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Martin Roček is a professor of theoretical physics at the State University of New York at Stony Brook and a member of the C. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics. He received A.B. and Ph.D. degrees from Harvard University in 1975 and 1979. He did post-doctoral research at the University of Cambridge and Caltech be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5980095 |
Markarian 421 (Mrk 421, Mkn 421) is a blazar located in the constellation Ursa Major. The object is an active galaxy and a BL Lacertae object, and is a strong source of gamma rays. It is about 397 million light-years (redshift: z=0.0308 eq. 122Mpc) to 434 million light-years (133Mpc) from the Earth. It is one of the cl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6003864 |
Generic drug A generic drug is a pharmaceutical drug that contains the same chemical substance as a drug that was originally protected by chemical patents. Generic drugs are allowed for sale after the patents on the original drugs expire. Because the active chemical substance is the same, the medical profile of generic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=293885 |
Generic drug Biosimilars have active pharmaceutical ingredients that are almost identical to the original product and are typically regulated under an extended set of rules, but they are not the same as generic drugs as the active ingredients are not the same as those of their reference products. In most cases, generic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=293885 |
Generic drug " Since the company making branded generics can spend little on research and development, it is able to spend on marketing alone, thus earning higher profits and driving costs down. For example, the largest revenues of Ranbaxy, now owned by Sun Pharma, came from branded generics. names are constructed usin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=293885 |
Generic drug For as long as a drug patent lasts, a brand-name company enjoys a period of market exclusivity, or monopoly, in which the company is able to set the price of the drug at a level that maximizes profit. This profit often greatly exceeds the development and production costs of the drug, allowing the company t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=293885 |
Generic drug companies may also receive the benefit of the previous marketing efforts of the brand-name company, including advertising, presentations by drug representatives, and distribution of free samples. Many drugs introduced by generic manufacturers have already been on the market for a decade or more and may alr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=293885 |
Generic drug In 2012, 84% of prescriptions in the US were filled with generic drugs, and in 2014, the use of generic drugs in the United States led to US$254 billion in health care savings. In the mid 2010s the generics industry began transitioning to the end of an era of giant patent cliffs in the pharmaceutical indus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=293885 |
Generic drug For more complex products—such as inhalers, patch delivery systems, liposomal preparations, or biosimilar drugs—demonstrating pharmacodynamic or clinical equivalence is more challenging. Enacted in 1984, the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act, informally known as the Hatch–Waxman Act, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=293885 |
Generic drug The average difference in absorption between the generic and the brand-name drug was 3.5 percent, comparable to the difference between two batches of a brand-name drug. Non-innovator versions of biologic drugs, or biosimilars, require clinical trials for immunogenicity in addition to tests establishing bio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=293885 |
Generic drug In order to incentivize generic companies to take that risk the Hatch-Waxman act granted a 180-day administrative exclusivity period to generic drug manufacturers who are the first to file an ANDA. When faced with patent litigation from the drug innovator or patent holder, generic companies will often coun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=293885 |
Generic drug For this reason, the FDA has promulgated regulations that provide, among other things, that at any time, any "interested person" can request that the FDA "issue, amend, or revoke a regulation or order," and set forth a procedure for doing so. Some generic drugs are viewed with suspicion by doctors. For exa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=293885 |
Generic drug In 2007, North Carolina Public Radio's "The People's Pharmacy" began reporting on consumers' complaints that generic versions of bupropion (Wellbutrin) were yielding unexpected effects. Subsequently, Impax Laboratories's 300 mg extended-release tablets, marketed by Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, were with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=293885 |
Generic drug The Patents Act removed composition patents for foods and drugs, and though it kept process patents, these were shortened to a period of five to seven years. The resulting lack of patent protection created a niche in both the Indian and global markets that Indian companies filled by reverse-engineering new... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=293885 |
