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Photochemistry Thus, triplet states generally have longer lifetimes than singlet states. These transitions are usually summarized in a state energy diagram or Jablonski diagram, the paradigm of molecular photochemistry. These excited species, either S or T, have a half empty low-energy orbital, and are consequently mor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=363430 |
Photochemistry The solvent is an important experimental parameter. Solvents are potential reactants and for this reason, chlorinated solvents are avoided because the C-Cl bond can lead to chlorination of the substrate. Strongly absorbing solvents prevent photons from reaching the substrate. Hydrocarbon solvents absorb ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=363430 |
Photochemistry If the chemical system is at low pressure, this enables scientists to observe the energy distribution of the products of a chemical reaction before the differences in energy have been smeared out and averaged by repeated collisions. The absorption of a photon of light by a reactant molecule may also perm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=363430 |
Photochemistry Alkenes undergo many important reactions that proceed via a photon-induced π to π* transition. The first electronic excited state of an alkene lack the π-bond, so that rotation about the C-C bond is rapid and the molecule engages in reactions not observed thermally. These reactions include cis-trans isom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=363430 |
Photochemistry The photon induces homolysis of the Cl-Cl bond, and the resulting chlorine radical converts toluene to the benzyl radical: Mercaptans can be produced by photochemical addition of hydrogen sulfide (HS) to alpha olefins. Coordination complexes and organometallic compounds are also photoreactive. These reac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=363430 |
Photochemistry The first step is a rearrangement reaction to a cyclopentadienone intermediate 2, the second one a dimerization in a Diels-Alder reaction (3) and the third one an intramolecular [2+2]cycloaddition (4). The bursting effect is attributed to a large change in crystal volume on dimerization. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=363430 |
Sabir Yunusov Sabir Yunusovich Yunusov (; 18 March 1909 in Tashkent – 29 November 1995 in Tashkent) was a Soviet-Uzbek chemist, known for his research in alkaloid chemistry. In 1971 he was awarded the D.I. Mendeleev Medal for doing so. He founded the Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances under the Academy of S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=364059 |
Distribution function (physics) In molecular kinetic theory in physics, a particle's distribution function is a function of seven variables, formula_1, which gives the number of particles per unit volume in single-particle phase space. It is the number of particles per unit volume having approximately the velocity form... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=365876 |
Distribution function (physics) Distribution functions may also feature non-isotropic temperatures, in which each term in the exponent is divided by a different temperature. Plasma theories such as magnetohydrodynamics may assume the particles to be in thermodynamic equilibrium. In this case, the distribution function ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=365876 |
Leaflet (botany) A leaflet (occasionally called foliole) in botany is a leaf-like part of a compound leaf. Though it resembles an entire leaf, a leaflet is not borne on a main plant stem or branch, as a leaf is, but rather on a petiole or a branch of the leaf. Compound leaves are common in many plant families and they ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=368910 |
Guide star In astronomy, a guide star is a reference star used to accurately maintain the tracking by a telescope of a heavenly body, whose motion across the sky is primarily due to the rotation of the Earth. Accurate telescope pointing and tracking is critical for obtaining good astronomical images and astrophotograph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=369087 |
Guide star This is most accurate when the corrections are applied by a computer, but amateur telescopes often have manual correction (requiring the observer to continuously follow the star by eye for the exposure period, which may be a significant length of time). Guide stars are also employed in adaptive optics. In th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=369087 |
Harish-Chandra FRS (11 October 1923 – 16 October 1983) was an Indian American mathematician and physicist who did fundamental work in representation theory, especially harmonic analysis on semisimple Lie groups. was born in Kanpur. He was educated at B.N.S.D. College, Kanpur and at the University of Allahabad. After re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=373190 |
Harish-Chandra The Indian Government named the Research Institute, an institute dedicated to Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, after him. Robert Langlands wrote in a biographical article of Harish-Chandra: He was also a recipient of the Padma Bhushan in 1977. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=373190 |
