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MINT (economics) Economic growth came mainly from construction, rather than exports like China and Russia. Construction alone makes up 6% of the Turkish economy, but if one counts the various industries related to construction (steel, timber, energy used and purchased) construction and the related industries made up so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41525943 |
Electricity sector in Brunei The electricity sector in Brunei ranges from generation, transmission, distribution and sales of electricity in Brunei. is regulated by the Department of Electrical Services (DES; ) under the Ministry of Energy. In 2010, electricity generation in Brunei reached 3,862,000,000 kWh, in which 9... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41526631 |
Flooding the market refers to when an excess amount of inventory for sale causes an undesired drop in price for the product, in extreme cases making the products impossible to sell at any price. Businesses take measures to avoid this. For examples, publishers will release books from popular authors under pseudonyms, as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41550525 |
Aluminium price-fixing conspiracy The aluminium price-fixing conspiracy was an alleged effort by Goldman Sachs Group Inc, JPMorgan Chase & Co, Glencore Xstrata and their warehouse companies to inflate the price of aluminium by creating artificial supply shortages at their warehouses between 2010 and 2013. On July 20, 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41588109 |
Subscription billing service A subscription billing service (also sometimes called metered hosting) is system of billing consumers on a time determined basis for products or services that they receive. An example is a recurring monthly invoice for access to websites such as newspaper archives. Other common uses are for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41631414 |
Journal of Financial Studies The is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that was established in 1993 as the official publication of the Taiwan Finance Association. it covers all aspects of financial research. The journal is included in the Taiwan Social Science Citation Index of the National Science Council and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41636578 |
Monetary reform in the Soviet Union, 1961 The monetary reform in the Soviet Union of 1961 (known as the "Khruschev's reform") was carried out since January 1, 1961. Internally the redenomination was 10:1, with all prices, salaries, etc., changed on the same scale. However the gold standard was increased only 4.4:1, mak... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41700201 |
Low carbon leakage refers to the phenomenon of a country or a region losing its low carbon industries to another country or region. The underlying low carbon leakage trend can also be identified by looking into clean energy patent distribution around the World. The threat of low carbon leakage to the European Union has... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41722640 |
Organizational economics (also referred to as "economics of organization") involves the use of economic logic and methods to understand the existence, nature, design, and performance of organizations, especially managed ones. is primarily concerned with the obstacles to coordination of activities inside and between org... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41742715 |
Internalization theory is a branch of economics that is used to analyse international business behaviour. focuses on imperfections in intermediate product markets. Two main kinds of intermediate product are distinguished: knowledge flows linking research and development (R&D) to production, and flows of components and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41768478 |
Internalization theory When such costs are high a firm may license or outsource production to an independent firm; or it may produce at home and export to the country instead. Firms without special knowledge may become multinational to internalise supplies of components or raw materials in order to guarantee quality or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41768478 |
Internalization theory Transaction cost theory typically attributes market imperfections to bounded rationality and ‘lock in’, whilst internalization theory emphasises asymmetric information and weaknesses in property rights. Transaction cost theory is typically applied in a domestic context, whereas internalization th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41768478 |
Internalization theory Multinational profits were increasingly viewed as payments for knowledge and technology rather than as interest paid on capital, and foreign ownership became accepted, in certain cases, as a necessary safeguard for foreign investors’ intellectual property. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41768478 |
Veritrade is a privately owned commercial intelligence company founded in 1999, dedicated to providing information about International trade from multiple countries, in the form of digital publications. Through the use of its database, incorporates different products for varied sectors and industries in Peru and worldw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41772890 |
Agricultural Act of 2014 The (; , also known as the 2014 U.S. Farm Bill), formerly the "Federal Agriculture Reform and Risk Management Act of 2013", is an act of Congress that authorizes nutrition and agriculture programs in the United States for the years of 2014-2018. The bill authorizes $956 billion in spending over... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41780472 |
Agricultural Act of 2014 Farm bills can be highly controversial and can impact international trade, environmental conservation, food safety, and the well-being of rural communities. The agricultural subsidy programs mandated by the farm bills are the subject of intense debate both within the U.S. and internationally. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41780472 |
Agricultural Act of 2014 The $8 billion in cuts comes from setting a minimum of $20 per year for the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) to receive the Standard Utility Allowance (SUA) deduction, disallow medical marijuana as a deduction and ruling that lottery winners and persons convicted of certain cr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41780472 |
