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Beach ridge A beach ridge is a wave-swept or wave-deposited ridge running parallel to a shoreline. It is commonly composed of sand as well as sediment worked from underlying beach material. The movement of sediment by wave action is called "littoral transport". Movement of material parallel to the shoreline is called "longshore transport". Movement perpendicular to the shore is called "on-offshore transport". A beach ridge may be capped by, or associated with, sand dunes. The height of a beach ridge is effected by wave size and energy. A fall in water level (or an uplift of land) can isolate a beach ridge from the body of water that created it. Isolated beach ridges may be found along dry lakes in the western United States and inland of the Great Lakes of North America, where they formed at the end of the last ice age when lake levels were much higher due to glacial melting and obstructed outflow caused by glacial ice. Some isolated beach ridges are found in parts of Scandinavia, where glacial melting relieved pressure on land masses and resulted in subsequent crustal lifting or post-glacial rebound. A rise in water level can submerge beach ridges created at an earlier stage, causing them to erode and become less distinct. Beach ridges can become routes for roads and trails. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4654699 |
Jean Pierre Mégnin (18 January 1828 – 30 December 1905) was a French army veterinarian and entomologist. He is best known for his work with dogs and forensic entomology. Mégnin, born in Herimoncourt (Doubs), went to school at the Ecole d'Alfort from 1849 until his graduation in 1853. In 1855, he became an army veterinarian and was, sometime, Professor of Zoology at the School of Veterinary Medicine in Vincennes. His life spanned three periods of the history of France. In 1879 Mégnin was elected President of the Société Entomologique de France. He became a member of the French Academy of Medicine in 1893. The dog breed name Beauceron was used for the first time by Pierre Megnin in his 1888 book on war dogs; previously known as "Berger de la Brie" for long-coated dogs and "Berger de la Beauce" for short-coated dogs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4658483 |
Föhn cloud A is any cloud associated with a föhn, usually an orographic cloud, a mountain wave cloud, or a lenticular cloud. Föhn is a regional term referring to winds in the Alps. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4662308 |
Georgiaite is a form or type of tektite. They are found in part of the 34-million-year-old North American strewnfield coming from the Chesapeake Bay impact crater. Two strewnfields and tektite groups are associated with this impact: the black Bediasites in Texas and the green Georgiaites in Georgia. Georgiaites occur in east-central Georgia, with approximately 1000 specimens found to date. They are splash-form tektites. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4666698 |
Kaye effect The is a property of complex liquids which was first described by the British engineer Alan Kaye in 1963. While pouring one viscous mixture of an organic liquid onto a surface, the surface suddenly spouted an upcoming jet of liquid which merged with the downgoing one. This phenomenon has since been discovered to be common in all shear-thinning liquids (liquids which thin under shear stress). Common household liquids with this property are liquid hand soaps, shampoos and non-drip paint. The effect usually goes unnoticed, however, because it seldom lasts more than about 300 milliseconds. The effect can be sustained by pouring the liquid onto a slanted surface, preventing the outgoing jet from intersecting the downward one (which tends to end the effect). It is thought to occur when the downgoing stream "slips" off the pile it is forming, and due to a thin layer of shear-thinned liquid acting as a lubricant, does not combine with the pile. When the slipping stream reaches a dimple in the pile, it will shoot off it like a ramp, creating the effect. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4672204 |
Danilova (crater) Maria Danilova, Russian ballet dancer, (b. 1793) is honored by the impact crater Danilova on Venus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4672978 |
De Lalande (crater) De Lalande is a multiring impact crater on Venus. It has a diameter of and wall width of . The crater has an outer rim but no peak and is in close proximity to the volcano Gula Mons. The de Lalande crater is named after the French astronomer Marie-Jeanne de Lalande (1768-1832), illegitimate daughter of astronomer Joseph Jerome de Lalande (1732-1807). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4673091 |
Addams (crater) Addams is a crater on Venus. It was named after Jane Addams. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4674162 |
Alcott (crater) Alcott is an impact crater on Venus. Lava produced by a volcano at one point filled the crater and altered its rim. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4674242 |
Yablochkina (crater) Yablochkina is an impact crater on Venus. It was named after Aleksandra Yablochkina. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4674276 |
NGC 1156 is a dwarf irregular galaxy in the Aries constellation of the type . It is considered a "Magellanic"-type irregular. The galaxy has a larger than average core, and contains zones of contra-rotating gas. The counter-rotation is thought to be the result of tidal interactions with another gas rich galaxy some time in the past. The AGES survey has discovered a candidate dark galaxy close to NGC 1156, one of only a few so far found. It has a H II nucleus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4674381 |
Mead (crater) Mead is an impact crater on Venus named in honor of the cultural anthropologist Margaret Mead. Mead crater is the largest impact crater on Venus, with a diameter of 280 km (174miles). The crater has an inner and an outer ring and a small ejecta blanket surrounding the outer ring. Mead crater is relatively shallow (likely due to viscous relaxation and infilling) and crater floor looks very similar in morphology to the surrounding plain. Mead is classified as a multi-ring crater with its innermost, concentric scarp being interpreted as the rim of the original crater cavity. No inner peak-ring of mountain massifs is observed on Mead. The presence of hummocky, radar-bright crater ejecta crossing the radar-dark floor terrace and adjacent outer rim scarp suggests that the floor terrace is probably a giant rotated block that is concentric to, but lies outside, the original crater cavity. The flat, somewhat brighter inner floor of Mead is interpreted to result from considerable infilling of the original crater cavity by impact melt and/or by volcanic lavas. To the southeast of the crater rim, emplacement of hummocky ejecta appears to have been impeded by the topography of preexisting ridges, thus suggesting a very low ground-hugging mode of deposition for this material. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4674388 |
Golubkina (crater) Golubkina is a crater on Venus. Golubkina is characterized by terraced inner walls and a central peak, typical of large impact craters on the Earth, Moon, and Mars. The terraced inner walls form at late stages in the formation of an impact crater, due to collapse of the initial cavity formed by the meteorite impact. The central peak forms due to rebound of the inner crater floor. The smoothness of the floor may be due to pounding of volcanic lava flows in the crater floor. The rough, blocky morphology of the crater ejecta and the sharp terraced crater wall suggest that this feature is relatively young. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4674510 |
Guilbert (crater) Guilbert is an impact crater on Venus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4674539 |
Proper frame A proper frame, or comoving frame, is a frame of reference that is attached to an object. The object in this frame is stationary within the frame, which is useful for many types of calculations. For example, a freely falling elevator is a proper frame for a free-falling object in the elevator, while the surface of the Earth is not. Proper frames can be inertial and non-inertial, as in the example above. The use of a proper frame is essential for the investigation of physical laws within the framework of general relativity. The term comoving frame is also a good description of a non-inertial frame, which is useful for many of the same uses as we mentioned previously. One advantage of proper frame and comoving frame is that the two frames must always maintain the same spatial position (i. "in the frame" - e.g. on the same frame of reference). This includes that the frame must always be in position in the spacetime frame and thus the spacetime can be viewed as having "no axis". As our first example of a proper frame, one uses the following frame to find the Earth: The Earth is situated in the center with respect to the observer (or our point of reference) of our next example, the Sun is at the bottom. 𝜕 is described as the set of sets that have the property that the motion vectors of an object are conserved. 𝜕 can be thought of as the set of sets (including proper frames) of all possible motions of a given object, such that a proper frame always results | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4674852 |
Proper frame In quantum field theory and many fields of physics, such as electromagnetism, it is often referred to as the "comoving frame" of a particle. 𝜕 can be thought of as the unique set of frames that are conserved under gravity, allowing that the particles of gravitation do not collapse on an object after the initial contact (for example, they remain in the frame they have been suspended in). An "inertial frame" has an inertial reference vector to a fixed point in the spacetime continuum. For example, suppose I place an object on a horizontal line and extend the line upwards. The line originates at an point x at the center of vertical symmetry in the plane perpendicular to the horizontal plane (and the line continues downwards to the bottom of the vertical line) at x = -X where x is the horizontal line velocity on my line. Then if the object is placed on horizontal line X a new object (with an inertial reference vector perpendicular to the horizontal line) that originates as if it were placed on the horizontal line X would be brought to a line point A at x = -A - x . This would produce a new object that originates vertically from an empty point or point A at point A , i.e. a new object that has a higher momentum than the one that existed at point A . This principle holds whether the point A is horizontal line X, a fixed point such as X at right angles to a line from this plane or any other fixed point, such as the bottom plane of a plane or some part of spacetime | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4674852 |
