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Maria Celeste (crater) Maria Celeste is an impact crater on Venus named in honor of Maria Celeste, the daughter of Galileo Galilei. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5601881 |
Freezing drizzle is drizzle that freezes on contact with the ground or an object at or near the surface. Its METAR code is FZDZ. Although freezing drizzle and freezing rain are similar in that they both involve liquid precipitation at the surface in subfreezing temperatures, the mechanisms leading to their development are entirely different. Where freezing rain forms when frozen precipitation falls through a melting layer, freezing drizzle forms via the "supercooled warm-rain process", in which cloud droplets coalesce until they become heavy enough to fall out of the cloud. Despite this process taking place in a subfreezing environment, the liquid water will not freeze if the environmental temperature is above . If ice crystals are already present in this environment, the liquid droplets will freeze onto these crystals and be effectively removed before they can grow large enough to fall out of the cloud. As a result, freezing drizzle develops in shallow stratus-type clouds where saturation occurs entirely below the layer in which ice crystals can develop and grow. When freezing drizzle accumulates on land, it creates an icy layer of glaze. alone does not generally result in significant ice accumulations due to its light, low-intensity nature. However, even thin layers of slick ice deposited on roads as black ice can cause extremely hazardous conditions resulting in vehicle crashes. is extremely dangerous to aircraft, as the supercooled water droplets will freeze onto the airframe, degrading aircraft performance considerably | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5615223 |
Freezing drizzle The loss of American Eagle Flight 4184 on October 31, 1994, has been attributed to ice buildup due to freezing drizzle aloft. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5615223 |
Snow grains are a form of precipitation. are characterized as very small (<1 mm), white, opaque grains of ice that are fairly flat or elongated. Unlike snow pellets, snow grains do not bounce or break up on impact. Usually, very small amounts fall, mostly from stratus clouds or fog, and never fall in the form of a shower. The METAR code for snow grains is SG. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5615727 |
Air stagnation is a phenomenon which occurs when an air mass remains over an area for an extended period. Stagnation events strongly correlates with poor air quality. Due to light winds and lack of precipitation, pollutants cannot be cleared from the air, either gaseous (such as ozone) or particulate (such as soot or dust). Subsidence produced directly under the subtropical ridge can lead to a buildup of particulates in urban areas under the ridge, leading to widespread haze. If the low level relative humidity rises towards 100 percent overnight, fog can form. In the United States, the National Weather Service issues an "Air Stagnation Advisory" when these conditions are likely to occur. In the U.S., the numbers of stagnation days during winter and spring tend to be much smaller than those during summer and fall. Spatial variations during winter and spring tend to be incoherent as well. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5616998 |
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is an American biotechnology company headquartered in Eastview, near Tarrytown, New York. The company was founded in 1988. Originally focused on neurotrophic factors and their regenerative capabilities (thus the name), it branched out into the study of both cytokine and tyrosine kinase receptors. Regeneron has developed aflibercept, a VEGF inhibitor, and rilonacept, an interleukin-1 blocker. VEGF is a protein that normally stimulates the growth of blood vessels, and interleukin-1 is a protein that is normally involved in inflammation. On March 26, 2012, Bloomberg announced that Sanofi and Regeneron are in development with a new cholesterol drug which will help reduce cholesterol up to 72% more than the leading brands. The new drug targets the PCSK9 gene. In July 2015, the company announced a new global collaboration with Sanofi to discover, develop, and commercialise new immuno-oncology drugs, which could generate more than $2 billion for Regeneron, with $640 million upfront, $750 million for proof of concept data and $650 million from the development of REGN2810. REGN2810 was later named cemiplimab. In 2019, was announced the 7th best stock of the 2010s, with a total return of 1,457%. ARCALYST (rilonacept) for specific, rare autoinflammatory conditions. Approved by the FDA in February 2008. EYLEA (aflibercept injection) Approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in November 2011 to treat a common cause of blindness in the elderly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5617513 |
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals EYLEA is reported to cost $11,000 per year for each eye treated. ZALTRAP (aflibercept injection) for metastatic colorectal cancer: Approved by the FDA in August 2012. PRALUENT (alirocumab) indicated as an adjunct to diet and maximally tolerated statin therapy for the treatment of adults with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia or clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) who require additional lowering of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Approved by FDA on 24 July 2015 It is reported to cost $4,500 to $8,000 per year. DUPIXENT (dupilumab injection) is for the treatment of adolescent and adult patients' atopic dermatitis. Approved by FDA on 28 March 2017. It is reported to cost $37,000 per year. KEVZARA (sarilumab injection) is an interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor antagonist for treatment of adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Approved by FDA on 22 May 2017. Trials commenced on March 16 2020 to evaluate the effectiveness of Kevzara in the treatment of COVID-19. LIBTAYO (cemiplimab injection) is a monoclonal antibody targeting the PD-1 pathway as a checkpoint inhibitor, for the treatment of patients with metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) or locally advanced cSCC who are not candidates for curative surgery or curative radiation. Approved by FDA on 28 September 2018. REGN-EB3 is a drug made of three antibodies, developed to treat Ebola | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5617513 |
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Among patients treated with it, 71% recovered; the mortality rate improved if the drug was administered soon after infection, at a 94% survival rate, in a timely diagnosis- critical for those infected with dangerous diseases like Ebola that can cause sepsis and, eventually, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, more quickly than other diseases. This makes Ebola potentially a treatable disease. Trap Fusion Proteins: Regeneron's novel and patented Trap technology creates high-affinity product candidates for many types of signaling molecules, including growth factors and cytokines. The Trap technology involves fusing two distinct fully human receptor components and a fully human immunoglobulin-G constant region. Fully Human Monoclonal Antibodies: Regeneron has developed a suite (VelociSuite) of patented technologies, including VelocImmune and VelociMab, that allow Regeneron scientists to determine the best targets for therapeutic intervention and rapidly generate high-quality, fully human antibodies drug candidates addressing these targets. The company was founded by CEO Leonard Schleifer and scientist George Yancopoulos. They are reported to hold $1.3 billion and $900 million in company stock, respectively. Both are from Queens, New York. Schleifer was formerly a professor of medicine at Weill Cornell Medical School. Yancopoulos was an assistant professor at Columbia University. Yancopoulos was involved in each drug's development. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5617513 |
Phosphomonoesters (or phosphoric esters) are chemical compounds containing one ester bond and a phosphate group. In biology, phosphomonesters are needed as the building blocks for the synthesis of Phospholipid cellular membranes, especially those found on neurons. Enzymes which cleave these bonds are known as phosphomonoesterases, or phosphatases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5624593 |
Matt Lamanna Matthew Carl Lamanna is a paleontologist and the assistant curator of vertebrate paleontology at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, where he oversees the dinosaur collection. Lamanna graduated from Hobart College in Geneva, New York in 1997. He received high honors in biology and geology. Lamanna went on to get his M.A. and Ph.D. in earth and environmental science from the University of Pennsylvania. Lamanna first gained fame for the 2000 discovery of "Paralititan" in Egypt, called the "largest dinosaur ever discovered". The sauropod was 80 feet long and weighed between 40 and 50 tons. The discovery was the feature of a 2-hour documentary "The Lost Dinosaurs of Egypt". Beginning in 2004, Lamanna began work on a series of digs in China. The result, first published in the journal "Science" in June 2006, was the discovery of "Gansus yumenensis," a missing link in the early evolution of birds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5627793 |
Gautama Siddha Gautama Siddha, (fl. 8th century) astronomer, astrologer and compiler of Indian descent, known for leading the compilation of the "Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era" during the Tang Dynasty. He was born in Chang'an, and his family was originally from India, according to a tomb stele uncovered in 1977 in Xi'an. The Gautama family had probably settled in China over many generations, and might have been present in China prior even to the foundation of the Tang Dynasty. He was most notable for his translation of Navagraha calendar into Chinese. He also introduced Indian numerals with zero (〇) in 718 in China as a replacement of counting rods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5628883 |
DNA field-effect transistor A (DNAFET) is a field-effect transistor which uses the field-effect due to the partial charges of DNA molecules to function as a biosensor. The structure of DNAFETs is similar to that of MOSFETs, with the exception of the gate structure which, in DNAFETs, is replaced by a layer of immobilized ssDNA (single-stranded DNA) molecules which act as surface receptors. When complementary DNA strands hybridize to the receptors, the charge distribution near the surface changes, which in turn modulates current transport through the semiconductor transducer. Arrays of DNAFETs can be used for detecting single nucleotide polymorphisms (causing many hereditary diseases) and for DNA sequencing. Their main advantage compared to optical detection methods in common use today is that they do not require labeling of molecules. Furthermore, they work continuously and (near) real-time. DNAFETs are highly selective since only specific binding modulates charge transport. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5629357 |
