. After returning to Iași, he became a professor at the Faculty of Medicine in 1889. Later on he was Dean of the Faculty of Medicine and then Rector of the University of Iași in 1918 and 1920-1921.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3387783
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Margolus–Levitin theorem The Margolus–Levitin theorem, named for Norman Margolus and Lev B. Levitin, gives a fundamental limit on quantum computation (strictly speaking on all forms on computation). The processing rate cannot be higher than 6 × 10 operations per second per joule of energy. Or stating the bound for one bit:
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Barnard (Martian crater) Barnard is a crater on Mars named after American astronomer Edward Emerson Barnard.
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Cha 110913−773444 (sometimes abbreviated Cha 110913) is an astronomical object surrounded by what appears to be a protoplanetary disk. It lies at a distance of 529 light-years from Earth. There is no consensus yet among astronomers whether to classify the object as a sub-brown dwarf (with planets) or a rogue planet (with moons). was discovered in 2004 by Kevin Luhman and others at Pennsylvania State University using the Spitzer Space Telescope and the Hubble Space Telescope, as well as two Earth-bound telescopes in Chile.
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Randolph Kirkpatrick (1863 – 1950) was a British spongiologist, cnidariologist and bryozoologist. He was assistant keeper of lower invertebrates at the British Natural History Museum from 1886 until his retirement in 1927. Kirkpatrick published a limited number of papers on the sponges of Antarctica and the Indian Ocean. However, his most significant work was carried out on "Merlia", a species of coralline sponge (a sponge which secretes a coral-like limestone skeleton). He was the first to correctly interpret these unusual sponges, but his work was largely ignored until the 1960s when T. F. Goreau and his colleagues W. D. Hartman and Jeremy Jackson rediscovered the coralline sponges in the reefs of the West Indies. It is likely that his important work on the coralline sponges was dismissed by his contemporaries due to his having published a book containing unconventional ideas about the history of life on earth. This was the self-published "The Nummulosphere: an account of the Organic Origin of so-called Igneous Rocks and Abyssal Red Clays" (1912), printed in four volumes by Lamley & Co. of South Kensington. Kirkpatrick's theory proposed that Earth was originally covered with water and that larger benthic foraminifera of the genus "Nummulites" eventually accumulated into a layer which he called 'The Nummulosphere'
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Randolph Kirkpatrick He additionally proposed that all the Earth's crustal rocks were subsequently derived from this "nummulosphaeric" layer and in his books he included illustrations of supposed nummulitic textures he had observed in granites and even meteorites.
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Outline of astronomy The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to astronomy: Astronomy – studies the universe beyond Earth, including its formation and development, and the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects (such as galaxies, planets, etc.) and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth (such as the cosmic background radiation). Astronomy can be described as all the following: History of astronomy Astronomical object Sun Small Solar System body Variable star Supernova Black hole Obsolete constellations including Ptolemy's "Argo Navis" Anser Space agencies Preceded by the Soviet space program
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Superprism A superprism is a photonic crystal in which an entering beam of light will lead to an extremely large angular dispersion. The ability of the photonic crystal to send optical beams with different wavelengths to considerably different angles in space in superprisms has been used to demonstrate wavelength demultiplexing in these structures. The first superprism also modified group velocity rather than phase velocity in order to achieve the "superprism phenomena". This effect was interpreted as anisotropic dispersion in contrast to an isotropic dispersion. Furthermore, the two beams of light appear to show negative bending within the crystal.
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Outline of Earth sciences The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Earth science: Earth science – all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth sciences, and is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet. Earth science is a branch of the physical sciences which is a part of the natural sciences. It in turn has many branches. Ecosphere – there are many subsystems that make up the natural environment (the planetary ecosystem or "ecosphere") of the Earth. Many of the subsystems are characterized as "spheres", coinciding with the shape of the planet. The four spheres (for which most of the other spheres are a subtype of) are the atmosphere, the biosphere, the hydrosphere and the geosphere. Listed roughly from outermost to innermost the named spheres of the Earth are: Atmospheric sciences – The study of the atmosphere, its processes, and interactions with other systems Geography – The science that studies the terrestrial surface, the societies that inhabit it and the territories, landscapes, places or regions that form it. Oceanography – The study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean Planetary science – The study of planets (including Earth), moons, and planetary systems (in particular those of the Solar System) and the processes that form them. History of Earth science – history of the all-embracing sciences related to the planet Earth
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Outline of Earth sciences Earth science, and all of its branches, are branches of physical science.
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Allergan, Inc. was an American global pharmaceutical company focused on eye care, neurosciences, medical dermatology, medical aesthetics, breast enhancement, obesity intervention and urologics. was formed in 1948, incorporated in 1950 and became a public company in 1970. It ceased operation in 2015 when it was acquired by Irish-based Activis plc (itself a 2013 U.S. tax inversion to Ireland), who then renamed the group as Allergan plc. The company traces its roots back to 1948 and pharmacist Gavin S. Herbert, who in 1950 established Allergan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Allergan focused on the discovery and development of novel formulations for specialty markets, as well as intimate collaboration with physicians and the scientific community. 1953 saw Allergan producing eye drops and formulating new products such as the first cortisone eye drop to treat allergic inflammation and the first ophthalmic steroid decongestant. Allergan became a publicly traded company in 1970 and was acquired by for $259 million in 1980. After generating $756 million in revenue and $80 million in profit in 1988, Allergan was spun-off by SmithKline Beckman in 1989. In July 2002, the Allergan ophthalmic surgical and contact lens care businesses were spun-off to create a new company, Advanced Medical Optics. In 2003, Allergan's flagship product, Botox, was the focus of a high-profile lawsuit and media scrutiny. In March 2006, Allergan acquired Inamed Corporation for $3 billion. On March 1, 2013, the company acquired MAP Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Allergan, Inc. , a development-stage company mainly researching the treatment of migraine and other oral drugs in Neurology for approximately $958 million. The principal products of this sub-company are under review with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In December 2013, the company sold its obesity intervention business to Apollo Endosurgery, Inc., for a cash payment of $75 million and a $15 million minority equity interest in Apollo Endosurgery. In November 2014 AbbVie announced its intention to acquire Allergan, Inc., the manufacturer of Botox Completion of the deal would increase its market capitalization to $147 billion. On March 17, 2015, Abbvie, plc completed the acquisition of in a cash and equity transaction valued at approximately $70.5 billion, and was folded into that company. The combination created a $23 billion diversified global pharmaceutical company with commercial reach across 100 countries. In June 2015, Abbvie, plc officially changed its name to Allergan, plc. In June announced it would acquire Kythera Biopharmaceuticals for around $2.1 billion. On April 22, 2014, details were released by Valeant Pharmaceuticals and hedge fund CEO, Bill Ackman, about a $46 billion (CAD) offer presented to Allergan. Valeant proposed to exchange $48.30 in cash and 0.83 shares of Valeant per Allergan share. stockholders would own 43 per cent of the combined company
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Allergan, Inc. This bid was rejected by Allergan as being too risky, claiming Valeant's business model of serial acquisitions and low organic growth being unsustainable. Soon after Valeant released a statement saying a new offer will be presented May 28, 2014, where it emerged that Valeant had increased their offer to $49.4 billion. On May 31 the offer was revised and increased to $53.3 billion. On June 18, Valeant began its tender offer for a hostile takeover of Allergan. In August 27, 2014, Valeant and Pershing Square Capital Management asked a Chancery Judge to set a trial for September 24, 2014 to decide on whether Valeant and Pershing had properly secured enough support from Allergan shareholders to force a meeting of investors to consider replacing a majority of the company's directors. On the same day Allergan announced that they had set a December shareholder vote to decide whether the company should replace part of the board of directors. In the afternoon of August 27, "Bloomberg" reported that Valeant and Pershing Square had won their case with the Chancery Judge setting an October 6 date for the aforementioned trial. On November 17, 2014, Actavis, plc announced it would acquire Allergan in a white knight bid for approximately $66 billion, putting an end to Valeant's hostile takeover attempt. In 2011, FDA reported issues in the investigation of safety of silicone gel-filled breast implants
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Allergan, Inc. However, the company announced later the reassurance to patients of the safety and exclusion of its drugs from the investigated breast implant devices, stating that all of its products are above safety standards around the world.