Agricultural Act of 2014 " The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that direct spending stemming from the programs authorized by the conference agreement would total $956 billion over the 2014-2023 period, of which $756 billion would be for nutrition programs. Relative to spending and revenues projected under t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41780472 |
Agricultural Act of 2014 They would all establish new programs that would require producers to choose between price supports or a guarantee of some of their expected revenue. Title IV - Nutrition. Title IV of the conference agreement would reduce nutrition spending by $8 billion over the 2014-2023 period, CBO estimates... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41780472 |
Agricultural Act of 2014 This estimate does not include the additional discretionary spending for agricultural programs that would result from implementing the conference agreement; such spending would be subject to future appropriation actions. CBO also has not reviewed the conference agreement for intergovernmental o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41780472 |
Agricultural Act of 2014 On January 29, 2014, the House voted 251-166 to pass the bill. In the House, a majority of Republicans voted in favor of the bill (163-62) and the Democrats split almost evenly (89-103). The Senate then voted 68–32 on February 4, 2014, to approve the full five-year farm bill, sending it to Pres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41780472 |
Staffing models are related sets of reports, charts and graphs, that are used to precisely measure work activity, determine how many labor hours are needed, analyze how employee time is spent and calculate costs. are used in the healthcare industry and use predictive analytics methods for forecasting. provide: are also... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41829142 |
Lucia A. Reisch is a behavioural economist and social scientist by training and is currently a Full Professor at Copenhagen Business School (CBS). Since 2006, she has held the chair for Intercultural Consumer Research and European Consumer Policy at CBS (Department of Intercultural Communication and Management). After ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41838910 |
Lucia A. Reisch She is also active in knowledge brokerage and high level policy consulting. She has been member and Chairwoman of the Scientific Advisory Board for Consumer, Food, and Nutrition Policies to the German Federal Ministry of Consumer Protection, Food and Agriculture (2002‐2011). She is also a long standing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41838910 |
Liquefied natural gas terminal is a structure for liquefied natural gas to store. It can comprise special tanks, ships or even building structures. Port infrastructures and pipelines are also a part of LNG terminals. Liquefied natural gas is the form used to transport natural gas over long distances, often by sea. In m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41843579 |
Average earnings index In the United Kingdom, the average earnings index (AEI) was an indicator of inflationary pressures emanating from the labour market. The AEI was replaced by the average weekly earnings (AWE) as the lead measure of short-term earnings growth in January 2010. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/awe/avera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41861637 |
Average weekly earnings In the United Kingdom and in Australia, the Average Weekly Earnings (AWE) is the lead indicator of short-term changes in earnings. In the UK, it replaced the Average Earnings Index (AEI) as the lead measure of short-term earnings growth in January 2010. In Australia, the average weekly earnings ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41861761 |
Islamic Finance Country Index (IFCI) is based on a proprietary methodology developed by Edbiz Consulting - a London-based financial advisory firm specialising in Islamic banking, finance and education. IFCI's rankings are released in the annual editions of Global Islamic Finance Report and are further disseminated thro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41886093 |
Job creation index A job creation index is a measure of net hiring of full- and part-time adult workers. In the US, the index score is derived by subtracting the percentage of American workers who say their employers are 'firing' from the percentage of workers who say their employers are 'hiring'. The job creation inde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41922632 |
Job creation index Three of the top five job creation index scores of 2013 are heavily Republican while a significant number of the states with the bottom index scores (six out of the bottom seven) are heavily Democratic. However, Gallup assessed, “Apart from this, there is little correspondence between net hiring and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41922632 |
Spatial Economic Analysis is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering the development of theory and methods in spatial economics. It is published by Routledge on behalf of the Regional Studies Association and the British and Irish Section of the Regional Science Association International. The editor-in-chief... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41970770 |
Land reform in Zambia refers to the process of land reform in Zambia. In 2001, neighbouring Zimbabwe's government undertook aggressive land reform policies which included invasions of farms owned by White Zimbabweans. Many of those farmers moved to Zambia and took up farming again. They produced maize and tobacco on la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41985887 |
Jean-Louis Arcand (born 1964) is a Canadian economist. He is a professor of International Economics at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, where he also head of the PhD Development Economics programme. Arcand is also the head of the Department of Economics at the Graduate Institut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41986839 |