Syntrophy Syntrophy, synthrophy, cross-feeding, or cross feeding [Greek "syn" meaning together, "trophe" meaning nourishment] is the phenomenon that one species lives off the products of another species. In this association, the growth of one partner is improved, or depends on the nutrients, growth factors or substrate provided by the other partner. Jan Dolfing described syntrophy as "the critical interdependency between producer and consumer". This term for nutritional interdependence is often used in microbiology to describe this symbiotic relationship between bacterial species. Morris "et al". have described the process as "obligately mutualistic metabolism". plays an important role in a large number of microbial processes. The defining feature of ruminants, such as cows and goats, is a stomach called a rumen. The rumen contains billions of microbes, many of which are syntrophic. One excellent example of this syntrophy is interspecies hydrogen transfer. Some anaerobic fermenting microbes in the rumen (and other gastrointestinal tracts) are capable of degrading organic matter to short chain fatty acids, and hydrogen. The accumulating hydrogen inhibits the microbe's ability to continue degrading organic matter, but syntrophic hydrogen-consuming microbes allow continued growth by metabolizing the waste products. In addition, fermentative bacteria gain maximum energy yield when protons are used as electron acceptor with concurrent H production | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5635076 |
Syntrophy Hydrogen-consuming organisms include methanogens, sulfate-reducers, acetogens, and others. Some fermentation products, such as fatty acids longer than two carbon atoms, alcohols longer than one carbon atom, and branched-chain and aromatic fatty acids, cannot directly be used in methanogenesis. In acetogenesis process, these products are oxidized to acetate and H by obligated proton reducing bacteria in syntrophic relationship with methanogenic archaea as low H partial pressure is essential for acetogenic reactions to be thermodynamically favorable (ΔG < 0). The number of bacterial cells that live on or in the human body, for example throughout the alimentary canal and on the skin, is in the region of 10 times the total number of human cells in it. These microbes are vital, for instance for the digestive and the immune system to function. Another example is the many organisms that feed on faeces or dung. A cow diet consists mainly of grass, the cellulose of which is transformed into lipids by micro-organisms in the cow's large intestine. These micro-organisms cannot use the lipids because of lack of oxygen in the intestine, so the cow does not take up all lipids produced. When the processed grass leaves the intestine as dung and comes into open air, many organisms, such as the dung beetle, feed on it. Yet another example is the community of micro-organisms in soil that live off leaf litter. Leaves typically last one year and are then replaced by new ones | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5635076 |
Syntrophy These micro-organisms mineralize the discarded leaves and release nutrients that are taken up by the plant. Such relationships are called reciprocal syntrophy because the plant lives off the products of micro-organisms. Many symbiotic relationships are based on syntrophy. Syntrophic microbial food webs can play an integral role in the breakdown of organic pollutants such as oils, aromatic compounds, and amino acids. Environmental contamination with oil is of high ecological importance, but can be mediated through syntrophic degradation. Alkanes are hydrocarbon chains that are the major chemical component of crude oils, and have been experimentally verified to be broken down by syntrophic microbial food webs. The hydrocarbons of the oil are broken down after activation by fumarate, a chemical compound that is regenerated by other microorganisms. Without regeneration, the microbes degrading the oil would eventually run out of fumarate and the process would cease. This breakdown is crucial in the processes of bioremediation and global carbon cycling. Syntrophic microbial communities are key players in the breakdown of aromatic compounds, which are common pollutants. The degradation of aromatic benzoate to methane produces many intermediate compounds such as formate, acetate, and H. The build up of these products makes benzoate degradation progressively less favourable. These intermediates can then be taken up and metabolized syntrophically by methanogens to make the whole process more thermodynamically favourable | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5635076 |
Syntrophy Studies have shown that bacterial degradation of amino acids can be significantly enhanced through the process of syntrophy. Microbes growing poorly on amino acid substrates alanine, aspartate, serine, leucine, valine, and glycine can have their rate of growth dramatically increased by syntrophic H scavengers. These scavengers, like "Methanospirillum and Acetobacterium," metabolize the H waste produced during amino acid breakdown, preventing a toxic build-up. Another way to improve amino acid breakdown is through interspecies electron transfer mediated by formate. Species like "Desulfovibrio" employ this method. The main motive behind a syntrophic relation between two bacterial organisms is generalized as a relationship where each participant's metabolic activity cannot independently overcome the thermodynamic pressure of the reaction under standard conditions even when a cosubstrate or nutrient is added into the environment. Therefore, the cooperation of the other participant is required to reduce the intermediate pool size. The "Methanobacillus omelianskii" culture is a classic example in demonstrating how two separate unfavourable reactions can be carried out by syntrophic interactions. Organism S and organism M.o.H of "Methanobacillus omelianskii" oxidize ethanol into acetate and methane by a process called interspecies hydrogen transfer. Individuals of organism S are observed as obligate anaerobic bacteria that use ethanol as an electron donor, whereas M.o.H ("Methanobacterium bryantii" strain M.o | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5635076 |
Syntrophy H) are methanogens that oxidize hydrogen gas to produce methane. These two metabolic reactions can be shown as follows: <br> Complex organic compounds such as ethanol, propionate, butyrate, and lactate cannot be directly used as substrates for methanogenesis by methanogens. On the other hand, fermentation of these organic compounds cannot occur in fermenting microorganisms unless the hydrogen concentration is reduced to a low level by the methanogens. In this case, hydrogen, an electron-carrying compound (mediator) is transported from the fermenting bacteria to the methanogen through a process called mediated interspecies electron transfer (MIET), where the mediator is carried down a concentration gradient created by a thermodynamically favourable coupled redox reaction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5635076 |
Maintenance of an organism is the collection of processes to stay alive, excluding production processes. The Dynamic Energy Budget theory delineates two classes The theory assumes that maturity maintenance costs can be reduced more easily during starvation than somatic maintenance costs. Under extreme starvation conditions, somatic maintenance costs are paid from structural mass, which causes shrinking. Some organism manage to switch to the turpor state under starvation conditions, and reduce their maintenance costs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5635862 |
Balloon-carried light effect A balloon-carried light effect is a special effect carried by a balloon, which can be fixed with a rope to the ground or free-flying. They are commonly misidentified as "Unidentified Flying Objects" by members of public. Balloon-carried light effects can be used without safety concerns at events with a lot of people, because unlike fireworks they do not require the use of flammable substances. The brightness is much lower, when non-dangerous light sources such as lightsticks or battery-powered lamps are used. Balloon-carried light effects cannot replace fireworks, but supplement them, because of their long lighting time (if lightsticks or battery powered lamps are used) and because of their inherent safety. To realise a balloon-carried light effect, one or more balloons are used, capable of carrying a lightstick or a small battery powered lamp. Further it is possible to insert one or two small lightsticks into a transparent balloon. It is also possible for larger balloon-carried light effects to use tethered balloons, which also can contain an electric cable power supply: these 'artificial moons' may be used for floodlighting. Balloon-carried light effects are sometimes used on open-air concerts and similar events. They were used at the Gabin Tower Memorial Festival in August 2006. For film and event use balloons are offered as suspended air-filled or tethered floating helium-filled | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5636533 |
Balloon-carried light effect The latter for outdoors uses a 2-meter diameter balloon and 4 1000 Watt halogen tungsten lights inside, rising up about 10 m and withstanding only calm winds. Other uses included fixed or pole balloons, spread like an umbrella, the upper half reflective coated, the lower half semi-opaque, light construction sites on highways, or accident sites in case of emergency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5636533 |
Ignacio Bolívar y Urrutia (9 November 1850, Madrid – 19 November 1944, Mexico City) was a Spanish naturalist and entomologist, and one of the founding fathers of Spanish entomology. He helped found the "Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural" (Royal Spanish Natural History Society) in 1871, and was the author of several books and of over 1000 species. He also encouraged other naturalists to study entomology, José María de la Fuente being one example. In this field he wrote more than 300 books and monographs and discovered more than thousand new species and about 200 genera. After the Spanish Civil War he was exiled to Mexico when the nationalist government harshly repressed Republican militants and sympathisers, as retaliation for the equally harsh repression of clergy and nationalist militants on the opposite side. Here he was made "Doctor honoris" of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. In Mexico he was devoted mainly to entomology and founded in 1940 the journal "Ciencia" (Science). His more important works include: "Ortópteros de España nuevos o poco conocidos" (1873) and "Catálogo sinóptico de los ortópteros de la fauna ibérica" (1900). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5636629 |
Generalised compound A generalized compound is a mixture of chemical compounds of constant composition, despite possible changes in the total amount. The concept is used in the Dynamic Energy Budget theory, where biomass is partitioned into a limited set of generalised compounds, which contain a high percentage of organic compounds. The amount of generalized compound can be quantified in terms of weight, but more conveniently in terms of C-moles.The concept of strong homeostasis has an intimate relationship with that of generalised compound. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5637003 |
