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Median graph Each vertex "v" of "G" corresponds to a solution to this 2-satisfiability instance in which all edges are directed towards "v". Each solution to the instance must come from some vertex "v" in this way, where "v" is the common intersection of the sets "W" for edges directed from "w" to "u"; this common inte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16970848 |
Median graph A hypercube graph, in which the vertices correspond to all possible "k"-bit bitvectors and in which two vertices are adjacent when the corresponding bitvectors differ in only a single bit, is a special case of a "k"-dimensional grid graph and is therefore a median graph. The median of three bitvectors "a",... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16970848 |
Median graph The composition of the retractions formed in this way for each of the clauses gives a retraction of the hypercube onto the solution space of the instance, and therefore gives a representation of "G" as the retract of a hypercube. In particular, median graphs are isometric subgraphs of hypercubes, and are t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16970848 |
Median graph An equivalent description of "H" is that it is formed by splitting each edge of "G" into a path of two edges, and adding a new vertex connected to all the original vertices of "G". This graph "H" is by construction a partial cube, but it is a median graph only when "G" is triangle-free: if "a", "b", and "c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16970848 |
Median graph The median of any such triangle must be a common neighbor of the three triangle vertices; if this common neighbor does not exist, the graph is not a median graph. If all triangles found in this way have medians, and the previous algorithm finds that the graph satisfies all the other conditions for being a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16970848 |
Median graph If a tree with perfect phylogeny is not possible, it is often desired to find one exhibiting maximum parsimony, or equivalently, minimizing the number of times the endpoints of a tree edge have different values for one of the characteristics, summed over all edges and all characteristics. To form the Bunem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16970848 |
Median graph One can equivalently describe a collection of binary characteristics as a "split system", a family of sets having the property that the complement set of each set in the family is also in the family. This split system has a set for each characteristic value, consisting of the species that have that value. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16970848 |
Economic restructuring is used to indicate changes in the constituent parts of an economy in a very general sense. In the western world, it is usually used to refer to the phenomenon of urban areas shifting from a manufacturing to a service sector economic base. It has profound implications for productive capacities an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16971924 |
Economic restructuring In addition, the declining manufacturing sector leaves behind strained blue-collared workers who endure chronic unemployment, economic insecurity, and stagnation due to the global economy's capital flight. Wages and unionization rates for manufacturing jobs also decline. One other qualitative dim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16971924 |
Economic restructuring With some African Americans gaining professional upward mobility through affirmative action and equal opportunity sanctions in education and employment, African Americans without such opportunities fall behind. This creates a growing economic class division among the African American demographic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16971924 |
Economic restructuring When the 1973 oil crisis affected the world capitalist economy, economic restructuring was used to remedy the situation by geographically redistributing production, consumption, and residences. City economies across the globe moved from goods-producing to service-producing outlets. Breakthroughs ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16971924 |
Economic restructuring Consequently, capital, goods, and people rapidly flow across borders. Where the mode of regulation began with Fordism and Taylorization in the industrial age then to mass consumption of Keynesian economics policies, it evolves to differentiated and specialized consumption through international co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16971924 |
Economic restructuring With this reform in privatizing public services, neoliberalism has become the ideological platform of economic restructuring. Free market economic theory has dismantled Keynesian and collectivists’ strategies and promoted the Reagan and Thatcher politics of the 1980s. Soon free trade, flexible la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16971924 |
Economic restructuring Sunbelt cities such as Miami and Atlanta rise to become key business centers while Snowbelt cities such as Buffalo and Youngstown decline. Even housing markets respond to economic restructuring with decaying housing stocks, escalating housing prices, depleting tax base, changes in financing, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16971924 |
Economic restructuring In addition, economic restructuring demonstrates the increasing complex and human-capital intensive modern society in Western nations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16971924 |
Social gravity was an application of Newtonian gravity to the system of commerce influence. For instance, in "The Administration of the Colonies" (1764), Thomas Pownall (1722–1805) used the Newtonian concept of "attraction" to form the basis of his political and commercial theory of empire. Pownall's vision provided an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16979059 |
Dumb agent theory The dumb agent theory (DAT) states that many people making individual buying and selling decisions will better reflect true value than any one individual can. In finance this theory is predicated on the efficient-market hypothesis (EMH). One of the first instances of the dumb agent theory in action wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16981381 |