Biogen Inc. is an American multinational biotechnology company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, specializing in the discovery, development, and delivery of therapies for the treatment of neurological diseases to patients worldwide. was founded in 1978 in Geneva by several prominent biologists, including Kenneth Murra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=380532 |
Biogen In May 2006, the company announced it would acquire cancer specialist, Conforma Therapeutics for $250 million. Later in the same month, the company announced its intention to acquire Fumapharm AG, consolidating ownership of Fumaderm and BG-12, an oral fumarate, which is being studied for the treatment of multipl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=380532 |
Biogen In October 2019, however, they announced that they would pursue FDA approval for aducanumab together with Eisai. In February 2020, and Sangamo Therapeutics announced a global licensing deal to develop compounds for neuromuscular and neurological diseases. In May 2016, the company announced that it would spin off... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=380532 |
Biogen Investigational MS medicines: has several candidates in Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials in neurodegenerative and immunological diseases including MS, neuropathic pain, spinal muscular atrophy and lupus nephritis: also has several development agreements in place with Ionis Pharmaceuticals to collaborate to leverage... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=380532 |
Biogen In March 2019, halted Phase 3 trials of Alzheimer's disease drug Aducanumab after "an independent group's analysis show[ed] that the trials were unlikely to 'meet their primary endpoint.'" However, in October 2019 they reversed their plans and said that they would be pursuing US FDA approval for Aducanumab. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=380532 |
Inverse scattering problem In mathematics and physics, the inverse scattering problem is the problem of determining characteristics of an object, based on data of how it scatters incoming radiation or particles. It is the inverse problem to the direct scattering problem, which is to determine how radiation or particles... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=385661 |
Geosphere There are several conflicting definitions for geosphere. The geosphere may be taken as the collective name for the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, and the atmosphere. The different collectives of the geosphere are able to exchange different mass and/or energy fluxes (the measurable amount of cha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=387243 |
Geosphere Since space exploration began, it has been observed that the extent of the ionosphere or plasmasphere is highly variable, and often much larger than previously appreciated, at times extending to the boundaries of the Earth's magnetosphere or geomagnetosphere. This highly variable outer boundary of "geogenic" ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=387243 |
Vitaly Zholobov Vitaly Mikhaylovich Zholobov (; born 18 June 1937) is a retired Soviet cosmonaut who flew on Soyuz 21 space flight as the flight engineer. Zholobov joined the space programme from the Soviet Air Force where he held the rank of Colonel-engineer. His only trip to space involved a two-month stay on the Sal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=387999 |
Subvariety A subvariety (Latin: subvarietas) in botanical nomenclature is a taxonomic rank. They are rarely used to classify organisms. is ranked: is an infraspecific taxon. Its name consists of three parts: To indicate the subvariety rank, the abbreviation "subvar." is put before the infraspecific epithet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=393574 |
Orphan drug An orphan drug is a pharmaceutical agent developed to treat medical conditions which, because they are so rare, would not be profitable to produce without government assistance. The conditions are referred to as orphan diseases. The assignment of orphan status to a disease and to drugs developed to treat it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=395889 |
Orphan drug EMA also qualified an orphan drug that – without incentives – it would be unlikely that marketing the drug in the EU would generate sufficient benefit for the affected people and for the drug manufacturer to justify the investment. As of 2017, there was no official integration of the orphan drug programs be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=395889 |
Orphan drug By 2012, According to a 2014 report, the orphan drug market has become increasingly lucrative for a number of reasons. The cost of clinical trials for orphan drugs is substantially lower than for other diseases because trial sizes are naturally much smaller than for more diseases with larger numbers of pati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=395889 |
Orphan drug For example, orphan drug regulations generally acknowledge the fact that it may not be possible to test 1,000 patients in a phase III clinical trial if fewer than that number are afflicted with the disease. Government intervention on behalf of orphan drug development takes several forms: A 2015 study of "34... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=395889 |