International Academy of Astronautics The (IAA) is a non-governmental organisation of experts committed to expanding the frontiers of space. It was established in Stockholm (Sweden) on August 16, 1960. The IAA works towards promote the development of astronautics for peaceful purposes, recognize individuals who have distinguished themselves in a related branch of science or technology, and provide a programme through which members may contribute to international endeavors for the advancement of aerospace science. It works closely with the International Astronautical Federation and with national and international space agencies. Activities include participation in the annual International Astronautics Congress, and numerous regional and specialized conferences. The Academy's beginning was led by Theodore von Kármán, one of the most important figures in the evolution of rocketry, and the IAA's first president. Edward C. Stone held the post until October 2009. G. Madhavan Nair, the chairman of Indian Space Research Organisation was president of the from August 2009 until 2015. He was the only Indian and the first non-American to head the IAA. The IAA sponsors the monthly journal, "Acta Astronautica", published by Elsevier Press, which "covers developments in space science technology in relation to peaceful scientific exploration of space and its exploitation for human welfare and progress, the conception, design, development and operation of space-borne and Earth-based systems". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5640397 |
George Lindor Brown Sir (9 February 1903, Liverpool – 22 February 1971) was an English physiologist and secretary of the Royal Society, of which he was elected a Fellow in 1946. He was commonly referred to as Sir Lindor Brown; by his own preference. He was Waynflete Professor of Physiology at the University of Oxford from 1960 to 1967. He resigned from this post to become Principal of Hertford College. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5643965 |
Zero-level elevation Zero-elevation surface is a vertical datum that is used to describe a surface, such as that of a planet. The value of this datum is usually adopted by statute. This elevation is used, for example, to build a texture map from an agreed surface, such as a spheroid with dimensions defined by a mean surface gravity. In the case of the Earth, the zero-elevation surface is usually taken as sea level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5645533 |
Wet chemistry is a form of analytical chemistry that uses classical methods such as observation to analyze materials. It is called wet chemistry since most analyzing is done in the liquid phase. is also called bench chemistry since many tests are performed at lab benches. commonly uses laboratory glassware such as beakers and graduated cylinders to prevent materials from being contaminated or interfered with by unintended sources. Gasoline, Bunsen burners, and crucibles may also be used to evaporate and isolate substances in their dry forms. is not performed with any advanced instruments since most automatically scan substances. Although, simple instruments such as scales are used to measure the weight of a substance before and after a change occurs. Many high school and college laboratories teach students basic wet chemistry methods. Before the age of theoretical and computational chemistry, wet chemistry was the predominant form of scientific discovery in the chemical field. This is why it is sometimes referred to as classic chemistry or classical chemistry. Scientists would continuously develop techniques to improve the accuracy of wet chemistry. Later on, instruments were developed to conduct research impossible for wet chemistry. Over time, this became a separate branch of analytical chemistry called instrumental analysis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5653017 |
Wet chemistry Because of the high volume of wet chemistry that must be done in today's society and new quality control requirements, many wet chemistry methods have been automated and computerized for streamlined analysis. The manual performance of wet chemistry mostly occurs in schools. Qualitative methods use changes in information that cannot be quantified to detect a change. This can include a change in color, smell, texture, etc. Chemical tests use reagents to indicate the presence of a specific chemical in an unknown solution. The reagents cause a unique reaction to occur based on the chemical it reacts with, allowing one to know what chemical is in the solution. An example is Heller's test where a test tube containing proteins has strong acids added to it. A cloudy ring forms where the substances meet, indicating the acids are denaturing the proteins. The cloud is a sign that proteins are present in a liquid. The method is used to detect proteins in a person's urine. The flame test is a more well known version of the chemical test. It is only used on metallic ions. The metal powder is burned, causing an emission of colors based on what metal was burned. For example, Calcium (Ca) will burn orange and Copper (Cu) will burn blue. Their color emissions are used to produce bright colors in fireworks. Quantitative methods use information that can be measured and quantified to indicate a change. This can include changes in volume, concentration, weight, etc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5653017 |
Wet chemistry Gravimetric analysis measures the weight or concentration of a solid that has either formed from a precipitate or dissolved in a liquid. The mass of the liquid is recorded before undergoing the reaction. For the precipitate, a reagent is added until the precipitate stops forming. The precipitate is then dried and weighed to determine the chemicals concentration in the liquid. For a dissolved substance, the liquid can be filtered until the solids are removed or boiled until all the liquid evaporates. The solids are left alone until completely dried and then weighed to determine its concentration. Evaporating all the liquid is the more common approach. Titration is called volumetric analysis since it relies on volume measurements to determine the quantity of a chemical. A reagent with a known volume and concentration is added to a solution with an unknown substance and concentration. The amount of reagent required for a change to occur is proportional to the amount of the unknown substances. This reveals the amount of the unknown substance present. If no visible change is present, an indicator is added to the solution. The indicator changes color based on the pH of the solution. The exact point where the color change occurs is called the endpoint. Since the color change can occur very suddenly, it is important to be extremely precise with all measurements. Colorimetry is a unique method since it has both qualitative and quantitative properties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5653017 |
Wet chemistry Its qualitative analysis involves recording color changes to indicate a change has occurred. This can be a change in shading of the color or a change into a completely different color. The quantitative aspect involves sensory equipment that can measure the wavelength of colors. Changes in wavelengths can be precisely measured and help indicate changes. techniques can be used for qualitative chemical measurements, such as changes in color (colorimetry), but often involves more quantitative chemical measurements, using methods such as gravimetry and titrimetry. Some uses for wet chemistry include tests for: is also used in environmental chemistry settings to determine the current state of the environment. It is used to test: It can also involve the elemental analysis of samples, e.g., water sources, for items like: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5653017 |
Ciuacoatl Mons is a mountain on Venus. Its name is derived from the Aztec fertility goddess. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5654151 |
Slip melting point The (SMP) or "slip point" is one conventional definition of the melting point of a waxy solid. It is determined by casting a 10 mm column of the solid in a glass tube with an internal diameter of about 1 mm and a length of about 80 mm, and then immersing it in a temperature-controlled water bath. The slip point is the temperature at which the column of the solid begins to rise in the tube due to buoyancy, and because the outside surface of the solid is molten. This is a popular method for fats and waxes, because they tend to be mixtures of compounds with a range of molecular masses, without well-defined melting points. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5664906 |
Abell 3266 is a galaxy cluster in the southern sky. It is part of the Horologium-Reticulum Supercluster. The galaxy cluster is one of the largest in the southern sky, and one of the largest mass concentrations in the nearby universe. The Department of Physics at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County discovered that a large mass of gas is hurtling through the cluster at a speed of 750 km/s (466 miles/second). The mass is billions of solar masses, approximately 3 million light-years in diameter and is the largest of its kind discovered as of June 2006. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5671882 |
Stopped-flow is a lab technique for studying fast chemical reactions. A stopped-flow instrument is a rapid mixing device used to study the chemical kinetics of fast reactions in solution. The solutions are first forced from syringes into a mixing chamber. After perhaps a few milliseconds the observation cell is filled by a piston linked to a sensing switch that triggers the measuring device and the flow is stopped suddenly. The system is often modeled by conventional kinetic equations. After two or more solutions containing the reagents are mixed, they are studied by whatever experimental methods are deemed suitable. Different forms of spectroscopy and scattering of radiation are common methods used. The dead time is the time between the end of mixing the two solutions and the beginning of observation of the kinetics of the reaction. The usual dead time of a stopped flow apparatus is 1–2 milliseconds but some new devices have been developed that have dead times of 0.3–0.6 ms. A stopped-flow instrument coupled to either a circular dichroism spectrometer or a fluorescence spectrometer is often used in the field of protein folding, to observe rapid unfolding and/or refolding of proteins. In a quenched-flow instrument, the reaction is stopped after a certain amount of time has passed after mixing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5679766 |
Stopped-flow The stopping of the reaction is called quenching and it can be achieved by various means, for example by mixing with another solution, which stops the reaction (chemical quenching), quickly lowering the temperature (freeze quenching) or even by exposing the sample to light of a certain wavelength (optical quenching). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5679766 |