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Wang Sichao (王思潮; 1938 or 1939 – 17 June 2016) was a Chinese astronomer and scholar. At the time of his death, Sichao was working as a researcher at Nanjing's Zijinshan Astronomical Observatory. In an interview with Xinhuanet, Sichao commented on the International Astronomical Union's 2006 vote over Pluto's status as a planet: On August 23, 2010 Sichao stated that he believed extraterrestrial aliens exist and that their UFOs have the ability to visit our earth. He also took exception to the recent view presented by British astronomer Stephen Hawking that an encounter with between Earth's population and such aliens would be disastrous. Sichao also provided some specific data from quantitative analysis of UFO observations. He informed that between the altitudes of 130 kilometers and 1,500 kilometers, UFOs have appeared many times. He stated that the observed UFOS could fly much slower than the "first cosmic velocity", and some as slow as 0.29 kilometers per second, and that they can fly at the altitude of 1,460 kilometers for more than 25 minutes. He concluded that these UFOs had anti-gravity abilities.
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NGC 1531 is a dwarf galaxy in the constellation Eridanus that is interacting with the larger spiral galaxy NGC 1532. It was discovered by John Herschel on 19 October 1835. Although technically classified as a peculiar lenticular galaxy, the galaxy's structure is better described as amorphous.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3411310
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Sgoldstino A sgoldstino is any of the spin-0 superpartners of the goldstino in relativistic quantum field theories with spontaneously broken supersymmetry. The term "sgoldstino" was first used in 1998. In 2016, Petersson and Torre hypothesized that a sgoldstino particle might be responsible for the observed 750 GeV diphoton excess observed by Large Hadron Collider experiments.
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Singleton field The is the field of singletons which are the most fundamental unitary and irreducible representation of the Anti-de Sitter group SO(3,2). They were discovered by Paul Dirac.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3415509
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Air track An air track is a scientific device used to study motion in a low friction environment. Its name comes from its structure: air is pumped through a hollow track with fine holes all along the track that allows specially fitted air track cars to glide relatively friction-free. Air tracks are usually triangular in cross-section. Carts which have a triangular base and fit neatly on to the top of the track are used to study motion in low friction environments. The air track is also used to study collisions, both elastic and inelastic. Since there is very little energy lost through friction it is easy to demonstrate how momentum is conserved before and after a collision. The track can be used to calculate the force of gravity when placed at an angle. It was invented in the mid-1960s at the California Institute of Technology by Prof Nehr and Leighton. It was first presented by them at a meeting of the American Physical Society in NYC in 1965(?) where it was viewed by Prof John Stull, Alfred University, and Frank Ferguson, the Ealing Corporation. The original track was about 1 meter long with tiny air orifices and highly compressed air. Stull returned to Alfred Univ. Where he developed a simple version using standard square aluminum tubing with large air orifices and air from the vent of a shop vacuum cleaner. Stull with Ferguson's help at Ealing designed a custom aluminum track that Ealing offered commercially in various lengths up to 10 meters. T
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Air track Walley Williams III at Ealing extended the concept to the 2-dimensional air table in 1969.
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Entrainment (hydrodynamics) Entrainment is the transport of fluid across an interface between two bodies of fluid by a shear induced turbulent flux. The entrainment hypothesis was first used as a model for flow in plumes by G. I. Taylor when studying the use of oil drum fires to clear fog from aeroplane runways during World War II. It has gone on to be a common model of turbulence closure used in environmental and geophysical fluid mechanics. Entrainment is important in turbulent jets, plumes and gravity currents and is a topic of current research. Eductors or eductor-jet pumps are an example of entrainment. They are used onboard many ships to pump out flooded compartments: in the event of an accident, seawater is pumped to the eductor and forced through a jet, and any fluid at the inlet of the eductor is carried along to the outlet and up and out of the compartment. Eductors can pump out whatever can flow through them, including water, oil, and small pieces of wood. Another example is the pump-jet, which is used for marine propulsion. Jet pumps are also used to circulate reactor coolant in several designs of boiling water reactors. In power generation, this phenomenon is used in steam jet air ejectors to maintain condenser vacuum by removing non-condensible gases from the condenser.
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Emanoil Bacaloglu (; – 30 August 1891) was a Wallachian and Romanian mathematician, physicist and chemist. Born in Bucharest and of Greek origin, he studied physics and mathematics in Paris and Leipzig, later becoming a professor at the University of Bucharest and, in 1879, a member of the Romanian Academy. Considered to be the founder of many scientific and technological fields in Romania (and aiding in the creation of the Romanian Athenaeum), Bacaloglu was also an accomplished scientist. He helped create Romanian-language terminology in his fields and was one of the principal founders of the Society of Physical Sciences in 1890. He was also a participant in the 1848 Wallachian revolution. He is known for the "Bacaloglu pseudosphere". This is a surface of revolution for which the "Bacaloglu curvature" is constant.
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Ludvig Lorenz Ludvig Valentin Lorenz (; 18 January 1829 – 9 June 1891) was a Danish physicist and mathematician. He developed mathematical formulae to describe phenomena such as the relation between the refraction of light and the density of a pure transparent substance, and the relation between a metal's electrical and thermal conductivity and temperature (Wiedemann–Franz–Lorenz law). Lorenz was born in Helsingør and studied at the Technical University in Copenhagen. He became professor at the Military Academy in Copenhagen 1876. From 1887, his research was funded by the Carlsberg Foundation. He investigated the mathematical description for light propagation through a single homogeneous medium and described the passage of light between different media. The formula for the mathematical relationship between the refractive index and the density of a medium was published by Lorenz in 1869 and by Hendrik Lorentz (who discovered it independently) in 1878 and is therefore called the Lorentz–Lorenz equation. Using his electromagnetic theory of light he stated what is known as the Lorenz gauge condition, and was able to derive a correct value for the velocity of light. He also developed a theory of light scattering, publishing it in Danish in 1890 and in French in his Collected Works, published in 1898. It was later independently rediscovered by Gustav Mie in 1908, so it is sometimes referred to as Lorenz–Mie theory
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Ludvig Lorenz Additionally, Lorenz laid the foundations for ellipsometry by using Fresnel's theory of refraction to discover that light reflected by a thin transition layer between two media becomes elliptically polarized.
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Costin Nenițescu Costin D. Neniţescu in foreign scientific publication written as "Nenitzescu" (; 15 July 1902 – 28 July 1970) was a prominent Romanian chemist, and a professor at the Polytechnic University of Bucharest. He was a member of the Romanian Academy, a corresponding member of the German Academy of Sciences in Berlin, and a member of the Leopoldina Academy of Natural Scientists in Halle-Saale. After completing in 1920 his secondary studies at Gheorghe Lazăr High School, Neniţescu continued his studies at the Polytechnic Institute in Zürich and Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich, where he was one of the favorite students of Hans Fischer. He studied Friedel–Crafts-like reactions in the series of aliphatic hydrocarbons, the mechanism of the isomerization of cyclobasics, the halogen migration in cycles and chains, reactions induced by carbonium ions, and others. He identified a group of naphthenic acids in Romanian crude oil. He searched for ways of obtaining cyclobutadiene, while explaining the chemistry of this unstable substance and isolating its dimers. His research interests were also in the oxidation of open-chain and aromatic hydrocarbons with chromic acid and chromic oxychloride. He found new methods for the synthesis of pyrylium salts (Balaban–Nenitzescu–Praill synthesis), of carbenes, tryptamine, serotonin, two new syntheses for the indole nucleus, and a new method of polymerisation of ethylene. His research was substantiated in more than 200 papers
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Costin Nenițescu His remarkable technical and scientific activity helped develop the chemical industry in Romania. A detailed biography is available in One of his preferred quote is: "To be able to convey science you have to be yourself a creative scientist, or at least you should strive to be". In his honor, the chemistry contest "C.D. Neniţescu" is organized yearly at the Polytechnic University of Bucharest.
