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Intertemporal portfolio choice Mossin showed that under HARA utility, optimal portfolio choice involves partial time-independence of decisions if there is a risk-free asset and there is serial independence of asset returns: to find the optimal current-period portfolio, one needs to know no future distributional informa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40889453 |
Intertemporal portfolio choice In dynamic programming, the last period decision rule, contingent on available wealth and the realizations of all previous periods' asset returns, is devised in advance; then the next-to-last period's decision rule is devised, taking into account how the results of this period will influe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40889453 |
Intertemporal portfolio choice Intertemporal portfolio models in which portfolio choice is conducted jointly with intertemporal labor supply decisions can lead to the age effect of conservatism increasing with age as advocated by many investment advisors. This result follows from the fact that risky investments when th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40889453 |
Energy efficiency in agriculture European Commission definitions of energy efficiency, are given below: According to article 2(d) of the Regulation (EC) No1099/2008 on energy statistics: European Commission requirements regarding energy use across the EU (Directive 2012/27/EU) establish a common framework of measures f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40932009 |
Energy efficiency in agriculture The most directly effective measures were taken into account in reporting their effect on energy consumption per unit of product in certain case studies in all seven countries taking into account trade-offs regarding GHG emissions and final farm cost. The results are presented in a repo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40932009 |
Surplus value "Surplus value" is a translation of the German word ""Mehrwert"", which simply means value added (sales revenue less the cost of materials used up), and is cognate to English "more worth". Surplus-value is the difference between the amount raised through a sale of a product and the amount it cost to the o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949151 |
Surplus value To the extent that increasingly the economic surplus is convertible into money and expressed in money, the amassment of wealth is possible on a larger and larger scale (see capital accumulation and surplus product). The problem of explaining the source of surplus value is expressed by Friedrich Engels as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949151 |
Surplus value the boot-making machine) or to its products, and his capacity to bargain over wages is restricted by laws and the supply/demand for wage labour. "Total" surplus-value in an economy (Marx refers to the "mass" or volume of surplus-value) is basically equal to the sum of net distributed and undistributed pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949151 |
Surplus value Surplus-value may be viewed in five ways: Marx believed that the long-term historical tendency would be for differences in rates of surplus value between enterprises and economic sectors to level out, as Marx explains in two places in "Capital" Vol. 3: Hence, he assumed a uniform rate of surplus value in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949151 |
Surplus value The overriding motive behind efforts to economise resources and labor would thus be to obtain the maximum possible increase in income and capital assets ("business growth"), and provide a steady or growing return on investment. According to Marx, "absolute surplus value" is obtained by increasing the amou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949151 |
Surplus value So, the magnitude of "profit realised" in the form of money and the magnitude of "surplus-value produced" in the form of products may differ greatly, depending on what happens to market prices and the vagaries of supply and demand fluctuations. This insight forms the basis of Marx's theory of market value... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949151 |
Surplus value In turn, this causes the unit-values of commodities to decline over time, and a "decline of the average rate of profit" in the sphere of production occurs, culminating in a crisis of capital accumulation, in which a sharp reduction in productive investments combines with mass unemployment, followed by an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949151 |
Surplus value Generally, Marx seems to have regarded taxation imposts as a "form" which disguised real product "values". Apparently following this view, Ernest Mandel in his 1960 treatise "Marxist Economic Theory" refers to (indirect) taxes as "arbitrary additions to commodity prices". But this is something of a misnom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949151 |
Surplus value The secondary circuits refer to trade, transfers and transactions occurring "outside" that sphere, which can also generate incomes, and these incomes may also involve the realisation of a surplus-value or profit. It is true that Marx argues no net additions to value can be created through acts of exchange... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949151 |
Surplus value But it becomes highly important when the real growth of production stagnates, and a growing portion of capital shifts out of the sphere of production in search of surplus-value from other deals. Nowadays the volume of world trade grows significantly faster than GDP, suggesting to Marxian economists such a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949151 |
Surplus value Ironically, profitable – meaning inefficient – markets have difficulty meeting the definition a free market because a free market is to some extent defined as an efficient one: one in which goods or services are exchanged without coercion or fraud, or in other words with competition (to prevent monopolist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949151 |
Surplus value Usually this type of research involves reworking the components of the official measures of gross output and capital outlays to approximate Marxian categories, in order to estimate empirically the trends in the ratios thought important in the Marxian explanation of capital accumulation and economic growth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949151 |