Centre for Finance and Development The is an interdisciplinary research centre at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies which is housed at the Maison de la paix in Geneva. The Centre is staffed by several prominent economists such as: director Jean-Louis Arcand, deputy-director Ugo Panizza, Cé... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42007033 |
Land footprint is the real amount of land, wherever it is in the world, that is needed to produce a product, or used by an organisation or by a nation. is a consumption-based indicator, i.e. it looks at the resources needed to create a final product, or by an organisation or country, wherever they are in the world. Thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42034366 |
Land footprint A study of Germany's land balance modelled the impact of changes in diet and consumption of stimulants (e.g. coffee, wine etc.) on Germany's land balance. It found that a switch to a healthier diet, with less meat and with reduced stimulants, could lead to no net land imports, while a switch to vegetaria... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42034366 |
Land footprint Friends of the Earth Europe, together with a wider Land Footprint Coalition, has been advocating for Land Footprint to be used to measure resource consumption, as part of a wider project that argues that four footprints - land, water, carbon & material (equivalent to either RMC or TMC, see Material Flow ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42034366 |
Agricultural value chain The agricultural value chain concept has been used since the beginning of the millennium, primarily by those working in agricultural development in developing countries. Although there is no universally accepted definition of the term, it normally refers to the whole range of goods and services... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42043691 |
Agricultural value chain The approach has been found useful, particularly by donors, in that it has resulted in a consideration of all those factors impacting on the ability of farmers to access markets profitably, leading to a broader range of chain interventions. It is used both for upgrading existing chains and for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42043691 |
Agricultural value chain Without a universal definition the term “value chain” is now being used to refer to a range of types of chain, including: Donors and others supporting agricultural development, such as GIZ, DFID, ILO, IIED and UNIDO, have produced a range of documents designed to assist their staff and others t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42043691 |
Agricultural value chain Unilever operates tea estates and tea processing facilities in Kenya and then blends and packs the tea in Europe before selling it as Lipton, Brooke Bond or PG Tips brands), the great bulk of agricultural value chains involve sales to companies from independent farmers. Such arrangements freque... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42043691 |
Agricultural value chain Examining the potential for value chain finance involves a holistic approach to analyze the chain, those working in it, and their inter-linkages. These linkages allow financing to flow through the chain. For example, inputs can be provided to farmers and the cost can be repaid directly when the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42043691 |
Agricultural value chain Examples include iCow, developed in Kenya, which provides information on the gestation period, on artificial insemination of the cows, and on how to look after them. Applications such as M-Pesa can support access to mobile payment services for a large percentage of those without banks, thereby ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42043691 |
Agricultural value chain As with all agricultural growth, two things appear essential for successful value chain development: creating the right environment for agriculture and investing in rural public goods. An enabling environment implies peace and public order, macro-economic stability, inflation under control, exc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42043691 |
The Tyranny of Experts is a 2014 book by the development economist William Easterly arguing that there are no silver bullets for promoting economic development and that the best hope is to support economic, political, and personal freedom worldwide. The book is similar to Easterly's earlier books on economic developmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42055571 |
The Tyranny of Experts Easterly calls for a profound overhaul of the way powerful nations conceive of and implement aid—and, more important, of the broader foreign-policy decision-making of which aid is a component. That change is needed. It's just not clear this book is crisp or cogent enough to help advance it." Kirk... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42055571 |
Sectoral balances The sectoral balances (also called sectoral financial balances) are a sectoral analysis framework for macroeconomic analysis of national economies developed by British economist Wynne Godley. Sectoral analysis is based on the insight that when the government sector has a budget deficit, the non-govern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42081426 |
Sectoral balances , more money is flowing into the sector than is flowing out), while a deficit balance represents a net borrowing or net financial asset reducing position (i.e., more money is flowing out of the sector than is flowing into it). Each sector may be defined as follows, using the U.S. as an example: To sum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42081426 |
Sectoral balances Congressional Budget Office discussed sectoral balances in its August 2018 economic outlook: "For example, the unique pattern of the balances in the early years of this century reflected increased borrowing by households and businesses that later proved to be unsustainable. Starting with the recession... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42081426 |
Sectoral balances , where sudden shifts in the private sector from deficit to surplus due to the Great Recession forced the government balance into deficit. "The financial balance of the private sector shifted towards surplus by the almost unbelievable cumulative total of 11.2 per cent of gross domestic product between... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42081426 |