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Isopycnic An isopycnic surface is a surface of constant density inside a fluid. In geology, surfaces occur especially in connection with cratons which are very old geologic formations at the core of the continents, little affected by tectonic events. These formations are often known as shields or platforms. These formations are, relative to other lithospheric formations, cooler and less dense but much more isopycnic. surfaces contrast with isobaric or isothermal surfaces, which describe surfaces of constant pressure and constant temperature respectively. It is common in conversational use to hear isopycnic surfaces referred to simply as "iso-density" surfaces, which while strictly incorrect, is nonetheless abundantly more clear. The term "isopycnic" is commonly encountered in the fluid dynamics of compressible fluids, such as in meteorology and geophysical fluid dynamics, astrophysics, or the fluid dynamics of explosions or high Mach number flows. It may also be applied to other situations where a continuous medium has smoothly varying density, such as in the case of an inhomogeneous colloidal suspension. In general isopycnic surfaces will occur in fluids in hydrostatic equilibrium coinciding with equipotential surfaces formed by gravity. typically describes surfaces, not processes. Unless there is a flux of mass into or out of a control volume, a process which occurs at a constant density also occurs at a constant volume and is called an isochoric process and not an isopycnic process
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Isopycnic The term "isopycnic" is also encountered in biophysical chemistry, usually in reference to a process of separating particles, subcellular organelles, or other substances on the basis of their density. centrifugation refers to a method wherein a density gradient is either pre-formed or forms during high speed centrifugation. After this gradient is formed particles move within the gradient to the position having a density matching their own (this is in fact an incorrect description of the exact physical process but does describe the result in a meaningful way). This technique is extremely powerful.
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Constantin Istrati Constantin I. Istrati (7 September 1850, Roman, Romania – 17 January 1919, Paris) was a Romanian chemist and physician. He was president of the Romanian Academy between 1913 and 1916. Istrati introduced the teaching of organic chemistry at the University of Bucharest.
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NGC 7793 is a flocculent spiral galaxy about 12.7 million light-years away in the constellation Sculptor. It was discovered in 1826 by James Dunlop. is one of the brightest galaxies within the Sculptor Group, a group of galaxies in the constellation of the same name. The group itself is an elongated, loosely bound group of galaxies with the Sculptor Galaxy (NGC 253) and its companion galaxies forming a tightly-bound core of galaxies near the center. On March 25, 2008, SN 2008bk was discovered in NGC 7793. At apparent magnitude 12.5, it became the 2nd brightest supernova of 2008. The progenitor of this supernova was a Red Supergiant, observed only 547 days prior to the explosion. Jets from a black hole named P13 power a large nebula named S26 in the outer spiral of this galaxy. Recently, the mass of P13 was determined to be less than 15 solar masses, and its companion star is estimated to be around 20 solar masses. The two orbit each other in 64 days. Based on this estimate, P13 is stripping material away from a nearby star about ten times faster than was previously believed to be physically possible. If correct, this observation would show flaws in theories that a black hole's mass and rate of consumption are a fixed relationship.
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Johann Rudolph Schellenberg (4 January 1740, Basel – 8 June 1806, Töss, a district in the city of Winterthur) was a Swiss artist, writer and entomologist best known for his illustrations of insects. During his career he performed illustrative work for Johann Heinrich Sulzer, Johannes Gessner, Johann Kaspar Lavater and Johann Kaspar Füssli. He illustrated a number of entomological works, a few being: In 1806 he circumscribed the suborder "Adephaga" (Order Coleoptera). The municipal library in Winterthur has about 4000 of his insect watercolors.
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Photoassimilate In botany, a photoassimilate is one of a number of biological compounds formed by assimilation using light-dependent reactions. This term is most commonly used to refer to the energy-storing monosaccharides produced by photosynthesis in the leaves of plants. Only NADPH, ATP and water are made in the "light" reactions. Monosaccharides, though generally more complex sugars, are made in the "dark" reactions. The term "light" reaction can be confusing as some "dark" reactions require light to be active. movement through plants from "source to sink" using xylem and phloem is of biological significance. This movement is mimicked by many infectious particles - namely viroids - to accomplish long ranged movement and consequently infection of an entire plant.
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Propagule In biology, a propagule is any material that functions in propagating an organism to the next stage in its life cycle, such as by dispersal. The propagule is usually distinct in form from the parent organism. Propagules are produced by plants (in the form of seeds or spores), fungi (in the form of spores), and bacteria (for example endospores or microbial cysts). In disease biology, pathogens are said to generate infectious propagules, the units that transmit a disease. These can refer to bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists, and can be contained within host material. For instance, for influenza, the infectious propagules are carried in droplets of host saliva or mucus that are expelled during coughing or sneezing. In horticulture, a propagule is any plant material used for the purpose of plant propagation. In asexual reproduction, a propagule is often a stem cutting. In some plants, a leaf section or a portion of root can be used. In sexual reproduction, a propagule is a seed or spore. In micropropagation, a type of asexual reproduction, any part of the plant may be used, though it is usually a highly meristematic part such as root and stem ends or buds.
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ViroPharma Incorporated was a pharmaceutical company that developed and sold drugs that addressed serious diseases treated by physician specialists and in hospital settings. The company focused on product development activities on viruses and human disease, including those caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. It was purchased by Shire in 2013, with Shire paying around $4.2 billion for the company in a deal that was finalized in January 2014. was a member of the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index and the S&P 600. The company had strategic relationships with GlaxoSmithKline, Schering-Plough, and Sanofi-Aventis. acquired Lev Pharmaceuticals in a merger in 2008. Incorporated was founded in 1994 by Claude H. Nash (Chief Executive Officer), Mark A. McKinlay (Vice President, Research & Development), Marc S. Collett (Vice President, Discovery Research), Johanna A. Griffin (Vice President, Business Development), and Guy D. Diana (Vice President, Chemistry Research.) None of the founders are still with the company. In November 2014, Shire plc acquired for $4.2 billion. Vancocin Pulvules HCl: licensed from Eli Lilly in 2004. Oral Vancocin is an antibiotic for treatment of staphylococcal enterocolitis and antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis caused by Clostridium difficile. Maribavir is an oral antiviral drug candidate licensed from GlaxoSmithKline in 2003 for the prevention and treatment of human cytomegalovirus disease in hematopoietic stem cell/bone marrow transplant patients
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ViroPharma In February 2006, announced that the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had granted the company fast track status for maribavir. In March 2006, the company announced that a Phase II study with maribavir demonstrated that prophylaxis with maribavir displays strong antiviral activity, as measured by statistically significant reduction in the rate of reactivation of CMV in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell/bone marrow transplants. In an intent-to-treat analysis of the first 100 days after the transplant, the number of subjects who required pre-emptive anti-CMV therapy was statistically significantly reduced (p-value = 0.051 to 0.001) in each of the maribavir groups compared to the placebo group (57% for placebo vs. 15%, 30%, and 15% for maribavir 100 mg twice daily, 400 mg daily, and 400 mg twice daily, respectively). conducted a Phase III clinical study to evaluate the prophylactic use for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in recipients of allogeneic stem cell transplant patients. In February 2009, announced that the Phase III study failed to achieve its goal, showing no significant difference between maribavir and a placebo in reducing the rate of CMV disease. Oral pleconaril was ViroPharma's first compound, licensed from Sanofi in 1995. Pleconaril is active against viruses in the picornavirus family. ViroPharma's first indication was for enteroviral meningitis, but that indication was abandoned when the clinical trials did not demonstrate efficacy
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ViroPharma In 2001, submitted a New Drug Application of pleconaril to the FDA for the common cold. On 2002-03-19, the FDA Antiviral Advisory Committee recommended that the company had failed to show adequate safety, and the FDA subsequently issued a not-approvable letter. In November 2003, licensed pleconaril to Schering-Plough, who are developing an intranasal formulation for the common cold and asthma exacerbations. (Schering-Plough Development Pipeline). In August 2006, Schering-Plough started a Phase II clinical trial.