Proper frame Consider what this means; if I place the object at x = +V there exists a vector of velocities in the plane parallel to that line; I add a vector to the vertical line that points in that direction; and then I continue moving down the same line and point my object on that horizontal line a distance T? This principle holds whether a fixed point is horizontal line X at right angles to a fixed point at a point such as X at right angles with the plane of a horizontal plane. A fixed point would be placed on X using any means suitable for horizontal line X, such as applying a line to the end point of one object that contains an inertial reference vector along that line, applying a line to the end of one object that contains an inertial reference vector along this line on the right side of the plane parallel to the plane, using a line to the centerline or center of a plane, or a line to any other straight straight horizontal line. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4674852 |
Computational chemical methods in solid-state physics follow the same approach as they do for molecules, but with two differences. First, the translational symmetry of the solid has to be utilised, and second, it is possible to use completely delocalised basis functions such as plane waves as an alternative to the molecular atom-centered basis functions. The electronic structure of a crystal is in general described by a band structure, which defines the energies of electron orbitals for each point in the Brillouin zone. Ab initio and semi-empirical calculations yield orbital energies, therefore they can be applied to band structure calculations. Since it is time-consuming to calculate the energy for a molecule, it is even more time-consuming to calculate them for the entire list of points in the Brillouin zone. Calculations can use the Hartree–Fock method, some post-Hartree–Fock methods, particularly Møller–Plesset perturbation theory to second order (MP2) and density functional theory (DFT). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4682019 |
Statistical field theory A statistical field theory is any model in statistical mechanics where the degrees of freedom comprise a field or fields. In other words, the microstates of the system are expressed through field configurations. It is closely related to quantum field theory, which describes the quantum mechanics of fields, and shares with it many phenomena, such as renormalization. If the system involves polymers, it is also known as polymer field theory. In fact, by performing a Wick rotation from Minkowski space to Euclidean space, many results of statistical field theory can be applied directly to its quantum equivalent. The correlation functions of a statistical field theory are called Schwinger functions, and their properties are described by the Osterwalder–Schrader axioms. Statistical field theories are widely used to describe systems in polymer physics or biophysics, such as polymer films, nanostructured block copolymers or polyelectrolytes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4686460 |
Bragg–Gray cavity theory Bragg-Gray cavity theory relates the radiation dose in a cavity volume of material formula_1 to the dose that would exist in a surrounding medium formula_2 in the absence of the cavity volume. It was developed in 1936 by British scientists Louis Harold Gray, William Henry Bragg, and William Lawrence Bragg. Most often, material formula_1 is assumed to be a gas, however Bragg-Gray cavity theory applies to any cavity volume (gas, liquid, or solid) that meets the following Bragg-Gray conditions. When the Bragg-Gray conditions are met, then where In an ionization chamber, the dose to material formula_1 (typically a gas) is where | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4688460 |
Alfred C. Redfield Alfred Clarence Redfield (November 15, 1890 – March 17, 1983) was an American oceanographer known for having discovered the Redfield ratio, which describes the ratio between nutrients in plankton and ocean water. In 1966, he received the Eminent Ecologist Award from the Ecological Society of America. His research was used by James Lovelock in the formulation of the Gaia hypothesis, that "Organisms and their environment evolve as a single, self-regulating system." From 1918 to 1924, Redfield worked with Elizabeth M. Bright on studies that involved the effects of radiation and "Nereis". In collaboration the team published 12 papers. During his doctoral research, he studied the mechanism of horned toad skin coloration, identifying adrenaline as the primary control of skin coloration. He later studied the effects of X rays and radium radiation on the physiological action. Following his graduation, he went on to study marine biology. He studied hemocyanin, which is the blood pigment of many invertebrate species, which binds oxygen, and characterized its physiological behavior. During the 1930s, he discovered that the ratios between phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon of marine plankton are indistinguishable with their proportions in the open ocean. This idea was used to explain some characteristics of the carbon life cycle in the sea. This was one source of his famous aphorism, “Life in the sea cannot be understood without understanding the sea itself | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4690548 |
Alfred C. Redfield " In the 1940, when World War II was taking place, there were some changes that occurred to the Oceanographic. Redfield was selected as the assistant director. At this time he focused on studying how to protect submarines that were submerged from surface ships and aircraft and the issue of polluting ships in marine invertebrates. He and his colleagues came to realize that submarines that have been submerged can regulate their resistance by shutting down its motors and staying quiet for hours. He then came up with an idea of installing bathythermographs which became a huge success. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4690548 |
Abell 400 is a galaxy cluster which contains the galaxy NGC 1128 with two supermassive black holes (3C 75) spiraling towards merger. These two supermassive black holes are contained in NGC 1128. The galaxy, microwave radio jets, multi-million degree X-ray producing gas and resultant radio source is known as 3C 75. X-ray source 2A 0252+060 (1H 0253+058, XRS 02522+060) may be some additional or other portion of Abell 400. The black holes are an estimated 25,000 light years apart, and thus will take millions of years to collide. Should the two supermassive black holes merge, they will form a single super-supermassive black hole. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4698226 |
Gametangium A gametangium (plural: gametangia) is an organ or cell in which gametes are produced that is found in many multicellular protists, algae, fungi, and the gametophytes of plants. In contrast to gametogenesis in animals, a gametangium is a haploid structure and formation of gametes does not involve meiosis. Depending on the type of gamete produced in a gametangium, several types can be distinguished. Female gametangia are most commonly called archegonia. They produce egg cells and are the sites for fertilization. Archegonia are common in algae and primitive plants as well as gymnosperms. In flowering plants, they are replaced by the embryo sac inside the ovule. The male gametangia are most commonly called antheridia. They produce sperm cells that they release for fertilization. Antheridia producing non-motile sperm (spermatia) are called spermatangia. Some antheridia do not release their sperm. For example, the oomycete antheridium is a syncytium with many sperm nuclei and fertilization occurs via fertilization tubes growing from the antheridium and making contact with the egg cells. Antheridia are common in the gametophytes in "lower" plants such as bryophytes, ferns, cycads and ginkgo. In "higher" plants such as conifers and flowering plants, they are replaced by pollen grains. In isogamy, the gametes look alike and cannot be classified into "male" or "female | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4709473 |
Gametangium " For example, in zygomycetes, two gametangia (single multinucleate cells at the end of hyphae) form good contact with each other and fuse into a zygosporangium. Inside the zygosporangium, the nuclei from each of the original two gametangia pair up. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4709473 |
Arend Joan Rutgers (October 20, 1903 in Almelo, Netherlands – September 2, 1998 in Almen) was a Dutch-Belgian physical chemist. went to high school in Almelo, after which he studied chemistry at the University of Amsterdam. He later obtained his master's degree in 1926 he went to Leiden, where he studied theoretical physics under Paul Ehrenfest. In 1930, he obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Leiden and completed a thesis titled ""Bijdrage tot de theorie der thermoelectriciteit in kristallen."" (Contribution to the theory of thermo-electricity in crystals). In 1931, he returned to Amsterdam and worked as a research assistant. In 1933, he became a lecturer at Ghent University in Belgium. In 1938, he was promoted to full professor, and he remained in Ghent until his retirement in 1974. Most of his scientific research was on colloids and surface chemistry, focussing on electrokinetics. Rutgers was elected a correspondent of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1948. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4710382 |
NGC 3953 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. The galaxy is known to exhibit an inner ring structure that encircles the bar. Two supernovae have been identified within NGC 3953: the type Ia supernova SN 2001dp and SN 2006bp. is a member of the M109 Group, a large group of galaxies located within the constellation Ursa Major that may contain over 50 galaxies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4712536 |
3C 75 3C75 (a.k.a. 3C 75) is a binary black hole system in the Abell 400 cluster of galaxies. It has four radio jets (two from each accreting black hole). It is travelling at 1200 kilometers per second through the cluster plasma, causing the jets to be swept back. The binary supermassive black holes are themselves contained in the dumbbell shaped galaxy NGC 1128. may be X-ray source 2A 0252+060 (1H 0253+058, XRS 02522+060). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4716700 |