Dumb agent theory The Policy Analysis Market (PAM), while technically a futures market, was described as utilizing the dumb agent theory. The main difference, as argued by James Surowiecki, is that in a futures market the current stock prices are known in advance, while in order for the dumb agent theory to work, they ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16981381 |
Dumb agent theory The point Craven found ended up being 220 yards from the actual position of the sunken vessel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16981381 |
Periphery countries In world systems theory, the periphery countries (sometimes referred to as just the periphery) are those that are less developed than the semi-periphery and core countries. These countries usually receive a disproportionately small share of global wealth. They have weak state institutions and are de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16985133 |
Periphery countries Other reasons such as wars, non-central location, insufficient infrastructure (rail lines, roads and communications) will keep a country in the periphery of global trade. Generally the populations tend to be poor and destitute so the core countries will exploit them for cheap labor and will even pur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16985133 |
Periphery countries For instance, the core countries have an incentive to gain a profit and this enables the world market to further grow. At times, there is a change in the balance of trade between the periphery and core countries. This occurs when the prices of exports from periphery countries decrease at a faster ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16985133 |
Periphery countries At this time, Poland was mainly exporting wheat to other areas of Europe and Poland wanted cheap labor. As a result, landlords enslaved rural workers on their estate lands. Also, Latin America experienced an enslavement of their natives and imports of slaves from Africa. Forced mining labor was plac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16985133 |
Periphery countries The core countries are able to get goods very cheaply from the periphery and then are able to manufacture products and sell them at a relatively high price. The periphery countries are unable to make any gains because of this relationship and it is therefore impossible for them to ever industrialize... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16985133 |
Periphery countries It is crucial for the core countries to keep exploiting the natural resources of the periphery countries and to keep the governments semi-stable or else it could cause economic unrest for the core countries as a whole. There are several ways in which periphery countries are able to escape their poor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16985133 |
Periphery countries If this is done successfully and the new leader is stays true to his/her word, the country can take the next necessary step in rising from periphery status and that is to start to industrialize. Some Neo-Marxists believe that it would actually be best for periphery countries to cut all economic and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16985133 |
Periphery countries Becoming industrialized also will help to force trade to come to their cities, if they can produce goods at competitive prices, allowing them to reach out to the global market and take hold. Once a periphery country can industrialize, and use its own resources to its own benefit, it will begin to en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16985133 |
Periphery countries Another way in which periphery countries better their education system is by spending money to send university-level students and staff abroad to places such as the U.S. and Europe to receive a better education. Once the people in these countries have become educated enough and they realize their pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16985133 |
Periphery countries Former personal private farms were collectivized in the early 1930s and gradually supplied with tractors and other machinery. Mechanization of farm labor, among other factors, contributed to freeing up workers for the newly built factories. In 1928-1932 alone at least ten million peasants migrated t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16985133 |
Periphery countries These countries will also experience much less severe famine now that they are able to trade successfully on a global scale. as listed in the appendix of "Trade Globalization since 1795: waves of integration in the world-system" that appeared in the American Sociological Review (Dunn, Kawana, Brewer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16985133 |
Storm Exchange Storm Exchange, Inc. was a weather risk management company that existed from 2006-2009. The Company created weather-indexed derivative products and also published financial indexes with a primary focus on agriculture. The Company was headquartered in New York City and operated a weather research center i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17038105 |
Human development (economics) Human development is the science that seeks to understand how and why the people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time. It involves studies of the human condition with its core being the capability approach. The inequality adjusted Human Development Index is use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17070211 |
Human development (economics) By investing in people, we enable growth and empower people to pursue many different life paths, thus developing human capabilities. The most basic capabilities for human development are to lead long and healthy lives, be knowledgeable (i.e., educated), have access to resources and social ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17070211 |
Human development (economics) As Aristotle said in ancient Greece, "Wealth is evidently not the good we are seeking, for it is merely useful for the sake of something else." Human Development Theory has roots in ancient philosophy and early economic theory. Aristotle noted that "Wealth is evidently not the good we are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17070211 |