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Instability index The is a measure of proteins, used to determine whether it will be stable in a test tube. If the index is less than 40, then it is probably stable in the test tube. If it is greater (for example, enaptin) then it is probably not stable. The instability index is also used to calculate risk in agriculture.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3461106
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Polarite (Pd,(Bi,Pb)), is an opaque, yellow-white mineral. Its crystals are orthorhombic pyramidal, but can only be seen through a microscope. It has a metallic luster and leaves a white streak. is rated 3.5 to 4 on the Mohs Scale. It was first described in 1969 for an occurrence in Talnakh, Norilsk in the Polar Ural Mountains in Russia. It has also been recorded from the Bushveld igneous complex of South Africa and from Fox Gulch, Goodnews Bay, Alaska.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3463692
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ZINDO is a semi-empirical quantum chemistry method used in computational chemistry. It is a development of the INDO method. It stands for Zerner's Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap, as it was developed by Michael Zerner and his coworkers in the 1970s. Unlike INDO, which was really restricted to organic molecules and those containing the atoms B to F, covers a wide range of the periodic table, even including the rare-earth elements. There are two distinct versions of the method: The original BIGSPEC program from the Zerner group is not widely available, but the method is implemented in HyperChem, ORCA, in part, in Gaussian, and in SCIGRESS. To obtain good results, it is frequently necessary to fit the parameters to a given molecule, thereby making it ideal only in semi-empirical calculations.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3464419
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SINDO SINDO, or actually SINDO1, iNews 1 FM is one of many semi-empirical quantum chemistry methods. It stands for symmetric orthogonalised INDO and was developed by K. Jug and coworkers. Like MINDO, it is a development of the INDO method. The main development is the inclusion of d orbitals for atoms of the second row of the periodic table. It performs better for hypervalent compounds than other semiempirical methods.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3464865
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NDDO In computational chemistry, (neglect of diatomic differential overlap) is a formalism that was first introduced by John Pople and it is now the basis of most successful semiempirical methods. While INDO added all one-centre two electron integrals to the CNDO/2 formalism, adds all two centre integrals for repulsion between a charge distribution on one centre and a charge distribution on another centre. Otherwise the zero-differential overlap approximation is used. A common software program is MOPAC (Molecular Orbital PACkage). In the Neglect of Diatomic Differential Overlap (NDDO) method the overlap matrix S is replaced by the unit matrix. This allows one to replace the Hartree–Fock secular equation |H–ES| = 0 with a simpler equation |H–E|=0. The two-electron integrals from the approximation can either be one-, two-, three- or four-centered. The one-and two-centered integrals are evaluated approximately or parameterized based on the experimental data while the three- and four-centered integrals vanish. Usually, only the valence electrons are treated quantum mechanically while the role of core electrons is to reduce the nuclear charge. Semiempirical calculations are usually carried out in a minimal basis set.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3465002
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Quadratic configuration interaction (QCI) is an extension of configuration interaction that corrects for size-consistency errors in single and double excitation CI methods (CISD). Size-consistency means that the energy of two non-interacting (i.e. at large distance apart) molecules calculated directly will be the sum of the energies of the two molecules calculated separately. This method called QCISD was developed in the group of John Pople. It gives results that are comparable to the coupled cluster method, CCSD. QCISD can be improved by the same perturbative inclusion of unlinked triples to give QCISD(T). This gives similar results to CCSD(T).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3465323
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Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is a sewage treatment configuration applied to activated sludge systems for the removal of phosphate. The common element in EBPR implementations is the presence of an anaerobic tank (nitrate and oxygen are absent) prior to the aeration tank. Under these conditions a group of heterotrophic bacteria, called polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAO) are selectively enriched in the bacterial community within the activated sludge. In the subsequent aerobic phase, these bacteria can accumulate large quantities of polyphosphate within their cells and the removal of phosphorus is said to be "enhanced". Generally speaking, all bacteria contain a fraction (1-2%) of phosphorus in their biomass due to its presence in cellular components, such as membrane phospholipids and DNA. Therefore, as bacteria in a wastewater treatment plant consume nutrients in the wastewater, they grow and phosphorus is incorporated into the bacterial biomass. When PAOs grow they not only consume phosphorus for cellular components but also accumulate large quantities of polyphosphate within their cells. Thus, the phosphorus fraction of phosphorus accumulating biomass is 5-7%. In mixed bacterial cultures the phosphorus content will be maximal 3 - 4 % on total organic mass. If additional chemical precipitation takes place, for example to reach discharge limits, the P-content could be higher, but that is not affected by EBPR
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3470484
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Enhanced biological phosphorus removal This biomass is then separated from the treated (purified) water at end of the process and the phosphorus is thus removed. Thus if PAOs are selectively enriched by the EBPR configuration, considerably more phosphorus is removed, compared to the relatively poor phosphorus removal in conventional activated sludge systems.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3470484
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Restricted open-shell Hartree–Fock (ROHF) is a variant of Hartree–Fock method for open shell molecules. It uses doubly occupied molecular orbitals as far as possible and then singly occupied orbitals for the unpaired electrons. This is the simple picture for open shell molecules but it is difficult to implement. The foundations of the ROHF method were first formulated by Clemens C. J. Roothaan in a celebrated paper and then extended by various authors, see e.g. for in-depth discussions. As with restricted Hartree–Fock theory for closed shell molecules, it leads to Roothaan equations written in the form of a generalized eigenvalue problem Where F is the so-called Fock matrix (which is a function of C), C is a matrix of coefficients, S is the overlap matrix of the basis functions, and formula_2 is the (diagonal, by convention) matrix of orbital energies. Unlike restricted Hartree–Fock theory for closed shell molecules, the form of the Fock matrix is not unique. Different so-called canonicalisations can be used leading to different orbitals and different orbital energies, but the same total wavefunction, total energy, and other observables. In contrast to unrestricted Hartree–Fock (UHF), the ROHF wave function is a satisfactory eigenfunction of the total spin operator - formula_3 (i.e. no Spin contamination). Developing post-Hartree–Fock methods based on a ROHF wave function is inherently more difficult than using a UHF wave function, due to the lack of a unique set of molecular orbitals
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Restricted open-shell Hartree–Fock However, different choices of reference orbitals have shown to provide similar results, and thus many different post-Hartree–Fock methods have been implemented in a variety of electronic structure packages. Many (but not all) of these post-Hartree–Fock methods are completely invariant with respect to orbital choice (assuming that no orbitals are "frozen" and thus not correlated). The ZAPT2 version of Møller–Plesset perturbation theory specifies the choice of orbitals.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3474088
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AMPAC is a general-purpose semiempirical quantum chemistry program. It is marketed by Semichem, Inc. and was developed originally by Michael Dewar and his group. The first version of (2.1) was made available in 1985 through the Quantum Chemistry Program Exchange (QCPE). Subsequent versions were released through the same source, representing minor updates and optimized versions for other platforms. In 1992, Semichem, Inc. was formed at Professor Dewar's urging to maintain and market the program. 4.0 with Graphical User Interface was released in August of that year. Semichem's current version of is 9.2. current implements the SAM1, AM1, MNDO, MNDO/d, PM3, MNDOC MINDO/3, RM1 and PM6 semi-empirical methods. See this page for a detailed description of AMPAC's current capabilities.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3474975