Superdeformation In nuclear physics a superdeformed nucleus is a nucleus that is very far from spherical, forming an ellipsoid with axes in ratios of approximately 2:1:1. Normal deformation is approximately 1.3:1:1. Only some nuclei can exist in superdeformed states. The first superdeformed states to be observed were t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=294514 |
Superdeformation Modulating this macroscopic behavior, the microscopic shell correction creates certain superdeformed magic numbers that are analogous to the spherical magic numbers. For nuclei near these magic numbers, the shell correction creates a second minimum in the energy as a function of deformation. Even more ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=294514 |
Sea of clouds A sea of clouds is an overcast layer of clouds, viewed from above, with a relatively uniform top which shows undulations of very different lengths resembling waves. A sea of fog is formed from stratus clouds or fog and does not show undulations. In both cases, the phenomenon looks very similar to the open... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=294629 |
Deposition (chemistry) In chemistry, deposition occurs when molecules settle out of a solution. Deposition can be viewed as a reverse process to dissolution or particle re-entrainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=297039 |
Meteorological disasters are caused by extreme weather, e.g. rain, drought, snow, extreme heat or cold, ice, or wind. Violent, sudden and destructive to the environment related to, produced by, or affecting the earth's atmosphere, especially the weather-forming processes. Examples of weather disasters include blizzard,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=298837 |
Kleiner Perkins Kleiner Perkins, formerly Caufield & Byers (KPCB), is an American venture capital firm which specializes in investing in incubation, early stage and growth companies. Since its founding in 1972, the firm has backed entrepreneurs in over 900 ventures, including America Online, Amazon.com, Tandem Computer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=299967 |
Kleiner Perkins By the early 1970s, there were many semiconductor companies based in the Santa Clara Valley as well as early computer firms using their devices and programming and service companies. Venture capital firms suffered a temporary downturn in 1974, when the stock market crashed and investors were naturally w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=299967 |
Kleiner Perkins In May 2012, Ellen Pao, an employee, sued the firm for gender discrimination in "Pao v. Kleiner Perkins", which the firm has vigorously denied. On March 27, 2015, after a month-long trial, the jury found against Pao on all claims. In June 2015, Pao filed an appeal. In September 2015, Pao announced she w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=299967 |
Kleiner Perkins Its investment of $8 million in Cerent was worth around $2 billion when the optical equipment maker was sold to Cisco Systems for $6.9 billion in August 1999. In 1999, paid $12 million for a stake in Google. As of 2019, the market cap of Google's parent company was estimated at around $831 billion. As i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=299967 |
Weather-related fatalities in the United States may be caused by extreme temperatures, such as abnormal heat or cold, flooding, lightning, tornado, hurricane, wind, rip currents, and others. The National Weather Service compiles statistics on weather-related fatalities and publishes reports every year. In 2016, floodin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=301998 |
Weather-related fatalities in the United States For example, in the US, 21 people died in a cold wave in January 2014, which also caused property damage valued at US$2.5 billion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=301998 |
Compact dimension In string theory, a model used in theoretical physics, a compact dimension is curled up in itself and very small (usually Planck length). Anything moving along this dimension's direction would return to its starting point almost instantaneously, and the fact that the dimension is smaller than the smal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=303712 |
NAMD Nanoscale Molecular Dynamics (NAMD, formerly Not Another Molecular Dynamics Program) is computer software for molecular dynamics simulation, written using the Charm++ parallel programming model. It is noted for its parallel efficiency and is often used to simulate large systems (millions of atoms). It has been dev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=306767 |
Disdrometer A disdrometer is an instrument used to measure the drop size distribution and velocity of falling hydrometeors. Some disdrometers can distinguish between rain, graupel, and hail. The uses for disdrometers are numerous. They can be used for traffic control, scientific examination, airport observation systems... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=306882 |
Emergent coastline An emergent coastline is a stretch along the coast that has been exposed by the sea by a relative fall in sea levels by either isostasy or eustasy. are the opposite of submergent coastlines, which have experienced a relative rise in sea levels. The emergent coastline may have several specific landfor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=307197 |