Human development (economics) Anthropologists and sociologists have also challenged perspectives on Human Development Theory that stem from neoclassical economics. Examples of scholars include, Diane Elson, Raymond Apthorpe, Irene van Staveren, and Ananta Giri. Elson (1997) proposes that human development should move t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17070211 |
Human development (economics) Aspects that could be left out of the calculations include incomes that are unable to be quantified, such as staying home to raise children or bartering goods/services, as well as individuals' perceptions of their own well being. Other measures of human development include the Human Povert... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17070211 |
Human development (economics) The two concepts are simultaneously promoted first by good governance, implementation of human rights policy and a formation of participation of community in decision making processes, second by the promotion of civil and political rights and economic and social rights, which are component... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17070211 |
Human development (economics) HIV/AIDS, in addition to malaria, has negatively influenced development and increased poverty in many places, especially in Africa. Achieving adequate health standards is important for the success of development and the abolition of poverty. The Global Human Development Reports (HDR) is an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17070211 |
Human development (economics) Although the releasing of this information is believed to encourage countries to alter their policies, there is no evidence demonstrating changes nor is there any motivation for countries to do so. The Human Development Index (HDI) is the normalized measure of life expectancy, education an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17070211 |
Human development (economics) In an attempt to promote human development, the United Nations supports decennial Earth Summits where the members to the UN bring together the best of humanity. In several rounds they discuss what are humanities biggest problems, quantify them and develop a plan of action on how to solve t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17070211 |
Strong Nash equilibrium In game theory a strong Nash equilibrium is a Nash equilibrium in which no coalition, taking the actions of its complements as given, can cooperatively deviate in a way that benefits all of its members. While the Nash concept of stability defines equilibrium only in terms of unilateral deviation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17071161 |
Strong Nash equilibrium Further, it is possible for a game to have a Nash equilibrium that is resilient against coalitions less than a specified size "k". CPNE is related to the theory of the core. Confusingly, the concept of a strong Nash equilibrium is unrelated to that of a weak Nash equilibrium. That is, a Nash equ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17071161 |
TRIN (finance) The TRIN, or Arms index, developed by Richard Arms in the 1970s, is a short-term technical analysis stock market trading indicator based on the Advance-Decline Data. The name is short for TRading INdex. The index is calculated as follows: A value below 1 usually indicates bullish sentiment, and a value a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17082068 |
Two-tier tender offer A two-tier tender offer is an offer to purchase a sufficient number of stockholders' shares so as to gain effective control of a firm at a certain price per share, followed by a lower offer at a later date for the remaining shares. For example, an investor may offer $50 per share for up to 51% of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17092878 |
Marina Rikhvanova is a Russian ecologist and leader of the Baikal Ecological Wave (BEW) organization which protects Siberia's Lake Baikal from ecological damage. Lake Baikal, the world's biggest reservoir of fresh water, is currently under threat from industrial pollution. In 2008, Rikhvanova was awarded the Goldman En... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17094238 |
Marina Rikhvanova In 2008, a group of Russian youths attacked a tent camp Rikhvanova had organized to protest a proposed uranium enrichment center in Angarsk, about 50 miles west of Baikal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17094238 |
Non-possession is a philosophy that holds that no one or anything possesses anything. It is one of the principles of Satyagraha, a philosophical system based on various religious and philosophical traditions originating in India and Asia Minor, and put into practice by Mahatma Gandhi as part of his nonviolent resistanc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17108718 |
Non-possession Understanding that no one or anything possesses anything is a specific condition which occurs when one can derive meaning and see the relationships between more events from different perspectives. Possession denotes the de facto claim on another entity based on exclusive access. If access is non-exclusiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17108718 |
Non-possession Note that the conflict begins with assumed priority not matching empirical reality. Also note that claim can only occur with communicative acts or verbal communication. Concurrence also requires communication, but one cannot concur unless a claim has been posed first (passive action). The concept of owne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17108718 |
Non-possession Before asserting its own ownership upon said resources, British interests challenged existing Indian society's ownership by de facto possession (by virtue of being present in India,) India's lack of utilization for said resources (contrasting with Britain's moral and lawful utilization of them, as concur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17108718 |