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Fernando de Buen y Lozano (10 October 1895 – 6 May 1962) was a Spanish ichthyologist and oceanographer. He lived in Mexico, Uruguay, and Chile. In Uruguay, he was the director of the Department of Science at the Oceanography and Fisheries Service as well as Professor of Hydrobiology and Protozoology in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. He was an honorary foreign member of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3476318
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Born–von Karman boundary condition Born–von Karman boundary conditions are periodic boundary conditions which impose the restriction that a wave function must be periodic on a certain Bravais lattice. Named after Max Born and Theodore von Kármán. This condition is often applied in solid state physics to model an ideal crystal. Born and von Karman published a series of articles in 1912 and 1913 that presented one of the first theories of specific heat of solids based on the crystaline hypothesis and included these boundary conditions. The condition can be stated as where "i" runs over the dimensions of the Bravais lattice, the a are the primitive vectors of the lattice, and the "N" are integers (assuming the lattice has "N" cells where "N=NNN"). This definition can be used to show that for any lattice translation vector T such that: Note, however, the Born–von Karman boundary conditions are useful when "N" are large (infinite). The is important in solid state physics for analyzing many features of crystals, such as diffraction and the band gap. Modeling the potential of a crystal as a periodic function with the and plugging in Schrödinger's equation results in a proof of Bloch's theorem, which is particularly important in understanding the band structure of crystals.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3476372
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Klippe A klippe (German for cliff or crag) is a geological feature of thrust fault terrains. The klippe is the remnant portion of a nappe after erosion has removed connecting portions of the nappe. This process results in an outlier of exotic, often nearly horizontally translated strata overlying autochthonous strata. Examples of klippes include: Klippes may also be found in the Pre-Alps of Switzerland and some of the isolated mountains in Assynt, Sutherland, in NW Scotland.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3476624
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Immunoscreening "Immunoscreening" is a method of biotechnology to detect a polypeptide produced from a cloned gene. The term encompasses several different techniques designed for protein identification, for example Western blotting. Clones are screened for the presence of the gene product (a protein). This strategy requires first that a gene library is implemented in an expression vector, and that antiserum to the protein is available. Radioactivity or an enzyme is coupled generally with the secondary antibody. The radioactivity/enzyme linked secondary antibody can be purchased commercially and can detect different antigens. In commercial diagnostics labs, labelled primary antibodies are also used.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3479178
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Polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) are a group of bacteria that, under certain conditions, facilitate the removal of large amounts of phosphorus from wastewater in a process, called enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). PAOs accomplish this removal of phosphate by accumulating it within their cells as polyphosphate. PAOs are by no means the only bacteria that can accumulate polyphosphate within their cells and in fact, the production of polyphosphate is a widespread ability among bacteria. However, the PAOs have many characteristics that other organisms that accumulate polyphosphate do not have, that make them amenable to use in wastewater treatment. Specifically, this is the ability to consume simple carbon compounds (energy source) without the presence of an external electron acceptor (such as nitrate or oxygen) by generating energy from internally stored polyphosphate and glycogen. Most other bacteria cannot consume under these conditions and therefore PAOs gain a selective advantage within the mixed microbial community present in the activated sludge. Therefore, wastewater treatment plants that operate for enhanced biological phosphorus removal have an anaerobic tank (where there is no nitrate or oxygen present as external electron acceptor) prior to the other tanks to give PAOs preferential access to the simple carbon compounds in the wastewater that is influent to the plant. A PAO related to the "Betaproteobacteria" has been identified and named Candidatus Accumulibacter Phosphatis
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Polyphosphate-accumulating organisms Accumulibacter has been shown to remove phosphorus from EBPR plants in Australia, Europe and the USA. It can consume a range of carbon compounds, such as acetate and propionate, under anaerobic conditions and store these compounds as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) which it consumes as a carbon and energy source for growth using oxygen or nitrate as electron acceptor. Recently, another PAO related to the "Actinobacteria" has been identified in wastewater treatment plants. These organisms appear to be limited to certain amino acids as carbon and energy source. The storage compound that they use to store the amino acids that these organisms take up under anaerobic conditions has not been identified. These bacteria have been observed in some EBPR plants in Denmark (where they were discovered) but their wider distribution is unknown.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3479299
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Xifengite (FeSi) is a rare metallic iron silicide mineral. The crystal system of xifengite is hexagonal. It has a specific gravity of 6.45 and a Mohs hardness of 5.5. It occurs as steel gray inclusions within other meteorite derived nickel iron mineral phases. It was first described in 1984 and named for the eastern passageway, Xifengkou, of the Great Wall of China. The type locality is the Yanshan meteorite of the Hebei Province, China. It has also been reported from dredgings along the East Pacific Rise. The other known natural iron silicide minerals are gupeiite (FeSi), hapkeite (FeSi), linzhiite (FeSi), luobusaite (FeSi), naquite (FeSi), suessite (Fe,Ni)Si, and zangboite (TiFeSi).
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David P. Craig David Parker Craig (23 December 1919 – 1 July 2015) was an Australian chemist who was Emeritus Professor at the Australian National University in Canberra, where he was the Foundation Professor of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry in the Research School of Chemistry. Born in Sydney, Craig was educated at the University of Sydney, receiving a Bachelor of Science with Honours in 1940 and a Master of Science in 1941. He was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of London in 1949. He was a captain in the Second Australian Imperial Force from 1942 to 1944. Craig was a Lecturer in physical chemistry, at the University of Sydney from 1944 to 1946, a Turner and Newall Research Fellow and Lecturer at University College, London from 1946 to 1952, Professor in physical chemistry at the University of Sydney from 1952 to 1956 and Professor in theoretical chemistry at University College, London from 1956 to 1967. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society, the Royal Society of New South Wales, the Australian Academy of Science, a former President of AAS, and a Member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science. In 1985 he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) "in recognition of service to the community, particularly in the field of physical chemistry", and was a recipient of the Centenary Medal "for service to Australian society and science in theoretical chemistry". Aged 95, Craig died on 1 July 2015 at Calvary Hospital in Canberra.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3489230
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Gold nanocage Gold Nanocages are hollow, porous gold nanoparticles ranging in size from 10 to over 150 nm. They are created by reacting silver nanoparticles with chloroauric acid (HAuCl) in boiling water. Whereas gold nanoparticles absorb light in the visible spectrum of light (at about 550 nm), gold nanocages absorb light in the near-infrared, where biological tissues absorb the least light. Because they are also biocompatible, gold nanocages are promising as a contrast agent for optical coherence tomography. Gold nanocages also absorb light and heat up (Photothermal effect), killing surrounding cancer cells. Nanocages have been functionalized with cancer-specific antibodies.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3492393
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Ostro (, , , ), or Austro, is a southerly wind in the Mediterranean Sea, especially the Adriatic. Its name is Italian, derived from the Latin name "Auster", which also meant a southerly wind. It is a warm and humid wind that often carries rain, but it is also sometimes identified with the Libeccio and Scirocco.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3493579
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Mario Benazzi (Cento, August 29, 1902 – Pisa, December 6, 1997) was an Italian zoologist, professor at the Istituto di Zoologia e Anatomia Comparata of the University of Pisa. He published work on platyhelminths and evolutionary cytogenetics. Benazzi is honoured in the polychaete name "Diurodrilus benazzii" Gerlach, 1952 and in the copepod name "Colobomatus benazzii" Delamare Deboutteville & Nunes Ruivo, 1958. In 1971, he was elected a national member of the Accademia dei Lincei.
