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Ibn Khaldun A point supporting that posits that his unusual focus on and admiration of Maharlika Muslim Berbers reveals a deference towards them that is born of a vested interest in preserving them in the realm of conscious history. Islamic scholar Muhammad Hozien contends, "The false [Berber] identity would be valid h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199169 |
Ibn Khaldun In the face of a tumultuous political situation in North Africa, that required a high degree of skill in developing and dropping alliances prudently to avoid falling with the short-lived regimes of the time. Ibn Khaldūn's autobiography is the story of an adventure, in which he spends time in prison, reaches... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199169 |
Ibn Khaldun The treatment that received after the fall of Abū Salem through Ibn-Amar ʻAbdullah, a friend of Ibn Khaldūn's, was not to his liking, as he received no significant official position. At the same time, Amar successfully prevented Ibn Khaldūn, whose political skills he knew well, from allying with the Abd al-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199169 |
Ibn Khaldun In his autobiography, Ibn Khaldūn tells little about his conflict with Ibn al-Khatib and the reasons for his departure. Orientalist Muhsin Mahdi interprets that as showing that Ibn Khaldūn later realised that he had completely misjudged Muhammad V. Back in Africa, the Hafsid sultan of Bougie, Abū ʻAbdallāh,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199169 |
Ibn Khaldun He lived there for over three years under their protection, taking advantage of his seclusion to write the "Muqaddimah" "Prolegomena", the introduction to his planned history of the world. In Ibn Salama, however, he lacked the necessary texts to complete the work. Therefore, in 1378, he returned to his nati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199169 |
Ibn Khaldun His efforts at reform encountered resistance, however, and within a year, he had to resign his judgeship. A contributory factor to his decision to resign may have been the heavy personal blow that struck him in 1384, when a ship carrying his wife and children sank off the coast of Alexandria. now decided to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199169 |
Ibn Khaldun Timur questioned him in detail about conditions in the lands of the Maghreb. At his request, Ibn Khaldūn even wrote a long report about it. As he recognized Timur's intentions, he did not hesitate, on his return to Egypt, to compose an equally-extensive report on the history of the Tatars, together with a c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199169 |
Ibn Khaldun Ibn Khaldun's analysis looks at how this cohesion carries groups to power but contains within itself the seeds – psychological, sociological, economic, political – of the group's downfall, to be replaced by a new group, dynasty or empire bound by a stronger (or at least younger and more vigorous) cohesion. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199169 |
Ibn Khaldun Then, eventually, the former barbarians will be conquered by a new set of barbarians, who will repeat the process. One contemporary reader of Khaldun has read this as an early business cycle theory, though set in the historical circumstances of the mature Islamic empire. There is some evidence that indicate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199169 |
Ibn Khaldun In Al-Muqaddimah Khaldun states, “Civilization and its well-being, as well as business prosperity, depend on productivity and people’s efforts in all directions in their own interest and profit”. diverged from norms that Muslim historians followed and rejected their focus on the credibility of the transmitt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199169 |
Ibn Khaldun 25 grams) and the weight of 7 dinar should be equal to weight of 10 dirhams (7/10 of a "mithqal" or 2.96 grams). Ibn Khaldun's epistemology attempted to reconcile mysticism with theology by dividing science into two different categories, the religious science that regards the sciences of the Qur'an and the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199169 |
Ibn Khaldun At the beginning, people will look for different ways of increasing productivity of basic needs and expansion will occur. Later the society starts becoming more sedentary and focuses more on crafting, arts and the more refined characteristics. By the end of a society, it will weaken, allowing another small ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199169 |
Ibn Khaldun The concept of asabiya has been translated as "social cohesion," "group solidarity," or "tribalism." This social cohesion arises spontaneously in tribes and other small kinship groups (Rashed,2017). believed that too much bureaucracy, such as taxes and legislations, would lead to the decline of a society, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199169 |
Ibn Khaldun A society with a sedentary culture and stable politics would be expected to have greater achievements in crafts and technology. also emphasized in his epistemology theory the important aspect that educational tradition plays to ensure the new generations of a civilization continuously improve in the science... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199169 |
Ibn Khaldun For logical sciences he established knowledge at its highest level as an increase of scholars and the quality of knowledge. For him the highest level of literary productions would be the manifestation of prose, poems and the artistic enrichment of a society. From other sources we know of several other works... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199169 |
Ibn Khaldun Al-Asqalani also noted that was not well-liked in Egypt because he opposed many respected traditions, including the traditional judicial dress, and suggested that this may have contributed to the reception of Ibn Khaldun's historical works. The notable exception to this consensus was Ibn al-Azraq, a jurist ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199169 |