NGC 1128 is a dumbbell galaxy in the Abell 400 galaxy cluster. At the center of the galaxy is 3C 75, a radio source, and contains two orbiting supermassive black holes that may be merging. Computer simulations indicate that these two black holes will gradually spiral in toward each other until they merge. Lewis Swift is credited with the discovery of in 1886. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4726983 |
Dumbbell Galaxy is a "name" given to galaxies with a double appearance. Examples are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4727094 |
Ligand isomerism is a type of structural isomerism which arises from the presence of ligands which can adopt different isomeric forms. An example is provided by diaminopropane, which may have or surely have amine groups in terminal(1,3)positions or in the 1,2 positions. The position isomer of ligand gives ligand isomerism. This isomerism is a special type of isomerism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4732308 |
Francesco Selmi (7 April 1817 – 13 August 1881) was an Italian chemist and patriot, one of the founders of colloid chemistry. Selmi was born in Vignola, then part of the Duchy of Modena and Reggio. He became head of a chemistry laboratory in Modena in 1840, and a professor of chemical pharmacology and toxicology at the University of Bologna in 1867. He published the first systematic study of inorganic colloids, in particular silver chloride, Prussian blue, and sulfur, in the period 1845–50. He died in Vignola on 13 August 1881. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4733223 |
Adivar (crater) Adivar is an impact crater on Venus, named in honor of Turkish writer and pilot Halide Edip Adıvar. The crater is located just north of the western Aphrodite highland (9 degrees north latitude, 76 degrees east longitude). Surrounding the crater rim is ejected material which appears bright in the radar image due to the presence of rough fractured rock. A much broader area has also been affected by the impact, particularly to the west of the crater. Radar-bright materials, including a jet-like streak just west of the crater, extend for over across the surrounding plains. A darker streak, in a horseshoe or paraboloidal shape, surrounds the bright area. Radar-dark (i.e., smooth) paraboloidal streaks were observed around craters in earlier "Magellan" images, but this is a rare bright crater streak. These unusual streaks, seen only on Venus, are believed to result from the interaction of crater materials (the meteoroid, ejecta, or both) and high-speed winds in the upper atmosphere. The precise mechanism that produces the streaks is poorly understood, but it is clear that the dense atmosphere of Venus plays an important role in the distribution of the ejected material. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4733927 |
Ruth (Venusian crater) Ruth is an impact crater on Venus. The crater, based on data provided by the "Magellan" spacecraft, has an estimated diameter of and an elevation (measured as local planetary radius in kilometers) of . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4734149 |
NGC 5090 and NGC 5091 are a set of galaxies approximately away in the constellation Centaurus. They are in the process of colliding and merging with some evidence of tidal disruption of NGC 5091. NGC 5090 is an elliptical galaxy while NGC 5091 is a barred spiral galaxy. The radial velocity of the nucleus of NGC 5090 has been measured at , while NGC 5091 has a radial velocity of . NGC 5090 is associated with the strong, double radio source PKS 1318-43. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4737856 |
Density contrast The Density Contrast is a parameter used in galaxy formation to indicate where there are local enhancements in matter density. It is believed that after inflation, although the universe was mostly uniform, some regions were slightly denser than others with contrast densities on the order of 1 trillionth. As the horizon distance expanded, the enclosed causally connected (i.e. gravitationally connected) masses increased until they reached the Jeans mass and began to collapse, which allowed galaxies, galaxy clusters, superclusters, and filaments to form. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4740982 |
Peter Galton Peter Malcolm Galton (born 14 March 1942 in London, England) is an American vertebrate paleontologist who has to date written or co-written about 190 papers in scientific journals or chapters in paleontology textbooks, especially on ornithischian and prosauropod dinosaurs. With Robert Bakker in a joint article published in "Nature" in 1974, he argued that dinosaurs constitute a natural monophyletic group, in contrast to the prevailing view that considered them polyphyletic as consisting of two different not closely related orders, thus initiating a revolution in dinosaur studies and contributing to the revival of the popularity of dinosaurs in the field of paleontology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4741936 |
Dynamical Theory of Crystal Lattices is a book in solid state physics, authored collaboratively by Max Born and Kun Huang. The book was originally started by Born in c. 1940, and was finished in the 1950s by Huang in consultation with Born. The text is considered a classical treatise on the subject of lattice dynamics, phonon theory, and elasticity in crystalline solids, but excluding metals and other complex solids with order/disorder phenomena. The book has been reedited many times, the first edition being 1954. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4745968 |
Isenthalpic process An isenthalpic process or isoenthalpic process is a process that proceeds without any change in enthalpy, "H"; or specific enthalpy, "h". In a steady-state, steady-flow process, significant changes in pressure and temperature can occur to the fluid, and yet the process will be isenthalpic if there is no transfer of heat to or from the surroundings, no work done on or by the surroundings, and no change in the kinetic energy of the fluid. (If a steady-state, steady-flow process is analysed using a control volume, everything outside the control volume is considered to be the "surroundings".) The throttling process is a good example of an isenthalpic process. Consider the lifting of a relief valve or safety valve on a pressure vessel. The specific enthalpy of the fluid inside the pressure vessel is the same as the specific enthalpy of the fluid as it escapes from the valve. With a knowledge of the specific enthalpy of the fluid and the pressure outside the pressure vessel, it is possible to determine the temperature and speed of the escaping fluid. In an isenthalpic process: Isenthalpic processes on an ideal gas follow isotherms, since formula_3. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4752147 |
Quantum solid In physics, a quantum solid is a type of solid that is "intrinsically restless", in the sense that atoms continuously vibrate about their position and exchange places even at absolute zero. The archetypal quantum solid is low density solid helium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4759327 |
Museum of Natural History, Lima The Natural History Museum (Museo de Historia Natural) in Lima, is Peru's most important museum of natural history. It was established in 1918 and belongs to the National University of San Marcos. The museum was founded in 1918 by the Faculty of Sciences of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. The first director and founder of the museum was Carlos Rospigliosi. The initial personal of the museum consisted in one curator in chief, and three curators for the areas of Zoology, Botany and Mineralogy. The first scientific expedition was organized by Rospigliosi in April 1918, that collected specimens of fauna, flora and minerals from the departments of Junín and Huánuco. The second expedition was organized by the Geographic Society of Lima in 1920 that included the participation of Swedish geologist and explorer Otto Nordenskiöld. This expedition explored the highlands and foothills of the Andes in the department of Junín. In 1920, the rector of the National University of San Marcos, Dr. Javier Prado, interceded in order to acquire the collections of Antonio Raimondi for the recently created museum. These samples included zoological, botanical and mineralogical specimens. Originally, the museum was located at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences at the campus in "Parque Universitario". In 1934, it moved to its current location on "Av. Arenales" 1256, "Jesús María" in Lima, Peru | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4760263 |
Museum of Natural History, Lima The museum is repository of representative specimens of Peruvian fauna, flora and minerals, including exhibitions of mammals, primates, invertebrates, reptiles, amphibians, birds, plants, fossils, dinosaurs, fish and minerals. Highlights of the collections include: The first publication series was the "Boletín del Museo de Historia Natural" in 1937 aimed to divulge institutional activities and results of scientific research. The "Publicaciones del Museo" series in Zoology, Botany and Geology were published from 1948, the "Memorias del Museo" in 1951 and the "Serie de Divulgación" in 1964. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4760263 |
NOAA's Environmental Real-time Observation Network The NOAA Environmental Real-time Observation Network (NERON) is a project to establish a nationwide network of high quality near real-time weather monitoring stations across the United States. A 20-mile by 20-mile grid has been established, with the hopes of having one observation system within each grid cell. Effort is being put forth by local National Weather Service (NWS) offices and other state climate groups to ensure that sites in the network meet important criteria. The network will be composed of existing, and in some cases upgraded, sites (ASOS, Cooperative Observer, etc.) as well as new sites being established for other local and state efforts. Many stations in New England and New York have already been installed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4761644 |
Joost Tinbergen Joost M. Tinbergen (born 1950 in Groningen) is a Dutch ecologist. Tinbergen is the son of the ornithologist Luuk Tinbergen, and nephew of Nobel Prize–winning brothers Jan and Niko Tinbergen. His older brother is the film-maker Tijs Tinbergen. Tinbergen gained his PhD from the University of Groningen in 1980. His thesis was 'Foraging decisions in Starlings'. He has been professor since 1994. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4762209 |
Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2 (BoHV2) is a virus of the family "Herpesviridae" that causes two diseases in cattle, bovine mammillitis and pseudo-lumpy skin disease. BoHV2 is similar in structure to human herpes simplex virus. Pseudo-lumpy skin disease was originally discovered in South Africa where a similar but more serious disease caused by a poxvirus, lumpy skin disease, is also prevalent. Symptoms include fever and skin nodules on the face, back, and perineum. The disease heals within a few weeks. Bovine mammillitis is characterized by lesions restricted to the teats and udder. BoHV-2 probably spreads through an arthropod vector, but can also be spread through milkers and milking machines. A review publication from 2011 presents a series of controversial but scientifically based conclusions concerning the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the infection, among these that spread among cattle is preferably by the respiratory route, and that skin lesions result from viremic spread to epidermal foci and inflammation due to complement activation by the classical pathway at sites of virus propagation after formation of early antibody to BoHV2. Lesions may be aggravated by low skin temperature (e.g. in edematic or hairless skin areas) causing reduced blood circulation and hampered removal of cell-toxic inflammatory substances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4765289 |
Vertical circle In astronomy, a vertical circle is a great circle on the celestial sphere that is perpendicular to the horizon. Therefore, it contains the vertical direction, passing through the zenith and the nadir. There is a vertical circle for any given azimuth, where azimuth is the angle measured east from the north on the celestial horizon. The vertical circle which is on the east–west direction is called the prime vertical. The vertical circle which is on the north–south direction is called the local celestial meridian (LCM), or principal vertical. Vertical circles are part of the horizontal coordinate system. Instruments like this were more common in 19th century observatories and were important for locating and recording coordinates in the cosmos, and observatories often had various other instruments for certain functions as well as advanced clocks of the period. The popularly known example in the observatories, were the Great refractors which became larger and larger and came to have dominating effect to the point that observatories were moved simply to have better conditions for their biggest telescope, in the modern style where observatories often have one instrument only in a remote location on the Earth or even in outer space. However, in the 19th century it was more basic with observatorys often making recording of coordinates of different items and to determine the shape of the Earth and times. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4792744 |
Index of biotechnology articles This page provides an alphabetical list of articles and other pages (including categories, lists, etc.) about biotechnology. Agrobacterium -- Affymetrix -- Alcoholic beverages -- -- Amgen -- Antibiotic -- Artificial selection Biochemical engineering -- Biochip -- Biodiesel -- Bioengineering -- Biofuel -- Biogas -- Biogen Idec -- Bioindicator -- Bioinformatics -- -- Bioleaching -- Biological agent -- Biological warfare -- Bioluminescence -- Biomimetics -- Bionanotechnology -- Bionics --Biopharmacology -- Biophotonics -- Bioreactor -- Bioremediation -- Biostimulation -- Biosynthesis -- Biotechnology -- -- -- -- Bt corn Cancer immunotherapy -- Cell therapy -- Chimera (genetics) -- Chinese hamster -- Chinese Hamster Ovary cell -- Chiron Corp | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4797745 |
Index of biotechnology articles -- Cloning -- Compost -- Composting -- Convention on Biological Diversity -- Chromatography Directive on the patentability of biotechnological inventions -- DNA microarray -- Dwarfing Enzymes -- Electroporation -- Environmental biotechnology -- Eugenics Fermentation -- Gene knockout -- Gene therapy -- Genentech -- Genetic engineering -- Genetically modified crops --Genetically modified food -- Genetically modified food controversies -- Genetically modified organisms -- Genetics -- Genomics -- Genzyme -- Global Knowledge Center on Crop Biotechnology - Glycomics -- Golden rice -- Green fluorescent protein Human cloning -- Human Genome Project Immunotherapy -- Immune suppression -- Industrial biotechnology -- Interactomics locon Lipidomics MedImmune -- Metabolic engineering -- Metabolomics -- Metagenomics -- Microbial Fuel Cell -- Microfluidics -- Millennium Pharmaceuticals -- Monoclonal antibodies -- Mycofiltration -- Mycoremediation Nanobiotechnology Omics Phosphatases -- Pfizer Inc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4797745 |
Index of biotechnology articles -- Phage therapy -- Pharmacogenomics -- Pharming (genetics) -- Plant-made pharmaceuticals -- Plantibody -- Proteomics Recombinant DNA -- Regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms -- Reporter gene Selective breeding -- Serono -- Shotgun sequencing -- Stem cell -- STR multiplex systems -- Sustainability -- Sustainable development Terminator technology -- Transcriptomics -- Transgenic animal -- Transgenic plants -- Transgenic plant production Use of biotechnology in pharmaceutical manufacturing Vaccine -- Virology Xenotransplantation Zoology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4797745 |
Rheoscopic fluid means "current showing" fluid. Such liquids are effective in visualizing dynamic currents in fluids, such as convection and laminar flow. They are microscopic crystalline platelets such as mica, metallic flakes, or fish scales in suspension in a fluid such as water or glycol stearate. When the fluid is put in motion, the suspended particles orient themselves in localized, preferential alignment, larger parts of the fluid moving sheer parallel to other parts of the fluid. With appropriate illumination, the particle-filled fluid will reflect differing intensities of light, making the movement of the currents visible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4802556 |
Anastasio Alfaro (February 16, 1865 – January 20, 1951) was a Costa Rican zoologist, geologist and explorer. Alfaro was director of the National Museum of Costa Rica, and whilst holding this position arranged the Costa Rican display at the Historical American Exposition in Madrid. Limon worm salamander "Oedipina alfaroi" is named after him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4814673 |
Elysium Mons is a volcano on Mars located in the volcanic province Elysium, at , in the Martian eastern hemisphere. It stands about above its base, and about above the Martian "datum", making it the third tallest Martian mountain in terms of relief and the fourth highest in elevation. Its diameter is about , with a summit caldera about across. It is flanked by the smaller volcanoes Hecates Tholus to the northeast, and Albor Tholus to the southeast. was discovered in 1972 in images returned by the Mariner 9 orbiter. The terrestrial volcano Emi Koussi (in Chad) has been studied as an analog of Elysium Mons. The two shield volcanoes have summit calderas of similar size, but is 3.5 times larger in diameter and 6 times higher than its counterpart on Earth. A 6.5 km diameter crater at 29.674 N, 130.799 E, in the volcanic plains to the northwest of has been identified as a possible source for the nakhlite meteorites, a family of similar basaltic Martian meteorites with cosmogenic ages of about 10.7 Ma, suggesting ejection from Mars by a single impact event. The dates of the igneous rocks of the nakhlites range from 1416 ± 7 Ma to 1322 ± 10 Ma. These dates plus the crater dimensions suggest a growth rate of the source volcano during that interval of 0.4–0.7 m per Ma, far slower than would be expected for a terrestrial volcano. This implies that Martian volcanism had slowed greatly by that point in history. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4814724 |
Microinjection is the use of a glass micropipette to inject a liquid substance at a microscopic or borderline macroscopic level. The target is often a living cell but may also include intercellular space. is a simple mechanical process usually involving an inverted microscope with a magnification power of around 200x (though sometimes it is performed using a dissecting stereo microscope at 40–50x or a traditional compound upright microscope at similar power to an inverted model). For processes such as cellular or pronuclear injection the target cell is positioned under the microscope and two micromanipulators—one holding the pipette and one holding a microcapillary needle usually between 0.5 and 5 µm in diameter (larger if injecting stem cells into an embryo)—are used to penetrate the cell membrane and/or the nuclear envelope. In this way the process can be used to introduce a vector into a single cell. can also be used in the cloning of organisms, in the study of cell biology and viruses, and for treating male subfertility through intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI, ). The use of microinjection as a biological procedure began in the early twentieth century, although even through the 1970s it was not commonly used. By the 1990s, its use had escalated significantly and it is now considered a common laboratory technique, along with vesicle fusion, electroporation, chemical transfection, and viral transduction, for introducing a small amount of a substance into a small target | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4817599 |
Microinjection There are two basic types of microinjection systems. The first is called a "constant flow system" and the second is called a "pulsed flow system". In a constant flow system, which is relatively simple and inexpensive though clumsy and outdated, a constant flow of a sample is delivered from a micropipette and the amount of the sample which is injected is determined by how long the needle remains in the cell. This system typically requires a regulated pressure source, a capillary holder, and either a coarse or a fine micromanipulator. A pulsed flow system, however, allows for greater control and consistency over the amount of sample injected: the most common arrangement for intracytoplasmic sperm injection includes an Eppendorf "Femtojet" injector coupled with an Eppendorf "InjectMan", though procedures involving other targets usually take advantage of much less expensive equipment of similar capability. Because of its increased control over needle placement and movement and in addition to the increased precision over the volume of substance delivered, the pulsed flow technique usually results in less damage to the receiving cell than the constant flow technique. However, the Eppendorf line, at least, has a complex user interface and its particular system components are usually much more expensive than those necessary to create a constant flow system or than other pulsed flow injection systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4817599 |