Orphan drug It amended the Public Health Service Act to establish the Office of Rare Diseases. It also increased funding for the development of treatments for people with rare diseases. In 2000, the European Union (EU) enacted similar legislation, Regulation(EC) No 141/2000, which refers to drugs developed to treat rar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=395889 |
Orphan drug Before the United States Congress enacted the ODA in 1983, only 38 drugs were approved in the USA specifically to treat orphan diseases. In the USA, from January 1983 to June 2004, the Office of Orphan Products Development 249 orphan drugs received marketing authorization and granted 1,129 different orphan ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=395889 |
Orphan drug Though not technically an orphan disease, the research and development into the treatment for AIDS has been heavily linked to the Orphan Drug Act. In the beginning of the AIDS epidemic the lack of treatment for the disease was often accredited to a believed lack of commercial base for a medication linked to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=395889 |
Orphan drug This drug was later found to be effective in treating arthritis. Bis-choline tetrathiomolybdate is currently under investigation as a therapy against Wilson's disease. In 2017, FDA granted RT001 orphan drug designation in the treatment of phospholipase 2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN). The Center for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=395889 |
Orphan drug The market for orphan drugs is by definition very small, but while the customer base is drastically smaller the cost of research and development is very much the same as for non orphan drugs. This, the producers have claimed, causes them to charge extremely high amounts for treatment, sometimes as high as $... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=395889 |
Orphan drug This is especially true in the market for cancer drugs, as a 2011 study found that between 2004 and 2010 orphan drug trials were more likely to be smaller and less randomized than their non-orphan counterparts, but still had a higher FDA approval rate, with 15 orphan cancer drugs being approved, while only ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=395889 |
Orphan drug By 2008 most of the orphan drugs appraised had cost-effectiveness thresholds "well in excess of the 'accepted' level and would not be reimbursed according to conventional criteria." As early as 2005 McCabe et al. argued that rarity should not have a premium and orphan drugs should be treated like other phar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=395889 |
Orphan drug In 2015, NICE held consultations with "patient groups, the Department of Health, companies, learned societies, charities and researchers" regarding the appraisal of medicines and other technologies. There was a call for more research into new processes including the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=395889 |
Quantum solvent A quantum solvent is essentially a superfluid (aka a quantum liquid) used to dissolve another chemical species. Any superfluid can theoretically act as a quantum solvent, but in practice the only viable superfluid medium that can currently be used is helium-4, and it has been successfully accomplished i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=399116 |
Quantum solvent Quantum solvation has so far been achieved with a number of organic, inorganic and organometallic compounds, and it has been speculated that as well as the obvious use in the field of spectroscopy, quantum solvents could be used as tools in nanoscale chemical engineering, perhaps to manufacture componen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=399116 |
Franco Andrea Bonelli (10 November 1784 – 18 November 1830) was an Italian ornithologist, entomologist and collector. Very little is known about the early life of Bonelli: he was born in Cuneo and was interested from an early age in the fauna which surrounded him, making collecting trips, preparing specimens and noting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=401155 |
Franco Andrea Bonelli In the same year, he discovered Bonelli's eagle ("Hieraaetus fasciatus") that was likewise named by Vieillot in 1822. The successor of Bonelli at the Turin Museum was Carlo Giuseppe Gené. Bonelli is most notable for his work on birds and on the beetle family Carabidae. Since he was an early worker... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=401155 |
Speed prior The speed prior is a complexity measure similar to Kolmogorov complexity, except that it is based on computation speed as well as program length. The speed prior complexity of a program is its size in bits plus the logarithm of the maximum time we are willing to run it to get a prediction. When compared to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=402703 |
Karelides The are an ancient mountain chain located between Eastern Finland and Lapland. It forms the current hill zone of Eastern Finland and Lapland's arctic hills, splitting central Finland. The formed about 2000 million years ago, when thick sandstone formations were tilted and folded during an orogeny involving a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411623 |
Research Triangle The Research Triangle, commonly referred to as simply The Triangle, is a region in the Piedmont of North Carolina in the United States, anchored by the three major research universities of North Carolina State University, Duke University, and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, as well as the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411765 |