Submergent coastline Submergent coastlines are stretches along the coast that have been inundated by the sea by a relative rise in sea levels from either isostacy or eustacy. are the opposite of emergent coastlines, which have experienced a relative fall in sea levels. Features of a submergent coastline are drowned riv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=307200 |
Adamantine Spar Adamantine is a mineral, often referred to as adamantine spar. It is a silky brown form of corundum. It has a Mohs rating of 9. Adamantine is also used as an adjective to refer to non-metallic, brilliant light reflecting and transmitting properties, known as "adamantine luster". Diamond is the best know... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309702 |
Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS) is a contract research organisation (CRO) founded in 1951 in Cambridgeshire, England. It has two laboratories in the United Kingdom and one in the United States. With over 1,600 staff, it is now the largest non-clinical CRO in Europe. In September 2015, Huntingdon Life Sciences, Harlan La... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=312268 |
Huntingdon Life Sciences In 1959 it changed its name to Nutritional Research Unit Ltd. The company benefited in the early 1960s from increased government regulatory testing requirements, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. In 1964 it was acquired by the U.S. medical supply firm of Becton Dickinson. In April 1983... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=312268 |
Huntingdon Life Sciences and Whiteley Holdings Ltd. And in 1991 it acquired Austin Research Engineers, Inc., followed by Travers Morgan Ltd. By the early 1990s, Huntingdon was organised into three business groups: the Life Sciences Group, the Engineering/Environmental Group, and the Travers Morgan Group, which offered ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=312268 |
Huntingdon Life Sciences As with other major CROs operating in this business area, its major business is serving the pharmaceutical industry. However, more than a third of its business comes from non-pharmaceutical sources, the most important of which is the crop protection industry which accounts for around 60% of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=312268 |
Huntingdon Life Sciences The laboratory technicians responsible were suspended from HLS the day after the broadcast. All three were later dismissed. Two of the men seen hitting and shaking dogs were found guilty under the Protection of Animals Act 1911 of "cruelly terrifying dogs." It was the first time laboratory tech... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=312268 |
Huntingdon Life Sciences According to its website, the campaign's methods are restricted to non-violent direct action, as well as lobbying and demonstrations. It targets not only HLS itself, but any company, institution, or person allegedly doing business with the laboratory, whether as clients, suppliers, or even disp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=312268 |
Huntingdon Life Sciences In 2008 seven of SHAC's senior members were described by prosecutors as "some of the key figures in the Animal Liberation Front" and found guilty of conspiracy to blackmail HLS. The campaign against HLS led to its share price crashing, the Royal Bank of Scotland closing its bank account, and th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=312268 |
Aspergillus niger is a fungus and one of the most common species of the genus "Aspergillus". It causes a disease called "black mold" on certain fruits and vegetables such as grapes, apricots, onions, and peanuts, and is a common contaminant of food. It is ubiquitous in soil and is commonly reported from indoor environm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=312439 |
Aspergillus niger niger" can become systemic, manifesting only when conditions are conducive. "A. niger" causes a common postharvest disease of onions, in which the black conidia can be observed between the scales of the bulb. The fungus also causes disease in peanuts and in grapes. "Aspergillus niger" is less likely t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=312439 |
Aspergillus niger Many useful enzymes are produced using industrial fermentation of "A. niger". For example, "A. niger" glucoamylase () is used in the production of high-fructose corn syrup, and pectinases (GH28) are used in cider and wine clarification. Alpha-galactosidase (GH27), an enzyme that breaks down certain co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=312439 |
Raoul Pictet Raoul-Pierre Pictet (4 April 1846 – 27 July 1929) was a Swiss physicist. He was the first person to liquefy nitrogen. Pictet was born in Geneva. He served as professor in the university of that city. He devoted himself largely to problems involving the production of low temperatures and the liquefaction an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314421 |
Monoclonal antibody Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope (the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody). In contrast, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=315043 |