Leopold Adametz (11 October 1861, Valtice – 27 January 1941, Vienna) was a Moravia-born Austrian zoologist. The son of a manufacturer, he studied at the Hochschule für Bodenkultur in Vienna and at the University of Leipzig. In 1886, he was awarded his doctorate. He became an assistant of Martin Wickens and in 1888 an assistant professor of zoology. From 1891 he was a professor in Krakau, from 1898 until 1932 he was the professor of animal product studies and the morphology of house pets at the Hochschule für Bodenkultur in Wien. He was a member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5680831 |
Paradise Ice Caves The (also known as the Paradise Glacier Caves) were a system of interconnected glacier caves located within Mount Rainier's Paradise Glacier in the United States. These glacier caves were visited and documented at least as early as 1908. They have a varied natural history, as their size and even existence has changed over time, from a maximum surveyed length of 13.25 kilometers in 1978, to not existing at all during both the 1940s and 1990s due to glacial recession. In 1978 they were the longest mapped system of glacier caves in the world. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5684536 |
José Enrique Moyal (; 1 October 1910 – 22 May 1998) was an Australian mathematician and mathematical physicist who contributed to aeronautical engineering, electrical engineering and statistics, among other fields. Moyal helped establish the phase space formulation of quantum mechanics in 1949 by bringing together the ideas of Hermann Weyl, John von Neumann, Eugene Wigner, and Hip Groenewold. This formulation is statistical in nature and makes logical connections between quantum mechanics and classical statistical mechanics, enabling a natural comparison between the two formulations. "Phase Space Quantization," is a synonym for "Moyal Quantization" and largely avoids use of operators for quantum mechanical observables prevalent in the canonical formulation. Quantum-mechanical evolution in phase space is specified by a Moyal bracket. Moyal grew up in Tel Aviv, and attended the Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium. He studied in Paris in the 1930s, at the École Supérieure d'Electricité, Institut de Statistique, and, finally, at the Institut Henri Poincaré. His work was carried out in wartime England in the 1940s, while employed at the de Havilland Aircraft company. Moyal was a professor of mathematics at the former School of Mathematics and Physics of Macquarie University, where he was a colleague of John Clive Ward. Previously, he had worked at the Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois. He published pioneering work on stochastic processes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5688324 |
José Enrique Moyal Moyal was married to Susanna Pollack (1912-2000), with whom he had two children, Orah Young (born in Tel Aviv) and David Moyal (born in Belfast). They divorced in 1956. He was married to Ann Moyal from 1962 until his death. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5688324 |
Kenneth Kellermann Kenneth Irwin Kellerman (born July 1, 1937) is an American astronomer at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. He is best known for his work on quasars. He won the Helen B. Warner Prize for Astronomy of the American Astronomical Society in 1971, and the Bruce Medal of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific in 2014. Kellerman was born in New York City to Alexander Kellerman and Rae Kellerman ("née" Goodstein). His paternal grandparents emigrated from Hungary and his maternal grandparents from Romania. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5693489 |
Infructescence (fruiting head) is defined as the ensemble of fruits derived from the ovaries of an inflorescence. It usually retains the size and structure of the inflorescence. In some cases, infructescences are similar in appearance to simple fruits. These are called multiple fruits. One example is the infructescence of "Ananas", which is formed from the fusion of the berries with receptacle tissues and bracts. The mature infructescence of a grain, such as wheat or corn, is known as an ear. The infructescence of "Ficus" is called a syconium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5703698 |
TheSky (astronomy software) TheSky is an astronomy application designed to be used for educational and observational purposes. TheSky provides an extensive feature set including the following: The_Sky (first named using an underscore character to separate 'The' from 'Sky' following Pascal naming conventions) was first released in 1983 for DOS and has been upgraded multiple times to support new versions of Microsoft Windows. The latest release of TheSky, called TheSkyX, is also compatible with macOS. TheSky HD for iOS is available on the App Store. The software is developed and distributed by Software Bisque. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5719435 |
Tejas sequence The was the last major marine transgression across the North American craton. Following the late Cretaceous regression that ended the Zuñi sequence, the oceans advanced again early in the Cenozoic, peaking during the Paleocene and Eocene epochs. There were no dramatic epeiric seas in North America; indeed, the Atlantic coast advanced only as far as the Mississippi Embayment. The Tejas was deeper in Eurasia and Africa, which experienced widespread carbonate deposition during the Eocene. There was a final transgression before the end of the Oligocene, the end of which marked the end of the Tejas sequence. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5723930 |
Louis Rendu (December 9, 1789 in Meyrin – August 28, 1859) was French Roman Catholic bishop of Annecy and a scientist. He was the author of "Theorie des glaciers de la Savoie", an important book on the mechanisms of glacial motion. The Rendu Glacier, Alaska, U.S. and Mount Rendu, Antarctica are named for him. He was a founding member of the "Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Savoie". The following are a few of his ethnological and religious-themed works: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5730078 |
UBV photometric system The photometric system called UBV (from Ultraviolet, Blue, Visual), also called the Johnson system (or Johnson-Morgan system), is wide band, and usually employed for classifying stars according to their colors. It has been the first known standardized photometric system. The letters U, B, and V stand for ultraviolet, blue, and visual magnitudes, which are measured for a star; two subtractions are then performed in a specific order to classify it in the system. The choice of colors on the blue end of the spectrum is because of the bias that photographic film has for those colors. It was introduced in the 1950s by American astronomers Harold Lester Johnson and William Wilson Morgan. A telescope and the telescope at McDonald Observatory were used to define the system. The filters are selected so that the mean wavelengths of response functions (at which magnitudes are measured to mean precision) are 364 nm for U, 442 nm for B, 540 nm for V. Zero points were calibrated in the B−V (B minus V) and U−B (U minus B) color indices selecting such A0 main sequence stars which are not affected by interstellar reddening. These stars correspond with a mean effective temperature (T (K)) of between 9727 and 9790 Kelvin, the latter being stars with class A0V. The UBV system has some disadvantages. The short wavelength cutoff that is the U filter is defined mainly by the terrestrial atmosphere rather than the filter itself; thus, it (and observed magnitudes) can vary with altitude and atmospheric conditions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5731588 |
UBV photometric system However, many measurements have been made in this system, including many of the bright stars. The Johnson-Cousins UBVRI photometric system is a common extension of Johnson's original system that provides redder passbands. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5731588 |
Chemical state The chemical state of a chemical element is due to its electronic, chemical and physical properties as it exists in combination with itself or a group of one or more other elements. A chemical state is often defined as an "oxidation state" when referring to metal cations. When referring to organic materials, a chemical state is usually defined as a chemical group, which is a group of several elements bonded together. Material scientists, solid state physicists, analytical chemists, surface scientists and spectroscopists describe or characterize the chemical, physical and/or electronic nature of the surface or the bulk regions of a material as having or existing as one or more chemical states. The chemical state set comprises and encompasses these subordinate groups and entities: chemical species, functional group, anion, cation, oxidation state, chemical compound and elemental forms of an element. This term or phrase is commonly used when interpreting data from analytical techniques such as: The chemical state of a group of elements, can be similar to, but not identical to, the chemical state of another similar group of elements because the two groups have different ratios of the same elements and exhibit different chemical, electronic, and physical properties that can be detected by various spectroscopic techniques | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5736171 |
Chemical state A chemical state can exist on or inside the surface of a solid state material and can often, but not always, be isolated or separated from the other chemical species found on the surface of that material. Surface scientists, spectroscopists, chemical analysts, and material scientists frequently describe the chemical nature of the chemical species, functional group, anion, or cation detected on the surface and near the surface of a solid state material as its chemical state. To understand how a chemical state differs from an oxidation state, anion, or cation, compare sodium fluoride (NaF) to polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Teflon). Both contain fluorine, the most electronegative element, but only NaF dissolves in water to form separate ions, Na and F. The electronegativity of the fluorine strongly polarizes the electron density that exists between the carbon and the fluorine, but not enough to produce ions which would allow it to dissolve in the water. The carbon and fluorine in Teflon (PTFE) both have an electronic charge of zero since they form a covalent bond, but few scientists describe those elements as having an oxidation state of zero. On the other hand, many elements, in their pure form, are often described as existing with an oxidation state of zero. This is one of the attributes of nomenclature that has been upheld over the years. The chemical state of an element is often confused with its oxidation state. The chemical state of an element or a group of elements that has a non-zero ionic charge, e.g | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5736171 |