Research Triangle The region is sometimes confused with The Triad, which is a North Carolina region adjacent to and directly west of the Triangle comprising Greensboro, Winston-Salem, and High Point, among other cities. Depending on which definition of the region is used, as few as three or as many as 16 counties are i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411765 |
Research Triangle The Dunn Micropolitan Statistical Area (Harnett County) and Sanford Micropolitan Statistical Area (Lee County) were moved to the Fayetteville-Sanford-Lumberton Combined Statistical Area, while the Oxford Micropolitan Statistical Area (Granville County) was folded into the Durham-Chapel Hill Metropolit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411765 |
Research Triangle Based in Cary, the Wake County Public School System, which includes the cities of Raleigh and Cary, is the largest school system in the state of North Carolina and the 15th-largest in the United States, with average daily enrollment of 159,949 as of the second month of the 2016–17 school year. Other l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411765 |
Research Triangle The four ACC schools in the state, Duke, North Carolina, North Carolina State, and Wake Forest University (the last of which was originally located in the town of Wake Forest before moving to Winston-Salem in 1956), are referred to as Tobacco Road by sportscasters, particularly in basketball. All four... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411765 |
Research Triangle In Cary, North Carolina FC plays in the second-level United Soccer League, and the North Carolina Courage began play in the National Women's Soccer League in 2017 after the owner of North Carolina FC bought the NWSL franchise rights of the Western New York Flash and relocated the NWSL franchise to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411765 |
Research Triangle , Novo Nordisk, Novozymes, and Pfizer. Park and North Carolina State University's Centennial Campus in Raleigh support innovation through R&D and technology transfer among the region's companies and research universities (including Duke University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill). ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411765 |
Research Triangle I-440 begins at the interchange of US 1 and I-40 southwest of downtown Raleigh and arcs as a multiplex with US 1 northward around downtown with the formal designation as the Cliff Benson/Raleigh Beltline (cosigned with US 1 on three-fourths of its northern route) and ends at its junction with I-40 in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411765 |
Research Triangle The older, toll-free portion of the four-lane route—known as the Durham Freeway or the I.L. "Buck" Dean Expressway—traverses downtown Durham and extends through Park to I-40. The Durham Freeway is often used as a detour or alternate route for I-40 through southwestern Durham the Chapel Hill area in ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411765 |
Research Triangle Plans have been made to merge all of the area's municipal systems into Triangle Transit, and Triangle Transit also has proposed a regional rail system to connect downtown Durham, downtown Cary and downtown Raleigh with multiple suburban stops, as well as stops in the Park area. The agency's initial pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411765 |
Research Triangle American Airlines opened its north–south hub operation at RDU in the new Terminal C in June 1987, greatly increasing the size of RDU's operations with a new terminal including a new apron and runway. American brought RDU its first international flights to Bermuda, Cancun, Paris and London. In 1996, Am... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411765 |
Research Triangle Midway Airlines filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy on August 13, 2001, and ceased operations entirely on October 30, 2003. In February 2000, RDU was ranked as the nation's second fastest-growing major airport in the United States, by Airports Council International, based on 1999 statistics. Passenger growth ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411765 |
Research Triangle Amtrak serves the region with the Silver Meteor, Silver Star, Palmetto, Carolinian, and Piedmont routes. "Notable shopping centers and malls:" Film festivals and events: Notable performing arts and music venues: Theatre and dance events: Music festivals: Movie theatre chains: The area is part of the R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411765 |
Research Triangle Stations include: FM stations: AM stations: Triangle North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411765 |
Staining is a technique used to enhance contrast in samples, generally at the microscopic level. Stains and dyes are frequently used in histology (the study of tissue under the microscope) and in the medical fields of histopathology, hematology, and cytopathology that focus on the study and diagnoses disease at a micro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411782 |