Microinjection Pronuclear injection is a technique used to create transgenic organisms by injecting genetic material into the nucleus of a fertilized oocyte. This technique is commonly used to study the role of genes using mouse animal models. The pronuclear injection of mouse sperm is one of the two most common methods for producing transgenic animals (along with the genetic engineering of embryonic stem cells). In order for pronuclear injection to be successful, the genetic material (typically linear DNA) must be injected while the genetic material from the oocyte and sperm are separate (i.e., the pronuclear phase). In order to obtain these oocytes, mice are commonly superovulated using gonadotrophins. Once plugging has occurred, oocytes are harvested from the mouse and injected with the genetic material. The oocyte is then implanted in the oviduct of a pseudopregnant animal. While efficiency varies, 10-40% of mice born from these implanted oocytes may contain the injected construct. Transgenic mice can then be bred to create transgenic lines. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4817599 |
John Hunt (oceanographer) John M. Hunt (1 December 1918 – 23 July 2005) was a geologist, chemist, and oceanographer. He worked at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution beginning in 1968. His specialty was petroleum geochemistry, and he wrote the standard textbook "Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4820695 |
PEG-150 hydrogenated jojoba is an ethoxylated version of fully hydrogenated jojoba wax and the most water soluble form of jojoba available. This versatile emollient functions as a secondary emulsifier and provides viscosity adjustments in hair care formulas and fragrance oil solubilization in aqueous solutions. PEG-150 Hydrogenated Jojoba is commonly used in cosmetics formulations. is a solid, flaked, free-flowing material with a melting point of . Testing in a 5% aqueous solution shows that it has a neutral pH, high clarity in water, and low viscosity. The HLB value is approximately 18. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4831412 |
Joachim Nerz Dr. (born 1964) is a taxonomist and botanist specialising in the carnivorous plant genera "Heliamphora" and "Nepenthes". Nerz has described several new species, mostly with Andreas Wistuba. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4853308 |
Aluminosilicate minerals are minerals composed of aluminium, silicon, and oxygen, plus countercations. They are a major component of kaolin and other clay minerals. Andalusite, kyanite, and sillimanite are naturally occurring aluminosilicate minerals that have the composition AlSiO. The triple point of the three polymorphs is located at a temperature of 500 °C and a pressure of 0.4 GPa. These three minerals are commonly used as index minerals in metamorphic rocks. Hydrated aluminosilicate minerals are referred to as zeolites and are porous structures that are naturally occurring materials. The catalyst silica-alumina is an amorphous substance which is not an aluminosilicate compound. There exist a wide variety of glass types. The characteristics of these different types depend on the chemical composition of the glass with a special focus on the oxide composition. Glasses can be categorized into many different groups, one of them including the so-called aluminosilicate glasses. glasses can be formulated to tolerate temperatures up to 800 °C, temperatures substantially above those of borosilicate glasses and comparable to ceramic materials, maximum temperatures being determined by the material's transformation temperature. Their formulations can also be matched to the thermal expansion coefficients of electrodes, e.g. molybdenum, making possible the creation, via hot-forming processes, of extremely tight gas-proof glass to metal seals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4857087 |
Aluminosilicate Characteristically, these glasses are free of alkali oxides and contain 15-25% AlO, 52-60% SiO and about 15% alkaline earths. Very high transformation temperatures and softening points are typical features. Main fields of application are glass bulbs for halogen lamps, high-temperature thermometers and thermally and electrically highly loadable film resistors. The AlO content of alkali aluminosilicate glasses is typically 10-25% and the alkali content over 10%. The high alkali content prepares the glass for ion exchange with bigger alkali ions in order to improve the surface compressive strength. Due to this particular feature, this glass type is especially suitable for the use in touch displays, solar cells cover glass and laminated safety glass. High transformation temperatures and outstanding mechanical properties, e.g. hardness and scratch behavior, are characteristic of this glass type. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4857087 |
Urchin barren An urchin barren is an area of the shallow part of the ocean where the population growth of sea urchins has gone unchecked, causing destructive grazing of kelp forests. Sea urchins eat kelp holdfasts. This can be caused by a lack of sea otters or other predators in the area, which makes it extremely important to protect the ecological balance in a kelp forest. Keystone species such as the sea otter help maintain healthy kelp communities; however, because of overfishing and increased killer whale predation, their numbers are in decline. Off the California coast, storm runoff, erosion and polluted water allow less light to penetrate, weakening the kelp. Sea urchins then can move in and settle. Despite their name, urchin barrens are usually abundant with marine invertebrate life, echinoderms in particular. Species such as the sunflower starfishes, brittle stars, and the purple sea urchin are common. Although macrofauna such as these are aplenty, there is little primary productivity among microorganisms. This makes it difficult for newly settled sea urchins (juveniles) to survive, making barrens more dangerous for juveniles than for adults. Once having wiped out a kelp forest, the environment becomes unsupportive of new sea urchin settlement and adults are forced to find a new resource. An area of the subtidal where the population growth of sea urchins has gone unchecked causes destructive grazing of kelp beds or kelp forests (specifically the giant brown bladder kelp, "Macrocystis") | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4858223 |
Urchin barren The transition from kelp forest to barren is defined by phase shifts in which one stable community state is shifted to another. The continuous phase shift is widely accepted. This describes a transition from one ecosystem state to another where the threshold for the forward shift is at the same level as the threshold for the reverse shift back to the previous state. In other words, a kelp bed can re-establish itself when urchin grazing intensity decreases to the threshold density triggering the initial shift. Alternatively, another theory posits that both sea urchin barrens and kelp-beds represent alternative stable states, meaning that an ecosystem can exist under multiple states, each with a set of unique biotic and abiotic conditions (i.e. barren except for urchins or flourishing with kelp). Those who argue for this theory propose several criteria: that different self-replacing communities dominate the site; each state exists longer than one complete turnover of the dominant community or species; and that following a disturbance (e.g. a storm), the system returns to the previous state. Over the past four decades, barrens have been reported along coastlines around the world, everywhere from Nova Scotia to Chile. They can either span over a thousand kilometers of coastline or occur in small patches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4858223 |
Drag area In mechanics and aerodynamics, the drag area of an object represents the effective size of the object as it is "seen" by the fluid flow around it. The drag area is usually expressed as a product formula_1 where formula_2 is a representative area of the object, and formula_3 is the drag coefficient, which represents what shape it has and how streamlined it is. The drag coefficient plays a role in Reynold's drag equation, Here, formula_5 is the drag force, formula_6 the density of the fluid, and formula_7 the speed of the object relative to the fluid. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4859035 |
Sándor Gaál Gaál Sándor, born October 8, 1885 in Gogánváralja, Hungary, died July 28, 1972 was a Hungarian accelerator physicist and an alleged co-inventor of the cyclotron. Most credible international sources give the credit of the invention of the cyclotron to American physicist and Nobel Laureate Ernest Orlando Lawrence, who invented the cyclotron during the spring of 1929 and built the first operational cyclotron in 1930 while at the University of California, Berkeley. In November 1939, Ernest O. Lawrence was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the cyclotron and its applications. In his main work, "Fizica teoretica" (Bucuresti, 1957, vol. I, p. 270) Teofil Vescan, professor of Bolyai University in Kolozsvár (Cluj) revealed that Gaál Sándor may have described the cyclotron's working at about the same time as Ernest O. Lawrence during the spring of 1929. In 1929 Gaál allegedly sent a study, with the title "Die Kaskadenröche. Ein Beitrag zum Problem der Atomkernzerstrümmerung" to the physics periodical "Zeitschrift für Physik". The paper registered the study as of May 6, 1929, but it was not printed because the editors missed the topic of the study and erroneously thought that it dealt with particle accelerators, a problem already solved in 1928 by Norwegian physicist Rolf Wideröe. Gaál died in poverty in Csernát, Romania. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4863400 |