Chemical state (1+), (2+), (3+), (1-), (2-) (3-), is defined as the oxidation state of that element or group of elements. Elements or chemical groups that have an ionic charge can usually be dissolved to form ions in either water or another polar solvent. Such a compound or salt is described as an ionic compound with ionic bonds which means that, in effect, all of the electron density of one or more valence electrons has been transferred from the less electronegative group of elements to the more electronegative group of elements. In the case of a non-ionic compound the chemical bonds are non-ionic such meaning the compound will probably not dissolve in water or another polar solvent. Many non-ionic compounds have chemical bonds that share the electron density that binds them together. This type of chemical bond is either a non-polar covalent bond or a polar covalent bond. A functional group is very similar to a chemical species and a chemical group. A chemical group or chemical species exhibits a distinctive reaction behavior or a distinctive spectral signal when analyzed by various spectroscopic methods. These three groupings are often used to describe the groups of elements that exist within an organic molecule. The following list of neutral compounds, anions, cations, functional groups and chemical species is a partial list of the many groups of elements that can exhibit or have a unique "chemical state" while being part of the surface or the bulk of a solid state material. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5736171 |
Tincalconite is a hydrous sodium borate mineral closely related to borax, and is a secondary mineral that forms as a dehydration product of borax. Its formula is NaBO·5HO or Na[BO(OH)]·3HO. typically occurs as a fine grained white powder. It crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system and has been found as primary euhedral di-rhombohedral, pseudo-octahedral crystals. It is also found pseudomorphically replacing borax crystals. It has a specific gravity of 1.88 and a Mohs hardness of 2. Refractive index values are nω=1.460 and nε=1.470. While most tincalconite is created by man through exposing borax to dry air, there are natural occurrences of tincalconite, as in Searles Lake, California where it was first described in 1878. In addition to several California and Nevada locations it is reported from Argentina, Italy, Turkey and Ukraine. The name comes from "tincal", Sanskrit for borax, and Greek, "konis", meaning powder, for its composition and typical powdery nature. <br> | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5736844 |
Coliphage A coliphage is a type of bacteriophage that infects "Escherichia coli". Examples include Bacteriophage lambda and Leviviridae. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5741571 |
Bacillus phage A is a member of a group of bacteriophages known to have bacteria in the genus "Bacillus" as host species. These bacteriophages have been found to belong to the families Myoviridae, Siphoviridae, Podoviridae or Tectiviridae. The DNA polymerase of phi29 is a unique and efficient polymerase with proofreading activity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5741651 |
Ohnesorge number The (Oh) is a dimensionless number that relates the viscous forces to inertial and surface tension forces. The number was defined by Wolfgang von Ohnesorge in his 1936 doctoral thesis. It is defined as: Where The for a 3 mm diameter rain drop is typically ~0.002. Larger Ohnesorge numbers indicate a greater influence of the viscosity. This is often used to relate to free surface fluid dynamics such as dispersion of liquids in gases and in spray technology. In inkjet printing, liquids whose is less than 1 and greater than 0.1 are jettable (1<Z<10 where Z is the reciprocal of the Ohnesorge number). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5753978 |
Stephen Hopper Stephen Donald Hopper AC FLS FTSE (born 18 June 1951) is a Western Australian botanist, graduated in Biology, specialising in conservation biology and vascular plants. He has written eight books, and has over 200 publications to his name. He was Director of Kings Park in Perth for seven years, and CEO of the Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority for five. He is currently Foundation Professor of Plant Conservation Biology at The University of Western Australia. He was Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew from 2006 to 2012. This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation Hopper when citing a botanical name. On 1 January 2001, Hopper was awarded the Centenary Medal for his "service to the community". On 11 June 2012, Hopper was named a Companion of the Order of Australia for "eminent service as a global science leader in the field of plant conservation biology, particularly in the delivery of world class research programs contributing to the conservation of endangered species and ecosystems." In 2015 he moved to Albany, Western Australia, and he has returned to his interest in Anigozanthus. with Jane Sampson: with Anne Taylor: with Bert and Babs Wells: with illustrator Philippa Nikulinsky: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5755931 |
Radiation trapping Radiation trapping, imprisonment of resonance radiation, radiative transfer of spectral lines, line transfer or radiation diffusion is a phenomenon in physics whereby radiation may be "trapped" in a system as it is emitted by one atom and absorbed by another. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5764764 |
RV Endeavor RV "Endeavor" is a research vessel owned by the National Science Foundation and operated by the University of Rhode Island (URI) under a Charter Party Agreement as part of the University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) fleet. The vessel is homeported at the Narragansett, Rhode Island at the URI Bay Campus. The 185 foot "Endeavor", built by Peterson Builders, Inc., Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, replaced RV "Trident" in 1976. It was likely named for Captain James Cook's ship , for which the Space Shuttle "Endeavour" is also named. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5765857 |
RV Point Lobos RV "Point Lobos" was a research vessel operated by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI). It was the platform of operations for the ROV "Ventana". Fuel Capacity: 10,000 gal Potable Water: 2500 gal Ballast: 44,500 gal (bunker capacity) Lube Oil: 350 ga; hydraulic oil: 350 gal Sewage: 250 Gal ENGINEERING MACHINERY 2 Detroit Diesel 16V92 main engines. 2 Twin Disk 520 Reduction Gears 2 150 kW Northern Lights Gen Sets 1 Kaiser SM-11 rotary screw air compressor 1 Independent Hydraulic System DECK MACHINERY 1 Hiab 290 Sea Crane 1 Jeamar Hydraulic Winch #8-3007 aft 1 Jeamar 480 Electric Winch #83007 forward 1 2500m heave compensated Tether Management System SAFETY EQUIPMENT 1 300# CO2 Fixed Engine Room Extinguisher 3 Fixed Sea Water Hose Stations (2 deck, 1 engine room) 1 ACR 121.5/406MHZ EPIRB ELECTRONICS/COMMUNICATIONS Call Sign WDE5005 3 VHF Horizon Galaxy,Horizon Titan, Icom IC M-100 1 SSB IC M-700 radio 1 Telex Ship Board Comms System, cw telex BTR 200 wireless 1 Raytheon Ray 410 Loud Hailer 1 Motorola Cellular SCN 2449A 1 Furuno FR-1510D 72 mile Radar 1 Trimble 4000DL Differential GPS + Garmin GPS with CG diff GPS 100 1 Sperry MK37 Gyro Compass 1 Furuno FCV252 Depth Sounder | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5766055 |
RV Zephyr The Research Vessel Zephyr is currently owned by Ron Micjan and Ashley Paterson and is operated under the mantle of Outbound Marine LLC. The "Zephyr" was purchased from Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in October 2013 and was moved to Portland Oregon and refurbished over the next 2.5 years into a custom cruising, small ship expedition and research vessel. Currently the Zephyr is operational on the Pacific coast of the US and has worked from Juneau and Dutch Harbor Alaska all the way down to San Diego. Customers include NOAA Fisheries, NOAA MML, US Army Corps of Engineers, DARPA, US Navy, US Army and Oregon State University. Prior ownership of "Zephyr" was as a research vessel operated by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI). It was the primary platform of operations for MBARI's AUV program and it was then christened R/V "Zephyr". The original owner of the vessel was the San Francisco Bar Pilots who had her built to specification by the Colberg boat works in Stockton. http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/5small/inactive/colberg.htm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5766079 |
RV Thomas G. Thompson (T-AGOR-23) R/V "Thomas G. Thompson" (AGOR-23) is a research vessel owned by the United States Navy and operated under a Charter Party Agreement by the University of Washington as part of the University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) fleet. Constructed by Halter Marine, it was delivered to the Office of Naval Research 8 July 1991. The R/V Thomas G. Thompson is 274 feet in length and has a cruising speed of 11 knots, with a total of 21 officers and crew, 2 marine technicians, and up to 36 scientists. It is operated by the University of Washington along with RV "Rachel Carson". The "Thomas G. Thompson" and three other research ships were all built to the same basic design. The three sister ships are NOAAS "Ronald H. Brown" (NOAA), R/V "Roger Revelle" (Scripps), and R/V "Atlantis" (Woods Hole). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5766790 |
RV Maurice Ewing RV "Maurice Ewing" was a research vessel operated by the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University. It was retired in 2005 and replaced by RV "Marcus Langseth" in 2008. Although a multipurpose vessel, "Maurice Ewing"s notable capability was to collect multichannel seismic data. "Maurice Ewing" was named for William Maurice "Doc" Ewing, geophysicist and first director of Lamont Geological Observatory (now known as Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory). The vessel was later renamed several times: - Scan Resolution, Bergan Resolution, the Reflect Resolution, and the NORDIC BAHARI. Still to this day the vessel operates as a multi-streamer seismic research vessel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5766864 |
RV Marcus Langseth R/V "Marcus Langseth" is a research vessel owned by the National Science Foundation and operated by the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) of Columbia University as a part of the University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) fleet. The "Marcus G. Langseth" was dedicated on December 4 2007, came into service in early 2008, replacing the R/V "Maurice Ewing". "Langseth" is intended primarily to collect multichannel seismic data, including 3-D surveys. The ship was purchased from the geophysical survey company WesternGeco in 2004, having previously been named "M/V Western Legend". The "Marcus Langseth" was named for Marcus G. Langseth, a Lamont scientist. In March 2009 Chinese authorities denied the vessel permission to pass between Taiwan and China. In August 2009, "Marcus Langseth" was named in a Canadian lawsuit seeking to halt its seismic tomography experiment. The lawsuit was dismissed, diplomatic clearance was issued and the ship sailed after a delay of a day. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5766910 |