Staining The usual purpose is to reveal cytological details that might otherwise not be apparent; however, staining can also reveal where certain chemicals or specific chemical reactions are taking place within cells or tissues. "In vitro" staining involves colouring cells or structures that have been removed from thei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411782 |
Staining To achieve desired effects, the stains are used in very dilute solutions ranging from to (Howey, 2000). Note that many stains may be used in both living and fixed cells. A common microscope used in staining is the bright-field microscope. The bright-field microscope is categorized as a light microscope because... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411782 |
Staining Common fixatives include formaldehyde, ethanol, methanol, and/or picric acid. Pieces of tissue may be embedded in paraffin wax to increase their mechanical strength and stability and to make them easier to cut into thin slices.Mordant: These are chemical agents which have power of making dyes to stain material... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411782 |
Staining This means that samples of the manufacturer's batch have been tested by an independent body, the Biological Stain Commission (BSC), and found to meet or exceed certain standards of purity, dye content and performance in staining techniques ensuring more accurately performed experiments and more reliable result... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411782 |
Staining Note: negative staining is a mild technique that may not destroy the microorganisms, and is therefore unsuitable for studying pathogens. Unlike negative staining, positive staining uses basic dyes to color the specimen against a bright background. While chromophore is used for both negative and positive staini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411782 |
Staining Gram staining uses crystal violet to stain cell walls, iodine (as a mordant), and a fuchsin or safranin counterstain to (mark all bacteria). Gram status, proven to be relevant in the field of medicine, determines the presence or absence of a cell wall changes the bacterium's susceptibility to some antibiotics.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411782 |
Staining Through the use of malachite green and a diluted ratio of carbol fuchsin, fixing bacteria in osmic acid was a great way to ensure no blending of dyes. However, newly revised staining methods have significantly decreased the time it takes to create these stains. This revision included substitution of carbol fuc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411782 |
Staining Papanicolaou staining, or PAP staining, was developed to replace fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in hopes of decreasing staining times and cost without compromising quality. This stain is a frequently used method for examining cell samples from a variety of tissue types in various organs. PAP staining h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411782 |
Staining PAS is important because it can detect glycogen granules found in tumors of the ovaries and pancreas of the endocrine system, as well as in the bladder and kidneys of the renal system. Basement membranes can also show up in a PAS stain and can be important when diagnosing renal disease. Due to the high volume ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411782 |
Staining They are preferred over H&E for inspection of blood cells because different types of leukocytes (white blood cells) can be readily distinguished. All are also suited to examination of blood to detect blood-borne parasites such as malaria. Silver staining is the use of silver to stain histologic sections. This ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411782 |
Staining The addition of heat during the staining process is a huge contributing factor. Heat helps open the spore’s membrane so the dye can enter. The main purpose of this stain is to show germination of bacterial spores. If the process of germination is taking place, then the spore will turn green in color due to mal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411782 |
Staining It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions. When bound to DNA, it is very similar spectrally to fluorescein. Like fluorescein, it is also useful as a non-specific stain for backlighting conventionally stained cells on the surface of a solid sample of tiss... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411782 |
Staining DAPI binds with A=T rich repeats of chromosomes. DAPI is also not visible with regular transmission microscopy. It may be used in living or fixed cells. DAPI-stained cells are especially appropriate for cell counting. Eosin is most often used as a counterstain to haematoxylin, imparting a pink or red colour to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411782 |
Staining This EB/AO combined stain causes live cells to fluoresce green whilst apoptotic cells retain the distinctive red-orange fluorescence. Acid fuchsine may be used to stain collagen, smooth muscle, or mitochondria. Acid fuchsin is used as the nuclear and cytoplasmic stain in Mallory's trichrome method. Acid fuchsi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411782 |
Staining an ethylether group) making it more hydrophobic for easier plasma membrane passage Iodine is used in chemistry as an indicator for starch. When starch is mixed with iodine in solution, an intensely dark blue colour develops, representing a starch/iodine complex. Starch is a substance common to most plant cells... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411782 |
