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Generational accounting The Social Security Trustees Report, in Table IVB6, provides an infinite horizon fiscal gap analysis each year for the Social Security System by itself in which the actuaries use a 3 percent real discount rate. The size of the fiscal gap can be sensitive to the choice of the discount rate. But s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17908001 |
Expected commercial value (ECV) is what a company seeks in terms of maximizing the value of commercial appeal and worth of a portfolio, while working within certain budget constraints. The report shows the portfolio priority with its items and their values for the predicted commercial value and the net present value; t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17916934 |
Expected commercial value There are changeable degrees of technical success and, assuming the product is launched, commercial sales could be anywhere within a variety of possibilities. Still, depending on the assertion, the simple formula may provide a satisfactory calculation. More generally, because ECV is a simplifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17916934 |
Benchmark-driven investment strategy is an investment strategy where the target return is usually linked to an index or combination of indices of the sector or any other like S&P 500. With the Benchmarks approach the investor chooses an index of the market (benchmark). The goal of the fund manager is to try to beat the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17919528 |
Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation: The Economics of the Civil War is an economics book written by Mark Thornton and Robert Ekelund. The book, written from an Austrian School viewpoint, covers the socioeconomic situations of the American Civil War. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17927774 |
Hispanic 500 The is a directory published by HispanTelligence of the 500 largest Hispanic-owned business in the United States. California, with the largest Hispanic population in the nation, has 101 companies on the list. It has been published for 25 years as of June 2007. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17934903 |
Editorial-related advertising is associated with the concept of contextual advertising but differs in its ability to match advertising to content in a much more specific manner. Where contextual advertising is keyword based, editorial-related advertising is able to also take in the content of the whole article and matc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17961199 |
István Hont (15 April 1947 – 29 March 2013) was a Hungarian-born British historian of economics and political thought, University Reader in the History of Political Thought at the University of Cambridge. Hont was supervised as a doctoral student at Oxford by Hugh Trevor Roper. He was elected a Fellow of King's College... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17970776 |
István Hont An extended introduction to "Jealousy of Trade" emphasized the absence of economic questions in the seventeenth-century thought of Thomas Hobbes, traced (via Samuel Pufendorf) the eighteenth-century emergence of commerce as a problem for political theory, and used eighteenth-century debates about the intera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17970776 |
Disneyland model The is a proposed system in which users of a service would bear no risk for damage or injuries they sustain that are caused by others, as full liability would be imposed upon the responsible party (and/or their insurers). It is in contrast to the ballpark model, under which people use a service at thei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17970972 |
Ballpark model The ballpark model is a system under which users of a facility do so at their own risk. The name arises from the fact that visitors to a ballpark bear the risk of getting hit by bats, balls and other objects flying into the stands at high velocities. An example of this type of system is New Hampshire's l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17971033 |
Lucas paradox In economics, the or the Lucas puzzle is the observation that capital does not flow from developed countries to developing countries despite the fact that developing countries have lower levels of capital per worker. Classical economic theory predicts that capital should flow from rich countries to poor c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17975655 |
Lucas paradox African Nations, with their impoverished populace and rich natural resources, has been upheld as exemplifying the type of nations that would, under neoclassical assumptions, be able to offer extremely high returns to capital. The meager foreign capital African nations receive outside of the charity of mul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17975655 |
Lucas paradox Britain, for instance, was able to design, impose, and control the quality of institutions in their colonies to capitalize on the high returns to capital in the new world. Jeffrey Williamson has explored in depth this reversal of the Lucas Paradox in the colonial context. Although not emphasized by Lucas ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17975655 |
Lucas paradox Even after the average income level in America exceeded that of Britain, the institutions exported under imperialism and the legal frameworks established after independence enabled long term capital flows from Europe to America. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17975655 |
Pricing schedule A pricing schedule is a function that maps the quantity of a good purchased to the total price paid. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17980115 |
Coupon leverage Coupon leverage, or leverage factor, is the amount by which a reference rate is multiplied to determine the floating interest rate payable by an inverse floater. Some debt instruments leverage the particular effects of interest rate changes, most commonly in inverse floaters. As an example, an inverse f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18005152 |