David Blair (physicist) David G. Blair (born 1946) is an Australian physicist and professor at the University of Western Australia and Director of the Australian International Gravitational Research Centre (AIGRC). Blair works on methods for the detection of gravitational waves. He developed the niobium bar gravitational wave detector NIOBE, which achieved the lowest observed noise temperature participated in worldwide collaboration that set the best limit on the burst events in 2001. He has been responsible for numerous innovations including the 1984 invention of the first sapphire clock - a super precise timepiece designed for space as well as underpinning the research of the Frequency Stability Group at The University of Western Australia. In 2003, together with Prof. John de Laeter, Blair founded the Gravity Discovery Centre - a major Centre for the promotion of science in Western Australia. In 2010 Blair and collaboration partners developed an education research program called the Science Education Enrichment Project to research the benefits of specialist exhibition centres such as the Gravity Discovery Centre. In 2014 Blair leads the Einstein-First Project which aims to introduce Einsteinian Physics at an early age. The project partners include Curtin University, Edith Cowan University, Graham (Polly) Farmer, U.S. Air Force Academy (USAFA) and the Gravity Discovery Centre | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5767448 |
David Blair (physicist) In 2013 Blair was elected Fellow of the American Physical Society; 2007 Western Australian (WA) Premier's Science Award for Scientist of the Year; 2005 World Year of Physics, Blair was awarded the ANZAAS Medal as well as a WA Government Centre of Excellence Grant to develop the Australian International Gravitational Research Centre (AIGRC); 2004 Learning Links Certificate, Minister for Education and Training; 2003 National Medal for Community Service; 2003 Centenary Medal (for Promotion of Science); 2003 Clunies Ross Medal for Science and Technology and in 1995 Blair won the Walter Boas Medal of the Australian Institute of Physics. In 2018 Blair was elected Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (FAA). Professor Blair is the co-author of "Ripples on a Cosmic Sea: The Search for Gravitational Waves", and the editor of the book "The Detection of Gravitational Waves". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5767448 |
Semi-deciduous or semi-evergreen is a botanical term which refers to plants that lose their foliage for a very short period, when old leaves fall off and new foliage growth is starting. This phenomenon occurs in tropical and sub-tropical woody species, for example in Dipteryx odorata. or semi-evergreen may also describe some trees, bushes or plants that normally only lose part of their foliage in autumn/winter or during the dry season, but might lose all their leaves in a manner similar to deciduous trees in an especially cold autumn/winter or severe dry season (drought). The term is also used to indicate a forest that consists of a mixture of deciduous and evergreen woody plants in the tropics and semi-tropics. It differs in its use from a mixed forest, a term usually applied to woods that contain both conifers and broad-leaved trees. Such forests receive less than 150 cm rainfall. Saagwan, Saal, Bamboo etc. are found in these forests. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5768086 |
Ablation zone or "ablation area" refers to the low-altitude area of a glacier or ice sheet below firn with a net loss in ice mass due to melting, sublimation, evaporation, ice calving, aeolian processes like blowing snow, avalanche, and any other ablation. The equilibrium line altitude (ELA) or snow line separates the ablation zone from the higher-altitude accumulation zone. The ablation zone often contains meltwater features such as supraglacial lakes, englacial streams, and subglacial lakes. Sediments dropped in the ablation zone forming small mounds or hillocks are called kames. Kame and kettle hole topography is useful in identifying an ablation zone of a glacier. The seasonally melting glacier deposits much sediment at its fringes in the ablation area. Ablation constitutes a key part of the glacier mass balance. The amount of snow and ice gained in the accumulation zone and the amount of snow and ice lost in the ablation zone determine glacier mass balance. Often mass balance measurements are made in the ablation zone using snow stakes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5772996 |
Diabasbrottet Quarry The (), located on Mt. Hunneberg, Västergötland, Sweden, is the location of the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) which marks the lower boundary of the Floian stage of the Lower Ordovician. The lower boundary of the Floian is defined as the first appearance of "Tetragraptus approximatus", a graptolite species. The rock section, dominated by shale, is unusually fossiliferous, including fossilized remains of graptolites, conodonts, and trilobites. It is highly compressed, and the Ordovician section is only 12 m thick. The Floian stage is named after Flo Parish, a village 5 km to the southeast of the Diabasbrottet quarry. It was selected over "The Ledge" in western Newfoundland in 2000 and ratified as the GSSP by the International Union of Geological Sciences in 2002. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5775549 |
Large Volume Detector The (LVD) is a particle physics experiment situated in the Gran Sasso laboratory in Italy and is operated by the Italian Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN). It has been in operation since June 1992, and is a member of the Supernova Early Warning System. Among other work, the detector should be able to detect neutrinos from our galaxy and possibly nearby galaxies. The LVD uses 840 scintillator counters around a large tank of hydrocarbons. The detector can detect both charged current and neutral current interactions. In 2012, they published the results of measurements of the speed of CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso. The results were consistent with the speed of light. See measurements of neutrino speed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5778205 |
Fractional crystallization (chemistry) In chemistry, fractional crystallization is a method of refining substances based on differences in their solubility. It fractionates via differences in crystallization (forming of crystals). If a mixture of two or more substances in solution are allowed to crystallize, for example by allowing the temperature of the solution to decrease or increase, the precipitate will contain more of the least soluble substance. The proportion of components in the precipitate will depend on their solubility products. If the solubility products are very similar, a cascade process will be needed to effectuate a complete separation. This technique is often used in chemical engineering to obtain very pure substances, or to recover saleable products from waste solutions. Fractional crystallization can be used to separate solid-solid mixtures. An example is separating KNO and KClO. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5782826 |
Geological Survey of Ireland Geological Survey Ireland or (), founded in 1845, is the National Earth Science agency of Ireland. Geological Survey Ireland is a division of the Department of Communications, Climate Action and Environment and is based in Beggars Bush Barracks in Dublin. Its multidisciplinary staff work in sections such as Groundwater, Bedrock Mapping (consisting of Bedrock and Quaternary/Geotechnical), Information Management, Heritage, Marine and Minerals. It is responsible for providing geological advice and information, and for the acquisition of data for this purpose. Geological Survey Ireland produces a range of products including maps, reports and databases, and acts as a knowledge centre and project partner in all aspects of Irish geology. The organisation is internationally known for its work in marine mapping, having managed the Irish National Seabed Survey (INSS, 1999–2005), which on completion was the world's largest civilian marine mapping programme. The INSS mapped all of Ireland's waters over 200 m deep, principally in support of territorial claim, and covering over 600,000 km. Since 2006 Geological Survey Ireland has managed the successor programme INFOMAR (Integrated Mapping for the Sustainable Development of Ireland's Marine Resources), which is completing the mapping of all Irish waters. INFOMAR is funded by the Geological Survey Ireland parent Department and undertaken in conjunction with the Marine Institute Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5783216 |
Geological Survey of Ireland GSI and the Dublin Institute of Advanced Studies operate the Irish National Seismic Network together. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5783216 |
Bach tensor In differential geometry and general relativity, the is a trace-free tensor of rank 2 which is conformally invariant in dimension . Before 1968, it was the only known conformally invariant tensor that is algebraically independent of the Weyl tensor. In abstract indices the is given by | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5784784 |
Cefn-cerig road The Cefn-cerig road, a road near Cefn-cerig Farm, Llandovery, Wales, is the location of the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) which marks the boundary between the Aeronian and Telychian stages of the Silurian period on the geologic time scale. The GSSP was ratified in 1984. The boundary is defined as a point immediately above the highest record of the brachiopod "Eocoelia intermedia" and below the first appearance of the succeeding species "Eocoelia curtisi". The boundary also corresponds to the incoming of the acritarchs "Deunffia monospinosa", "Domasia bispinosa" and "Pterospermella". The section, part of the Wormwood Formation, is sandstone and siltstone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5786826 |
British Entomological and Natural History Society The or BENHS is a British entomological society. It is based at Dinton Pastures Country Park in Reading. BENHS was founded in 1872 as the South London Entomological and Natural History Society. BENHS publishes a quarterly journal, the British Journal of Entomology and Natural History (), formally Proceedings and Transactions of the British Entomological and Natural History Society, and Proceedings and Transactions of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society. BENHS has published a number of books. Among the most well-known are two illustrated identification guides to British flies: Another title published by BENHS was "New British Beetles - species not in Joy's practical handbook" by Peter J. Hodge and Richard A. Jones, a companion volume to Norman H. Joy's "A Practical Handbook of British Beetles. The following groups are affiliated to BENHS: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5787655 |