Staining Methylene blue is used to stain animal cells, such as human cheek cells, to make their nuclei more observable. Also used to stain blood films in cytology. Neutral red (or toluylene red) stains Nissl substance red. It is usually used as a counterstain in combination with other dyes. Nile blue (or Nile blue A) s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411782 |
Staining PI also binds to RNA, necessitating treatment with nucleases to distinguish between RNA and DNA staining Rhodamine is a protein specific fluorescent stain commonly used in fluorescence microscopy. Safranine (or Safranine O) is a red cationic dye. It binds to nuclei (DNA) and other tissue polyanions, including ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411782 |
Staining Electron-dense compounds of heavy metals are typically used. Phosphotungstic acid is a common negative stain for viruses, nerves, polysaccharides, and other biological tissue materials. It is mostly used in a .5-2% ph form making it neutral and is paired with water to make an aqueous solution. Phosphotungstic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411782 |
Staining Other chemicals used in electron microscopy staining include: ammonium molybdate, cadmium iodide, carbohydrazide, ferric chloride, hexamine, indium trichloride, lanthanum nitrate, lead acetate, lead citrate, lead(II) nitrate, periodic acid, phosphomolybdic acid, potassium ferricyanide, potassium ferrocyanide, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411782 |
Human biology is an interdisciplinary area of study that examines humans through the influences and interplay of many diverse fields such as genetics, evolution, physiology, anatomy, epidemiology, anthropology, ecology, nutrition, population genetics, and sociocultural influences. It is closely related to the biomedica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411951 |
Philip Eaton Philip E. Eaton (born 1936) is a Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at the University of Chicago. He and his fellow researchers were the first to synthesize the "impossible" cubane molecule in 1964. Working with Mao-Xi Zhang he is reported as having been the first to make octanitrocubane (their paper was publ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=417675 |
Philip Eaton synthesized the "impossible" cubane molecule. It was given this name because of its unusual cubic geometry. Many scientists believed that the 90 degree bond-angles would be too strained to allow this molecule to form. He later studied larger prismanes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=417675 |
Mach wave In fluid dynamics, a is a pressure wave traveling with the speed of sound caused by a slight change of pressure added to a compressible flow. These weak waves can combine in supersonic flow to become a shock wave if sufficient Mach waves are present at any location. Such a shock wave is called a Mach stem or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=418237 |
Intrinsic parity In quantum mechanics, the intrinsic parity is a phase factor that arises as an eigenvalue of the parity operation formula_1 (a reflection about the origin). To see that the parity's eigenvalues are phase factors, we assume an eigenstate of the parity operation (this is realized because the intrinsic pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=418697 |
Intrinsic parity This means experiments are unable to distinguish the sign of a leptons parity, so by convention it is chosen that leptons have intrinsic parity +1, antileptons have formula_8. Similarly the parity of the quarks is chosen to be +1, and antiquarks is -1. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=418697 |
Ma'adim Vallis is one of the largest outflow channels on Mars, about 700 km long and significantly larger than Earth's Grand Canyon. It is over 20 km wide and 2 km deep in some places. It runs from a region of southern lowlands thought to have once contained a large group of lakes (see Eridania Lake) north to Gusev cra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=420509 |
Physical Review Focus was an internet service of the American Physical Society that began in 1998, aiming to explain new developments in physics in a language understandable to the educated non-physicist. One or two short articles were published weekly. In 2011, it merged with "Physics" (physics.aps.org) and became the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=421326 |
Sleepy Hollow (Mars) Sleepy Hollow is a circular, shallow depression in Gusev Crater on Mars near the landing site of the Mars Exploration Rover "Spirit" in 2004. About from the landing site, Sleepy Hollow measures about across. The name is an allusion to the locale mentioned in Washington Irving's "The Legend of Sleep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=423047 |
Alginite is a component of some types of kerogen alongside amorphous organic matter. consists of organic-walled marine microfossils, distinct from inorganic (silica)-walled microfossils that comprise diatomaceous earth. is a complex soil aggregate of algae based biomass fossil, clay turned volcanic ash and calcium carb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=428848 |