Sectoral balances GDP measures flows rather than stocks (example: the public deficit is a flow, the government debt is a stock). Flows are derived from the National Accounting relationship between aggregate spending and income. Ergo: where formula_1 is GDP (expenditure), formula_2 is consumption spending, formula_3 is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42081426 |
Sectoral balances The sectoral balances equation () says that total private savings (formula_9) minus private investment (formula_3) has to equal the public deficit (spending, formula_4 minus taxes, formula_10) plus net exports (exports (formula_5) minus imports (formula_6)), where net exports represent the net savings... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42081426 |
Sectoral balances In any given time period, the government’s budget can be either in deficit or in surplus. A deficit occurs when the government spends more than it taxes; and a surplus occurs when a government taxes more than it spends. analysis states that as a matter of accounting, it follows that government budget ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42081426 |
Sectoral balances According to the sectoral balances framework, government budget surpluses remove net savings from the private sector; in a time of high effective demand, this may lead to a private sector reliance on credit to finance consumption patterns. Hence, continual budget deficits are necessary for a growing e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42081426 |
Sectoral balances Using the above example, if the private sector surplus had remained at 1.1% GDP in 2018, the foreign sector surplus (U.S. current account deficit) would have increased by +0.4%, from 2.3% GDP to 2.7% GDP. According to the sectoral balances approach, austerity can be counterproductive in a downturn due... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42081426 |
Sectoral balances show a massive shift away from borrowing to savings by the private sector since the housing bubble burst in 2007. The shift for the private sector as a whole represents over 9 percent of U.S. GDP at a time of zero interest rates. Moreover, this increase in private sector savings exceeds the increase i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42081426 |
Microprudential regulation or microprudential supervision is firm-level oversight or financial regulation by regulators of financial institutions, "ensuring the balance sheets of individual institutions are robust to shocks". The motivation for micro-prudential regulation is rooted in consumer protection: ensuring solv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42127223 |
How Much Is Enough? (book) How Much is Enough?: Money and the Good Life is a 2012 popular economics book by Robert Skidelsky and Edward Skidelsky. It was published initially by Other Press and later by Penguin Books. The book asks why Westerners work so many hours per week and lead lives that revolve around money, busi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42129703 |
How Much Is Enough? (book) Their conclusion that concepts like respect, friendship, and community are more likely to contribute to satisfaction and overall happiness than wealth makes for a fascinating, if cerebral, read." —"Publishers Weekly" "The Skidelskys move seamlessly from the abstract to the concrete; from phil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42129703 |
New Escapologist was a UK-based lifestyle magazine between 2007 and 2017, now continued online as subscription essays. The magazine and the current essay series take the stance that work has too central a position in western life and that work, consumption and pursuit of social status too often take precedence over hap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42129781 |
New Escapologist In 2017, it was announced that the magazine would close after a decade but would continue online as a subscription essay series mediated by Patreon. The first of these essays went live in April 2017. The magazine's distinct typography, according to a colophon printed in the back of each issue, was achi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42129781 |
Sérgio Guerra Severino Sérgio Estelita Guerra (9 November 1947 – 6 March 2014) was a Brazilian economist and politician. His last political positions in public life were as the national president of the PSDB. He served as deputy senator for Pernambuco. Guerra died on 6 March 2014 from lung cancer in Rio de Janeiro, Bra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42181933 |
Milan Zeleny bibliography This is an incomplete list of selected academic publications by Milan Zeleny, sorted by different disciplines and research areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42205465 |
Socialist mode of production The socialist mode of production, also referred to as the lower-stage of communism or simply socialism as Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels used the terms socialism and communism interchangeably, is a specific historical phase of economic development and its corresponding set of social relatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42220079 |
Socialist mode of production The Marxist idea of socialism was also heavily opposed to utopian socialism. Although Marx and Engels wrote very little on socialism and neglected to provide any details on how it might be organized, numerous social scientists and neoclassical economists have used Marx's theory as a basis f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42220079 |
Socialist mode of production In this work, Marx's thinking is explored regarding production, consumption, distribution, social impact of capitalism. Communism is considered as a living model for humans after capitalism. The emphasis is upon fair distribution of goods, equality and the optimum environment for humans to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42220079 |
Socialist mode of production In this approach, cyclical fluctuations that occur in a capitalist market economy do not exist in a socialist economy. The value of a good in socialism is its physical utility rather than its embodied labour, cost of production and exchange value as in a capitalist system. Socialism makes u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42220079 |