Field mill A field mill is a specialized instrument used for measuring the strength of electric fields in the atmosphere, one of the key parameters of atmospheric electricity. They are used in the launch criteria for rockets bound for orbit, as well as the now-retired Space Shuttle, to avoid lightning strikes. They are also used in outdoor laboratories for lightning protection equipment to determine favorable experiment conditions, or simply to measure the atmospheric electric field away from thunderstorms. The "mill" is a typical rotating shutter design in the instrument. It can be deployed airborne and flown through anvil head clouds to make measurements. At Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida, 31 field mills are deployed around KSC and the nearby Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Data from the field mills help forecasters determine when electric charge aloft might trigger lightning during a launch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5801968 |
Nodule (geology) In sedimentology and geology, a nodule is small, irregularly rounded knot, mass, or lump of a mineral or mineral aggregate that typically has a contrasting composition, such as a pyrite nodule in coal, a chert nodule in limestone, or a phosphorite nodule in marine shale, from the enclosing sediment or sedimentary rock. Normally, a nodule has a warty or knobby surface and exists as a discrete mass within the host strata. In general, they lack any internal structure except for the preserved remnants of original bedding or fossils. Nodules are closely related to concretions and sometimes these terms are used interchangeably. Minerals that typically form nodules include calcite, chert, apatite (phosphorite), anhydrite, and pyrite. In sedimentology and geology, nodular is used to describe a sediment or sedimentary rock composed of scattered to loosely packed nodules in matrix of like or unlike character. It is also used to describe mineral aggregates that occur in the form of nodules, e.g. colloform mineral aggregate with a bulbed surface. "Nodule" is also used for widely scattered concretionary lumps of manganese, cobalt, iron, and nickel found on the floors of the world's oceans. This is especially true of manganese nodules. Manganese and phosphorite nodules form on the seafloor and are syndepositional in origin. Thus, technically speaking, they are concretions instead of nodules. Chert and flint nodules are often found in beds of limestone and chalk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5805247 |
Nodule (geology) They form from the redeposition of amorphous silica arising from the dissolution of siliceous spicules of sponges, or debris from radiolaria and the postdepositional replacement of either the enclosing limestone or chalk by this silica. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5805247 |
Communication physics is one of the applied branches of physics. It deals with various kinds of communication systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5808518 |
Alfred John Jukes-Browne Alfred John Jukes-Browne, FRS FGS (16 April 1851 - 14 August 1914) was a British invertebrate palaeontologist and stratigrapher. He was born Alfred John Browne near Wolverhampton in 1851 to Alfred Hall and Caroline Amelia (née Jukes) Browne. His uncle was the geologist Joseph Beete Jukes, well known for his work on the English and Irish geological surveys. Browne added his mother's maiden name of Jukes to his own as soon as he came of age. He was educated at Highgate School (1863–1868) and gained a BA at St John's College, Cambridge. He secured a post in 1874 on the staff of the Geological Survey and was chiefly occupied in mapping parts of Suffolk, Cambridge, Rutland, and Lincoln up to 1883 and then entrusted with the preparation of a monograph on the British Upper Cretaceous rocks. He subsequently wrote a number of books on the subject. He retired from the Geological Survey in 1902 on account of ill-health. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1909. He died in Devon in 1914. He had married Emma Jessie Smith in 1881, who died giving birth to their second child in 1892. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5810240 |
Cyclonic rotation or circulation is movement in the same direction as the Earth's rotation, as opposed to anticyclonic rotation. The Coriolis effect causes cyclonic rotation to be in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, and clockwise in the southern hemisphere. A closed area of winds rotating cyclonically is known as a cyclone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5811763 |
Anticyclonic rotation or circulation is movement in the direction opposite to the Earth's rotation. In the attached video an example of an anticyclonic couplet to a supercell is documented. Note that while the supercell itself is rotating in a cyclonic direction, the couplet is forced into an anticyclonic rotation due to the forward flank downdraft and inflow intersecting. Anticyclones on the synoptic scale are more often associated with higher pressure in relation to low pressure cyclones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5811768 |
Murine coronavirus (M-CoV) is a species of coronavirus which infects mice. It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to the CEACAM1 recepter. It has, like other coronaviruses from genus "Betacoronavirus", subgenus "Embecovirus", an additional hemagglutinin esterase (HE) gene. The "Murine coronavirus" is a coronavirus that causes an epidemic murine illness with high mortality, especially among colonies of laboratory mice. Prior to the discovery of SARS-CoV, "M-CoV" (MHV, specifically) had been the best-studied coronavirus both "in vivo" and "in vitro" as well as at the molecular level. Some strains of M-CoV cause a progressive demyelinating encephalitis in mice which has been used as a murine model for multiple sclerosis. Significant research efforts have been focused on elucidating the viral pathogenesis of these animal coronaviruses, especially by virologists interested in veterinary and zoonotic diseases. A feature of the MHV is that many strains have the hemagglutinin-esterase gene turned into a pseudogene. This does not, however, apply to M-CoVs in general, as other members like PV (Puffinosis coronavirus) retain a functional version of this gene. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5813522 |
Center of curvature In geometry, the center of curvature of a curve is found at a point that is at a distance from the curve equal to the radius of curvature lying on the normal vector. It is the point at infinity if the curvature is zero. The osculating circle to the curve is centered at the centre of curvature. Cauchy defined the center of curvature "C" as the intersection point of two infinitely close normal lines to the curve. The focus of centers of curvature for each point on the curve comprise the evolute of the curve. This term is generally used in physics regarding to study of lenses and mirrors. It can also be defined as the spherical distance between the point at which all the rays falling on a lens or mirror either seems to converge to (in the case of convex lenses and concave mirrors) or diverge from (in the case of concave lenses or convex mirrors) and the lens/mirror itself. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5816420 |
Jacques Beaulieu Jacques A. Beaulieu, (born April 15, 1932) is a Canadian physicist who invented the first TEA laser in 1968. In 1978, he was awarded the Royal Society of Canada's Thomas W. Eadie Medal. In 1980, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. In 1999, he was made a Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec. In 2002, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in recognition of his "major influence on the development of lasers and their application in the fields of defence and medicine". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5816742 |
Remission (spectroscopy) Remission (lat. "remittere"), in spectroscopy, is the reflection or scattering of light by a material. Similar to the word "re-emission", it is the light which is scattered back from a material, as opposed to that which is "transmitted" through the material. The word "re-emission" connotes no such directional character. Based on the origin of the word "emit", meaning "to send out or away", "re-emit" means "to send out again", "transmit" means "to send across or through", and "remit" means "to send back". It is relevant to spectroscopic absorption measurements of solid samples by diffuse reflectance, for instance DRIFTS and DR-UV-vis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5827181 |
Vilnius photometric system The is a medium-band seven-colour photometric system (UPXYZVS), created in 1963 by Vytautas Straižys and his coworkers. This system was highly optimized for classification of stars from ground-based observations. The system was chosen to be medium-band, to ensure the possibility to measure faint stars. The temperature classification of early-type stars is based on Balmer jump (Balmer discontinuity). To measure it one must have two bandpasses placed in the ultraviolet, one beyond the Balmer jump (U magnitude) and another after the jump (X magnitude). The Y bandpass is near the breakpoint of the interstellar extinction law (interstellar extinction in the 300–800 nm region can be approximated by two straight lines, which intersect at ~435.5 nm). The P magnitude is placed exactly on the Balmer jump in order to provide separation for luminosity classes of B-A-F stars. The Z magnitude is placed on the Mg I triplet and the MgH molecular band. It is sensitive to the luminosity classes of G-K-M stars. Finally, the V magnitude is chosen to coincide with a similar bandpass in the UBV system. It provides the possibility to relate these two photometric systems. S bandpass coincides with H alpha line position and provides information about emission or absorption phenomena in that line. Colour indices of the system were normalized to satisfy the condition: U-P = P-X = X-Y = Y-Z = Z-V = V-S = 0 for unreddened O-type stars. UBV photometric system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5838194 |
Oliver Bulman Oliver Meredith Boone Bulman (20 May 1902 – 18 February 1974) was a British palaeontologist. He was Woodwardian Professor of Geology at the University of Cambridge. was born in Chelsea to artist Henry Herbert Bulman and his wife Beatrice Elizabeth Boone. He was the second of three children. Bulman went to Battersea Grammar School in 1910, but wishing to study geology, which the school did not teach, he became an evening, and later day, student at Chelsea Polytechnic. He gained a London University scholarship in 1920 and went to Imperial College to study geology and zoology. He graduated with a first class BSc in geology in 1923. Bulman went on to a PhD degree jointly with James Stubblefield on the lower Palaeozoic of the Wrekin district, of Shropshire in 1926. Awarded a senior studentship, he worked for a year on Permian amphibians with Walter Frederick Whittard and for two years at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where he studied dendroid graptolites under Gertrude Lilian Elles. Work on the Palaeontographical Society's monograph "British Dendroid Graptolites" (1927 and 1928) earned him a Cambridge PhD degree in 1928. He then worked as demonstrator at Imperial College and at Cambridge. He became reader in palaeozoology in 1944 and Woodwardian Professor of Geology in 1955. Bulman was elected an FRS in 1940 and was president of the geology section of the British Association, the Palaeontological Association (1960–62), the Geological Society (1962–4), and the Palaeontographical Society (1971–4) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5841368 |