Surplus value Piero Sraffa also refers to a "physical surplus" with a similar meaning, calculated according to the relationship between prices of physical inputs and outputs. In these theories, surplus product and surplus value are equated, while value and price are identical, but the "distribution" of the surplus tend... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949151 |
Surplus value as a legitimate entitlement or claim, in return for the supply of capital. He adds that "Attempts have been made to organize productive societies without the profit motive (...) [but] since the industrial revolution... there have been essentially no successful economies that have not taken advantage of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949151 |
Surplus value Marx argues there is no evidence that the "profit" accruing to capitalist owners is "quantitatively connected" to the "productive contribution" of the capital they own. In practice, within the capitalist firm, no standard procedure exists for measuring such a "productive contribution" and for distributing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949151 |
Surplus value That was the main reason why, Marx argues, the real sources of surplus-value were shrouded or obscured by ideology, and why Marx thought that political economy merited a critique. Quite simply, economics proved unable to theorise capitalism as a "social system", at least not without moral biases intruding... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949151 |
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (; ; 15 January 1809 – 19 January 1865) was a French politician and the founder of mutualist philosophy. He was the first person to declare himself an anarchist, using that term and is widely regarded as one of the ideology's most influential theorists. Proudhon is even considered by many to be t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949287 |
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Some such as Edmund Wilson have contended that Marx's attack on Proudhon had its origin in the latter's defense of Karl Grün, whom Marx bitterly disliked, but who had been preparing translations of Proudhon's work. Proudhon favored workers' associations or co-operatives as well as individual work... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949287 |
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon As a boy, he mostly worked in the family tavern, helped with basic agricultural work and spent time playing outdoors in the countryside. Proudhon received no formal education as a child, but he was taught to read by his mother, who had him spelling words by age three. However, the only books that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949287 |
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon During the course of his work, Proudhon spent hours every day reading this Christian literature and began to question many of his long held religious beliefs which eventually led him to reject Christianity altogether. Over the years, Proudhon rose to be a corrector for the press, proofreading the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949287 |
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon The period following this was marked by unemployment and poverty, with Proudhon travelling around France (also briefly to Neuchâtel, Switzerland) where he unsuccessfully sought stable employment in printing and as a schoolteacher. During this period, Fallot offered financial assistance to Proudho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949287 |
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon He applied for the Suard Pension, a bursary that would enable him to study at the Academy of Besançon. Proudhon was selected out of several candidates primarily due to the fact that his income was much lower than the others and the judges were extremely impressed by his writing and the level of e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949287 |
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon In 1846, he published the "Système des contradictions économiques ou Philosophie de la misère" ("The System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Poverty"), which prompted a book-length critique from Karl Marx entitled "The Poverty of Philosophy", commencing a rift between Marxists and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949287 |
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon As during the 1830 July Revolution, the Republican-Socialist Party had set up a counter-government in the Hotel de Ville, including Louis Blanc, Armand Marrast, Ferdinand Flocon and Alexandre Martin. Proudhon published his own perspective for reform which was completed in 1849, "Solution du probl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949287 |
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon He tried to establish a popular bank ("Banque du peuple") early in 1849, but despite over 13,000 people signing up (mostly workers) receipts were limited falling short of 18,000FF and the whole enterprise was essentially stillborn. Proudhon ran for the Constituent Assembly in April 1848, but he w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949287 |
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Proudhon disapproved of the revolts and demonstrations of February, May and June 1848, though he was sympathetic to the social and psychological injustices that the insurrectionists had been forced to endure. In Spain, Ramón de la Sagra established the anarchist journal "El Porvenir" in La Coruña... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949287 |
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon According to Mikhail Bakunin, Proudhon was the first person to refer to himself as an "anarchist". In "What Is Property?", published in 1840, he defined anarchy as "the absence of a master, of a sovereign" and wrote: "As man seeks justice in equality, so society seeks order in anarchy". He declar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949287 |
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon In asserting that property is freedom, he was referring not only to the product of an individual's labor, but to the peasant or artisan's home and tools of his trade and the income he received by selling his goods. For Proudhon, the only legitimate source of property is labor. What one produces i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949287 |