Non-possession is another concept which resolves the dilemma which arises when reasoned reality conflicts with empirical reality. provides for conditions under which none of the entities have cause to assert exclusivity which is not concurred by others. Contrast with some entity which has ownership of something; if som... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17108718 |
Non-possession It is notable that practitioners of non-possession acknowledge the existence of possession. See #Theft. Those practicing possession do not necessarily acknowledge non-possession for several reasons. Here, they are defined by conditions occurring within different layers of an individual entity's experienc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17108718 |
Non-possession The myriad of ways a sense of entitlement can arise include legal claim, length of time spent with the object, birthright, labour exerted, labour not exerted, comparative social standing, inheritance, perspective, lack of perspective, etc. Practitioners of religious traditions such as Buddhism, Jainism, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17108718 |
Non-possession Absence of conventions and protocol undermine the ability for humans to understand each other at the conscious level, without which, civilization is not possible. Boundaries between individual entities is an essential component of any grouping, including civilization; they exist in empirical reality and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17108718 |
Non-possession Also, that the entity is empowered to lay claim necessitates that there are objects which the entity can lay claim upon, therefore, objects which this entity does not possess. Boundaries may exist between objects before the entity lays claim to them, (that is, if it intends to lay claim to them.) Breach ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17108718 |
Non-possession The specific possessive act of attachment is involuntary, it cannot stop unless the peripheral stimulus which causes it is also removed. The peripheral stimulus can be something which supports the very fabric of consensus reality, like boundaries. As such, non-possession, as a social philosophy, does not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17108718 |
Non-possession The fourteen internal possessions are: External possessions are divided into two subclasses, the non-living and the living. According to Jain texts, both internal and external possessions are proved to be hiṃsā (injury). Neither wealth nor poverty necessarily follow non-possession, however, wealth and po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17108718 |
Non-possession The latter would evoke British rule, which is especially meaningful for traditionally powerful and privileged castes. It would also evoke to Hinduism practitioners their own attitudes and relationship with castes, both above and below them in social stature, as well as with dalits. Poverty was an essenti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17108718 |
Non-possession Satyagraha is based on a complex system of philosophy based on social and religious traditions of India, religious traditions of the West, and legal traditions of Europe. While there are no explicit provisions for how resources will be distributed, it is notable that karma would resolve the need for any ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17108718 |
Non-possession Some social and/ or economic strategies related to non-possession: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17108718 |
Capital cost tax factor The capital cost tax factor (CCTF) is a calculated value summarising the benefit in future tax savings due to Capital Cost Allowance (CCA) in Canada. CCTF allows analysts to take these benefits into account when calculating the present value of an asset. The CCTF is a constant, that is a functio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17111804 |
Sustainability metrics and indices are measures of sustainability, and attempt to quantify beyond the generic concept. Though there are disagreements among those from different disciplines (and influenced by different political beliefs about the nature of the good society), these disciplines and international organizat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17132856 |
Sustainability metrics and indices A large and still growing number of attempts to create aggregate measures of various aspects of sustainability created a stable of indices that provide a more nuanced perspective on development than economic aggregates such as GDP. Some of the most prominent of these include the Human... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17132856 |
Sustainability metrics and indices Other approaches, like those that start from international treaties on cultural rights of indigenous peoples to maintain traditional cultures, measure the ability of those cultures to maintain their traditions within their eco-systems at whatever level of productivity they choose. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17132856 |
Sustainability metrics and indices Daly (working from theory initially developed by Romanian economist Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen and laid out in his 1971 opus "The Entropy Law and the Economic Process") suggests the following three operational rules defining the condition of ecological (thermodynamic) sustainability: S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17132856 |
Sustainability metrics and indices Robèrt coordinated a consensus process to define and operationalize sustainability. At the core of the process lies a consensus on what Robèrt came to call the natural step framework. The framework is based on a definition of sustainability, described as the system conditions of susta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17132856 |
Sustainability metrics and indices The Happy Planet Index calculates how many happy life years each country is able to generate per global hectare of ecological footprint. One of the striking conclusions to emerge from ecological footprint accounting is that it would be necessary to have 4 or 5 back-up planets engaged ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17132856 |