Monoclonal antibody It was understood that these cancerous B-cells all produce a single type of antibody (a paraprotein). This was used to study the structure of antibodies, but it was not yet possible to produce identical antibodies specific to a given antigen. Production of monoclonal antibodies involving human–mouse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=315043 |
Monoclonal antibody Polyethylene glycol is used to fuse adjacent plasma membranes, but the success rate is low, so a selective medium in which only fused cells can grow is used. This is possible because myeloma cells have lost the ability to synthesize hypoxanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT), an enzyme ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=315043 |
Monoclonal antibody The antibodies secreted by the different clones are then assayed for their ability to bind to the antigen (with a test such as ELISA or Antigen Microarray Assay) or immuno-dot blot. The most productive and stable clone is then selected for future use. The hybridomas can be grown indefinitely in a su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=315043 |
Monoclonal antibody One of the advantages of the new technologies is applicable to multiple animals, such as rabbit, llama, chicken and other common experimental animals in the laboratory. After obtaining either a media sample of cultured hybridomas or a sample of ascites fluid, the desired antibodies must be extracted... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=315043 |
Monoclonal antibody These can be separated by ion exchange chromatography. Either cation exchange chromatography is used at a low enough pH that the desired antibody binds to the column while anions flow through, or anion exchange chromatography is used at a high enough pH that the desired antibody flows through the co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=315043 |
Monoclonal antibody Nonetheless, it has drawbacks such as low resolution, low capacity and low elution times. A much quicker, single-step method of separation is protein A/G affinity chromatography. The antibody selectively binds to protein A/G, so a high level of purity (generally >80%) is obtained. However, this meth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=315043 |
Monoclonal antibody An elution with a low pH buffer or a more gentle, high salt elution buffer is then used to recover purified antibody from the support. Product heterogeneity is common in monoclonal antibodies and other recombinant biological products and is typically introduced either upstream during expression or d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=315043 |
Monoclonal antibody The recent Food and Drug Administration's Quality by Design initiative attempts to provide guidance on development and to facilitate design of products and processes that maximizes efficacy and safety profile while enhancing product manufacturability. The production of recombinant monoclonal antibod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=315043 |
Monoclonal antibody In one approach, mouse DNA encoding the binding portion of a monoclonal antibody was merged with human antibody-producing DNA in living cells. The expression of this "chimeric" or "humanised" DNA through cell culture yielded part-mouse, part-human antibodies. Ever since the discovery that monoclonal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=315043 |
Monoclonal antibody companies had 160 different monoclonal antibodies in clinical trials or awaiting approval by the Food and Drug Administration. Once monoclonal antibodies for a given substance have been produced, they can be used to detect the presence of this substance. Proteins can be detected using the Western bl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=315043 |
Monoclonal antibody Monoclonal antibodies used for autoimmune diseases include infliximab and adalimumab, which are effective in rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and ankylosing spondylitis by their ability to bind to and inhibit TNF-α. Basiliximab and daclizumab inhibit IL-2 on activated T cell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=315043 |
Reactive center A reactive center, also called a propagating center, in chemistry is a particular location, usually an atom, within a chemical compound that is the likely center of a reaction in which the chemical is involved. In chain-growth polymer chemistry this is also the point of propagation for a growing chain. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=317212 |
Starve-fed In emulsion polymerization, starve-fed refers to a method of monomer addition where the monomer is introduced gradually into the reaction vessel at a rate that allows the majority of monomer to be consumed by the reaction before more is added. The purpose of this method is generally to control the distributi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=317218 |
Biological life cycle In biology, a biological life cycle (or just life cycle or lifecycle when the biological context is clear) is a series of changes in form that an organism undergoes, returning to the starting state. "The concept is closely related to those of the life history, development and ontogeny, but differs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=319610 |
Biological life cycle Sporic meiosis, on the other hand, has mitosis in two stages, both the diploid and haploid stages, termed diplobiontic (not to be confused with diplontic). The study of reproduction and development in organisms was carried out by many botanists and zoologists. Wilhelm Hofmeister demonstrated that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=319610 |