Maceral A maceral is a component, organic in origin, of coal or oil shale. The term 'maceral' in reference to coal is analogous to the use of the term 'mineral' in reference to igneous or metamorphic rocks. Examples of macerals are inertinite, vitrinite, and liptinite. Inertinite is considered to be the equivalent of c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=428860 |
Maceral Macerals are considered to be dehydrogenated plant fragments. Evidence for this includes remnant pollen spores, fossilised leaves, remnant cellular structure and similar. In rare cases, maceral and fossilised pollen can be found in terrestrial sedimentary rocks. maturity can be estimated by "vitrinite reflectan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=428860 |
U-duality In physics, (short for unified duality) is a symmetry of string theory or M-theory combining S-duality and T-duality transformations. The term is most often met in the context of the "(symmetry) group" of M-theory as defined on a particular background space (topological manifold). This is the union of all the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=432624 |
Bioremediation is a process used to treat contaminated media, including water, soil and subsurface material, by altering environmental conditions to stimulate growth of microorganisms and degrade the target pollutants. In many cases, bioremediation is less expensive and more sustainable than other remediation alternati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434188 |
Bioremediation During this process, the electron donor is said to be oxidized while the electron acceptor is reduced. Common electron acceptors in bioremediation processes include oxygen, nitrate, manganese (III and IV), iron (III), sulfate, carbon dioxide and some pollutants (chlorinated solvents, explosives, oxidized... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434188 |
Bioremediation During landfarming, contaminated soils, sediments, or sludges are incorporated into the soil surface and periodically turned over (tilled) using conventional agricultural equipment to aerate the mixture. Composting accelerates pollutant biodegradation by mixing the waste to be treated with a bulking agen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434188 |
Bioremediation Air sparging involves the injection of air under pressure below the water table. The air injection pressure must be great enough to overcome the hydrostatic pressure of the water and resistance to air flow through the soil. Anaerobic bioremediation can be employed to treat a broad range of oxidized conta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434188 |
Bioremediation Soluble substrates or soluble fermentation products of slow-release substrates can potentially migrate via advection and diffusion, providing broader but shorter-lived treatment zones. The added organic substrates are first fermented to hydrogen (H) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The VFAs, including ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434188 |
Bioremediation In the event of biostimulation, adding nutrients that are limited to make the environment more suitable for bioremediation, nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, and carbon may be added to the system to improve effectiveness of the treatment. Many biological processes are sensitive to pH and fu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434188 |
Bioremediation Additional research is required to develop methods to ensure that the products from biodegradation are less persistent and less toxic than the original contaminant. Thus, the metabolic and chemical pathways of the microorganisms of interest must be known. In addition, knowing these pathways will help dev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434188 |
Bioremediation Two category of genes can be inserted in the organism: degradative genes which encode proteins required for the degradation of pollutants, and reporter genes that are able to monitor pollution levels. Numerous members of "Pseudomonas" have also been modified with the lux gene, but for the detection of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434188 |
International Nuclear Information System The (INIS) hosts one of the world's largest collections of published information on the peaceful uses of nuclear science and technology. INIS is based in Vienna, Austria and has been operating since 1970. INIS is operated by the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) in colla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=437476 |
Oscar Buneman (28 September 1913 – 24 January 1993) made advances in science, engineering, and mathematics. Buneman was a pioneer of computational plasma physics and plasma simulation. In 1940 upon completion of his PhD with Douglas Hartree, Buneman joined Hartree's magnetron research group assisting the development of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=439569 |
Thomas Wright (geologist) Dr Thomas Wright FRS FRSE FGS (9 November 1809 – 17 November 1884) was a Scottish surgeon and palaeontologist. Wright published a number of papers on the fossils which he had collected in the Cotswolds and elsewhere, including "Lias Ammonites of the British Isles", and monographs on the Britis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=439891 |
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