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon This use-ownership he called "possession" and this economic system mutualism. Proudhon had many arguments against entitlement to land and capital, including reasons based on morality, economics, politics and individual liberty. One such argument was that it enabled profit, which in turn led to so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949287 |
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon In the posthumously published "Theory of Property", he argued that "property is the only power that can act as a counterweight to the State". Hence, "Proudhon could retain the idea of property as theft, and at the same time offer a new definition of it as liberty. There is the constant possibilit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949287 |
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon He supported the right of inheritance and defended "as one of the foundations of the family and society". However, he refused to extend this beyond personal possessions, arguing that "[u]nder the law of association, transmission of wealth does not apply to the instruments of labour". As a consequ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949287 |
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon I think that all these manifestations of human activity should remain free and voluntary for all: I ask for them no modifications, restrictions or suppressions, other than those which result naturally and of necessity from the universalization of the principle of reciprocity which I propose". Pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949287 |
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon In one of his first works, "The Holy Family", Marx said: "Not only does Proudhon write in the interest of the proletarians, he is himself a proletarian, an ouvrier. His work is a scientific manifesto of the French proletariat". However, Marx disagreed with Proudhon's anarchism and later published... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949287 |
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Proudhon had wanted to prove that the reign of political economy would be the reign of peace, finding it difficult to believe that people really thought he was defending militarism. Proudhon argued that under mutualism "[t]here will no longer be nationality, no longer fatherland, in the political... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949287 |
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon The proposal appeared in the "Programme Revolutionaire", an electoral manifesto issued by Proudhon after he was asked to run for a position in the provisional government. The text reads: "7° 'L'armée. – Abolition immédiate de la conscription et des remplacements; obligation pour tout citoyen de f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949287 |
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon In "The Birth of Fascist Ideology", he states: However, K. Steven Vincent states that "to argue that Proudhon was a proto-fascist suggests that one has never looked seriously at Proudhon's writings". J. Salwyn Schapiro argued in 1945 that Proudhon was a racist, "a glorifier of war for its own sak... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949287 |
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Stewart Edwards, the editor of the "Selected Writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon", remarks: "Proudhon's diaries (Carnets, ed. P. Haubtmann, Marcel Rivière, Paris 1960 to date) reveal that he had almost paranoid feelings of hatred against the Jews. In 1847, he considered publishing an article again... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949287 |
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon To a woman, a man is "a father, a chief, a master: above all, a master". His justification for patriarchy is men's greater physical strength and recommended that men use this greater strength to keep women in their place, saying: "A woman does not at all hate being used with violence, indeed even... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40949287 |
Dorfman–Steiner theorem The (or Dorfman–Steiner condition) is a neoclassical economics theorem which looks for the optimal level of advertising that a firm should undertake. The theorem is named after Robert Dorfman and Peter O. Steiner who developed the approach in their widely cited 1954 article in the "American Econ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40994463 |
Development aggression is a term used by indigenous peoples to refer to development projects that violate their human rights. It refers to projects planned or progressed without free, prior and informed consent from an impacted local community as required by international law, such as in the United Nations Declaration ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41004981 |
Banco Alfa Alfa Bank is a Brazilian commercial bank based in São Paulo. The bank's president is Aloysio de Andrade Faria. The bank dates to 1925, when it was founded as Banco da Lavoura de Minas Gerais, whose name was changed in 1972 to Banco Real. In 1998 its controlling interest was sold to ABN AMRO. The financial co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41072808 |
Lindy effect The is a theory that the future life expectancy of some non-perishable things like a technology or an idea is proportional to their current age, so that every additional period of survival implies a longer remaining life expectancy. Where the applies, mortality rate "decreases" with time. The origin of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41126881 |
Lindy effect He references Lindy's Law and a parable of the young poets' cemetery and then applies to researchers and their publications: "However long a person's past collected works, it will on the average continue for an equal additional amount. When it eventually stops, it breaks off at precisely half of its promis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41126881 |
Lindy effect More generally with proportionality rather than equality, given formula_8 and using the parameter formula_9 in the Pareto distribution, conditional on reaching any age of formula_2, the expected future lifetime is formula_11. Example: for formula_1 or formula_13 the expected future lifetime is formula_3. i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41126881 |