Ibn Khaldun According to Ibn Arabshah, during this meeting, and Tamerlane discussed the Maghrib in depth, as well as Tamerlane's genealogy and place in history. began gaining more attention from 1806, when Silvestre de Sacy's "Chrestomathie Arabe" included his biography together with a translation of parts of the "Muqa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199169 |
Ibn Khaldun While lived after St Thomas Aquinas, Schumpeter makes only passing references to Khaldun, and excludes Khaldun's predecessors. However, modern historians have recognized the contributions of and many of his predecessors. Modern historians have also been complimentary in their analysis of Ibn Khaldun's works... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199169 |
Ibn Khaldun As a historian and sociologist, was recognized by the British philosopher Robert Flint, who wrote: "as a theorist of history he had no equal in any age or country until Vico appeared, more than three hundred years later. Plato, Aristotle, and Augustine were not his peers, and all others were unworthy of bei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199169 |
Ibn Khaldun " In 2006, Spain commemorated the 600th anniversary of the death of Ibn Khaldun, by orchestrating an exhibit titled "Encounter of Civilizations: Ibn Khaldun." In 2011, Ibn Khaldun's birthday was recognized by a Google Doodle, which was publicized in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. In 2007, İbn Haldu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199169 |
Put–call parity In financial mathematics, put–call parity defines a relationship between the price of a European call option and European put option, both with the identical strike price and expiry, namely that a portfolio of a long call option and a short put option is equivalent to (and hence has the same value as) a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=207387 |
Put–call parity These assumptions do not require any transactions between the initial date and expiry, and are thus significantly weaker than those of the Black–Scholes model, which requires dynamic replication and continual transaction in the underlying. Replication assumes one can enter into derivative transactions, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=207387 |
Put–call parity The assets formula_2 and formula_3 on the left side are given in current values, while the assets formula_5 and formula_6 are given in future values (forward price of asset, and strike price paid at expiry), which the discount factor formula_4 converts to present values. Using spot price formula_13 inst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=207387 |
Put–call parity If the bond interest rate, formula_25, is assumed to be constant then Note: formula_25 refers to the force of interest, which is approximately equal to the effective annual rate for small interest rates. However, one should take care with the approximation, especially with larger rates and larger time p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=207387 |
Put–call parity At time "T", our overall portfolio would, for any value of the share price, have zero value (all the assets and liabilities have canceled out). The profit we made at time "t" is thus a riskless profit, but this violates our assumption of no arbitrage. We will derive the put-call parity relation by creat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=207387 |
Put–call parity By our preliminary observation that identical payoffs imply that both portfolios must have the same price at a general time formula_19, the following relationship exists between the value of the various instruments: Thus given no arbitrage opportunities, the above relationship, which is known as put-cal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=207387 |
Put–call parity In the 19th century, financier Russell Sage used put-call parity to create synthetic loans, which had higher interest rates than the usury laws of the time would have normally allowed. Nelson, an option arbitrage trader in New York, published a book: "The A.B.C. of Options and Arbitrage" in 1904 that de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=207387 |
Wang Anshi (; ; ; December 8, 1021 – May 21, 1086), courtesy name Jiefu (), was a Chinese economist, poet and politician during the Song dynasty. He served as chancellor who attempted major and controversial socioeconomic reforms known as the New Policies. These reforms constituted the core concepts of the Song-Dynasty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=207508 |
Wang Anshi During this period, he gained practical experience in local governance. This experience guided his analysis in formulating solutions to revitalize the ailing Song society. Wang believed that the state has the responsibility to provide for its people the essentials for a decent living standard: "The state sho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=207508 |
Wang Anshi This was done to ensure collective responsibility in society and was later used to strengthen local defense. He also proposed the creation of systems to breed military horses, the more efficient manufacture of weapons and training of the militia. To improve education and government, he sought to break down t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=207508 |
Wang Anshi Their circumstances were made worse by the debts they had incurred from the seasonal loans granted under Wang’s reform initiatives. Local officials insisted on collecting on the loans as the farmers were leaving their land. This crisis was depicted as being Wang’s fault. The empress dowager was also an oppon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=207508 |
Wang Anshi Lines from one of his most famous pieces: One of eight famous literati of Tang－Song period, was known for writing with succinctness and profundity. He laid stress on literature's social function and that writings should serve a purpose. His essays "A Visit to Baochan Mountain" and "In Reply to Official Censo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=207508 |
Integralism In politics, integralism or integrism () is the set of theoretical concepts and practical policies that advocate a fully integrated social and political order, based on converging patrimonial (inherited) political, cultural, religious, and national traditions of a particular state, or some other political e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=207723 |