Socialist mode of production The fundamental goal of socialism from the view of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels was the realization of human freedom and individual autonomy. Specifically, this refers to freedom from the alienation imposed upon individuals in the form of coercive social relations as well as material scar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42220079 |
Socialist mode of production The incentive structure changes in a socialist society given the change in the social environment so that an individual labourers' work becomes increasingly autonomous and creative, creating a sense of responsibility for his or her institution as a stakeholder. In Marxist theory, the state ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42220079 |
Socialist mode of production As a result, the state becomes an entity of economic coordination rather than a mechanism of class or political control and is no longer a state in the Marxian sense. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42220079 |
Pay It Forward (financial aid policy) Pay It Forward is a model in the United States for financing higher education under which students attend college tuition-free, and after graduating begin to pay a fixed percentage into a fund to pay for future students' tuition. Pay It Forward legislation was first passed by the O... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42228801 |
MarkWest Energy Partners, L.P. is a wholly owned subsidiary of MPLX LP (NYSE: MPLX), is engaged in the gathering, processing, and transportation of natural gas; the transportation, fractionation, storage and marketing of NGLs; and the gathering and transportation of crude oil. The company divides the business into four... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42284438 |
Age at risk Age at Risk (AaR) is a time-based risk measure designed to measure longevity risk in actuarial models. AaR represents certain quantile for a given probability distribution, so is similar to Value at Risk (VaR). But, AaR measures risk amount as time (time until an adverse event) rather than value (loss amoun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42305243 |
Moving Out of Poverty is a project sponsored by the World Bank, as well as a series of four books describing the results of the project, that aim to understand how people rise up the ladder from poverty to prosperity, and how they may fall back into poverty. comparative research across more than 500 communities in 15 c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42318098 |
Francisco Dornelles (born January 7, 1935) is a Brazilian lawyer, economist and politician. He was the vice governor of Rio de Janeiro from 2015 to 2019 and was the interim Governor during March and October 2016 after the illness of governor Luiz Fernando Pezão. He represented Rio de Janeiro in the Federal Senate from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42345453 |
The Reading School of International Business is widely understood in the field of international business (IB), management and economics to embody a stream of conceptual, and theoretically-driven empirical research, and consists of a group of economists and international business scholars who share a common approach to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42358879 |
The Reading School of International Business The Reading School, by contrast, emphasized the efficiency gains that multinational enterprises can generate in a world of imperfect markets. They argued that multinationals shared technologies between parent firms and subsidiaries, and between one subsidiary and another, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42358879 |
The Reading School of International Business Dunning was Head of the Department of Economics at the University of Reading, 1964-87 (later Professor at Rutgers University, New Jersey), Buckley was Research Fellow at University of Reading in 1973-4 (later Professor at University of Bradford and University of Leeds), Cass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42358879 |
The Reading School of International Business Other notable visitors were Seev Hirsch, founding member of the Leon Recanati Graduate School of Business Administration at Tel Aviv University; Stephen Magee (University of Texas at Austin); David Teece, visiting in 1989, now at University of California, Berkeley; Thomas G.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42358879 |
The Reading School of International Business Rajneesh Narula and Simon Collinson have established conceptual linkages between multinational enterprise activities and their use of outsourcing alliances within national systems of innovation. A third area of focus for the Reading School is how multinational enterprises af... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42358879 |
The Reading School of International Business This theme is especially relevant to developing and transition economies, and has inspired a number of important policy studies. The influence of the Reading School extends beyond its contributions to academic research, and into policy-making at the highest levels. This date... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42358879 |
The Reading School of International Business Many graduates of the Ph.D. program at University of Reading carry on the tradition and approach of the Reading School: Birgitte Andersen (Work Foundation, London), Jeremy Clegg (University of Leeds, UK), Mohamed Azzim Gulamhussen (ISCTE, Lisbon), Nigel Driffield (Aston Univ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42358879 |
Open banking is a financial services term as part of financial technology that refers to: Open banking, as a concept could be considered as a subspecies to the open innovation concept, a term promoted by Henry Chesbrough. It is linked to shifts in attitudes towards the issue of data ownership illustrated by regulations... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42423740 |
Open banking The direction came into force on January 13, 2018, and using standards and systems created by Open Banking Limited, a non-profit created especially for the task. However, enforcement rests with the Competition & Markets Authority. Protection for consumers is the responsibility of the Financial Conduct Auth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42423740 |