Mauri S. Pelto is a professor of environmental science at Nichols College in Dudley, Massachusetts and director of the North Cascades Glacier Climate Project. Mauri Pelto has been studying the glaciers in the North Cascades located in the U.S. state of Washington since 1984. Pelto's research team has recorded the mass balance of numerous glaciers, all of which are retreating due to global warming, which has raised temperatures and decreased the amount of snowfall in the accumulation zone of the North Cascade glaciers. More recently, Pelto has used Landsat imagery from the past and compared it to more recent imagery to make comparisons between the extent of glacial coverage over periods spanning decades. Pelto has stated that of the 756 glaciers that were identified in the North Cascades by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1971, 53 of them had disappeared completely by 2006. Another nine are also expected to disappear if current climate patterns continue. In addition, three glaciers in particular pose economic and environmental risks if they retreat much further. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4863615 |
Dimensional reduction is the limit of a compactified theory where the size of the compact dimension goes to zero. In physics, a theory in "D" spacetime dimensions can be redefined in a lower number of dimensions "d", by taking all the fields to be independent of the location in the extra "D" − "d" dimensions. For example, consider a periodic compact dimension with period "L". Let "x" be the coordinate along this dimension. Any field formula_1 can be described as a sum of the following terms: with "A" a constant. According to quantum mechanics, such a term has momentum "nh"/"L" along "x", where "h" is Planck's constant. Therefore, as L goes to zero, the momentum goes to infinity, and so does the energy, unless "n" = 0. However "n" = 0 gives a field which is constant with respect to "x". So at this limit, and at finite energy, formula_1 will not depend on "x". This argument generalizes. The compact dimension imposes specific boundary conditions on all fields, for example periodic boundary conditions in the case of a periodic dimension, and typically Neumann or Dirichlet boundary conditions in other cases. Now suppose the size of the compact dimension is "L"; then the possible eigenvalues under gradient along this dimension are integer or half-integer multiples of 1/"L" (depending on the precise boundary conditions). In quantum mechanics this eigenvalue is the momentum of the field, and is therefore related to its energy. As "L" → 0 all eigenvalues except zero go to infinity, and so does the energy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4869700 |
Dimensional reduction Therefore, at this limit, with finite energy, zero is the only possible eigenvalue under gradient along the compact dimension, meaning that nothing depends on this dimension. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4869700 |
Champagne flow model A champagne flow is an astrophysical event whereby an HII region created inside a molecular cloud from ionization due to a recently formed star (usually an O-star) expands outward until it reaches the interstellar medium, at which point the ionized hydrogen gas bursts outward like an uncorked champagne bottle. This event is also sometimes called a Blister. The champagne model is perhaps one of the first numerical calculations of the propagation of ionisation fronts and of the expansion of HII regions that did not assume a constant density medium around the massive exciting star. The model assumes that star formation takes place in a dense cloud, surrounded and in pressure equilibrium with a low density inter-cloud gas. The ample supply of UV photons generated by the star rapidly establishes an HII region and the expansion of this, sooner or later allows also for the ionisation of the inter cloud gas. Ionisation disrupts then the former pressure balance between the cloud and the inter-cloud gas as under the stellar radiation field all photo-ionised gas acquires a temperature of the order of 10000 K. In this way, the ionised cloud material acquires an excess pressure, a pressure larger than the ionised low density inter cloud gas and this provoques the supersonic expansion of the ionised cloud matter into the surrounding gas (the champagne flow) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4870777 |
Champagne flow model The streaming of matter out of the cloud allows for the ionisation of a larger portion of the original cloud sustaining in this way the pressure imbalance which eventually leads to the complete disruption of the parent cloud. The terms champagne model and champagne flow were coined by Mexican astrophysicist Guillermo Tenorio-Tagle in a paper in 1979 (Astronomy and Astrophysics 1979A&A...71...59T). The model focus on the size, velocity field and the large density variations observed in HII regions. This article was followed by further hydrodynamical calculations in one and two dimensions, in collaboration with Drs. Peter Bodenheimer, Harold W. Yorke and Piet Bedijn see:1979ApJ...233…85B.1983A&A...127..313Y, 1979A&A...80..110T, 1982ASSL...93….1T, 1984A&A...138..325Y, 1981A&A...98…85B | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4870777 |
Professor of Natural Philosophy (Glasgow) The Chair of Natural Philosophy is a professorship at the University of Glasgow, in Scotland, which was established in 1727 The Nova Erectio of King James VI of Scotland shared the teaching of moral philosophy, logic and natural philosophy among the regents. In 1727 separate chairs were instituted. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4870845 |
Equid alphaherpesvirus 3 Equid alphaherpesvirus 3, formerly Equine herpesvirus 3 (EHV-3), is a virus of the family "Herpesviridae" that affects horses. It causes a disease known as equine coital exanthema. The disease is spread through direct and sexual contact and possibly through flies carrying infected vaginal discharge. EHV-3 has an incubation period of as little as two days. Signs of the disease include pustules and ulcerations of the vagina, penis, prepuce, and perineum. Lesions may also be seen on the lips and teats. Usually the only symptom seen is a decreased libido in stallions. The lesions heal within two weeks. As with other herpes viruses, the virus remains latent in the host for life. Carrier animals can sometimes be identified by spots of pigment loss on black skin in the genital region. EHV-3 is best prevented by taking note of present clinical signs and keeping infected horses isolated and breeding stock from sexual contact with other horses. Antibiotic ointments should be used on the lesions to prevent secondary bacterial infections and hasten the healing process. It is also important to use disposable gloves and instruments in veterinary exams as the virus can be spread by using contaminated equipment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4870889 |
Equid gammaherpesvirus 2 Equid gammaherpesvirus 2, formerly Equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2), is a virus of the family "Herpesviridae", originally known as equine cytomegalovirus due to its slow replication in tissue culture. However, complete sequencing of the EHV-2 genome has demonstrated that it is a member of the subfamily "Gammaherpesvirinae", in the genus "Percavirus". It has an uncertain role in respiratory disease in horses, but EHV-2 has been isolated from cases exhibiting symptoms such as coughing, conjunctivitis, and swollen submaxillary and parotid lymph nodes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4871848 |
Polycide is a silicide formed over polysilicon. Widely used in DRAMs. In a polycide MOSFET transistor process, the silicide is formed only over the polysilicon film as formation occurs prior to any polysilicon etch. processes contrast with salicide processes in which silicide is formed after the polysilicon etch. Thus, with a salicide process, silicide is formed over both the polysilicon gate and the exposed monocrystalline terminal regions of the transistor in a self-aligned fashion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4872137 |
Dissociative recombination is a process where a positive molecular ion recombines with an electron, and as a result, the neutral molecule dissociates. This reaction is important for extraterrestrial and atmospheric chemistry. On Earth, dissociative recombination rarely occurs naturally, as free electrons react with any molecule (even neutral molecules) they encounter. Even in the best laboratory conditions, dissociative recombination is hard to observe, but is an important reaction in systems that have large populations of ionized molecules, for instance in atmospheric-pressure plasmas. In astrophysics, dissociative recombination is one of the main paths via which molecules are broken down, and other molecules are formed. The existence of dissociative recombination is possible due to the vacuum of the interstellar medium. A typical example of dissociative recombination in astrophysics is: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4873511 |
Ultrafast molecular process An ultrafast molecular process is any technology that relies on properties of molecules that are only extant for a very short period of time (less than 1e-9 seconds). Such processes are very important in areas such as combustion chemistry and in the study of proteins. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4876423 |
Fisheries Research Services Marine Laboratory The Fisheries Research Services (FRS) Marine Laboratory is situated in Aberdeen, Scotland. It was formerly an agency of the Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department and is now part of the Scottish Government. FRS provides advice to the Scottish Government and UK Government on fishing and other marine issues. The FRS Marine Laboratory is a member of the Aberdeen Research Consortium which also includes: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4877755 |
Minh Quang Tran Minh-Quảng Trần (born in Saigon (Vietnam) on 30 May 1951) is a professor at the EPFL. He graduated in physics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) in 1973, where he did his doctoral thesis in 1977, and where he has worked as a professor since 1980. He works at the Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), with the "Tokamak à configuration variable". He was nominated Leader of EFDA (the European Fusion Development Agreement), the organisation which manages JET ("Joint European Torus"), the largest fusion experiment in the world, sited in England. It also supervises numerous technology programmes in Europe in support of ITER, the international experimental fusion reactor project, as well as research for future industrial reactors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4878843 |