Biological life cycle Haplonts are: In gametic meiosis, instead of immediately dividing "meiotically" to produce haploid cells, the zygote divides "mitotically" to produce a multicellular diploid individual or a group of more unicellular diploid cells. Cells from the diploid individuals then undergo meiosis to produce ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=319610 |
Biological life cycle Some red algae (such as "Bonnemaisonia" and "Lemanea") and green algae (such as "Prasiola") have vegetative meiosis, also called somatic meiosis, which is a rare phenomenon. Vegetative meiosis can occur in haplodiplontic and also in diplontic life cycles. The gametophytes remain attached to and pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=319610 |
Biological life cycle In intermediate hosts, parasites either do not reproduce or do so asexually, but the parasite always develops to a new stage in this type of host. In some cases a parasite will infect a host, but not undergo any development, these hosts are known as paratenic or transport hosts. The paratenic host... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=319610 |
Antarctic Circumpolar Wave The (ACW) is a coupled ocean/atmosphere wave that circles the Southern Ocean in approximately eight years at . Since it is a wave-2 phenomenon (there are two ridges and two troughs in a latitude circle) at each fixed point in space a signal with a period of four years is seen. The wave moves ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=325020 |
Richard D. James (scientist) Richard D. James (born 1952) is a mechanician and materials scientist. He is currently the Russell J. Penrose Professor and Distinguished McKnight University Professor at the Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics at the University of Minnesota. He was educated at Brown Universit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=327344 |
Palynology is literally the "study of dust" (from , "strew, sprinkle" and "-logy") or of "particles that are strewn". A classic palynologist analyses particulate samples collected from the air, from water, or from deposits including sediments of any age. The condition and identification of those particles, organic and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=328274 |
Palynology The term is commonly used to refer to a subset of the discipline, which is defined as "the study of microscopic objects of macromolecular organic composition (i.e., compounds of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen), not capable of dissolution in hydrochloric or hydrofluoric acids". It is the science that s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=328274 |
Palynology Palynomorphs form a geological record of importance in determining the type of prehistoric life that existed at the time the sedimentary formation was laid down. As a result, these microfossils give important clues to the prevailing climatic conditions of the time. Their paleontological utility derives from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=328274 |
Palynology Palynofacies can be used in two ways: The earliest reported observations of pollen under a microscope are likely to have been in the 1640s by the English botanist Nehemiah Grew, who described pollen and the stamen, and concluded that pollen is required for sexual reproduction in flowering plants. By the late... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=328274 |
Palynology Earlier pollen researchers include Früh (1885), who enumerated many common tree pollen types, and a considerable number of spores and herb pollen grains. There is a study of pollen samples taken from sediments of Swedish lakes by Trybom (1888); pine and spruce pollen was found in such profusion that he consi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=328274 |
Palynology Pollen analysis advanced rapidly in this period due to advances in optics and computers. Much of the science was revised by Johannes Iversen and Knut Fægri in their textbook on the subject. Chemical digestion follows a number of steps. Initially the only chemical treatment used by researchers was treatment w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=328274 |
Palynology Another treatment includes kerosene flotation for chitinous materials. Once samples have been prepared chemically, they are mounted on microscope slides using silicon oil, glycerol or glycerol-jelly and examined using light microscopy or mounted on a stub for scanning electron microscopy. Researchers will of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=328274 |
Restricted use pesticide Restricted use pesticides or "RUP" are pesticides not available to the general public in the United States. The "Restricted Use" classification restricts a product, or its uses, to use by a certificated pesticide applicator or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. This means t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=329553 |
Restricted use pesticide These records must identify the date, location, and type of pesticide that has been applied. Additionally, the licensed pest control supervisors must notify the local government agency that is responsible for air quality to satisfy laws governing the Right to know regarding public health and sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=329553 |