Chartalism In macroeconomics, chartalism is a theory of money that argues that money originated with states' attempts to direct economic activity rather than as a spontaneous solution to the problems with barter or as a means with which to tokenize debt, and that fiat currency has value in exchange because of sovereign... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41146581 |
Chartalism When Knapp was writing, the prevailing view of money was that it had evolved from systems of barter to become a medium of exchange because it represented a durable commodity which had some use value. However, as modern chartalist economists such as Randall Wray and Mathew Forstater have pointed out, chartali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41146581 |
Chartalism Randall Wray, Stephanie Kelton, and Bill Mitchell are largely responsible for reviving chartalism as an explanation of money creation; Wray refers to this revived formulation as "Neo-Chartalism". Mitchell, founder of the Centre of Full Employment and Equity or CofFEE at the University of Newcastle in Austral... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41146581 |
Chartalism Galbraith supports chartalism and wrote the foreword for Mosler's book "Seven Deadly Innocent Frauds of Economic Policy" in 2010. The continued use of the Somali shilling as currency despite the lack of a functioning central government capable of raising taxes or a central bank to issue it has been cited as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41146581 |
European Council for Distance Learning The or EUCDL is a private non-profit organization registered under the EU law to help online and Distance Universities/schools to improve their know-how using the latest e-learning technologies and methods to ensure high quality. "EUCDL" has 4 partners: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41154446 |
The Atlas of Economic Complexity is a 2011 economics book by Ricardo Hausmann, Cesar A. Hidalgo, Sebastián Bustos, Michele Coscia, Sarah Chung, Juan Jimenez, Alexander Simoes and Muhammed A. Yıldırım. A revised 2014 edition is published by the MIT Press. The book attempts to measure the amount of productive knowledge t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41160925 |
The Atlas of Economic Complexity The Harvard version builds on the original code base developed by Alex Simoes at the MIT Media Lab and uses a different method for cleaning the data than the OEC. "The Atlas" is distributed under a creative commons license which makes it free for non-commercial use. The data visualizati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41160925 |
Coffee King () is an informal title created in Brazil during the 19th century and used until the early 20th century. It was usually applied to the biggest coffee producer of a given period. In spite of the lack of consensus around the exact number of Coffee Kings, the majority of scholars admit the existence of at leas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41178391 |
Antônio Delfim Netto (born May 1, 1928) is a Brazilian economist, former Minister of Finance, Agriculture, and Planning of Brazil, professor and congressman. During his incumbency as Minister of Finance of Brazil, the country experienced the so-called "Milagre Econômico" (the Economic Miracle), a time of unprecedented ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41202101 |
Hire Purchase under Shirkatul Melk (HPSM), is a special type of contract which has been developed through practice and approved in Shariah. The term is used in Islamic banking. It is a Synthesis of three contracts: Shirkat, Ijarah and Sale. Under this mode bank may supply implements/ equipment/goods on rental basis. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41221563 |
Erudio Student Loans is a consortium formed by debt collectors Arrow Global and private equity firm CarVal Investors in 2013. The firm was the successful bidder in an auction to buy non-performing U.K. student loans in 2013, paying £160m to buy debts of £890m taken out between 1990 and 1998. Of the loans purchased, 46%... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41225508 |
Erudio Student Loans In April 2016, another error saw the company demanding repayments after it failed to send out 250,000 deferral forms, with some customers declaring themselves "bewildered by Erudio’s administrative problems". The company denied the omissions were a tactic designed to trick people into repaying the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41225508 |
Economic Stimulus Appropriations Act of 1977 The was a bill signed into law by American president Jimmy Carter on May 13, 1977. The bill authorized 20.1 billion dollars ($21,100,000,000) in government spending. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41243870 |
The Disposable American The Disposable American: Layoffs and Their Consequences is a 2006 book written by New York Times reporter Louis Uchitelle, and it was his first. It was published by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. The book is concerned with the far reaching layoffs occurring in the United States, the damage he perceives t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41244307 |
Economics of Governance is a peer-reviewed academic journal of economics published by Springer Science+Business Media covering governance in a large variety of organizations such as governments, corporations, and non-profit associations. The editors-in-chief are Amihai Glazer (University of California, Irvine) and Matt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41254089 |
Business necessity A business necessity is a legitimate business purpose that justifies an employment decision as effective and needed to optimally achieve the organization's goals and ensure that operations run safely and efficiently. This is often presented as a defense of an employment decision that is questioned be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41270989 |
The Culture of Connectivity The Culture of Connectivity: A Critical History of Social Media is a book by José van Dijck published by Oxford University Press in 2013 on social media platforms and their history. The author critically considers the histories of five social media platforms: Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, YouTu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41299443 |