Indication of interest An indication of interest (IOI), sometimes expression of interest (EOI), is an expression in finance that demonstrates a buyer's non-binding interest in buying a security in the stock market, often before it is available for purchase. IOIs are not required, but when a firm decides to issue one, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18008385 |
Indication of interest IOIs are also used by Brokers, market makers, Liquidity Providers, and Dark pools to query liquidity without having to place visible orders in the aggregated order book (Level-2 MarketDepth). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18008385 |
Nakahara Prize The is an annual award given by the Japanese Economic Association to Japanese economists under the age of 45 whose work has gained international recognition. The prize was created in 1995, and named after its sponsor Nobuyuki Nakahara. The aim of the prize is honoring and encouraging young (under 45 year... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18041930 |
Paper valuation Paper Valuation is the value of privately held shares that is not directly tradeable at an exchange. This notional value, though, is as yet untested on real buyers. The opposite of paper value is exchangeable value, and is the value that is directly monetizable as long as there is a willing buyer and a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18046953 |
Shakespeare Fishing Tackle The Shakespeare Company is a subsidiary of Pure Fishing which manufactures fishing equipment. It was founded by William Shakespeare, Jr. in Kalamazoo, Michigan in 1897. It was moved to Columbia, South Carolina in 1970. In June 2005, approximately 438,000 of their children's fishing kits were ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18064202 |
Seeking Alpha is a crowd-sourced content service for financial markets. Articles and research covers a broad range of stocks, asset classes, ETFs and investment strategies. In contrast to other equity research platforms, insight is provided by contributor base of investors and industry experts (buy side) rather than se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18089842 |
Seeking Alpha The researchers looked at the ability of articles to predict not only future stock returns (a variable susceptible to influence by analysts' published opinions), but also future earnings surprises (a variable unlikely to be influenced by published opinions). The authors found that views expressed in artic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18089842 |
Peter Kenneth Newman (5 October 1928, Mitcham, Surrey, England – 6 November 2001, Hamilton, New Zealand) was an English economist and historian of economic thought. He helped to edit "", to which he contributed several articles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18105507 |
Retention ratio indicates the percentage of a company's earnings that are not paid out in dividends but credited to retained earnings. It is the opposite of the dividend payout ratio, so that also called the retention rate. Retention Ratio = 1 − Dividend Payout Ratio = Retained Earnings / Net Income The payout ratio is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18110199 |
Tax refund interception A tax refund interception, also referred to as a tax refund offset, is the act of an agency responsible for sending tax refunds using all or part of a refund to fulfill an obligation of the taxpayer rather than sending the money to the taxpayer him/herself. Some common obligations for which tax ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18119704 |
Tax refund interception Tax refunds may be intercepted to repay debts that are owed to the DOR, child support debts, court ordered restitution debts, debts owed to state or local governments, debts owed to the IRS or federal government, or debts owed across states. If one disagrees with the interception of their refund... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18119704 |
Tax refund interception For example, if one has divorced their spouse then the debt is no longer theirs to pay and a copy of your divorce paperwork should be sent to the intercepting agency. In cases where there are disputes, but no direct paperwork to prove ones cause, then it is best to contact the internal revenue s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18119704 |
Barcampbank BarCampBank is an ongoing series of unconferences about innovation in the financial world. This subset of the software-oriented BarCamp grew out of BarCampParis4, on September 16, 2006 in Paris at Mandriva. The first BarCampBank in North America was held at the office of Evri in Seattle in July 2007 and was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18133102 |
Societas privata Europaea A European Private Company (, SPE) is a legal form for a limited liability company that is being proposed by the European Commission to be introduced across the European Union. It forms a company of limited liability, similar to the English limited company, the Austrian or the German GmbH, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18133244 |
Pay grade A pay grade is a unit in systems of monetary compensation for employment. It is commonly used in public service, both civil and military, but also for companies of the private sector. Pay grades facilitate the employment process by providing a fixed framework of salary ranges, as opposed to a free negotiation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18149978 |
Canadian Nuclear Association The (CNA), founded in 1960, is the trade association for the nuclear industry in Canada. Located in Ottawa, Ontario, the CNA comprises over 100 member companies and organizations from across Canada as well as internationally. These companies include operators of nuclear power plants, nuclea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18161344 |