Phoswich detector Phoswich detectors were developed to detect low-intensity, low-energy gamma rays, X-rays, as well as alpha and beta particles efficiently in a higher-energy ambient background. Some detector designs can measure and separately identify all energies simultaneously. A phoswich ("phosphor sandwich") is a combination of scintillators with dissimilar pulse shape characteristics optically coupled to each other and to a common PMT (or PMTs). Pulse shape analysis distinguishes the signals from the two scintillators, identifying in which scintillator the event occurred. In 2010 development of a monolithic phoswich sensor technology was announced, departing from the discrete designs. This novel development, termed the "continuous" phoswich scintillator and detector, provides a number of bits of depth-of-interaction (DOI) information, a significant improvement over the 1 to 2 bits available previously with discrete phoswich scintillators. It's specially used in space research. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4879503 |
Wetted perimeter The wetted perimeter is the perimeter of the cross sectional area that is "wet". The term wetted perimeter is common in civil engineering, environmental engineering, hydrology, geomorphology, and heat transfer applications; it is associated with the hydraulic diameter or hydraulic radius. Engineers commonly cite the cross sectional area of a river. The wetted perimeter can be defined mathematically as where "l" is the length of each surface in contact with the aqueous body. In open channel flow, the wetted perimeter is defined as the surface of the channel bottom and sides in direct contact with the aqueous body. Friction losses typically increase with an increasing wetted perimeter, resulting in a decrease in head. In a practical experiment, one is able to measure the wetted perimeter with a tape measure weighted down to the river bed to get a more accurate measurement. When a channel is much wider than it is deep, the wetted perimeter approximates the channel width. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4886627 |
Henri Poincaré Prize The sponsored by the Daniel Iagolnitzer Foundation was created in 1997 to recognize outstanding contributions in mathematical physics, and contributions which lay the groundwork for novel developments in this broad field. The Prize is also created to recognize and support young people of exceptional promise who have already made outstanding contributions to the field of mathematical physics. The prize is awarded to three individuals every three years at the International Congress on Mathematical Physics. The prize committee is appointed by the International Association of Mathematical Physics (IAMP). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4890712 |
Coil (chemistry) A coil, in chemistry, is a tube, frequently in spiral form, used commonly to cool steam originating from a distillation and thus to condense it in liquid form. Usually it is of copper or another material that conducts heat easily. Coils are often used in chemical processes in batch reaction or mixing tank as internal source of heat transfer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4897934 |
Johannes Herman Frederik Umbgrove Prof HFRSE (February 5, 1899 Hulsberg (Limburg) – June 14, 1954 Wassenaar), called in short Jan Umbgrove, was a Dutch geologist and Earth scientist. Umbgrove studied geology at Leiden University, he finished his studies in 1926. He then became employed as a paleontologist for the (Geological Survey of the Dutch East Indies), where he studied Tertiary foraminifera and corals. He also studied volcanoes, tectonics, coastal morphology and the bathymetry of the seas surrounding the Sunda Islands. From 1929 he went back to Leiden to become the assistant of his former teacher B.G. Escher. In 1930 he became professor in stratigraphy and paleontology at Delft University. His research was again multidisciplinary. He studied the paleogeography of the Dutch East Indies from the data acquired by the gravitational surveys of F.A. Vening Meinesz, the paleontology of corals and coral reefs, tectonics, the geology of the Netherlands and volcanology. Because of his broad field of interest he was one of the first to think of the Earth as one dynamic system, an idea on which he wrote his book "the Pulse of the Earth" in 1942. Another book on paleontology was published in 1943. When he became seriously ill, in 1952, he continue to write from his bed, until his death on June 14, 1954. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4901481 |
Ernst Josef Fittkau (22 July 1927 – 12 May 2012) was a German entomologist and herpetologist. In entomology he specialized in the Diptera, especially the family Chironomidae. In herpetology he specialized in crocodiles. He collected natural history specimens on every continent except Antarctica, beginning with South America in 1960. He was Director of the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology in Munich ("Zoologische Staatssammlung München") from 1976 to 1992. Fittkau is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of South American lizard, "Liolaemus fittkaui". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4902113 |
Kiev Planetarium Kyiv Planetarium (previously "Republican Planetarium"; ) in Kyiv, Ukraine is one of the largest planetaria in former Soviet states. Opened on January 1, 1952 by the initiative of the scientist-astronomer Serhiy Vsekhsviatskiy (1905–1984), the planetarium has a dome of 23.5 meters in diameter, and seats 320 people. In 1987, Kyiv Planetarium moved to new premises on the street. Red Army, 57 /3, (now Velyka Vasylkivska Street 57/3) where it remains to this day. The new building was equipped with an optomechanical projector " Large Zeiss IV», allowing to demonstrate the 6500 stars of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The planetarium offers lectures on astronomy, geography, natural history. When the children's planetarium astronomical school for students 6–11 years of age and art studio. Kyiv Planetarium is a division of the Society "Knowledge" of Ukraine. In December 2011 an entertainment center ATMASFERA 360 was founded on the basis of the planetarium. Specifications of the dome: diameter - 23 meters, the height of the dome - 11.5 meters. It is equipped with a modern 4k digital projection system supplied by a Ukrainian company Front Pictures. The system uses 15 projectors which work on a single Screenberry media server. Due to digital autocalibration system the calibration process takes up to 15 minutes and includes all 5 stages: Atmasfera 360 is equipped with a software, Event Horizon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4912107 |
Kiev Planetarium Event Horizon is a real-time 3D fulldome environment that visualizes and simulates the known Universe according to accurate, up-to-date scientific data. The software is based on the latest Unreal Engine technology and provides up to 4K resolution graphics which, combined with a beautiful soundtrack, gives a revolutionary viewing experience. The planetarium underwent a rebranding and technological upgrade in 2016. It received the name "Kyiv Planetarium". The fulldome auditorium was reequipped with a Front Pictures DX12 software and hardware complex. The 4K digital projection system was synchronized with Zeiss IV Planetarium. Apart from screening fulldome shows, the software installed in the planetarium also allows interactive lectures to be held with SpaceTime360™, presentations with Presenter360™, and the entertaining of visitors with music visualizer Meduza360™. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4912107 |
IDRO Group The Industrial Development & Renovation Organization of Iran (IDRO) known as was established in 1967 in Iran. is one of the largest companies in Iran. It is also one of the largest conglomerates in Asia. IDRO's objective is to develop Iran's industry sector and to accelerate the industrialization process of the country and to export Iranian products worldwide. Today, IDRO owns 117 subsidiaries and affiliated companies both domestically as well as internationally. In the course of its 40 years of activity, IDRO has gradually become a major shareholder of some key industries in Iran. In recent years and in accordance with the country's privatization policy, IDRO has made great efforts to privatize its affiliated companies. While carrying on its privatization policies and lessening its role as a holding company, IDRO intends to concentrate on its prime missions and to turn into an industrial development agency. IDRO has focused its activities on the following areas in order to materialize such strategy and to expedite the industrial development of Iran: IDRO had privatized 140 of its companies worth about 2,000 billion rials ($200 million) in the past. The organization will offer shares of 150 industrial units to private investors by March 2010. In 2009, 290 companies were under the control of the IDRO. This is a list of IDRO's main subsidiaries (as of 2008): | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4915128 |
Mandora (crater) Mandora is a crater on Mars at 12.3N 53.7W. It is 59.4 km in diameter, and is named after the locality of Mandora in Western Australia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4915255 |
Discharge ionization detector A discharge ionization detector (DID) is a type of detector used in gas chromatography. A DID is an ion detector which uses a high-voltage electric discharge to produce ions. The detector uses an electrical discharge in helium to generate high energy UV photons and metastable helium which ionizes all compounds except helium. The ions produce an electric current, which is the signal output of the detector. The greater the concentration of the component, the more ions are produced, and the greater the current. DIDs are sensitive to a broad range of components. In Air Separation plants they are used to detect the components CO; CH2; C+; N2; O2 in Argon product in ppm range. DIDs are non-destructive detectors. They do not destroy/consume the components they detect. Therefore, they can be used before other detectors in multiple-detector configurations. DIDs are an improvement over Helium ionization detectors in that they contain no radioactive source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4917179 |