Value criticism (in German "Wertkritik") is a branch of post-Marxism which criticizes capitalistic society. follows in the traditions of the Frankfurt School and critical theory developed under Max Horkheimer. Prominent adherents of value criticism include Robert Kurz, Moishe Postone and Jean-Marie Vincent. takes cruci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41304880 |
Value criticism The so-called critique of value-dissociation (in German called "Wertabspaltungskritik") includes not only precise descriptions of the "abstract and fetishized character of modern domination", but also seeks to explain why irrational attitudes are delegated to women, while men are counted as relatively r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41304880 |
Grow the Pie (phrase) Grow the Pie is an expression used in macroeconomics to refer to the assertion that growing the economy of a nation as a whole creates more availability of wealth and work opportunities than does redistribution of wealth. Growing the Pie could be called "more for everyone." This is as opposed to c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41358943 |
Grow the Pie (phrase) They explain, then, that the optimal solution is to expand the size of the pie so that the share proportions remain the same but result in larger overall wealth. With this there is no redistribution of wealth, but all in the economy are left with larger ‘slices’ of wealth. Advocates of this phrase... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41358943 |
Open general licence An Open General Licence (OGL) is a type of export licence issued by a government to its domestic suppliers. In most countries, they are the licences with minimal restrictions. This is to be contrasted with other licences such as the Open General Trade Control Licence in the UK which put restriction... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41391143 |
Electricity sector in Singapore The electricity sector in Singapore ranges from generation, transmission, distribution and retailing of electricity in Singapore. In terms of alternative sources of energy, Singapore is likely to be among the main winners after the global transition to renewable energy is completed; the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41396916 |
Prix du meilleur jeune économiste de France The prix du meilleur jeune économiste de France ("lit." Best Young Economist of France Award) is an annual award given since 2000 by daily newspaper "Le Monde" and the Cercle des économistes to French economists under the age of 40. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41398622 |
Contract farming involves agricultural production being carried out on the basis of an agreement between the buyer and farm producers. Sometimes it involves the buyer specifying the quality required and the price, with the farmer agreeing to deliver at a future date. More commonly, however, contracts outline conditions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41400785 |
Contract farming Processors constitute the main users of contracts, as the guaranteed supply enables them to maximise utilization of their processing capacity. Contracts with farmers can also reduce risk from disease or weather and facilitate certification, which is being increasingly demanded by advanced markets. Ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41400785 |
Contract farming Under the Nucleus Estate model, the company also manages a plantation in order to supplement smallholder production and provide minimum throughput for the processing plant. This approach is mainly used for tree crops such as oil palm and rubber. The Multipartite model usually involves a partnership bet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41400785 |
Contract farming A system of law is essential to assist farmers and their buyers in the negotiation and drafting of contracts. It is also important to protect them from risks that may occur during contractual execution, such as abuse of power by the stronger bargaining party or breach of contract. Strengthening farmer ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41400785 |
Contract farming has to be commercially viable. To maximise profitability companies need to choose the best available farmers. Once suitable farmers have been identified it is then necessary to develop trust, as contracts will only work when both parties believe they are better off by engaging in them. To achieve this ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41400785 |
Contract farming The Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI) in Tokyo has conducted a series of case studies in selected Asian countries to assess the conditions for benefits to be achieved by marginal rice farmers. In Lao PDR, the research suggested that contracted farmers earned significantly higher profits than non-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41400785 |
Contract farming The editors identify a gradual convergence in clauses and conditions used in contracts and note that the two most common contract provisions, those involving technical assistance and pre-financing of inputs, may be essential for small farmer inclusion. The publication considers the role of third partie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41400785 |
Contract farming Although an enabling environment is important, the editors caution against government incentives and subsidies to promote inclusion as these may give a misleading impression of profitability and jeopardize sustainability. They also note that the costs to the firm of pursuing an inclusive strategy are r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41400785 |
Contract farming In other words, such estimates need to be revised downwards to accept that studies that show negative or no ‘impact’ are less likely to be published, and that the calculation of the impact of contract farming may neglect schemes that do not improve incomes for smallholders and collapse and thus are not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41400785 |
Description-experience gap The description-experience gap is a phenomenon in experimental behavioral studies of decision making. The gap refers to the observed differences in people's behavior depending on whether their decisions are made towards clearly outlined and "described" outcomes and probabilities or whether th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41419956 |