Institutional complementarity refers to situations of interdependence among institutions. This concept is frequently used to explain the degree of institutional diversity that can be observed across and within socio-economic systems, and its consequences on economic performance. In particular, the concept of institutio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42426577 |
Institutional complementarity This approach has found applications across a wide range of institutional spheres, going from firm governance and industrial relations to varieties of capitalism and political reforms. Formal models have also been developed to study the nature and consequences of institutional complementar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42426577 |
Institutional complementarity Suppose that the following conditions hold: for all and . The latter are the so-called supermodular (complementarity) conditions. The first condition implies that the “incremental” benefit for the agents in from choosing rather than increases as their institutional environment in is rather... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42426577 |
Institutional complementarity Under the supermodularity condition there can then be two pure Nash equilibria (institutional arrangements) for the system comprising and , namely and . When such multiple equilibria exist, we say that and , as well as and , are “institutional complements”. If institutional complementarity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42426577 |
Institutional complementarity Agents exhibit conflicting interests in the two equilibria and the emergence of one institutional arrangement as opposed to the other may depend on the distribution of decisional power. If for some reasons agents choosing in domain A have the power to select and enforce their preferred rul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42426577 |
Institutional complementarity The complementarities existing in the different organizational equilibria integrate both directions of causation in a single analytical framework. A similar approach has been used to explain organizational diversity in knowledge-intensive industries, such as software. Institutional complem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42426577 |
Institutional complementarity To give some examples, Robert Franzese and Martin Höpner investigate the implications for industrial relations; Margarita Estevez-Abe, Torben Iversen and David Soskice use the approach to analyze social protection; Orfeo Fioretos considers political relationships, international negotiation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42426577 |
Institutional complementarity Mathias Siems and Simon Deakin rely on an institutional complementarity approach to investigate differences in the business laws governing in various countries. Francesca Gagliardi argue in favor of an institutional complementarity relationship between local banking institutions and cooper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42426577 |
Richard Holden (economist) Richard Holden (born 2 December 1974) is an Australian economist and Professor of Economics at the University of New South Wales. He was previously a faculty member at the University of Chicago and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Holden was born in Sydney, Australia and received hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42506732 |
First globalization "First globalization" is a phrase used by economists to describe the world's first major period of globalization of trade and finance, which took place between 1870 and 1914. The "second globalization" began in 1944 and ended in 1971. This led to the third era of globalization, which began in 1989 a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42520570 |
First globalization The invention of the steamship had a great impact on the first wave of globalization. Before its invention, trade routes were reliant on wind patterns, but steamships reduced shipping time and shipping cost. By 1850, nearly 129 countries used steamships for trade, and approximately 5,000 imports and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42520570 |
Payson Center for International Development The at Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, is an interdisciplinary center for the study of international development. The Payson Center confers the following major and degrees: The Payson Center was founded in 1998 by William E. Bertrand and Eamon Kell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42546394 |
Paym ( ) is a mobile payment system provided by banks and building societies in the United Kingdom. Recipients are identified by their mobile phone number instead of bank details such as sort code and account number. The service was developed by the Payments Council and participating banks and building societies, with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42549156 |
Paym The sender's bank then retrieves the account number and sort code associated with that phone number, and then sends the money using the Faster Payments Service. The sender is shown the recipient's name (in order to confirm that they are paying the right person) but not their account details. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42549156 |
Revolutionary socialism is the socialist doctrine that social revolution is necessary in order to bring about structural changes to society. More specifically, it is the view that revolution is a necessary precondition for a transition from capitalism to socialism. Revolution is not necessarily defined as a violent ins... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42549239 |
Revolutionary socialism In "The Communist Manifesto", Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote: Twenty-four years after "The Communist Manifesto", Marx and Engels admitted that in developed countries "labour may attain its goal by peaceful means". Marxist scholar Adam Schaff argued that Marx, Engels and Lenin have expresse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42549239 |
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