Sustainability metrics and indices Terralingua, an organization of anthropologists and linguists working to protect biocultural diversity, with a focus on language, has devised a sert of measures with UNESCO for measuring the survivability of languages and cultures in given eco-systems. The Lempert–Nguyen indicator of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17132856 |
Sustainability metrics and indices In 1997 the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) was started as a multi-stakeholder process and independent institution whose mission has been "to develop and disseminate globally applicable Sustainability Reporting Guidelines". The GRI uses ecological footprint analysis and became indep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17132856 |
Sustainability metrics and indices In 2004, a joint initiative of the Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy (YCELP) and the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) of Columbia University, in collaboration with the World Economic Forum and the Directorate-General Joint Research Centre ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17132856 |
Sustainability metrics and indices This is based on Sustainable Development Indicators Prepared for the United Nations Division for Sustainable Development (UN-DSD)DECEMBER 2005. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), founded in 1995, has formulated the business case for sustainable development... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17132856 |
Sustainability metrics and indices This approach has manifested itself in three key areas of strategic intent: 'sustainable innovation', human development, and 'bottom of the pyramid' business strategies. Now, as businesses have begun the shift toward sustainable enterprise, many business schools are leading the resear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17132856 |
Sustainability metrics and indices The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has identified considerations for technical cooperation that affect three types of sustainability: Some ecologists have emphasised a fourth type of sustainability: Sustainability is relevant to international development projec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17132856 |
Sustainability metrics and indices Sustainability in development refers to "processes" and "relative" increases in local capacity and performance while foreign assistance decreases or shifts (not necessarily disappears). The objective of sustainable development is open to various interpretations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17132856 |
Chollima (website) Chollima (Chosŏn'gŭl: 천리마그룹) was a North Korean website providing news and information about economic policies and foreign trade. The website contained North Korea's first online shop, believed to have opened on 31 December 2007, which had a broad range of product categories including machinery, buil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17137404 |
Roll's critique is a famous analysis of the validity of empirical tests of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) by Richard Roll. It concerns methods to formally test the statement of the CAPM, the equation This equation relates the asset expected return formula_2 to the asset correlation formula_3 with the market por... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17153371 |
Roll's critique From statement 1, validity of the CAPM is equivalent to the market being mean-variance efficient with respect to all investment opportunities. Without observing all investment opportunities, it is not possible to test whether this portfolio, or indeed any portfolio, is mean-variance efficient. Consequen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17153371 |
Theories of poverty Theories on the causes of poverty are the foundation upon which poverty reduction strategies are based. While in developed nations poverty is often seen as either a personal or a structural defect, in developing nations the issue of poverty is more profound due to the lack of governmental funds. Som... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17178373 |
Theories of poverty Rather the underlying ideas of personal failure show in the resistance to social and economic programs such as welfare; a poor individual's lack of prosperity shows a personal failing and should not be compensated (or justified) by the state. Rank, Yoon, and Hirschl (2003) present a contrary argumen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17178373 |
Theories of poverty Low minimum wage, combined with part-time jobs which offer no benefits, have contributed to the labor market's inability to produce enough jobs which can keep a family out of poverty is an example of an economic structural failure. Rank, Yoon and Hirschl point to the minimal amount of social safety ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17178373 |
Theories of poverty Some authors feel that the national mindset itself plays a role in the ability for a country to develop and to thus reduce poverty. Mariano Grondona (2000) outlines twenty “cultural factors” which, depending on the culture's view of each, can be indicators as to whether the cultural environment is f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17178373 |
Theories of poverty In the same book, Stace Lindsay's chapter claims the decisions individuals make are a result of mental models. These mental models influence all aspects of human action. Like Grondona's value systems, these mental models which dictate a nations stance toward development and hence its ability to deal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17178373 |
Theories of poverty Lindsay focuses more on economic aspects such as the form of capital focused upon and market characteristics. Key themes which emerge from these lists as characteristic of developmental cultures are: trust in the individual with a fostering of individual strengths; the ability for free thinking in a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17178373 |