Digital microfluidics (DMF) is another platform for lab-on-a-chip systems that is based upon the manipulation of microdroplets. Droplets are dispensed, moved, stored, mixed, reacted, or analyzed on a platform with a set of insulated electrodes. can be used together with analytical analysis procedures such as mass spect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=331579 |
Digital microfluidics Depending if the system is open or closed, there would be either one or two layers of glass. The bottom layer of the device contains a patterned array of individually controllable electrodes. When looking at a closed system, there is usually a continuous ground electrode found through the top laye... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=331579 |
Digital microfluidics In general, different materials may also be used to replace basic components of a DMF system such as the use of PDMS instead of glass for the substrate. Liquid materials can be added, such as oil or another substance, to a closed system to prevent evaporation of materials and decrease surface cont... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=331579 |
Discordant coastline A discordant coastline occurs where bands of different rock type run perpendicular to the coast. The differing resistance to erosion leads to the formation of headlands and bays. A hard rock type such as granite is resistant to erosion and creates a promontory whilst a softer rock type such as the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=332714 |
Therapeutic index The therapeutic index (TI; also referred to as therapeutic ratio) is a quantitative measurement of the relative safety of a drug. It is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxicity.The related terms therapeutic window or safety... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334955 |
Therapeutic index A higher therapeutic index is preferable to a lower one: a patient would have to take a much higher dose of such a drug to reach the toxic threshold than the dose taken to elicit the therapeutic effect. Generally, a drug or other therapeutic agent with a narrow therapeutic range (i.e. having little di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334955 |
Therapeutic index However, to convert a calculated TI to something that is more than just a number, the nature and limitations of pharmacological and/or toxicological endpoints must be considered. Depending on the intended clinical indication, the associated unmet medical need and/or the competitive situation, more or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334955 |
Therapeutic index For instance, the opioid painkiller remifentanil is very forgiving, offering a therapeutic index of 33,000:1, while Diazepam, a benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic and skeletal muscle relaxant, has a less forgiving therapeutic index of 100:1. Morphine is even less so with a therapeutic index of 70. Less ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334955 |
Therapeutic index The therapeutic ratio in radiotherapy for cancer treatment is related to the maximum radiation dose by which death of cancer cells is locally controlled and the minimum radiation dose by which cells in normal tissues have low acute and late morbidity. Both of parameters have sigmoidal dose-response cu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334955 |
Therapeutic index G1 arrest delays repair mechanism before synthesis of DNA in S phase and mitosis in M phase, suggesting key checkpoint to lead survival of cells. G2/M arrest occurs when cells need to repair after S phase before the mitotic entry. It was also known that S phase is the most resistant to radiation and M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334955 |
Therapeutic index However, the nature of high energy radiation can override the ability of damaged normal cell to repair, leading to cause another risk for carcinogenesis. This suggests a significant risk associated with radiation therapy. Thus, it is desirable to improve the therapeutic ratio during radiotherapy. Empl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334955 |
Therapeutic index This concentrates the agent in the targeted tissues and lowers its concentration in others, increasing efficacy and lowering toxicity. Sometimes the term safety ratio is used instead, particularly when referring to psychoactive drugs used for non-therapeutic purposes, e.g. recreational use. In such ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334955 |
Therapeutic index For many substances, toxic effects can occur at levels far below those needed to cause death, and thus the protective index (if toxicity is properly specified) is often more informative about a substance's relative safety. Nevertheless, the therapeutic index is still useful as it can be considered an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334955 |
Therapeutic index The maximum dose is used, rather than a lower dose, to reduce the number of test subjects (and, among other things, the cost of testing), to detect an effect that might occur only rarely. This type of analysis is also used in establishing chemical residue tolerances in foods. Maximum tolerated dose st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334955 |