Description-experience gap According to prospect theory, the decision weight of described prospects are considered differently depending on whether the prospects have a high or low probability and the nature of the outcomes. Specifically, people's decisions differ depending on whether the described prospects are framed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41419956 |
Description-experience gap In experience-based studies, then, the outcomes and probabilities of the two possible choices are not initially presented to the participants. Instead, participants must sample from these choices, and they can only learn the outcomes from feedback after making their choices. Participants can ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41419956 |
Description-experience gap However, "experience-based prospects" results in a reversal of the reflection effect such that people become risk seeking for gains and risk averse for losses. More specifically, the level of risk-taking behavior towards gains for participants in the experience task is virtually identical to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41419956 |
Description-experience gap Given that rare events are uncommon, the more common events are more likely to take recency and therefore be weighted more than rare events. The recency effect, then, may be responsible for the underweighting of rare events in decisions made from experience. Given that "description-based" stu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41419956 |
Description-experience gap Biases for more salient memories, then, may be the reason for greater risk seeking in gains choices in experience-based studies. The assumption here is that a more improbable but greater reward may produce a more salient memory. To reiterate, prospect theory offers sound explanations for how ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41419956 |
Description-experience gap Due to the different ways in which doctors and patients learn about the side effects, there is potential disagreement on the necessity and safety of vaccination. Typically in natural settings, however, peoples’ awareness of the probabilities of certain outcomes and their prior experience cann... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41419956 |
Social rationality In behavioural sciences, social rationality is a type of decision strategy used in social contexts, in which a set of simple rules is applied in complex and uncertain situations. is a form of bounded rationality applied to social contexts, where individuals make choices and predictions under uncertai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41444371 |
Social rationality Heuristics can be applied to social and non-social decision tasks (also called social games and games against nature), judgments, or categorizations. They can use social or non-social input. is thus about three of the four possible combinations, excluding the case of heuristics using non-social input... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41444371 |
Social rationality Following the "equality heuristic" (sometimes called "1/N rule") people divide and invest their resources equally in a number of N different options. These options can be both social (e.g., time spent with children) and nonsocial entities (e.g., financial investments or natural resources). For exampl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41444371 |
Renewable energy in Armenia ranges from geothermal, hydroelectric, solar and wind energy in Armenia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41445803 |
Energy in Macau is related to all of the type of energy and its related infrastructure used in Macau, China. Energy-related affairs is administered under the Secretariat for Transport and Public Works of the Government of Macau. Macau import its natural gas supply from Hengqin Island in Zhuhai, Guangdong. The pipeline ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41456058 |
The Greenback Era The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865-1879 is a book by American historian Irwin Unger, published in 1964 by Princeton University Press, which won the 1965 Pulitzer Prize for History. It is about American finance in the post-Civil War period and the social and pol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41471462 |
Risk-based auditing is a style of auditing which focuses upon the analysis and management of risk. In the UK, the 1999 Turnbull Report on corporate governance required directors to provide a statement to shareholders of the significant risks to the business. This then encouraged the audit activity of studying these ris... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41471855 |
MINT (economics) MINT is an acronym referring to the economies of Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey. The term was originally coined in 2014 by Fidelity Investments, a Boston-based asset management firm, and was popularized by Jim O'Neill of Goldman Sachs, who had created the term BRIC. The term is primarily used i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41525943 |
MINT (economics) Wasn't Indonesia's economic potential more compelling than Russia's? Despite the size of its relatively young population (a tremendous asset), I thought it unlikely that Indonesia would do enough on the economic-policy front to quickly realize that potential. Now, meeting a diverse group of Indonesians... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41525943 |
MINT (economics) Recent administrations have expanded competition in ports, railroads, telecommunications, electricity generation, natural gas distribution and airports, with the aim of upgrading infrastructure. As an export-oriented economy, more than 90% of Mexican trade is under free trade agreements (FTAs) with mor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41525943 |
MINT (economics) The country is the largest economy in Southeast Asia and a member of the G-20 major economies. Currently, Indonesia has the world's 8th largest GDP-PPP and 16th largest nominal GDP. Indonesia is the world's fourth most populous country after China, India, and the United States and the world's third mos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41525943 |
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