Service recovery paradox The service recovery paradox (SRP) is a situation in which a customer thinks more highly of a company after the company has corrected a problem with their service, compared to how they would regard the company if non-faulty service had been provided. The main reason behind this thinking is that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18167156 |
Service recovery paradox The service recovery paradox contends that effective service recovery can go beyond merely maintaining customer satisfaction, but can also elevate it to a higher level, winning customers and engendering long term customer loyalty. They defined it as "a situation in which a consumer has experien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18167156 |
Service recovery paradox In attributing blame, customers typically consider three things: Blame may be attributed to: In the aftermath of service failure, dissatisfied customers have five major courses of action open to them: Research consistently shows that customers who blame external factors are more forgiving. Howe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18167156 |
Service recovery paradox " Perceived justice consists of three components: distributive justice, procedural justice and interactional justice: All three types of justice should be taken into consideration when devising recovery remedies. There are several factors behind the Service Recovery Paradox phenomenon: Empirica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18167156 |
Policy Simulation Model The (PSM) is a static microsimulation model which encapsulates the tax and benefits system, and population, of Great Britain. It is based on survey data from the Family Resources Survey (FRS) which is uprated to simulate the current year, together with several years into the future through a pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18189520 |
Hybrid market A hybrid market allows a stockbroker to choose to have an order executed immediately in a fully automated electronic exchange or to have it routed to the trading floor, where it is completed manually via the more traditional live auction method, in the presence of a specialist broker. The fully electronic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18224439 |
Social democracy is a political, social and economic philosophy within socialism that supports political and economic democracy. As a policy regime, it is described as advocating economic and social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a liberal democratic polity and a capitalist-oriented mix... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy It often has strong connections with the labour movement and trade unions, being supportive of collective bargaining rights for workers and measures to extend decision-making beyond politics into the economic sphere in the form of co-determination for employees and stakeholders. originated as an ideolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy In the late 1910s, socialist parties committed to revolutionary socialism renamed themselves communist parties, causing a split in the socialist movement between these supporting the October Revolution and those opposing it. Social democrats who were opposed to the Bolsheviks later renamed themselves a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy By the 2010s, social democratic parties that accepted triangulation and the neoliberal shift in policies such as austerity, deregulation, free trade, privatization and welfare reforms such as workfare experienced a drastic decline as the Third Way had largely fallen out of favour in a phenomenon known ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy In contemporary usage, social democracy as a policy regime generally means support for a mixed economy and ameliorative measures to benefit the working class within the framework of capitalism. In political science, "democratic socialism" and "social democracy" are largely seen as synonyms while they a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Ely's 1883 book "French and German Socialism in Modern Times", social democrats were characterized as "the extreme wing of the socialists" who were "inclined to lay so much stress on equality of enjoyment, regardless of the value of one's labor, that they might, perhaps, more properly be called communi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy As a result, "social democratic" has become a common new label for democratic socialist political parties". According to Donald Busky: Marxist revisionist Eduard Bernstein's views influenced and laid the groundwork for the development of post-war social democracy as a policy regime, Labour revisionism ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Some distinguish between ideological social democracy as part of the broad socialist movement and social democracy as a policy regime. The first is called "classical social democracy" or "classical socialism", being contrasted to "competitive socialism", "liberal socialism", "neo-social democracy" and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy The latter support a small government and a "laissez-faire" capitalist market economy while opposing social democratic policies, government regulation and economic interventionism. They see actually existing capitalism as corporatism, corporatocracy, or crony capitalism. This has resulted in "socialism... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy While the now revised version of Clause IV to the British Labour Party Constitution which was implemented in the 1990s by the New Labour faction led by Tony Blair affirms a formal commitment to democratic socialism, describing it as a modernized form of social democracy, it no longer commits the party ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy As a term, "democratic socialism" represents social democracy prior to the 1970s, when the post-war displacement of Keynesianism by monetarism and neoliberalism caused many social democratic parties to adopt the Third Way ideology, accepting capitalism as the current "status quo" and redefining sociali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy During the late 20th century, those labels were embraced, contested and rejected due to the emergence of developments within the European left such as Eurocommunism, the rise of neoliberalism, the fall of the Soviet Union and Revolutions of 1989, the Third Way and the rise of anti-austerity and Occupy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Parties such as the Social Democratic Party of Germany and the Swedish Social Democratic Party describe their goal the development of democratic socialism, with social democracy serving as the principle of action. Today, European social democratic parties represents the centre-left and most are part of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Second, there was a general view that the solution to [the problems of capitalism] lay in some form of collective control (with the degree of control varying among the proponents of socialism) over the means of production, distribution, and exchange. Third, there was agreement that the outcomes of this... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy By the early 20th century, the German social democratic politician Eduard Bernstein rejected the ideas in orthodox Marxism that proposed specific historical progression and revolution as a means to achieve social equality, advancing the position that socialism should be grounded in ethical and moral ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy By the post-World War II period and its economic consensus and expansion, most social democrats in Europe had abandoned their ideological connection to orthodox Marxism and shifted their emphasis toward social policy reform as a compromise between capitalism to socialism. According to Michael Harringto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy The Third Way stands for a modernized social democracy, but the social democracy that remained committed to the gradual abolition of capitalism, along with social democrats opposed to the Third Way, merged into democratic socialism. Although social democracy originated as a revolutionary socialist or c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy The United States represents an unusual case in the Western world as it did not have a social democratic movement and was not governed by a socialist party. In American politics, "democratic socialism" became more recently a synonym for social democracy due to social democratic policies being adopted b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy The lack of a strong and influential socialist movement in the United States has been linked to the Red Scare and any ideology that is associated with socialism brings social stigma due its association with authoritarian socialist states. As a term, "socialism" has been used as a scare word or a pejora... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy 2% in the 1912 presidential election, ultimately won by the progressive Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson, making Roosevelt the only third party presidential nominee in American history to finish with a higher share of the popular vote than a major party's presidential nominee. Socialist Party of Ame... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Hillquit was running against Milwaukee mayor Dan Hoan for the position of National Chairman of the Socialist Party at the 1932 convention and the insult may have sprung up in that context. Although well within the liberal tradition, Franklin D. Roosevelt's more radical, extensive and populist Second Ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy In his 1936 Madison Square Garden speech, Roosevelt pledged to continue the New Deal and criticized those who were putting their greed, personal gain and politics over national economic recovery from the Great Depression. In the speech, Roosevelt also described forces which he labeled as "the old enemi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy After initially rejecting the New Deal as part of its ultra-leftist sectarian Third Period that equated social democracy with fascism, the Communist International had to concede and admit the merits of Roosevelt's New Deal by 1935. Although critical of Roosevelt, arguing that he never embraced "our ess... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy They show that the failure of capitalism to serve the common man [...] is not, after all, something we invented [...] to exasperate Mr. Churchill". Truman argued that "socialism" is a "scare word" used by Republicans and "the patented trademark of the special interest lobbies" to refer to "almost anyth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy In 2016, Senator from Vermont Bernie Sanders, who describes himself as a democratic socialist, made a bid for the Democratic Party presidential candidate, gaining considerable popular support, particularly among the younger generation and working-class Americans, but he ultimately lost the presidential... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy While seen as part of the liberal New Deal or social democratic tradition, Sanders associates the New Deal as part of the socialist tradition and claimed the New Deal's legacy to "take up the unfinished business of the New Deal and carry it to completion". In an August 2018 poll conducted by Gallup, a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy In November 2018, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Rashida Tlaib, who are members of the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA), a democratic socialist organization which advocates social democratic reforms that "will weaken the power of corporations and increase the power of working people", were elected ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Later in their life, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels came to argue that in some countries workers might be able to achieve