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Tycho Brahe (Martian crater) Tycho Brahe is a crater on Mars named after the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546–1601). It is located in the Cerberus hemisphere around 49.8° south and 213.9° west, in an area which is south of the Martz crater and east of the Hellas Basin. It measures approximately 105 kilometers in diameter. The name was adopted by IAU's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature in 1973.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3501514
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Theodore Cantor Theodore Edward (Theodor Edvard) Cantor (1809–1860) was a Danish physician, zoologist and botanist. Born to a Danish Jewish family, his mother was a sister of Nathaniel Wallich. Cantor worked for the British East India Company, and made natural history collections in Penang and Malacca. Cantor was the first Western scientist to describe the Siamese fighting fish. In the scientific field of herpetology he described many new species of reptiles and amphibians. Species first described by Cantor include "Bungarus bungaroides" (1839), "Bungarus lividus" (1839), "Channa argus" (1842), "Elaphe rufodorsata" (1842), "Euprepiophis mandarinus" (1842), "Hippocampus comes" (1850), "Lycodon effraenis" (1847), "Misgurnus anguillicaudatus" (1842), "Naja atra" (1842), "Oligodon albocinctus" (1839), "Oligodon cyclurus" (1839), "Ophiophagus hannah" (1836), "Oreocryptophis porphyracea" (1839), "Pareas monticola" (1839), "Protobothrops mucrosquamatus" (1839), "Ptyas dhumnades" (1842), and "Trimeresurus erythrurus" (1839). The genus "Cantoria" with the type species "Cantoria violacea" is named in Cantor's honour, as are "Pelochelys cantorii", commonly known as Cantor's giant softshell turtle, and "Trimeresurus cantori", commonly known as the Cantor's pit viper. He was the author of:
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Boris Rohdendorf Boris Borissovich Rohdendorf (12 July 1904 – 21 November 1977) was a Russian entomologist and curator at the Zoological Museum at the University of Moscow. He attained the position of head of the Laboratory of Arthropods, Paleontological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (now Russian Academy of Sciences) in Moscow. A student of Andrey Martynov, he was a prolific taxonomist who described numerous new taxa, including fossil Diptera, and published important syntheses on fossil insects. His work is being extensively revised by the current generation of Russian paleoentomologists.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3506486
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Řež () is a village (a part of Husinec municipality) in Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It is located in valley of the Vltava River 11 km northwest from centre of Prague. According to the 2001 census the population was 722. is the site of a nuclear research centre and a chemical factory. In August 2002 there was a serious flood which damaged the site. has a good railway connection by Prague - Kralupy nad Vltavou line. The stop is located on the opposite (left) bank of the Vltava River and is accessible by a pedestrian bridge. An 18 km ride from Masaryk Station takes up 24 minutes. 1995. "40 Years on: Rez Institute Underpins Czech Programme". "Nuclear Engineering International". no. 491: 46. Official sites
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Christian Christiansen (9 October 1843 in Lønborg, Denmark – 28 November 1917 Frederiksberg) was a Danish physicist. Christiansen first taught at the local polytechnical school. In 1886, he was appointed to a chair for physics at the University of Copenhagen. He mainly studied radiant heat and optical dispersion, discovering the Christiansen effect (Christiansen filter). Around 1917, he discovered the anomalous dispersion of numerous dyes, including aniline red (fuchsine), by recording absorption spectra. In 1884, he confirmed the Stefan–Boltzmann law. Christiansen was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1902. He was doctoral advisor to Niels Bohr. In 1912, he retired and Martin Knudsen became professor.
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Brassite is a rare arsenate mineral with the chemical formula Mg(AsOOH)·4(HO). It was named brassite, in 1973, to honor French chemist R`ejane Brasse, who first synthesized the compound. The type locality for brassite is Jáchymov of the Czech Republic. It occurs as an alteration of magnesium carbonate minerals by arsenic bearing solutions. It occurs associated with pharmacolite, picropharmacolite, weilite, haidingerite, rauenthalite, native arsenic, realgar and dolomite. Czech Republic: France: Germany:
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Aluminium gallium phosphide Aluminium gallium phosphide, (Al,Ga)P, a phosphide of aluminium and gallium, is a semiconductor material. It is an alloy of aluminium phosphide and gallium phosphide. It is used to manufacture light-emitting diodes emitting green light.
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Gallium arsenide phosphide () is a semiconductor material, an alloy of gallium arsenide and gallium phosphide. It exists in various composition ratios indicated in its formula by the fraction "x". is used for manufacturing red, orange and yellow light-emitting diodes. It is often grown on gallium phosphide substrates to form a GaP/GaAsP heterostructure. In order to tune its electronic properties, it may be doped with nitrogen (GaAsP:N).
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Sarma (wind) Sarma is the name for the wind at the western shore of Lake Baikal. It is named after the Sarma River and originates in its valley. This wind is the coldest and the strongest one in Baikal region. Its speed may exceed 40 meters per second.
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International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology The (IUBMB) is an international non-governmental organisation concerned with biochemistry and molecular biology. Formed in 1955 as the International Union of Biochemistry, the union has presently 79 member countries (as of 2020). The Union is devoted to promoting research and education in biochemistry and molecular biology throughout the world and gives particular attention to areas where the subject is still in its early development The first Congress of Biochemistry was held in 1949 in Cambridge, UK, and was inspired by German-born British biochemist Sir Hans Adolf Krebs as a means of bringing together biochemists who had been separated by World War II from collaborating. At the time, biochemistry was blossoming as a discipline and was seeking its own recognition as a Union within the International Council for Science (ICSU). The Congress was a first step to recognize Biochemistry as a separate discipline and entity. At the final session of this congress, the International Committee of Biochemistry was set up with 20 members from 14 countries with the goal obtaining from the ICSU ‘recognition as the international body representative of biochemistry, with a view to the formal constitution of an International Union of Biochemistry as soon as possible’. Discussions continued over the next few years, and by the third Congress of Biochemistry, which took place in Brussels in 1955, the International Union of Biochemistry (IUB) was formed and officially admitted to the ICSU
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International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology In 1991, the IUB changed its name to the (IUBMB). The IUBMB unites biochemists and molecular biologists in 79 countries that belong to the IUBMB as an Adhering Body or Associate Adhering Body represented by a biochemical society, a national research council or an academy of sciences . It also represents the regional organizations , Federation of Asian Oceanian Biochemists and Molecular Biologists (FAOBMB), Federation of European Biochemical Societies (FEBS), and Pan-American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (PABMB). IUBMB organizes a triennial Congress of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and sponsors three annual Focussed Meetings. In addition, it supports symposia, educational activities (including the Tang Fellowships), award lectures (including Jubilee Lectures), and travel grants for students around the world. The IUBMB is committed to providing training opportunities to biochemists and molecular biologists around the world. The Wood Whelan Research fellowship, established in honor of past-Presidents Harland G. Wood and William Joseph Whelan, provides opportunities for students to travel to a laboratory in a different country to work on a specified project. Mid Career Fellowships provide a similar opportunity to early career investigators. The IUBMB collaborates with American Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology to offer PROLAB fellowships to provide opportunities for Latin American students to study in the US
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International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology The IUBMB publishes standards on biochemical nomenclature, including Enzyme Commission number nomenclature, in some cases jointly with the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The enzyme nomenclature scheme was developed in 1955 at the International Congress of Biochemistry and, with the addition of translocases in 2018, contains 7 classes of enzymes . The IUBMB is associated with the journals "IUBMB Life", "Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education" (formerly "Biochemical Education"), "BioEssays", "BioFactors", "Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry", "Molecular Aspects of Medicine" and "Trends in Biochemical Sciences". The publishing program supports the IUBMB's mission of fostering growth and advancement of biochemistry and molecular biology as the foundation from which the biomolecular sciences derive their basic ideas and techniques in the service of humanity.