Integralism Contemporary discussions of integralism were renewed in 2014, with critiques of capitalism and liberalism. The term has also been used to describe non-Catholic religious movements, such as Protestant fundamentalism or Islamism. Catholic integralism (also called integrism) is an "anti-pluralist" trend in Cat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=207723 |
Integralism The 19th-century papacy challenged the growth of liberalism (with its doctrine of popular sovereignty) as well as new scientific and historical methods and theories (which were thought to threaten the special status of the Christian revelation). Pope Pius IX condemned a list of liberal and Enlightenment ide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=207723 |
Integralism However, even the Second Vatican Council finally sided with the integralist understanding in some ways, stating in "Dignitatis humanae" that the council "leaves intact the traditional teaching of the duty which the state owes to the Church", namely, recognition of the church as the state religion, unless it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=207723 |
Integralism For example, some Catholics have praised the actions of Pius IX in the 1858 Mortara case, in which he ordered the abduction of a six-year-old Jewish boy who had been baptized without his parents' consent. Scholars have drawn parallels between Catholic integralism and a view held by a minority in the Reforme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=207723 |
Integralism The political implications of Catholic integralism are apparent in the Basque-Navarrese context of Spain, where that Integrism or Traditionalist Catholicism refers to a 19th- and 20th-century anti-Liberal movement advocating for the re-establishment of not only clerical but also native institutions lost in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=207723 |
Social credit (not to be confused with the Chinese Social Credit rating system) is an interdisciplinary and distributive philosophy developed by C. H. Douglas (1879–1952), a British engineer who published a book by that name in 1924. It encompasses economics, political science, history, and accounting. Its policies are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit Troubled by the seeming difference between the way money flowed and the objectives of industry ("delivery of goods and services", in his opinion), Douglas decided to apply engineering methods to the economic system. Douglas collected data from more than a hundred large British businesses and found that in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit Douglas thought that consumers, fully provided with adequate purchasing power, will establish the policy of production through exercise of their monetary vote. In this view, the term economic democracy does not mean worker control of industry, but democratic control of credit. Removing the policy of produ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit He defined cultural inheritance as the knowledge, techniques and processes that have accrued to us incrementally from the origins of civilization (i.e. progress). Consequently, mankind does not have to keep "reinventing the wheel". "We are merely the administrators of that cultural inheritance, and to tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit While Douglas believed the cultural heritage factor of production is primary in increasing wealth, he also believed that economic sabotage is the primary factor decreasing it. The word wealth derives from the Old English word "wela," or "well-being", and Douglas believed that all production should increas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit But it may be advisable to glance at some of the proximate causes operating to reduce the return for effort; and to realise the origin of most of the specific instances, it must be borne in mind that the existing economic system distributes goods and services through the same agency which induces goods an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit It assumes that the primary objective of the industrial system is the provision of employment. 3. And the third, which is essentially simpler still, in fact, so simple that it appears entirely unintelligible to the majority, is that the object of the industrial system is merely to provide goods and servic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit Initially, money originated from the productive system, when cattle owners punched leather discs which represented a head of cattle. These discs could then be exchanged for corn, and the corn producers could then exchange the disc for a head of cattle at a later date. The word “pecuniary" comes from the L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit In this opinion, wealth is a pool upon which people can draw, and money becomes a ticketing system. The efficiency gained by individuals cooperating in the productive process was named by Douglas as the "unearned increment of association" – historic accumulations of which constitute what Douglas called th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit However, so long as orthodox economics makes scarcity a value, banks will continue to believe that they are creating value for the money they produce by making it scarce. Douglas criticized the banking system on two counts: The former Douglas identified as being anti-social in policy. The latter he claime... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit In 1920, Douglas presented the A + B theorem in his book, "Credit-Power and Democracy", in critique of accounting methodology pertinent to income and prices. In the fourth, Australian Edition of 1933, Douglas states: A factory or other productive organization has, besides its economic function as a produc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit In his pamphlet entitled "The New and the Old Economics", Douglas describes the cause of "B" payments: I think that a little consideration will make it clear that in this sense an overhead charge is any charge in respect of which the actual distributed purchasing power does not still exist, and that pract... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit In a testimony before the Alberta Agricultural Committee of the Alberta Legislature in 1934, Douglas said: Now we know there are an increasing number of charges which originated from a period much anterior to three weeks, and included in those charges, as a matter of fact, are most of the charges made in,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit Douglas proposed that the long-term consequence of this policy is a trade war, typically resulting in real war – hence, the social credit admonition, “He who calls for Full-Employment calls for War!”, expressed by the Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, led by John Hargrave. The for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit As Douglas stated in his first article, "The Delusion of Superproduction": The factory cost – not the selling price – of any article under our present industrial and financial system is made up of three main divisions-direct labor cost, material cost and overhead charges, the ratio of which varies widely,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit As the Phillips Curve demonstrates, inflation and unemployment are trade-offs, unless prices are reduced from monies derived from outside the productive system. According to Douglas's A+B theorem, the systemic problem of increasing prices, or inflation, is not "too much money chasing too few goods", but i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit Formally called a "Compensated Price" and a "National (or Consumer) Dividend", a National Credit Office would be charged with the task of calculating the size of the rebate and dividend by determining a national balance sheet, and calculating aggregate production and consumption statistics. The price reba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit Since consumption over a period of time is typically less than production over the same period of time in any industrial society, the real cost of goods should be less than the financial cost. For example, if the money cost of a good is $100, and the ratio of consumption to production is 3/4, then the rea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit Even if the B payments are received and spent before the finished product is available for purchase, current purchasing power will be boosted by B payments received in the current production of goods that will be available for purchase in the future." A. W. Joseph replied to this specific criticism in a p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit Thus in order that the economic system should keep working it is essential that capital goods should be produced in ever increasing quantity relatively to consumable goods. As soon as the ratio of capital goods to consumable goods slackens, costs exceed money distributed, i.e. the consumer is unable to pu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit Douglas argued that incomes are typically spent on past production to meet the present needs of living, and will not be available to purchase goods completed in the future – goods which must include the sum of incomes paid out during their period of manufacture in their price. Consequently, this does not ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit Each time we secure to-day's equilibrium by increased investment we are aggravating the difficulty of securing equilibrium to-morrow. The criticism that social credit policies are inflationary is based upon what economists call the quantity theory of money, which states that the quantity of money multipli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit " The Alberta Social Credit government published in a committee report what was perceived as an error in regards to this theory: "The fallacy in the theory lies in the incorrect assumption that money 'circulates', whereas it is issued against production, and withdrawn as purchasing power as the goods are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit Traditional ballot box democracy is incompatible with Social Credit, which assumes the right of individuals to choose freely one choice at a time, and to contract out of unsatisfactory associations. Douglas advocated what he called the “responsible vote”, where anonymity in the voting process would no lon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit Whether we look on this Trinitarianism under the names of King, Lords and Commons or as Policy, Sanctions and Administration, the Trinity-in-Unity has existed, and our national success has been greatest when the balance (never perfect) has been approached." Opposing the formation of Social Credit parties,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit Among Douglas's other early works were "The Control and Distribution of Production", "Credit-Power and Democracy", "Warning Democracy" and "The Monopoly of Credit". Of considerable interest is the evidence he presented to the Canadian House of Commons Select Committee on Banking and Commerce in 1923, to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit Douglas continued writing and contributing to the secretariat's journals, initially "Social Credit" and soon thereafter "The Social Crediter" (which continues to be published by the Secretariat) for the remainder of his lifetime, concentrating more on political and philosophical issues during his later ye... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit Douglas was consulted by the 1921-1935 United Farmers of Alberta provincial government in Alberta, but the UFA saw only difficulties in trying to bring in Social Credit. Douglas became an advisor to Aberhart, but withdrew after a short time and never visited Alberta after 1935 due to strategic differences... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit , the banking system] and the necessary unbalancing of the Budget is covered by Debts. Douglas sent two social credit technical advisors from the United Kingdom, L. Denis Byrne and George F. Powell, to Alberta. But early attempts to pass social credit legislation were ruled "ultra vires" by the Supreme Co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit ) Under Ernest Manning, who succeeded Aberhart after his death in 1943, the Alberta Social Credit Party soon departed from its origins and became popularly identified as a right wing populist party. In the Secretariat's journal, "An Act for the Better Management of the Credit of Alberta", Douglas publishe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit However, he also believed that Christianity remained ineffective so long as it remained transcendental. Religion, which derives from the Latin word "religare" (to “bind back”), was intended to be a binding back to reality. Social Credit is concerned with the incarnation of Christian principles in our orga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit "The progress of human society is best measured by the extent of its creative ability. Imbued with a number of natural gifts, notably reason, memory, understanding and free will, man has learned gradually to master the secrets of nature, and to build for himself a world wherein lie the potentialities of p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit It turns the government into an end instead of a means, and the individual into a means instead of an end – "Demon est deus inversus" – “the Devil is God upside down.” is designed to give the individual the maximum freedom allowable given the need for association in economic, political and social matters.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit Douglas was critical of "international Jewry", especially in his later writings. He asserted that such Jews controlled many of the major banks and were involved in an international conspiracy to centralize the power of finance. Some people have claimed that Douglas was antisemitic because he was quite cri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit " John L. Finlay disagrees with Stingel's assertion and argues that, "It must also be noted that while Douglas was critical of some aspects of Jewish thought, Douglas did not seek to discriminate against Jews as a people or race. It was never suggested that the National Dividend be withheld from them." Fe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Social credit Instead, government controls the currency and prevents inflation by providing a price rebate to participating business and a guaranteed income to every citizen. In his novel "The Trick Top Hat", part of his "Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy", Robert Anton Wilson described the implementation by the President of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208697 |
Newly industrialized country The category of newly industrialized country (NIC) is a socioeconomic classification applied to several countries around the world by political scientists and economists. They represent a subset of developing countries whose economic growth is much higher than other developing countries; an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=209424 |
Newly industrialized country Newly industrialized countries can bring about an increase of stabilization in a country's social and economic status, allowing the people living in these nations to begin to experience better living conditions and better lifestyles. Another characteristic that appears in newly industrializ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=209424 |
Newly industrialized country All four countries are classified as high-income economies by the World Bank and developed countries by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). All of the Four Asian Tigers, like Western European countries, have a Human Development Index considered ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=209424 |
Newly industrialized country This group is expected to expand to G14 by adding Egypt alongside the five aforementioned countries. Authors set lists of countries accordingly to different methods of economic analysis. Sometimes a work ascribes NIC status to a country that other authors don't consider a NIC. This is the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=209424 |
Newly industrialized country South Africa faces an influx of immigrants from countries such as Zimbabwe, although many also come from Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Eritrea, Nigeria, Ethiopia and Somalia. While South Africa is considered wealthy on a wealth-per-capita basis, economic inequality is p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=209424 |
Least developed countries The least developed countries (LDCs) is a list of developing countries that, according to the United Nations, exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world. The concept of LDCs originated in the late 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=209428 |
Least developed countries As of 2018, 10 or more countries are expected to be upgraded until 2024, with Bangladesh and Djibouti satisfying all criteria in 2018 already. There are three countries which presently meet the criteria for LDC status, but have declined to be included in the index, questioning the validity or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=209428 |
Least developed countries The three criteria (human assets, economic vulnerability and gross national income per capita) are assessed by the Committee for Development Policy every three years. Countries must meet two of the three criteria at two consecutive triennial reviews to be considered for graduation. The Committ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=209428 |
Least developed countries It was attended by Ban Ki-Moon, the head of the UN, and close to 50 prime ministers and heads of state. The conference endorsed the goal of raising half the existing out of the LDC category by 2022. As with the Seoul Development Consensus drawn up in 2010, there was a strong emphasis on boosti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=209428 |
Least developed countries At the regional level, in partnership with the UN-OHRLLS and relevant UN agencies, the following three consultations have been organised: These consultations were organised to critically assess the progress made by LDCs in the ten years since the adoption of the Brussels Programme of Action an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=209428 |