Crag and tail A crag (sometimes spelled cragg, or in Scotland craig) is a rocky hill or mountain, generally isolated from other high ground. Crags are formed when a glacier or ice sheet passes over an area that contains a particularly resistant rock formation (often granite, a volcanic plug or some other volcanic struc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=342237 |
Bilayer A bilayer is a double layer of closely packed atoms or molecules. The properties of bilayers are often studied in condensed matter physics, particularly in the context of semiconductor devices, where two distinct materials are united to form junctions (such as p-n junctions, Schottky junctions, etc.). Layered m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=342851 |
Culm (botany) A culm is the aerial (above-ground) stem of a grass or sedge. It is derived from Latin 'stalk', and it originally referred to the stem of any type of plant. In the production of malted grains, the culms refer to the rootlets of the germinated grains. The culms are normally removed in a process known as "d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=343179 |
Lev Dyomin Lev Stepanovich Dyomin (; 11 January 1926 – 18 December 1998) was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew on the Soyuz 15 spaceflight in 1974. This spaceflight was intended to dock with the space station Salyut 3, but the docking failed. Dyomin was born in Moscow. He gained a doctoral degree in engineering from the Sovi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=351394 |
Gennady Sarafanov Gennadi Vasiliyevich Sarafanov (; b. January 1, 1942 in Sinenkiye, Saratov Oblast, Russia – d. September 29, 2005, Moscow) was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew on the Soyuz 15 spaceflight in 1974. This mission was intended to dock with the space station Salyut 3, but failed to do so after the docking syste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=351409 |
Aleksei Gubarev Aleksei Aleksandrovich Gubarev (; 29 March 1931 – 21 February 2015) was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew on two space flights: Soyuz 17 and Soyuz 28. Gubarev graduated from the Soviet Naval Aviation School in 1952 and went on to serve with the Soviet Air Force. He undertook further studies at the Gagarin Air... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=351889 |
Charged particle In physics, a charged particle is a particle with an electric charge. It may be an ion, such as a molecule or atom with a surplus or deficit of electrons relative to protons. It can also be an electron or a proton, or another elementary particle, which are all believed to have the same charge (except a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=352541 |
Genentech Genentech, Inc., is a biotechnology corporation which became a subsidiary of Roche in 2009. Research and Early Development operates as an independent center within Roche. As of February 2020, employed 13,638 people. The company was founded in 1976 by venture capitalist Robert A. Swanson and biochemist Herbert... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=362464 |
Genentech In July 2014, Genentech/Roche acquired Seragon for its pipeline of small-molecule cancer drug candidates for $725 million cash upfront, with an additional $1 billion of payments dependent on successful development of products in Seragon's pipeline. was a pioneering research-driven biotechnology company that h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=362464 |
Genentech claimed that they developed Protropin (recombinant somatotropin/human growth hormone), independently of UCSF. A jury ruled that the university's patent was valid in July 1999, but wasn't able to decide whether Protropin was based upon UCSF research or not. Protropin, a drug used to treat dwarfism, was Genente... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=362464 |
Crivitz (crater) Crivitz is an impact crater on Mars. It is named after the small town of Crivitz in western Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The crater has a diameter of 6.1 kilometers and is located at 14.5 deg south and 174.7 deg east, within the larger crater Gusev. The name was proposed by Stephan Gehrke in 2002, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=362546 |
Myr The abbreviation myr, "million years", is a unit of a quantity of (i.e. ) years, or 31.536 teraseconds. is in common use where the term is often written, such as in Earth science and cosmology. is seen with "mya", "million years ago". Together they make a reference system, one to a quantity, the other to a particul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=363092 |
Photochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical effects of light. Generally, this term is used to describe a chemical reaction caused by absorption of ultraviolet (wavelength from 100 to 400 nm), visible light (400–750 nm) or infrared radiation (750–2500 nm). In nature, photochemistry is of immens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=363430 |
Photochemistry When a molecule or atom in the ground state (S) absorbs light, one electron is excited to a higher orbital level. This electron maintains its spin according to the spin selection rule; other transitions would violate the law of conservation of angular momentum. The excitation to a higher singlet state ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=363430 |
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