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Global Sea Level Observing System Established in 1985, The (GLOSS) is an Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission program whose purpose is to measure sea level globally for long-term climate change studies. The program's purpose has changed since the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the program now collects real time measurements of sea level. The project is currently upgrading the over 290 stations it currently runs, so that they can send real time data via satellite to newly set up national tsunami centres. They are also fitting the stations with solar panels so they can continue to operate even if the mains power supply is interrupted by severe weather. The does not compete with Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis as most GLOSS transducers are located close to land masses while DART's transducers are far out in the ocean. "GLOSS provides oversight and coordination for global and regional sea level networks in support of, and with direction from, the oceanographic and climate research communities." The Global Sea Level Observation System utilizes 290 tide gauge stations and watches over 90 countries and territories to have a global coverage. The research that is provided by GLOSS is important for many things including research into sea level change and ocean circulation, coastal protection during events such as storm surges, providing flood warning and monitoring tsunamis, tide tables for port operations, fisherman, and recreation, to define datums for national or state boundaries
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Global Sea Level Observing System GLOSS Core Network The operation and maintenance of the GLOSS Core Network fulfills a range of research and operational requirements for the GLOSS Network. The goal of this network is to be 100% effective. Each gauge that is placed may differ in some aspects, in terms of having its own way of gathering and recording data.
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Lucas cell A is a type of scintillation counter. It is used to acquire a gas sample, filter out the radioactive particulates through a special filter and then count the radioactive decay. The inside of the gas chamber is coated with ZnS(Ag) - a chemical that emits light when struck by alpha particles. A photomultiplier tube at the top of the chamber counts the photons and sends the count to a data logger. A can be used to measure radon gas concentrations. Radon itself is an inert gas. Its danger lies in the fact that it undergoes radioactive decay. The radon decay products may lodge in the lungs and bombard them with alpha and beta particles, thus increasing the risk of lung cancer.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3518454
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Isothermal–isobaric ensemble The isothermal–isobaric ensemble (constant temperature and constant pressure ensemble) is a statistical mechanical ensemble that maintains constant temperature formula_1 and constant pressure formula_2 applied. It is also called the formula_3-ensemble, where the number of particles formula_4 is also kept as a constant. This ensemble plays an important role in chemistry as chemical reactions are usually carried out under constant pressure condition. The NPT ensemble is also useful for measuring the equation of state of model systems whose virial expansion for pressure cannot be evaluated, or systems near first-order phase transitions. The partition function for the formula_3-ensemble can be derived from statistical mechanics by beginning with a system of formula_6 identical atoms described by a Hamiltonian of the form formula_7 and contained within a box of volume formula_8. This system is described by the partition function of the canonical ensemble in 3 dimensions: where formula_10, the thermal de Broglie wavelength (formula_11 and formula_12 is the Boltzmann constant), and the factor formula_13 (which accounts for indistinguishability of particles) both ensure normalization of entropy in the quasi-classical limit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3521038
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Isothermal–isobaric ensemble It is convenient to adopt a new set of coordinates defined by formula_14 such that the partition function becomes If this system is then brought into contact with a bath of volume formula_16 at constant temperature and pressure containing an ideal gas with total particle number formula_17 such that formula_18, the partition function of the whole system is simply the product of the partition functions of the subsystems: The integral over the formula_20 coordinates is simply formula_21. In the limit that formula_22, formula_23 while formula_24 stays constant, a change in volume of the system under study will not change the pressure formula_25 of the whole system. Taking formula_26 allows for the approximation formula_27. For an ideal gas, formula_28 gives a relationship between density and pressure. Substituting this into the above expression for the partition function, multiplying by a factor formula_29 (see below for justification for this step), and integrating over the volume V then gives The partition function for the bath is simply formula_31. Separating this term out of the overall expression gives the partition function for the formula_3-ensemble: Using the above definition of formula_34, the partition function can be rewritten as which can be written more generally as a weighted sum over the partition function for the canonical ensemble The quantity formula_37 is simply some constant with units of inverse volume, which is necessary to make the integral dimensionless
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3521038
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Isothermal–isobaric ensemble In this case, formula_38, but in general it can take on multiple values. The ambiguity in its choice stems from the fact that volume is not a quantity that can be counted (unlike e.g. the number of particles), and so there is no “natural metric” for the final volume integration performed in the above derivation. This problem has been addressed in multiple ways by various authors, leading to values for C with the same units of inverse volume. The differences vanish (i.e. the choice of formula_37 becomes arbitrary) in the thermodynamic limit, where the number of particles goes to infinity. The formula_3-ensemble can also be viewed as a special case of the Gibbs canonical ensemble, in which the macrostates of the system are defined according to external temperature formula_41 and external forces acting on the system formula_42. Consider such a system containing formula_6 particles. The Hamiltonian of the system is then given by formula_44 where formula_45 is the system's Hamiltonian in the absence of external forces and formula_46 are the conjugate variables of formula_42. The microstates formula_48 of the system then occur with probability defined by where the normalization factor formula_50 is defined by The formula_3-ensemble can be found by taking formula_53 and formula_54. Then the normalization factor becomes where the Hamiltonian has been written in terms of the particle momenta formula_56 and positions formula_57. This sum can be taken to an integral over both formula_58 and the microstates formula_48
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3521038
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Isothermal–isobaric ensemble The measure for the latter integral is the standard measure of phase space for identical particles: formula_60. The integral over formula_61 term is a Gaussian integral, and can be evaluated explicitly as Inserting this result into formula_63 gives a familiar expression: This is almost the partition function for the formula_3-ensemble, but it has units of volume, an unavoidable consequence of taking the above sum over volumes into an integral. Restoring the constant formula_37 yields the proper result for formula_67. From the preceding analysis it is clear that the characteristic state function of this ensemble is the Gibbs free energy, This thermodynamic potential is related to the Helmholtz free energy (logarithm of the canonical partition function), formula_69, in the following way:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3521038
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Tamiaki Yoneya Independently of Joel Scherk and John H. Schwarz, he realized that string theory describes, among other things, the force of gravity. Yoneya has worked on the stringy extension of the uncertainty principle for many years.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3525850
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Source field In theoretical physics, a source field is a field formula_1 whose multiple appears in the action, multiplied by the original field formula_3. Consequently, the source field appears on the right-hand side of the equations of motion (usually second-order partial differential equations) for formula_3. When the field formula_3 is the electromagnetic potential or the metric tensor, the source field is the electric current or the stress–energy tensor, respectively. All Green's functions (correlators) may be formally found via Taylor expansion of the partition sum considered as a function of the source fields. This method is commonly used in the path integral formulation of quantum field theory. The general method by which such source fields can be utilized to obtain propagators in both quantum, statistical-mechanics and other systems is outlined in the article on the partition function.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3526072
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Peter Ascanius (24 May 1723 – 4 June 1803) was a Norwegian biologist. He was born at Aure in Møre og Romsdal, Norway. He was a student of Linnaeus. He taught zoology and mineralogy in Copenhagen from 1759 to 1771, and later worked as a supervisor at the mines in Kongsberg and elsewhere in Norway. Among his published works was the five-volume illustrated "Icones rerum naturalium". He was a Fellow of the Royal Society, elected in 1755 as a Foreign Member. Ascanius first described the giant oarfish in 1772.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3534272