Renate Loll (born 19 June 1962, Aachen) is a Professor in Theoretical Physics at the Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics of the Radboud University in Nijmegen, Netherlands. She previously worked at the Institute for Theoretical Physics of Utrecht University. She received her Ph.D. from Imperial College, London, in 1989. In 2001 she joined the permanent staff of the ITP, after spending several years at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics in Golm, Germany. With Jan Ambjørn and Polish physicist Jerzy Jurkiewicz she helped develop a new approach to nonperturbative quantization of gravity, that of Causal Dynamical Triangulations. She has been a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences since 2015. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4918119 |
James A. Murray (zoologist) James A. Murray was a British 19th century zoologist and museum curator in Karachi. He was a Member of the Bombay Natural History Society and Anthropological Society of Bombay, a manager at the Victoria Natural History Institute and curator at the Kurrachee Municipal Library and Museum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4924563 |
Ceiling level In audio equipment the ceiling level, also known as the "point of distortion", is the maximum input signal amplitude above which output distortion exceeds an acceptable level. The Ceiling Level or Ceiling Value is the maximum permissible concentration of a hazardous material in the working environment. This level should not be exceeded at any time. It is usually (but not invariably) set somewhat above the relevant time-weighted average for the chemical. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4932769 |
Cirrocumulus undulatus is a variety of cirrocumulus cloud. The name "cirrocumulus undulatus" is derived from Latin, meaning "diversified as with waves". They have a rippled appearance due to wind shear and usually cover only a small portion of the sky. They appear in bands as small patches or layers. Occasionally, they comprise two or more wave forms superposed upon one another. The individual cloudlets can either be circular, or elongated in the direction of the rows. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4934568 |
Membrane biology is the study of the biological and physiochemical characteristics of membranes, with applications in the study of cellular physiology. Membrane bioelectrical impulses are described by the Hodgkin cycle. Membrane biophysics is the study of biological membrane structure and function using physical, computational, mathematical, and biophysical methods. A combination of these methods can be used to create phase diagrams of different types of membranes, which yields information on thermodynamic behavior of a membrane and its components. As opposed to membrane biology, membrane biophysics focuses on quantitative information and modeling of various membrane phenomena, such as lipid raft formation, rates of lipid and cholesterol flip-flop, protein-lipid coupling, and the effect of bending and elasticity functions of membranes on inter-cell connections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4954001 |
Mamers Valles The are a set of channels in a long, winding canyon in the north of Mars. They cover 1000 km, cutting through the cratered uplands of the Arabia Terra, from the Cerulli Crater to the Deuteronilus Mensae near the edge of Mars' vast northern lowlands. Through their midsection, they average a width of 25 km and a depth of 1200 meters. The most popular theory states that the canyon was likely formed by either water or lava, with the flow from south to north and additional material flowing from the slope toward the valley floor. According to the most popular theory, linear features on the valley bottom indicate possible ice flows and that ice may currently be plentiful. The are dated to the early Hesperian period, about 3.8 billion years ago. An infeeder canyon at the northwestern edge of the Mamers Valles, near their mouth (seen at the bottom of the photo at lower right), is a box canyon. Such canyons (with rounded headwalls and no obvious overland infeeders) have been widely presumed to have formed by a process of seepage erosion. However, it has been suggested that this side canyon was formed by a catastrophic flood event (Lamb, 2008). The case is supported by comparison with Box Canyon, Idaho, USA, which shows a similar morphology, but also exhibits features such as plunge pools, rock scours on the headwall rim, and a notch on the headwall rim, suggestive of large-volume flow. The were named in 1976, after the Oscan word for Mars. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4957414 |
Hubble–Reynolds law The models the surface brightness of elliptical galaxies as Where formula_2 is the surface brightness at radius formula_3, formula_4 is the central brightness, and formula_5 is the radius at which the surface brightness is diminished by a factor of 1/4. It is asymptotically similar to the De Vaucouleurs' law which is a special case of the Sersic profile for elliptical galaxies. The law is named for the astronomers Edwin Hubble and John Henry Reynolds. It was first formulated by Reynolds in 1913 from his observations of galaxies (then still known as nebulae). It was later re-derived by Hubble in 1930 specifically in observations of elliptical galaxies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4957558 |
Octatomic element An octatomic element is a chemical element that, when standard conditions for temperature and pressure is stable, is in a configuration of eight atoms grouped together. The canonical example is sulfur, S, but red selenium is also an octatomic element stable at room temperature. Octaoxygen is also known, but it is extremely unstable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4968235 |
State of the Climate The is an annual report that is primarily led by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Climatic Data Center (NOAA/NCDC), located in Asheville, North Carolina, but whose leadership and authorship spans roughly 100 institutions in about 50 countries. The report appears as a supplement to a summer issue of the "Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society" (BAMS), a publication of the American Meteorological Society. The report, known until 2001 as the "Climate Assessment", is an international effort. The 2010 edition (released June 28, 2011) contained submissions from 368 authors from 45 nations and covered 41 climate indicators. The 2010 edition contained a highlights document that summarized the major findings of the report. The summarizes the global and regional climate of the preceding calendar year and places it into a historical context. In addition, notable climatic anomalies and events are discussed. Major findings in the 2010 report were: The 2010 issue included a sidebar detailing the multiple lines of evidence (major variables besides global temperature) consistent with the conclusion of a warming planet. An image associated with this sidebar has been recreated many times since, as the 11 (or ten) indicators of a warming planet. The 2011 edition contained submissions from 376 authors from 46 nations/territories. The La Nina event of that year was a major focus of the report. The cover featured East African women walking to retrieve water in a dust storm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4972467 |
State of the Climate East African drought is not atypical of La Nina episodes. The 2012 edition contained submissions from 394 authors from 54 nations/territories. It cover featured an Arctic scene, reflecting major events in that region during the year. Major findings in the 2012 report were: The 2013 edition has been released on July 17, 2014. The American Meteorological Society published a supplemental paper online. The report was compiled by 425 scientists from 57 countries. Major findings in the 2013 report include: A report was released for the year of 2014. A report was released in August 2016 for 2015. 2015 was the hottest year to date. Greenhouse gases were highest on record. Global upper ocean heat content was highest on record. Global sea level was highest on record. Current as of report, 2016 surpassed 2015 as the warmest year in 137 years of recordkeeping. Concentrations of carbon dioxide () in the Earth's atmosphere surged by a record amount in 2016, according to the World Meteorological Organization. 2017 was recorded as the third warmest year on record. 2017 was the warmest non-El Niño year in the instrumental record. All but one of the monthly global ocean and land temperature averages of 2018 ranked among the five warmest for their respective months, marking the year the fourth warmest year in NOAA's 139-year record. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4972467 |
Cauchy–Born rule The or Cauchy-Born approximation is a basic hypothesis used in the mathematical formulation of solid mechanics which relates the movement of atoms in a crystal to the overall deformation of the bulk solid. It states that in a crystalline solid subject to a small strain, the positions of the atoms within the crystal lattice follow the overall strain of the medium. The currently accepted form is Max Born's refinement of Cauchy's original hypothesis which was used to derive the equations satisfied by the Cauchy stress tensor. The approximation generally holds for face-centered and body-centered cubic crystal systems. For complex lattices such as diamond, however, the rule has to be modified to allow for internal degrees of freedom between the sublattices. The approximation can then be used to obtain bulk properties of crystalline materials such as stress-strain relationship. For crystalline bodies of finite size, the effect of surface stress is also significant. However, the standard cannot deduce the surface properties. To overcome this limitation, Park et al. (2006) proposed a surface Cauchy–Born rule. Several modified forms of the have also been proposed to cater to crystalline bodies having special shapes. Arroyo & Belytschko (2002) proposed an exponential Cauchy Born rule for modeling of mono-layered crystalline sheets as two-dimensional continuum shells. Kumar et al. (2015) proposed a helical for modeling slender bodies (such as nano and continuum rods) as special Cosserat continuum rods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4985628 |
Roger A. Beaver is a biologist who has worked at University College of North Wales, Chiang Mai University, the University of Zambia and the University of the South Pacific. He has published several important papers on "Nepenthes" infauna, including "Fauna and food webs of pitcher plants in West Malaysia" (1979), "The communities living in "Nepenthes" pitcher plants: fauna and food webs" (1983), and "Geographical variation in food web structure in "Nepenthes" pitcher plants" (1985). The species "Cryptoxilos beaveri" was named in his honour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4985946 |
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