Oliver Bulman The Geological Society awarded him the Lyell Medal in 1953. In 1938 he married Marguerite Fearnsides, daughter of William Fearnsides, the professor of geology at Sheffield. They had a son and three daughters. He died at home in Cambridge in 1974, and was cremated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5841368 |
Wyckoff positions In crystallography, a Wyckoff position is a point belonging to a set of points for which site symmetry groups are conjugate subgroups of the space group. Crystallography tables give the for different space groups. For any point in a unit cell, given by fractional coordinates, you can apply a symmetry operation to this point. In some cases it will move to new coordinates, while in other cases the point will remain unaffected. For example, reflecting across a mirror plane will switch all the points left and right of the mirror plane, but points exactly on the mirror plane itself will not move. We can test every symmetry operation in the crystal's point group and keep track of whether the specified point is invariant under the operation or not. The finite list of all symmetry operations which leave the given point invariant form another group, known as the site symmetry group. are used in calculations of crystal properties. There are two types of positions: general and special. General positions have a site symmetry of the trivial group and all correspond to the same Wyckoff position. Special positions have a non-trivial site symmetry group. The are named after Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff, an American X-ray crystallographer who authored several books in the field. His 1922 book, The Analytical Expression of the Results of the Theory of Space Groups, contained tables with the positional coordinates, both general and special, permitted by the symmetry elements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5857675 |
Wyckoff positions This book was the forerunner of International Tables for X-ray Crystallography, which first appeared in 1935. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5857675 |
Diffuson The diffuson is a mathematical object, which often appears in the theory of disordered electronic systems (a part of condensed matter physics). In a disordered system, the motion of an electron is not ballistic, but diffusive: i.e., the electron does not move along a straight line, but experiences a series of random scatterings off of impurities. This random motion (diffusion) is described by a differential equation, known as the diffusion equation. The diffuson is the Green's function of the diffusion equation. The diffuson plays an important role in the theory of electron transport in disordered systems, especially for phase coherent effects such as universal conductance fluctuations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5861496 |
Marcellin Boule Pierre-(1 January 1861 – 4 July 1942), better known as merely Marcellin Boule, was a French palaeontologist, geologist, and anthropologist. Pierre-was born in Montsalvy, France. Boule was a professor at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (1902–36) and "for many years director of the Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Paris." He was an editor (1893–1940) of the journal "L’Anthropologie" (and contributed articles to it) and was the founder of two other scientific journals. Boule studied and published in 1910 the first analysis of a complete Neanderthal specimen. The fossil discovered in La Chapelle-aux-Saints was an old man, and Boule characterized it as brutish, bent kneed and not a fully erect biped. In an illustration Boule commissioned, the Neanderthal was characterized as a hairy gorilla-like figure with opposable toes, according to a skeleton which was already distorted with arthritis. As a result, Neanderthals were viewed in subsequent decades as being highly primitive creatures with no direct relation to anatomically modern humans. Later re-evaluations of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints skeleton have roundly discredited Boule's initial work on the specimen. He was one of the first to argue that eoliths were not manmade. Boule also expressed some scepticism about the Piltdown man discovery — later revealed to be a hoax. As early as 1915, Boule recognized that the jaw belonged to an ape rather than an ancient human | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5868205 |
Marcellin Boule However, the Piltdown forgery has been characterised as providing evidential support for Boule's "branching evolution" conclusions drawn from his Neanderthal research — research which is likewise said to have "prepar[ed] the international community for the appearance of a non-Neanderthal fossil such as Piltdown Man." Boule died at age 81 in the same town where he was born, Montsalvy, France. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5868205 |
Kyr The abbreviation kyr means "thousand years". was formerly common in some English language works, especially in geology and astronomy, for the unit of 1,000 years or millennium. The "k" is the unit prefix for kilo- or thousand with the suffix "yr" simply an abbreviation for "year". Occasionally, the "k" is shown in upper case, as in "100 Kyr"; this is an incorrect usage. "kyr" itself is often considered incorrect, with some preferring to use "ky". ISO 80000-3 recommends usage of ka (for kiloannum), which avoids the implicit English bias of "year" by using a Latin root. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5904871 |
NGC 1032 is a spiral galaxy that is about 117 million light-years away in the constellation Cetus. In January 2005 SN 2005E, a calcium-rich supernova, was discovered in NGC 1032. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5916509 |
NGC 1042 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Cetus. The galaxy has an apparent magnitude of 14.0. The galaxy appears near the spiral galaxy NGC 1035 in the sky, and both have similar redshifts. The two objects may therefore be physically associated with each other. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5916553 |
Anthesis is the period during which a flower is fully open and functional. It may also refer to the onset of that period. The onset of anthesis is spectacular in some species. In "Banksia" species, for example, anthesis involves the extension of the style far beyond the upper perianth parts. of flowers is sequential within an inflorescence, so when the style and perianth are different colours, the result is a striking colour change that gradually sweeps along the inflorescence. Flowers with diurnal anthesis generally are brightly colored in order to attract diurnal insects, such as butterflies. Flowers with nocturnal anthesis generally are white or less colorful, and as such, they contrast more strongly with the night. These flowers typically attract nocturnal insects including many moth species. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5942223 |
Benzole In the United Kingdom, benzole or benzol is a coal-tar product consisting mainly of benzene and toluene. It was originally used as a 'motor spirit', as was petroleum spirits. was also blended with petrol and sold as a motor fuel under trade names including "National Mixture" and "Regent Mixture". Confusingly, in certain languages, such as German, Hungarian, Ukrainian and Russian the word "benzol" (or benzole) means benzene, and in some of these languages, words pronounced like benzene (e.g. the German word "Benzin") can mean petroleum or gasoline. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5945899 |
Aerostatics A subfield of fluid statics, aerostatics is the study of gases that are not in motion with respect to the coordinate system in which they are considered. The corresponding study of gases in motion is called aerodynamics. studies density allocation, especially in air. One of the applications of this is the barometric formula. An aerostat is a lighter than air craft, such as an airship or balloon, which uses the principles of aerostatics to float. Treatment of the equations of gaseous behaviour at rest is generally taken, as in hydrostatics, to begin with a consideration of the general equations of momentum for fluid flow, which can be expressed as: formula_1, where formula_2 is the mass density of the fluid, formula_3 is the instantaneous velocity, formula_4 is fluid pressure, formula_5 are the external body forces acting on the fluid, and formula_6 is the momentum transport coefficient. As the fluid's static nature mandates that formula_7, and that formula_8, the following set of partial differential equations representing the basic equations of aerostatics is found | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5950276 |
Aerostatics formula_9 However, the presence of a non-constant density as is found in gaseous fluid systems (due to the compressibility of gases) requires the inclusion of the ideal gas law: formula_10, where formula_11 denotes the universal gas constant, and formula_12 the temperature of the gas, in order to render the valid aerostatic partial differential equations: formula_13, which can be employed to compute the pressure distribution in gases whose thermodynamic states are given by the equation of state for ideal gases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5950276 |
Pyotr Gorlov Pyotr Nikolayevich Gorlov (; 11 May 1839 in Irkutsk, Irkutsk Governorate, Russian Empire – 20 November 1915) was a geologist and engineer who explored coal deposits in the Donets Basin, the Caucasus, Central Asia and Ussuri Krai. He founded the city of Horlivka; the city has a monument in honor of him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5963176 |
Virtual observatory A virtual observatory (VO) is a collection of interoperating data archives and software tools which utilize the internet to form a scientific research environment in which astronomical research programs can be conducted. In much the same way as a real observatory consists of telescopes, each with a collection of unique astronomical instruments, the VO consists of a collection of data centres each with unique collections of astronomical data, software systems and processing capabilities. The main goal is to allow transparent and distributed access to data available worldwide. This allows scientists to discover, access, analyze, and combine nature and lab data from heterogeneous data collections in a user-friendly manner. The IVOA (International Virtual Observatory Alliance) is a standards body created by the VO projects to develop and agree the vital interoperability standards upon which the VO implementations are constructed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5965335 |
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