their aims through peaceful means. In this sense, Engels argued that socialists were evolutionists, although both Marx and Engels remained committed to social revolution. In develop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy August Bebel, Bernstein, Engels, Wilhelm Liebknecht, Marx and Carl Wilhelm Tölcke are all considered founding fathers of social democracy in Germany, but it is especially Bernstein and Lassalle, along with other labourists and reformists such as Louis Blanc in France, who led to widespread association ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy As the number of people in traditional working class occupations such as factory-workers and miners declined, socialists have successfully widened their appeal to the middle class by diluting their ideology. However, there is still continuity between parties such the SPD, the British Labour Party and o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy The Russian Revolution further exacerbated this division, resulting in a split between those supporting the October Revolution renaming themselves as "Communist" and those opposing the Bolshevik development (favouring the liberal-social democratic development argued by the Mensheviks) remaining with th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy While evolutionary and reformist social democrats believe that capitalism can be reformed into socialism, revolutionary social democrats argue that this is not possible and that a social revolution would still be necessary. The revolutionary criticism of reformism, but not necessarily of reforms which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy However, Clause IV's open advocacy of state socialism was alienating potential Labour supporters and nationalization policies had been so thoroughly attacked by neoliberal economists and politicians, including rhetorical comparisons by the right of state-owned industry in the West to that in the Soviet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy European social democracies represents an socioeconomic order that has been variously described as starting in either the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s and ending in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. Henning Meyer and Jonathan Rutherford associate social democracy with the socio-economic order that existed in Europ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Neo-corporatism has represented an important concept of Third Way social democracy. Social democratic theorist Robin Archer wrote about the importance of social corporatism to social democracy in his work "Economic Democracy: The Politics of a Feasible Socialism" (1995). As a welfare state, social demo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy This social liberal paradigm represented the post-war consensus and was accepted by across the political spectrum by conservatives, liberals and socialists until the 1970s. Similarly, the neoliberal paradigm which replaced the previous paradigm was accepted across the mainstream political parties, incl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Advents in economics and observation of the failure of state socialism in the Eastern Bloc countries and in the Western world with the crisis and stagflation of the 1970s, combined with the neoliberal rebuke of state interventionism, resulted in socialists re-evaluating and redesigning socialism. Some ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Although as in the rest of Europe the laws of capitalism still operated fully and private enterprise dominated the economy, some political commentators claimed that during the post-war period, when social democratic parties were in power, countries such as Britain and France were democratic socialist s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy This has provoked re-thinking of how socialism should be achieved by social democrats, including changing views by social democrats on private property—anti-Third Way social democrats such as Robert Corfe have advocated a socialist form of private property as part of a new socialism (although Corfe tec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy The concept of social democracy goes back to the French Revolution and the bourgeois-democratic Revolutions of 1848, with historians such as Albert Mathiez seeing the French Constitution of 1793 as an example and inspiration whilst labelling Maximilien Robespierre as the founding father of social democ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy It brought together socialists of various stances and initially caused a conflict between Karl Marx and the anarchists, who were led by Mikhail Bakunin, over the role of the state in socialism, with Bakunin rejecting any role for the state. Another issue in the First International was the question of r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Although the origins of the name "Sozialdemokrat" actually traced back to Marx's German translation in 1848 of the Democratic Socialist Party () into the Party of Social Democracy (), Marx did not like this French party because he viewed it as dominated by the middle class and associated the word "Sozi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy In 1869, August Bebel and Liebknecht founded the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP) as a merger of the petty-bourgeois Saxon People's Party (SVP), a faction of the ADAV and members of the League of German Workers' Associations (VDA). Although the SDAP was not officially Marxist, it was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy In spite of such militant rhetoric to appeal to the working class, the Paris Commune received substantial support from the middle-class bourgeoisie of Paris, including shopkeepers and merchants. In part due to its sizeable number neo-Proudhonians and neo-Jacobins in the Central Committee, the Paris Com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy In Britain, the achievement of the legalization of trade unions under the Trade Union Act 1871 drew British trade unionists to believe that working conditions could be improved through parliamentary means. At the Hague Congress of 1872, Marx made a remark in which he admitted that while there are count... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Engels stated that during this time Britain's industrial bourgeoisie had learned that "the middle class can never obtain full social and political power over the nation except by the help of the working class". In addition, he noticed a "gradual change over the relations between the two classes". This ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Other important early Fabians included Sidney Webb, who from 1887 to 1891 wrote the bulk of the Society's official policies. Fabianism would become a major influence on the British labour movement. The social democratic movement came into being through a division within the socialist movement. Starting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy As ILP leader, Hardie rejected revolutionary politics while declaring that he believed the party's tactics should be "as constitutional as the Fabians". Another important Fabian figure who joined the ILP was Robert Blatchford who wrote the work "Merrie England" (1894) that endorsed municipal socialism.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Bernstein had resided in Britain in the 1880s at the time when Fabianism was arising and is believed to have been strongly influenced by Fabianism. However, he publicly denied having strong Fabian influences on his thought. Bernstein did acknowledge that he was influenced by Kantian epistemological sce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Berstein commended Marx's and Engels' later works which advocated that socialism should be achieved through parliamentary democratic means wherever possible. The term "revisionist" was applied to Bernstein by his critics, who referred to themselves as orthodox Marxists, although Bernstein claimed that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Bernstein had held close association to Marx and Engels, but he saw flaws in Marxian thinking and began such criticism when he investigated and challenged the Marxian materialist theory of history. He rejected significant parts of Marxian theory that were based upon Hegelian metaphysics and also reject... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy He challenged Marx's position on liberalism by claiming that liberal democrats and social democrats held common grounds that he claimed could be utilized to create a "socialist republic". He believed that economic class disparities between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat would gradually be eliminat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy He asserted his support for the Marxian conception of a "scientifically based" socialist movement and said that such a movement's goals must be determined in accordance with "knowledge capable of objective proof, that is, knowledge which refers to, and conforms with, nothing but empirical knowledge and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Russian Marxist George Plekhanov joined Kautsky and Luxemburg in condemning Bernstein for having a neo-Kantian philosophy. Kautsky and Luxemburg contended that Bernstein's empiricist viewpoints depersonalized and dehistoricized the social observer and reducing objects down to facts. Luxemburg associate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Engels also argued that it would be "suicidal" to talk about a revolutionary seizure of power at a time when the historical circumstances favoured a parliamentary road to power that he predicted could bring "social democracy into power as early as 1898". Engels' stance of openly accepting gradualist, e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy What Bernstein meant was that he believed that Marx was wrong in assuming that the capitalist economy would collapse as a result of its internal contradictions as by the mid-1890s there was little evidence of such internal contradictions causing this to capitalism. In practice, the SPD "behaved as a Re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy In response to these disputes over reform or revolution, the 1900 Paris Congress of the Second International declared a resolution to the dispute in which Guesde's demands were partially accepted in a resolution drafted by Kautsky that declared that overall socialists should not take part in a non-soci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Meanwhile, the Australian Labor Party formed the world's first labour party government as well as the world's first social democratic government at a national level in 1910. Previously, Chris Watson was prime minister for a few months in 1904, representing the first socialist democratically elected as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy However, a nationalist-revisionist faction of SPD members led by Friedrich Ebert, Gustav Noske and Philipp Scheidemann supported the war, arguing that Germany had the "right to its territorial defense" from the "destruction of Tsarist despotism". The SPD's decision to support the war, including Bernste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Labour Party leader Ramsay MacDonald was one of a handful of British MPs who had denounced Britain's declaration of war on Germany. MacDonald was denounced by the pro-war press on accusations that he was pro-German and a pacifist, both charges that he denied. In response to pro-war sentiments in the La... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy With the assistance of Sidney Webb, Henderson designed a new constitution for the Labour Party in which it adopted a strongly left-wing platform in 1918 to ensure that it would not lose support to the newly founded Communist Party of Great Britain, exemplified by Clause IV of the constitution. The over... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
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