Theories of poverty According to their argument, poverty is fueled by cultural characteristics within under-developed nations, and in order for poverty to be brought under control, said nations must move down the development path. Various theorists believe the way poverty is approached, defined, and thus thought about,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17178373 |
Theories of poverty This further removes the poor from defining their situation as the broadness of the term covers differences in histories and causes of local inequalities. Solutions or plans for reduction of poverty often fail precisely because the context of a region's poverty is removed and local conditions are no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17178373 |
Theories of poverty Dipkanar Chakravarti argues that the poor's daily practice of navigating the world of poverty generates a fluency in the poverty environment but a near illiteracy in the environment of the larger society. Thus, when a poor person enters into transactions and interactions with the social norm, that p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17178373 |
Theories of poverty By actively practicing the use of their capacity of aspiration the elite not only expand their aspiration horizon but also solidify their ability to reach aspirations by learning the easiest and most efficient paths through said practice. On the other hand, the poor's horizon of aspiration is much c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17178373 |
Theories of poverty Through collaborative projects, the poor are able to expand their aspiration level above and beyond tomorrow's meal to the cultivation of skills and the entrance into the larger market. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17178373 |
Swap regret is a concept from game theory. It is a generalization of regret in a repeated, "n"-decision game. A player's "swap-regret" is defined to be the following: Intuitively, it is how much a player could improve by switching each occurrence of decision "i" to the best decision "j" possible in hindsight. The swap ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17201432 |
ZbV z. b. V. (also z.b.V., ZBV, ZbV, and zbV) is an abbreviation for the German phrase zur besonderen Verwendung, or alternatively the synonomous phrase zur besonderen Verfügung. Translations for the phrases "zur besonderen Verwendung" and "zur besonderen Verfügung" include: During World War II, some German state-contr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17247484 |
Monetary Union Index of Consumer Prices The (MUICP) is a weighted average of European Monetary Union countries' HICP (Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices). It is widely used a measure of inflation throughout the Eurozone - the countries with the euro as their currency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17272429 |
Drag-along right (DAR) is a legal concept in corporate law. Under the concept, if the majority shareholder(s) of an entity sells their stake, the prospective owner(s) have the right to force the remaining minority shareholders to join the deal. However, the owner must usually offer the same terms and conditions to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17289060 |
Oil Industry Safety Directorate The (OISD) is a technical advisory body in India. It was established in 1986 by Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. The OISD formulates and implements safety standards for the oil industry. The main responsibilities OISD are: OISD has framed rules and guidelines for safe distances to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17293433 |
Outside lag In economics, the outside lag is the amount of time it takes for a government or central bank's actions, in the form of either monetary or fiscal policy, to have a noticeable effect on the economy. Its converse is the inside lag, the amount of time it takes the policy authority to recognize that a situation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17303200 |
Outside lag Finally, the outside lag may be distributed through time: Perhaps, for example, one third of a policy action's effects will be felt during the first 10 months, one third during the next 10 months, and one third during the 10 months after that. Deciding what policy action if any to implement now is greatly c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17303200 |
Recursive competitive equilibrium In macroeconomics, recursive competitive equilibrium (RCE) is an equilibrium concept. It has been widely used in exploring a wide variety of economic issues including business-cycle fluctuations, monetary and fiscal policy, trade related phenomena, and regularities in asset price co-mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17312749 |
Wine Act The was a bill enacted by the Parliament of Scotland in 1703. At a time when England and France were locked in the War of the Spanish Succession, the Act allowed Scots to legally import French wines. It caused anger in England, because it allowed Scottish traders to openly support that nation's greatest enemy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17320776 |
Innovation economics is a growing economic theory that emphasizes entrepreneurship and innovation. In his 1942 book "Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy", economist Joseph Schumpeter introduced the notion of an innovation economy. He argued that evolving institutions, entrepreneurs and technological changes were at the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17379207 |
Innovation economics Hovering between heterodox economics that emphasized the fragility of conventional assumptions and orthodox economics that ignored the fragility of such assumptions, innovation economics aims for joint didactics between the two. As such, it enlarges the Schumpeterian analyses of new technological s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17379207 |
Innovation economics Economic growth in innovation economics is the end-product of: In 1970, economist Milton Friedman said in the "New York Times" that a business’s sole purpose is to generate profits for their shareholders and companies that pursued other missions would be less competitive, resulting in fewer benefit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17379207 |
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