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Werner Kutzelnigg (September 10, 1933 – November 24, 2019) was a prominent Austrian-born theoretical chemist and professor in the Chemistry Faculty, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany. Kutzelnigg was born in Vienna. His most significant contributions were in the following fields: relativistic quantum chemistry, coupled cluster methods, theoretical calculation of NMR chemical shifts, explicitly correlated wavefunctions. He was a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science. He died in Bochum, aged 86.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3536176
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Leo Radom (born 13 December 1944) is a computational chemist and Emeritus Professor of Chemistry at the University of Sydney. He attended North Sydney Boys High School. He has a PhD and a DSc from the University of Sydney and carried out postdoctoral research under the late Sir John Pople. Previously, he was Professor at the Research School of Chemistry at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. He has published over 460 papers. He is fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (1988) and in 2008 was awarded its Craig Medal for contributions of a high order to any branch of chemistry by active researchers. He is a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science (1989). Until 2011, he was President of the World Association of Theoretical and Computational Chemists (WATOC) and organised the WATOC 2008 Conference in Sydney, Australia. In 2001, Radom was awarded the Centenary Medal "for service to Australian society and science in computational quantum chemistry". In 2019, Radom was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia "for eminent service to science, particularly to computational chemistry, as an academic, author and mentor, and to international scientific bodies".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3536249
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Chen Yung-Jui received his BS in Physics from National Tsing Hua University in 1969 and Ph.D. in Physics at the University of Pennsylvania (1976). After a brief postdoctoral period at Penn, he joined the Advanced Microelectronic Laboratory at McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. in 1977. From 1980 to 1987, Dr. Chen conducted fiber optical communications related research at GTE Laboratories. During the ten years in industry, he worked on MOS/MNOS VLSI technology, wafer scale integration, Ultra-fast optical spectroscopy, nonlinear optics of semiconductors and organic polymers, integrated optics and optoelectronic devices. In 1987, he moved to academe and became one of the founding faculty members of the Department of Electrical Engineering at University of Maryland, Baltimore County. Dr. Chen is currently the UMBC Presidential Research Professor, a full professor of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering and the Director of Photonics Technology Laboratory. His group's current research interest covers photonic integrated device design, processing, testing, material sciences and physics, WDM broadband optical communications and networking. Dr. Chen is a fellow of Optical Society of America and Photonics Society of Chinese Americans, senior member of IEEE and member of American Physical Society.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3536725
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Trygve Helgaker (born August 11, 1953 in Porsgrunn, Norway) is professor of chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Norway. He is a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science, 2005. He has written more than 200 scientific papers, and the book, "Molecular Electronic-Structure Theory" (Trygve Helgaker, Poul Jørgensen, and Jeppe Olsen, Wiley, Chichester, 2000). He is one of the main authors of the DALTON program.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3536746
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Andrey Vasilyevich Martynov Andrey V. Martynov (21 August 1879 – 29 January 1938) was a Russian entomologist and palaeontologist, a founder of the Russian palaeoentomological school. Originally interested in caddisflies and crustaceans, he later turned his attention to the study of the extensive fossil insect deposits in the territory of the newly established Soviet Union (e.g. Karatau and Sayan Mountains). He was able to interpret fossil insects in terms of comparative morphology of recent species, and his description of the evolutionary relationships of the various insect orders was ahead of its time. A number of major lineages that he proposed are still accepted in current insect classification.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3536752
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Frank M. Carpenter Frank Morton Carpenter (September 6, 1902 – January 18, 1994) received his PhD from Harvard University, and was curator of fossil insects at the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology for 60 years. He studied the Permian fossil insects of Elmo, Kansas, and compared the North American fossil insect fauna with Paleozoic taxa known from elsewhere in the world. A careful and methodical worker, he used venation and mouthparts to determine the relationships of fossil taxa, and was author of the "Treatise" volume on Insects. He reduced the number of extinct insect orders then described from about fifty to nine. Entomologists David Grimaldi and Michael S. Engel consider him "the most influential paleoentomologist of his generation" (Grimaldi and Engel 2005 p. 143). He has been memorialized frequently with patronyms, including the hanging fly "Bittacus carpenteri" Cheng, 1957, the fossil parasitic wasp "Carpenteriana tumida" Yoshimoto, 1975, the fossil snakefly "Fibla carpenteri" Engel, 1995, the fossil ant "Protrechina carpenteri" Wilson, 1985, and the caddisfly "Rhyacophila carpenteri" Milne, 1936. He also taught at the Harvard Extension School.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3537242
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Sphaerobacter is a genus of bacteria. When originally described it was placed in its own subclass (Spahaerobacteridae) within the class Actinobacteria. Subsequently, phylogenetic studies have now placed it in its own order Sphaerobacterales within the phylum Chloroflexi. Up to now there is only one species of this genus known (thermophilus). The closest related cultivated organism to S. Thermophilus is the Thermomicrobium Roseum and has an 87% sequence similarity which indicates that S. Thermophilus is one of the most isolated bacterial species.[4] 4. Pati, A., Labutti, K., Pukall, R., Nolan, M., Glavina Del Rio, T., Tice, H., … Lapidus, A. (2010). Complete genome sequence of thermophilus type strain (S 6022). "Standards in genomic sciences", 2(1), 49–56. doi:10.4056/sigs.601105
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3538896
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Infradian rhythm In chronobiology, an infradian rhythm is a rhythm with a period longer than the period of a circadian rhythm, i.e., with a frequency less than one cycle in 24 hours, such as menstruation, breeding, tidal or seasonal rhythms. In contrast, ultradian rhythms have periods shorter than the period of a circadian rhythm. Several infradian rhythms are known to be caused by hormone stimulation or exogenous factors. For example, seasonal depression, an example of an infradian rhythm occurring once a year, can be caused by the systematic lowering of light levels during the winter.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3541535
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Surface freezing is the appearance of long-range crystalline order in a near-surface layer of a liquid. The surface freezing effect is opposite to a far more common surface melting, or premelting. Surface Freezing was experimentally discovered in melts of alkanes and related chain molecules in the early 1990s independently by two groups. John Earnshaw and his group (Queen's University of Belfast) used light scattering, which did not allow a determination of the frozen layer's thickness, and whether or not it is laterally ordered. A group led by Ben Ocko (Brookhaven National Laboratory), Eric Sirota (Exxon) and Moshe Deutsch (Bar-Ilan University, Israel) discovered independently the same effect, using x-ray surface diffraction which allowed them to show that the frozen layer is a crystalline monolayer, with molecules oriented roughly along the surface normal, and ordered in an hexagonal lattice. A related effect, the existence of a smectic phase at the surface of a nematic liquid bulk was observed in liquid crystals by Jens Als-Nielsen (Risø National Laboratory, Denmark) and Peter Pershan (Harvard University) in the early 1980s. However, the surface layer there was neither ordered, nor confined to a single layer. has since been found in a wide range of chain molecules and at various interfaces: liquid-air, liquid-solid and liquid-liquid.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3552981
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Isoscalar In particle physics, isoscalar refers to the scalar transformation of a particle or field under the SU(2) group of isospin. It is a singlet state, with total Isospin 0 and the third component of Isospin 0, much like a singlet state in a 2-particle addition of Spin. See also isovector.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3559700
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Isovector In particle physics, isovector refers to the vector transformation of a particle under the SU(2) group of isospin. An isovector state is a triplet state with total isospin 1, with the third component of isospin either 1, 0, or -1, much like a triplet state in the two-particle addition of Spin. See also Isoscalar.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3559710
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