Least developed countries But analysis of the deal by NGOs found that the text of the proposed LDC deal had substantial loopholes that might make the offer less than the full 100 percent access, and could even erase some current duty-free access of LDCs to rich country markets. Dissatisfaction with these loopholes led ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=209428 |
Least developed countries The list of "least developed countries" according to the United Nations with some that are categorised into the landlocked developing countries and the Small Island Developing States: In Africa, there are 33 countries that are classified as least developed countries: In the Americas, there is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=209428 |
Development economics is a branch of economics which deals with economic aspects of the development process in low income countries. Its focus is not only on methods of promoting economic development, economic growth and structural change but also on improving the potential for the mass of the population, for example, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210183 |
Development economics For example, scholasticism, the dominant school of thought during medieval feudalism, emphasized reconciliation with Christian theology and ethics, rather than development. The 16th- and 17th-century School of Salamanca, credited as the earliest modern school of economics, likewise did not address... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210183 |
Development economics Mercantilist ideas continue in the theories of economic nationalism and neomercantilism. Following mercantilism was the related theory of economic nationalism, promulgated in the 19th century related to the development and industrialization of the United States and Germany, notably in the policies... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210183 |
Development economics Following Brexit and the 2016 United States presidential election, some experts have argued a new kind of "self-seeking capitalism" popularly known as Trumponomics could have a considerable impact on cross-border investment flows and long-term capital allocation The origins of modern development e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210183 |
Development economics These stages are "the traditional society, the pre-conditions for take-off, the take-off, the drive to maturity, and the age of high mass-consumption" Simple versions of the Harrod–Domar model provide a mathematical illustration of the argument that improved capital investment leads to greater eco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210183 |
Development economics Lewis' "two-sector surplus model", which views agrarian societies as consisting of large amounts of surplus labor which can be utilized to spur the development of an urbanized industrial sector, and Hollis Chenery's "patterns of development" approach, which holds that different countries become we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210183 |
Development economics The patterns of development approach has been criticized for lacking a theoretical framework. International dependence theories gained prominence in the 1970s as a reaction to the failure of earlier theories to lead to widespread successes in international development. Unlike earlier theories, int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210183 |
Development economics Neoclassical theories argue that governments should not intervene in the economy; in other words, these theories are claiming that an unobstructed free market is the best means of inducing rapid and successful development. Competitive free markets unrestrained by excessive government regulation ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210183 |
Development economics Anne Krueger noted in 1996 that success and failure of policy recommendations worldwide had not consistently been incorporated into prevailing academic writings on trade and development. The market-friendly approach, unlike the other two, is a more recent development and is often associated with t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210183 |
Development economics Furthermore, countries outside the tropic zones, which have more temperate climates, have also developed considerably more than those located within the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. These climates outside the tropic zones, described as "temperate-near," hold roughly a quarter of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210183 |
Development economics This remains a highly contested and uncertain field of research, as well as politically sensitive, largely due to its possible policy implications. Much discussion among researchers centers around defining and measuring two key but related variables: ethnicity and diversity. It is debated whether ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210183 |
Development economics Other researchers have also applied this index to religious rather than ethno-linguistic groups. Though commonly used, Alesina and La Ferrara point out that the ELF index fails to account for the possibility that fewer large ethnic groups may result in greater inter-ethnic conflict than many small... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210183 |
Development economics Similarly, Collier and Hoeffler provided evidence that both highly homogenous and highly heterogeneous societies exhibit lower risk of civil war, while societies that are more polarized are at greater risk. As a matter of fact, their research suggests that a society with only two ethnic groups is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210183 |
Development economics There is a body of literature which discusses how economic growth and development, particularly in the context of a globalizing world characterized by free trade, appears to be leading to the extinction and homogenization of languages. Manuel Castells asserts that the "widespread destructuring of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210183 |
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